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Unit 1 Look it up
单元小结
知识目录
学习目标：本单元学习百科全书两篇介绍人和物的文章（Reading），了解百科全书的发展历史（Focusing culture），理解百科全书条目的写作特点（Writing），积累和熟悉阅读这类文章的单词和短语，能够阅读此类文章。
语法目标：学习不定代词some/any及复合不定代词的用法。
听说目标：能听懂并介绍百科全书介绍人物条目的小短文。
写作目标：能够根据百科全书条目的特点，写出介绍你敬仰人的百科全书的条目。
目录
知识要点一、重点单词，短语及句式
要点1 重点短语 练习
要点2 重点句式 练习
要点3 构词法 练习
【精讲精练】
要点1 look up的用法 练习
要点2 intelligent的用法 练习
要点3 talent的用法 练习
要点4 be born的用法 练习
要点5 relate/be related to的用法 练习
要点6 both...and... either…or的用法 练习
要点7 as…as的用法 练习
要点8 rule(n)/(v)r的用法 练习
要点9 die/death/dead/die out/of/from的用法 练习
要点10 general的用法 练习
要点11 volume的用法 练习
要点12 either的用法 练习
要点13 go back a long way的用法 练习
要点14 be similar to的用法 练习
要点15.work(un/cn)的用法 练习
要点16 include的用法 练习
要点17 order的用法 练习
要点18 play an important role in的用法 练习
要点19 whole与all 的用法 练习
要点20 organize的用法 练习
要点21 produce的用法 练习
知识要点二、语法
要点1 现在进行时态 22
知识要点三、书面表达
要点1 话题分析 25
要点2 词汇短语积累 26
要点3句式积累 26
要点4实战演练 27
知识要点一、重点单词，短语及句式。
【重点短语】
1.在…… 方面异常有天赋 be unusually talented in
2.出生 be born
3.在乡下 in the countryside
4.展现出极高的智慧 showed great intelligence
5.思考；考虑 think about
6.与…… 有关 / 与…… 有亲属关系 be related to
7.来自 come from
8.有不同的尺寸 come in different sizes
9.和…… 一样小 as small as
10.多于；超过 more than
11.灭绝；消失 die out
12.要么…… 要么……；不是…… 就是…… either...or...
13.通识教育 general education
14.在线使用百科全书 use encyclopaedias online
15.编纂百科全书的悠久历史 a long history of creating encyclopaedias
16.在历史上 in history
17.两者都；既…… 又…… Both...and...
18.追溯到很久以前；历史悠久 go back a long way
19.与…… 相似 be similar to
20.按字母顺序 in alphabetical order
21.在…… 中起重要作用 play an important role in
22.了解；获悉关于…… 的情况 learn about
【重点句式】
1. Da Vinci was extremely intelligent, and he was unusually talented in many different fields.
达 芬奇极为聪慧，在许多不同领域都拥有非凡天赋。
2. From an early age, he showed great intelligence and artistic talent
自幼便展现出卓越的智慧与艺术才华。
3. Leonardo da Vinci was born in the countryside in Italy.
达 芬奇出生于意大利乡村
4. For example, his notebooks include some interesting drawings of flying machines and other vehicles.
例如，他的笔记中包含一些飞行器和其他交通工具的有趣设计图。
5. They are related to crocodiles , snakes and lizards.
他们与鳄鱼、蛇和蜥蜴有亲缘关系
6. Dinosaurs lived on land and walked on either two or four legs.
恐龙生活在陆地上，用两条或四条腿行走。
7. Dinosaurs came in different sizes. Some were as small as chickens, and others were as big as ten elephants.
恐龙体型各异：有些像鸡一样小，而另一些则有十头大象那么大。
8. About 66 million years ago, dinosaurs suddenly died out. Scientists are not completely sure why.
约 6600 万年前，恐龙突然灭绝。科学家尚未完全确定其灭绝原因，
9. They often come in several volumes.
纸质百科全书通常分为若干卷。
10. Both the Huanglan and Yongle Dadian included important pieces of writing.
《皇览》和《永乐大典》都收录了重要的文献.
