资源简介

(共20张PPT)
C篇
Adriano Lippo is on his small boat, staring out over the dark blue waters of the Mar Piccolo. “I don’t think it will happen this year,” he says, shaking his head. “Everything is dead.”
For the past decade, Lippo has made the same journey at the end of every summer, steering his boat to transfer mussels (贻贝) across the Mar Piccolo, a semi-enclosed bay located between the city and the open sea. Once the lifeblood of a centuries-old tradition, the Mar Piccolo supported generations of mussel farmers, producing 60,000 tons of mussels annually in the early 2000s. However, pollution and heatwaves have since taken a heavy toll, pushing the business into sharp decline and leaving farmers to pay the price.
Now, mussel farmers are pinning their hopes on a plan to restore the polluted Mar Piccolo through phytoremediation (植物修复). In early 2024, geologist Vito Uricchio and his team of researchers launched a pilot project, which focused on depolluting one hectare of polluted land using plants such as the Monviso clone. After a year of planting, chemical analyses revealed significant improvements, demonstrating the method’s ability to address both organic and inorganic pollution. The process can treat soil up to 5m deep at a small part of the cost of traditional remediation methods.
Though current research so far shows promise, Werther Nissim, an assistant professor at the University of Milano-Bicocca, says phytoremediation alone is unlikely to fully depollute an area as large as the Mar Piccolo. He adds: “The need for a long time is another bottleneck. The technique should be combined with other more traditional remediation methods.”
“Even with the best possible remediation, the benefits would be completely erased by the continuation of polluting activities,” Uricchio remains full of fight. “I want to act; I want to remediate as much as possible.”
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Read for the text type!
Adriano Lippo is on his small boat, staring out over the dark blue waters of the Mar Piccolo. “I don’t think it will happen this year,” he says, shaking his head. “Everything is dead.”
For the past decade, Lippo has made the same journey at the end of every summer, steering his boat to transfer mussels (贻贝) across the Mar Piccolo, a semi-enclosed bay located between the city and the open sea. Once the lifeblood of a centuries-old tradition, the Mar Piccolo supported generations of mussel farmers, producing 60,000 tons of mussels annually in the early 2000s. However, pollution and heatwaves have since taken a heavy toll, pushing the business into sharp decline and leaving farmers to pay the price.
Now, mussel farmers are pinning their hopes on a plan to restore the polluted Mar Piccolo through phytoremediation (植物修复). In early 2024, geologist Vito Uricchio and his team of researchers launched a pilot project, which focused on depolluting one hectare of polluted land using plants such as the Monviso clone. After a year of planting, chemical analyses revealed significant improvements, demonstrating the method’s ability to address both organic and inorganic pollution. The process can treat soil up to 5m deep at a small part of the cost of traditional remediation methods.
Though current research so far shows promise, Werther Nissim, an assistant professor at the University of Milano-Bicocca, says phytoremediation alone is unlikely to fully depollute an area as large as the Mar Piccolo. He adds: “The need for a long time is another bottleneck. The technique should be combined with other more traditional remediation methods.”
“Even with the best possible remediation, the benefits would be completely erased by the continuation of polluting activities,” Uricchio remains full of fight. “I want to act; I want to remediate as much as possible.”
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该文本属于新闻报道类说明文，是科普说明文 (Popular Science/Expository Writing) 与 新闻报道 (News Report) 的结合体。
科普性：文章介绍了“植物修复 (phytoremediation)”这一科学概念、一个实验项目及其结果。
新闻性：文章以一个具体的人物和场景开头，讲述了发生在意大利Mar Piccolo的一个真实事件，具有时间、地点、人物、事件等新闻要素
文章遵循了“现象/问题 → 原因 → 解决方案 → 评价与展望”的逻辑结构。
Adriano Lippo is on his small boat, staring out over the dark blue waters of the Mar Piccolo. “I don’t think it will happen this year,” he says, shaking his head. “Everything is dead.”
For the past decade, Lippo has made the same journey at the end of every summer, steering his boat to transfer mussels (贻贝) across the Mar Piccolo, a semi-enclosed bay located between the city and the open sea. Once the lifeblood of a centuries-old tradition, the Mar Piccolo supported generations of mussel farmers, producing 60,000 tons of mussels annually in the early 2000s. However, pollution and heatwaves have since taken a heavy toll, pushing the business into sharp decline and leaving farmers to pay the price.
Now, mussel farmers are pinning their hopes on a plan to restore the polluted Mar Piccolo through phytoremediation (植物修复). In early 2024, geologist Vito Uricchio and his team of researchers launched a pilot project, which focused on depolluting one hectare of polluted land using plants such as the Monviso clone. After a year of planting, chemical analyses revealed significant improvements, demonstrating the method’s ability to address both organic and inorganic pollution. The process can treat soil up to 5m deep at a small part of the cost of traditional remediation methods.
Though current research so far shows promise, Werther Nissim, an assistant professor at the University of Milano-Bicocca, says phytoremediation alone is unlikely to fully depollute an area as large as the Mar Piccolo. He adds: “The need for a long time is another bottleneck. The technique should be combined with other more traditional remediation methods.”
“Even with the best possible remediation, the benefits would be completely erased by the continuation of polluting activities,” Uricchio remains full of fight. “I want to act; I want to remediate as much as possible.”
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以相关人物 Adriano Lippo 的视角切入，通过其 “今年不会有收获”“一切都死了” 的表述，暗示问题的存在，引起读者的好奇。
回溯历史背景，说明马尔皮卡洛湾曾是贻贝养殖的 “生命线”（年产 6 万吨、支撑数代养殖户），随后明确指出 “污染和热浪” 是导致养殖业 “急剧衰退” 的核心原因，完成对问题的归因。
提出解决方案：植物修复(phytoremediation)。介绍试点项目(pilot project)及其具体细节（时间、负责人、方法、成本、效果），用数据支撑其有效性。
借专家Werther Nissim之口，客观指出该方案局限性（无法单独处理大区域、耗时过长），并建议（需结合传统方法）。体现了文章的客观性和辩证思维。
通过另一位专家Uricchio之口，强调治理成功的根本前提：停止持续污染。并以积极的表态结尾，留下希望。
29．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．The economic benefits of Monviso clones.
B．Farmers’ efforts to rebuild the Mar Piccolo.
C．A test program using plants to clean polluted soil.
D．Scientists’ work on developing phytoremediation.
精准概括
偷换概念
张冠李戴
偷换概念
Adriano Lippo is on his small boat, staring out over the dark blue waters of the Mar Piccolo. “I don’t think it will happen this year,” he says, shaking his head. “Everything is dead.”
For the past decade, Lippo has made the same journey at the end of every summer, steering his boat to transfer mussels (贻贝) across the Mar Piccolo, a semi-enclosed bay located between the city and the open sea. Once the lifeblood of a centuries-old tradition, the Mar Piccolo supported generations of mussel farmers, producing 60,000 tons of mussels annually in the early 2000s. However, pollution and heatwaves have since taken a heavy toll, pushing the business into sharp decline and leaving farmers to pay the price.
Now, mussel farmers are pinning their hopes on a plan to restore the polluted Mar Piccolo through phytoremediation (植物修复). In early 2024, geologist Vito Uricchio and his team of researchers launched a pilot project, which focused on depolluting one hectare of polluted land using plants such as the Monviso clone. After a year of planting, chemical analyses revealed significant improvements, demonstrating the method’s ability to address both organic and inorganic pollution. The process can treat soil up to 5m deep at a small part of the cost of traditional remediation methods.
Though current research so far shows promise, Werther Nissim, an assistant professor at the University of Milano-Bicocca, says phytoremediation alone is unlikely to fully depollute an area as large as the Mar Piccolo. He adds: “The need for a long time is another bottleneck. The technique should be combined with other more traditional remediation methods.”
“Even with the best possible remediation, the benefits would be completely erased by the continuation of polluting activities,” Uricchio remains full of fight. “I want to act; I want to remediate as much as possible.”
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28．What has happened to mussel farming in the Mar Piccolo in recent years
A．It has suffered a serious drop. B．It has lost the support of young people.