13. Encyclopaedias in other parts of the world also go back a long way in history.
世界其他地区的百科全书也有着悠久的历史
14. They were similar to early Chinese encyclopacdias because they included works by different scholars.
它们与中国早期的百科全书相似，因为都收录了不同学者的著作。
15. Encyclopaedias have played an important role through history in recording and providing information.
百科全书在历史上一直扮演着记录和提供信息的重要角色。
【构词法】
在初中英语词汇中，有不少单词加上 “-ist” 或 “-ian” 能变成指人的名词。下面为你列举一些常见例子：
art―artist （艺术家）
history―historian（历史学家） biology―biologist（生物学家）
chemistry―chemist（化学家） magic―magician（魔术师）
piano―pianist（钢琴家） violin―violinist（小提琴家）
politics―politician（政治家） mathematics―mathematician（数学家）
【典例分析】
1. The young ______ (piano) played a beautiful piece at the concert.
【答案】pianist
【解析】 “piano”（钢琴）加后缀 “-ist” 构成指人名词 “pianist”，表示 “钢琴家”。句意为 “这位年轻的钢琴家在音乐会上演奏了一首优美的乐曲”，符合 “-ist” 用于表示 “从事某种艺术或技能的人” 的构词规则。
2. My uncle is a famous ______ (history) who studies ancient civilizations.
【答案】historian
【解析】 “history”（历史）加后缀 “-ian” 构成 “historian”，意为 “历史学家”。句中 “研究古代文明” 提示需要表示职业的名词，“-ian” 常用于学科相关的职业，如 “biologist”“mathematician”。
3. The ______ (chemistry) is working in the lab to develop a new medicine.
【答案】chemist
【解析】 “chemistry”（化学）加 “-ist” 变为 “chemist”，指 “化学家”。句子语境 “在实验室研发新药” 对应 “化学家” 的职业行为，注意区分 “chemist”（化学家）与 “chemical”（化学的）的词性差异。
【精讲精练】
要点1 look up
look up 查，查找
look up是由动词＋副词构成的短语，如果宾语是代词，要放在look与up之间，如果是名词，可放在look up后面，也可以放在look与up之间。
【重点】另外注意动词后加介词构成动介短语，此时，该短语相当于一个及物动词，后面必须加宾语(由名词、代词或动名词充当)，且该宾语不能放在动介短语的中间。
May I come into this room？ 我可以进到这个房间里来吗？
(come into是动+介短语，宾语this room不能省略。)
【拓展】 与look有关的常用短语：
look out look through
look over look after
look forward to look like
look for look out of
【典例分析】
1.—I don’t know the new word.
—It doesn’t matter, you can ________ in the dictionary.
A. look up it B. look it up C. look for it
【答案】B
【解析】句意：我不认识这个生词，没关系，你可以在字典里查一下它。
考查动词短语的辨析。look for的意思是“寻找”；look up的意思是“查字典”，跟代词时应该放在look与up的中间，因此，答案为B项。
2.—What’s the meaning of “One Belt and One Road”
—Let me _____ the words in the new dictionary.
A. look at B. look for C. look after D. look up
【答案】用短语辨析法解题。look at 看……；look for 寻找；look after 照顾；look up 查找。结合句意可知，“在词典中查找单词”。
3.When you don’t know a word，you can________ in the dictionary.
A. look it up B. set it up C. give it up D. pick it up
【答案】考查固定短语。 A. look it up查单词；B. set it up 建立；C. give it up放弃；D. pick it up 拾起；句意：当你不知道这个单词的意思时，请查个字典，故选A项。
4. My mother is ill in hospital. I have to ________ my grandparents at home.
A. look for B. look at C. look up D. look after
【答案】A. look for 寻找 B. look at看 C. look up 查阅 D. look after照顾。根据句意选D。
要点 2. intelligent
Intelligent 形容词（adj.）聪明的；有才智的；智能的
an intelligent student 聪明的学生
intelligent robots 智能机器人
She is intelligent and hard - working.她既聪明又勤奋。
Intelligence 名词（n.）智力；才智；智慧；
Artificial Intelligence 人工智能。缩写 AI
human intelligence人类智力
showed great intelligence 展现出卓越的智慧
【典例分析】
1.The boy's _______ surprised everyone when he solved the math problem in 10 seconds.