C．It has failed to remain profitable. D．It has caused pollution in nearby waters.
精准同义替换
无中生有
过度解读
张冠李戴
Adriano Lippo is on his small boat, staring out over the dark blue waters of the Mar Piccolo. “I don’t think it will happen this year,” he says, shaking his head. “Everything is dead.”
For the past decade, Lippo has made the same journey at the end of every summer, steering his boat to transfer mussels (贻贝) across the Mar Piccolo, a semi-enclosed bay located between the city and the open sea. Once the lifeblood of a centuries-old tradition, the Mar Piccolo supported generations of mussel farmers, producing 60,000 tons of mussels annually in the early 2000s. However, pollution and heatwaves have since taken a heavy toll, pushing the business into sharp decline and leaving farmers to pay the price.
Now, mussel farmers are pinning their hopes on a plan to restore the polluted Mar Piccolo through phytoremediation (植物修复). In early 2024, geologist Vito Uricchio and his team of researchers launched a pilot project, which focused on depolluting one hectare of polluted land using plants such as the Monviso clone. After a year of planting, chemical analyses revealed significant improvements, demonstrating the method’s ability to address both organic and inorganic pollution. The process can treat soil up to 5m deep at a small part of the cost of traditional remediation methods.
Though current research so far shows promise, Werther Nissim, an assistant professor at the University of Milano-Bicocca, says phytoremediation alone is unlikely to fully depollute an area as large as the Mar Piccolo. He adds: “The need for a long time is another bottleneck. The technique should be combined with other more traditional remediation methods.”
“Even with the best possible remediation, the benefits would be completely erased by the continuation of polluting activities,” Uricchio remains full of fight. “I want to act; I want to remediate as much as possible.”
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30．What is Nissim’s attitude toward depolluting Mar Piccolo with phytoremediation
A．Cautious. B．Dismissive. C．Unclear. D．Appreciative.
Adriano Lippo is on his small boat, staring out over the dark blue waters of the Mar Piccolo. “I don’t think it will happen this year,” he says, shaking his head. “Everything is dead.”
For the past decade, Lippo has made the same journey at the end of every summer, steering his boat to transfer mussels (贻贝) across the Mar Piccolo, a semi-enclosed bay located between the city and the open sea. Once the lifeblood of a centuries-old tradition, the Mar Piccolo supported generations of mussel farmers, producing 60,000 tons of mussels annually in the early 2000s. However, pollution and heatwaves have since taken a heavy toll, pushing the business into sharp decline and leaving farmers to pay the price.
Now, mussel farmers are pinning their hopes on a plan to restore the polluted Mar Piccolo through phytoremediation (植物修复). In early 2024, geologist Vito Uricchio and his team of researchers launched a pilot project, which focused on depolluting one hectare of polluted land using plants such as the Monviso clone. After a year of planting, chemical analyses revealed significant improvements, demonstrating the method’s ability to address both organic and inorganic pollution. The process can treat soil up to 5m deep at a small part of the cost of traditional remediation methods.
Though current research so far shows promise, Werther Nissim, an assistant professor at the University of Milano-Bicocca, says phytoremediation alone is unlikely to fully depollute an area as large as the Mar Piccolo. He adds: “The need for a long time is another bottleneck. The technique should be combined with other more traditional remediation methods.”
“Even with the best possible remediation, the benefits would be completely erased by the continuation of polluting activities,” Uricchio remains full of fight. “I want to act; I want to remediate as much as possible.”
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31．What mainly ensures the success of remediation
A．Expanding area for Monviso clones.
B．Reducing ongoing pollution actions.
C．Mixing traditional and modern methods.
D．Raising public environmental awareness.
逻辑链条简化如下：
即使（我们拥有）A（最好的修复）→ 也将会（导致）B（成果被抹杀）→ 原因在于 C（持续污染）。
通过一个极端的让步（即使有最好的技术），推导出一个必然的负面结果（成果归零），从而强有力地论证了：相比于事后修复，从源头上遏制污染才是根本性和决定性的解决方案。
D篇
When questions about children arise, many parents turn to the internet and social media for advice on topics ranging from eating habits to children’s screen time. But what kind of information are parents most likely to see and share
A new study by NYU researchers, Erin O’Connor and Robin Neuhaus, examined how articles about screen time resonated with parents, and found that articles combining attention-grabbing language with credible scientific framing (表述) were the most likely to gain immediate and long-term attention on social media. O’Connor says: “Parents deserve information that not only captures their attention, but also supports informed decision-making about their children’s development.”
O’Connor and Neuhaus analyzed 136 articles published between 2016 and 2021. They used BuzzSumo, a social media analytics tool, to track each article’s total social media shares across websites and its evergreen score — to find how much attention the article continued to receive after its initial publication.
Each article was evaluated for two main factors: sensationalism (煽动性) and scientific framing. Sensationalism was measured by the presence of warning language (e. g., “alarming,” “skyrocket”, “irreversible (不可逆转) damage”), while scientific framing was measured by how well the article explained findings, noted limitations, and gave accurate reporting.
Their analysis revealed that articles with high sensationalism and strong scientific framing achieved the highest immediate shares and long-term attention. In particular, articles that focused on younger children, with a negative view of screen time, and published on popular websites showed stronger performance. Interestingly, warning language alone boosted short-term sharing, but it was only when combined with strong scientific framing that articles kept people interested over time. Additionally, longer articles with more detailed context were more likely to achieve long-term attention.
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Read for the text type!
When questions about children arise, many parents turn to the internet and social media for advice on topics ranging from eating habits to children’s screen time. But what kind of information are parents most likely to see and share
A new study by NYU researchers, Erin O’Connor and Robin Neuhaus, examined how articles about screen time resonated with parents, and found that articles combining attention-grabbing language with credible scientific framing (表述) were the most likely to gain immediate and long-term attention on social media. O’Connor says: “Parents deserve information that not only captures their attention, but also supports informed decision-making about their children’s development.”
O’Connor and Neuhaus analyzed 136 articles published between 2016 and 2021. They used BuzzSumo, a social media analytics tool, to track each article’s total social media shares across websites and its evergreen score — to find how much attention the article continued to receive after its initial publication.
Each article was evaluated for two main factors: sensationalism (煽动性) and scientific framing. Sensationalism was measured by the presence of warning language (e. g., “alarming,” “skyrocket”, “irreversible (不可逆转) damage”), while scientific framing was measured by how well the article explained findings, noted limitations, and gave accurate reporting.
Their analysis revealed that articles with high sensationalism and strong scientific framing achieved the highest immediate shares and long-term attention. In particular, articles that focused on younger children, with a negative view of screen time, and published on popular websites showed stronger performance. Interestingly, warning language alone boosted short-term sharing, but it was only when combined with strong scientific framing that articles kept people interested over time. Additionally, longer articles with more detailed context were more likely to achieve long-term attention.
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该文本属于社会科学研究报告类说明文。
其核心特征是围绕一项具体的学术研究展开，以客观、严谨的语言呈现研究背景、问题/目的、过程、发现、结论和意义，兼具信息的准确性与逻辑性，旨在向读者传递关于 “家长关注的屏幕时间相关文章特征” 的研究发现。
When questions about children arise, many parents turn to the internet and social media for advice on topics ranging from eating habits to children’s screen time. But what kind of information are parents most likely to see and share
A new study by NYU researchers, Erin O’Connor and Robin Neuhaus, examined how articles about screen time resonated with parents, and found that articles combining attention-grabbing language with credible scientific framing (表述) were the most likely to gain immediate and long-term attention on social media. O’Connor says: “Parents deserve information that not only captures their attention, but also supports informed decision-making about their children’s development.”
O’Connor and Neuhaus analyzed 136 articles published between 2016 and 2021. They used BuzzSumo, a social media analytics tool, to track each article’s total social media shares across websites and its evergreen score — to find how much attention the article continued to receive after its initial publication.
Each article was evaluated for two main factors: sensationalism (煽动性) and scientific framing. Sensationalism was measured by the presence of warning language (e. g., “alarming,” “skyrocket”, “irreversible (不可逆转) damage”), while scientific framing was measured by how well the article explained findings, noted limitations, and gave accurate reporting.