A. talent B. intelligence C. courage D. patience
【答案】B
【解析】 句意为 “这个男孩的_______让所有人惊讶，当他在 10 秒内解出数学题时”。
intelligence 指 “智力；解决问题的能力”，符合 “快速解数学题” 的语境。
-talent 侧重 “某方面的天赋”（如艺术、音乐），此处更强调思维能力，排除 A。
-courage（勇气） 和 patience（耐心） 与题意无关，排除 C、D。
2. She is an _______ student who always asks creative questions.
A. intelligence B. intelligent C. intelligently D. intelligences
【答案】B
【解析】句意为 “她是个_______的学生，总是提出有创意的问题”。
空格需形容词修饰名词 “student”，intelligent（聪明的） 符合要求。intelligence（n. 智力） 和 intelligences（n. 复数） 为名词，排除 A、D。intelligently（adv. 聪明地） 为副词，不能修饰名词，排除 C。
3.完成单词题（词性转换） 根据句意及首字母提示填空：
（1） The scientist showed great i________ in solving the environmental problem.
（2）These _______ (intelligence) robots can help doctors perform operations.
【答案】1. Intelligence 2. intelligent
要点 3. talent
talent 名词（n.）天赋；才能；人才
She has a lot of talent for music.她很有音乐天赋。
He is a young man with many talents.他是个多才多艺的年轻人
固定搭配
have a talent for (doing) sth：在某方面有天赋。
The boy has a natural talent for drawing.这个男孩有绘画的天赋。
talent show：才艺表演
talented（形容词）有天赋的；有才能的；多才多艺的
She is a talented artist.她是一位有才华的艺术家。
be talented in 在某领域有才能 / 天赋
He is talented in math.他在数学方面有天赋。
She is talented in playing the piano.她擅长弹钢琴。
【典例分析】
1.She showed great _______ in playing the piano at the age of five.
A. intelligence B. talent C. courage D. patience
【答案】B
【解析】句意为 “她五岁时在钢琴演奏中展现出极高的_______”。
talent 指 “某方面的天赋”，符合 “钢琴演奏” 的语境，对应固定搭配 “have a talent for sth”。
intelligence 侧重 “智力”，与艺术天赋无关，排除 A； courage（勇气） 和 patience（耐心） 与题意无关，排除 C、D。
2.Unlike his brother, who has a _______ for math, he is more interested in art.
A. talent B. intelligence C. hobby D. dream
【答案】A
【解析】句意为 “不像他的哥哥_______数学，他对艺术更感兴趣”。
have a talent for sth 为固定搭配，意为 “在某方面有天赋”，符合语境。
intelligence（智力） 不与 “for” 搭配；hobby（爱好）、dream（梦想） 与 “天生的能力” 无关，排除 B、C、D。
3.完成单词题（固定搭配） 根据句意及首字母提示填空：
（1） She has a t_______ for dancing and wins many prizes.
（2） He is a _______ singer who can write and arrange songs.
【答案】1.talent 2.talented
【解析】1.句意为 “她有舞蹈_______并赢得许多奖项”，固定搭配 “have a talent for”，填名词 “talent”。
2.“多才多艺的歌手” 译为 “talented singer”，用形容词 “talented”。
4. 她在钢琴演奏方面很有天赋，经常在学校活动中表演。（完成句子）
She _____ ____ _____ _______the piano and often performs at school events.
【答案】is talented in playing /has talent for playing
要点 4. be born
(1)born v. (be born) 出生be born… 意为“出生……”，其中动词be通常
用was或者were。be born 后可接形容词，名词或介词短语，其所表达的意思也不同。
★ be born + adj. / n. 意为“生来……”。
例如：玛丽生来就很幸福。Mary was born happy.
汤姆生为英国人。Tom was born English.
★be born + in / on 意为“出生在……”，
例如：他出生在广州。He was born in Guangzhou.