Their analysis revealed that articles with high sensationalism and strong scientific framing achieved the highest immediate shares and long-term attention. In particular, articles that focused on younger children, with a negative view of screen time, and published on popular websites showed stronger performance. Interestingly, warning language alone boosted short-term sharing, but it was only when combined with strong scientific framing that articles kept people interested over time. Additionally, longer articles with more detailed context were more likely to achieve long-term attention.
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研究背景
研究问题/目的
研究发现
结论/意义
研究过程
研究发现
When questions about children arise, many parents turn to the internet and social media for advice on topics ranging from eating habits to children’s screen time. But what kind of information are parents most likely to see and share
A new study by NYU researchers, Erin O’Connor and Robin Neuhaus, examined how articles about screen time resonated with parents, and found that articles combining attention-grabbing language with credible scientific framing (表述) were the most likely to gain immediate and long-term attention on social media. O’Connor says: “Parents deserve information that not only captures their attention, but also supports informed decision-making about their children’s development.”
O’Connor and Neuhaus analyzed 136 articles published between 2016 and 2021. They used BuzzSumo, a social media analytics tool, to track each article’s total social media shares across websites and its evergreen score — to find how much attention the article continued to receive after its initial publication.
Each article was evaluated for two main factors: sensationalism (煽动性) and scientific framing. Sensationalism was measured by the presence of warning language (e. g., “alarming,” “skyrocket”, “irreversible (不可逆转) damage”), while scientific framing was measured by how well the article explained findings, noted limitations, and gave accurate reporting.
Their analysis revealed that articles with high sensationalism and strong scientific framing achieved the highest immediate shares and long-term attention. In particular, articles that focused on younger children, with a negative view of screen time, and published on popular websites showed stronger performance. Interestingly, warning language alone boosted short-term sharing, but it was only when combined with strong scientific framing that articles kept people interested over time. Additionally, longer articles with more detailed context were more likely to achieve long-term attention.
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研究背景
研究问题/目的
研究发现
结论/意义
研究过程
研究发现
32．What does the study focus on
A．Children’s use of mobile phones. B．Parents’ reliance on online advice.
C．Methods to improve parenting skills. D．Features of popular screen-time articles.
When questions about children arise, many parents turn to the internet and social media for advice on topics ranging from eating habits to children’s screen time. But what kind of information are parents most likely to see and share
A new study by NYU researchers, Erin O’Connor and Robin Neuhaus, examined how articles about screen time resonated with parents, and found that articles combining attention-grabbing language with credible scientific framing (表述) were the most likely to gain immediate and long-term attention on social media. O’Connor says: “Parents deserve information that not only captures their attention, but also supports informed decision-making about their children’s development.”
O’Connor and Neuhaus analyzed 136 articles published between 2016 and 2021. They used BuzzSumo, a social media analytics tool, to track each article’s total social media shares across websites and its evergreen score — to find how much attention the article continued to receive after its initial publication.
Each article was evaluated for two main factors: sensationalism (煽动性) and scientific framing. Sensationalism was measured by the presence of warning language (e. g., “alarming,” “skyrocket”, “irreversible (不可逆转) damage”), while scientific framing was measured by how well the article explained findings, noted limitations, and gave accurate reporting.
Their analysis revealed that articles with high sensationalism and strong scientific framing achieved the highest immediate shares and long-term attention. In particular, articles that focused on younger children, with a negative view of screen time, and published on popular websites showed stronger performance. Interestingly, warning language alone boosted short-term sharing, but it was only when combined with strong scientific framing that articles kept people interested over time. Additionally, longer articles with more detailed context were more likely to achieve long-term attention.
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研究背景
研究问题/目的
研究发现
结论/意义
研究过程
研究发现
33．How did researchers measure an article’s lasting influence
A．By checking its shares in BuzzSumo. B．By calculating its evergreen score.
C．By counting its total likes on websites. D．By predicting its long-term growth.