★be born + to / in / into 意为“降生到……” ，多指降生到某家庭。例如：
1867年，居里夫人出生在一个教师家庭。
In 1867, Madam Curie was born to / in / into a teacher’s family.
【典例分析】
1.Lucy _______ in a small town near London in 2005.
A. is born B. was born C. were born D. born
【答案】B
【解析】句意为 “露西 2005 年出生在伦敦附近的一个小镇”。
“be born” 表示 “出生”，根据 “in 2005” 可知用一般过去时，排除 A；
主语 Lucy 为单数，be 动词用 was，排除 C；born 不能单独作谓语，排除 D。
2.The baby was born _______, so the doctor gave him special care.
A. healthy B. health C. healthily D. unhealthy
【答案】D
【解析】句意为 “这个婴儿出生时_______，所以医生给予了特殊护理”。
“be born + adj.” 表示 “生来……”，空格需形容词，排除 B（名词）、C（副词）；
根据 “special care” 可知婴儿出生时不健康，用 “unhealthy”，排除 A（healthy 健康的）。
3.Albert Einstein _______ a family of teachers in 1879.
A. was born in B. was born into C. was born on D. was born at
【答案】B
【解析】句意为 “阿尔伯特 爱因斯坦 1879 年_______教师家庭”。
“be born into” 表示 “降生到…… 家庭”，符合语境；
“be born in” 后接地点（如国家、城市），“be born on” 后接具体日期，“be born at” 后接小地点，均不符合 “家庭” 的搭配。
4. 这个作家生来就有写作天赋。（完成句子）
The writer ______ _________ _______ a talent for writing. 1. in
【答案】was born with
要点 5.
1.relate 动词（v.）联系；讲述（故事等）；涉及
作不及物动词（+ to）“与…… 相关 / 有关联”
This study relates to environmental protection.这项研究与环境保护有关。
作及物动词（+ sth）表示 “讲述（故事、经历等）”
He related his adventures in the jungle.他讲述了自己在丛林中的冒险经历。
表示 “使相互关联”（常与 to/with 连用）
We need to relate theory to practice.我们需要将理论与实践联系起来。
同根词
1. related（形容词）相关的；有亲属关系的
Please read the related articles before the discussion.讨论前请阅读相关文章。
Are you related to the actor 你和那位演员有亲属关系吗？
2. relation（名词）关系；关联；亲属
The relation between diet and health is obvious.饮食与健康的关系显而易见。
She has many relations in Canada.她在加拿大有很多亲属。
3. relationship名词。关系；感情关系。强调具体的互动或情感联系
They have a close relationship with their neighbors.他们和邻居关系很亲密。
The relationship between the two companies is cooperative.两家公司之间是合作关系。
4.be related to
（1）与…… 相关 / 有关联
His question is related to the topic we discussed yesterday.
他的问题和我们昨天讨论的主题相关。
Smoking is closely related to lung cancer.吸烟与肺癌密切相关。
（2）与…… 有亲属关系（课本用法）
she related to you 她和你有亲属关系吗？
He is related to the former president by marriage.他和前任总统是姻亲关系。
词性 / 结构 核心含义 例句对比
relate（动词） 联系；讲述 She related how she overcame difficulties.她讲述了如何克服困难。
related（形容词） 相关的；有亲属关系的 Related issues will be discussed next.接下来将讨论相关问题。
be related to 与…… 相关 / 有亲属关系 Her job is related to computer programming.她的工作与计算机编程相关。
relation/relationship 关系；亲属 The relationship between them improved over time.他们之间的关系逐渐改善。
【典例分析】
1.Please read the _______ materials before writing your report.
A. relate B. related C. relation D. relationship
【答案】B
【解析】句意为 “写报告前请阅读_______材料”。
空格需形容词修饰 “materials”，related（相关的） 符合要求；relate（v. 联系） 为动词，排除 A；
relation（n. 关系） 和 relationship（n. 情感关系） 为名词，排除 C、D。
2.The _______ between diet and exercise is important for health.