When questions about children arise, many parents turn to the internet and social media for advice on topics ranging from eating habits to children’s screen time. But what kind of information are parents most likely to see and share
A new study by NYU researchers, Erin O’Connor and Robin Neuhaus, examined how articles about screen time resonated with parents, and found that articles combining attention-grabbing language with credible scientific framing (表述) were the most likely to gain immediate and long-term attention on social media. O’Connor says: “Parents deserve information that not only captures their attention, but also supports informed decision-making about their children’s development.”
O’Connor and Neuhaus analyzed 136 articles published between 2016 and 2021. They used BuzzSumo, a social media analytics tool, to track each article’s total social media shares across websites and its evergreen score — to find how much attention the article continued to receive after its initial publication.
Each article was evaluated for two main factors: sensationalism (煽动性) and scientific framing. Sensationalism was measured by the presence of warning language (e. g., “alarming,” “skyrocket”, “irreversible (不可逆转) damage”), while scientific framing was measured by how well the article explained findings, noted limitations, and gave accurate reporting.
Their analysis revealed that articles with high sensationalism and strong scientific framing achieved the highest immediate shares and long-term attention. In particular, articles that focused on younger children, with a negative view of screen time, and published on popular websites showed stronger performance. Interestingly, warning language alone boosted short-term sharing, but it was only when combined with strong scientific framing that articles kept people interested over time. Additionally, longer articles with more detailed context were more likely to achieve long-term attention.
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研究背景
研究问题/目的
研究发现
结论/意义
研究过程
研究发现
34．Which expression increases an article’s sensationalism rating
A．Experts suggest limiting screen time for better sleep quality.
B．Researchers noted that screen time effects vary by age group.
C．Constant screen time produces non-repairable damage in kids.
D．Parents can set an alarm to warn against too much screen time.
When questions about children arise, many parents turn to the internet and social media for advice on topics ranging from eating habits to children’s screen time. But what kind of information are parents most likely to see and share
A new study by NYU researchers, Erin O’Connor and Robin Neuhaus, examined how articles about screen time resonated with parents, and found that articles combining attention-grabbing language with credible scientific framing (表述) were the most likely to gain immediate and long-term attention on social media. O’Connor says: “Parents deserve information that not only captures their attention, but also supports informed decision-making about their children’s development.”
O’Connor and Neuhaus analyzed 136 articles published between 2016 and 2021. They used BuzzSumo, a social media analytics tool, to track each article’s total social media shares across websites and its evergreen score — to find how much attention the article continued to receive after its initial publication.
Each article was evaluated for two main factors: sensationalism (煽动性) and scientific framing. Sensationalism was measured by the presence of warning language (e. g., “alarming,” “skyrocket”, “irreversible (不可逆转) damage”), while scientific framing was measured by how well the article explained findings, noted limitations, and gave accurate reporting.
Their analysis revealed that articles with high sensationalism and strong scientific framing achieved the highest immediate shares and long-term attention. In particular, articles that focused on younger children, with a negative view of screen time, and published on popular websites showed stronger performance. Interestingly, warning language alone boosted short-term sharing, but it was only when combined with strong scientific framing that articles kept people interested over time. Additionally, longer articles with more detailed context were more likely to achieve long-term attention.
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研究背景
研究问题/目的
研究发现
结论/意义
研究过程
研究发现
35．Which is a finding of the study
A．Negative content gets shared the most.
B．Short articles attract more initial attention.
C．Emotional language alone drives article popularity.
D．Scientific framing influences articles’ long-term popularity.
本题大致定位后可以运用选项排除法快速做题
补充练习
小组讨论：
运用刚学过的文本类型和结构分析方法分析下面两篇文章，确定文章所属类型。
With a surface hot enough to melt lead in its atmosphere, Venus has been described as “Earth’s evil twin” — similar in size, yet worlds apart. The question of whether Venus was ever habitable has long been a hot topic among scientists. Some astronomers believe the planet was once much more hospitable, but a recent research by Tereza Constantinou, a PhD student from the University of Cambridge, has now dealt a blow to the idea that it ever hosted life as we know it.
Constantinou noted that early in the formation of Venus, the planet was covered in a vast sea of magma (岩浆). If this cooled quickly, water would form oceans or be trapped as it crystallised (结晶), meaning the planet’s interior (内部) would be water-rich. As a result, water would be released when volcanoes erupt. “If you look at any photos of volcanism on Earth, you can see these large clouds coming out. Most of that is water,” said Constantinou. But if the magma cooled slowly, water would have ended up as steam in the atmosphere. In this situation, water would not be trapped inside the interior of the planet.
Constantinou and his colleagues studied changes in the Venusian atmosphere to cast light on the water content of its interior. When they analysed the amount of substances being refilled, they found very little water was being added. In other words, volcanic eruptions are “dry”. “The shortage of water in volcanic release reflects an equally dry Venusian interior,” said Constantinou. The team announced that their findings did not support the theory that Venus had surface oceans of water in its past, or a habitable climate.
Their conclusion could soon be tested. Later this decade, NASA is set to launch a mission to carry out fly-bys of Venus. Constantinou said resolving the question could help astronomers rule out Venus as a habitable planet now that the dry interior of Venus suggests it never has the oceans of liquid water traditionally thought necessary for life to begin.
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Do you know which letter was the last one to be added to the English alphabet Or what is the name of the galaxy that our planet Earth is part of In 2009, Colin Camerer and his colleagues were among the first ones to study how our brains respond to trivia (琐事) questions like these, because they wanted to see what happens in our brains when we feel curious.
To do this, they ran a brain imaging study that allowed researchers to see which brain regions are activated as people engage in mental activities like seeing, thinking, selecting, and so on.
They found that for questions about which participants had reported high curiosity, parts of the brain typically associated with reward lit up. These areas usually light up when we are expecting that something good or rewarding is about to happen. Imagine how you feel just before watching a concert or a movie you’ve been eager to see.
Next came the Reveal. When participants finally got the answers to the questions, the parts of their brains that are typically associated with memory and learning became active. Even more telling was that these areas were more strongly activated when the initial guess was incorrect than when it was correct.
Simply put, what these findings suggest is that curiosity sets up an anticipation of a reward (for the correct answer), and once we receive the reward (the correct answer), the brain acts to consolidate (巩固) our memory so that we learn the correct answer. This learning is stronger if we have initially failed rather than succeeded.
And such learning from failure is also stickier. Even after ten days, Camerer and colleagues found that participants could remember the correct answers to the questions they had initially guessed incorrectly, showing that failure can make us curious to learn the correct answer, and once we learn it, it sticks for longer as well.
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The Struggle to Save a Dying Lake
Lake Erie, once a thriving ecosystem, is now choking under the weight of pollution. For decades, agricultural runoff, carrying excessive fertilizers, has been flowing into the lake. This pollution fuels the growth of massive, toxic algae blooms that turn the water green, deplete oxygen, and create “dead zones” where aquatic life cannot survive. The commercial fishing industry, which once prospered here, has collapsed, mirroring the despair of local communities.
In response, a team of environmental scientists has proposed an innovative solution: the large-scale cultivation of seaweed farms. “Seaweed is a powerful natural filter,” explains Dr. Lena Schmidt, the project's lead researcher. “Our pilot project has shown that these farms can effectively absorb excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus directly from the water, significantly improving water clarity and quality within a single growing season. The operating cost is a fraction of building new water treatment facilities.”
However, not all experts are convinced. Dr. Ben Carter, a limnologist (湖沼学家), acknowledges the promise but urges caution. “While phytoremediation with seaweed is scientifically sound for small-scale applications, scaling it up to an entire Great Lake is a monumental challenge. The sheer size of Erie and the constant influx of new pollutants mean the process would need to be continuous and likely combined with stricter regulations on farm runoff to be truly effective in the long term.”
Despite the skepticism, Dr. Schmidt remains determined. “We have to start somewhere. Doing nothing is not an option,” she argues. “This project is a crucial step forward. But ultimately, even the most successful remediation will be undone if we don't address the pollution at its source.”
基于2021年北京市海淀区高三一模阅读理解C篇改编
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