A. relate B. related C. relation D. relationship
【答案】C
【解析】句意为 “饮食与运动的_______对健康很重要”。
空格需名词，排除 A（动词）、B（形容词）；relation 指 “抽象的关系或关联”，符合 “饮食与运动的关联”；relationship 侧重 “具体的互动或情感联系”，如人与人之间的关系，排除 D。
3. Dogs and wolves _______ each other because they come from the same family of animals.
A. are related to B. are angry with C. are famous for D. are interested in
【答案】A
【解析】考查短语辨析。句意：狗和狼_______彼此，因为它们来自同一动物家族。A. are related to 与…… 有关联；B. are angry with 对…… 生气；C. are famous for 因…… 闻名；D. are interested in 对…… 感兴趣。根据 “come from the same family” 可知，两者在血缘上有关联。故选 A。
4.完成句子
（1）他的问题和我们讨论的主题相关。
His question _______ _______ _______ the topic we discussed.
（2）她和那位科学家有亲属关系吗？
Is she _______ _______ the scientist
【答案】1. is related to 2. related to
【解析】 1. “与…… 相关” 用固定搭配 “be related to”，主语为第三人称单数，be 动词用 is。
2. “与…… 有亲属关系” 用 “be related to”，疑问句中 be 动词提前。
要点 6. both...and... either…or
both...and... …和…(两者)都
both...and... 意为“……和……(两者)都”,用于连接两个并列的句子成分。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Both Kate and Tom are from Class Three, Grade One.凯特和汤姆都来自一年级三班。
Lucy can speak both Italian and Greek.露西既会讲意大利语又会讲希腊语。
either...or... 的用法
并列连词短语，用于连接两个平行的句子成分（如名词、动词、形容词、短语或从句），表示 “要么…… 要么……”“不是…… 就是……”，强调两者中的选择关系。
连接并列主语时，谓语动词遵循就近原则（即与靠近谓语的主语保持一致）
Either the students or the teacher has the key.
要么学生们，要么老师有钥匙。
You can choose either tea or coffee.你可以选择茶或咖啡。
They either forget to call or lose your number.
他们要么忘记打电话，要么弄丢了你的号码。
【知识拓展】
not only...but also... 不但……而且…… 连接并列成分,当连接并列主语时,谓语动词与 but also后面的主语在人称和数上保持一致
neither...nor... 既不……也不…… 连接两个主语时,谓语动词与nor后面的主语在人称和数上保持一致
Not only you but also Li Lei is coming here.
不但你,而且李雷也要来这儿
★ Neither Lily nor I am a student.莉莉和我都不是学生
★ Tom can neither play the piano nor play chess.
汤姆既不会弹钢琴也不会下国际象棋。
★ You can either stay at home or go shopping on Sunday.星期天你可以待在家里或者去购物。
★ Either you or I am wrong.不是你错了,就是我错了
【典例分析】
1. —Which show do you prefer, Running Man or The Reader
—The Reader, of course. ________ I ________ my brother likes it.
A. Both; and B. Neither; nor C. Either; or D. Not only; but also
【答案】D　
【解析】 both...and……和……都；neither...nor既不……也不；either...or或者……或者；not only...but also不但……而且。根据句意推断A和D项都符合句意，both...and连接并列主语时，谓语动词用复数；not only...but also连接并列主语时，谓语动词形式遵循“就近原则”，根据句中likes推断选D。
2.—What have you learnt after three years' study in China, Maria
—I was taught ________ knowledge ________ good manners.
A. either; or B. both; and C. neither; nor D. not; but
【答案】B　
【解析】考查短语辨异。A. either; or 或者…或者。 B. both， and 和…(两者)都 C. neither; nor 既不。。。也不 D. not; but 不是。。。而是。 根据句意：我不仅学到了知识，还学到了礼貌。故答案选B
3----Jim, how do your parents like country music
----_____ my dad _____ my mom likes it. They both like country music.
A. Either, or B. Neither, nor C. Not only, but also D. Both, and
【答案】C
【解析】句意：--蒂姆，你的父母觉得乡村音乐怎么样？--不但爸爸喜欢，而且妈妈也不喜欢，他们都喜欢乡村音乐。根据后半句：他们都喜欢乡村音乐，either…or 或者…或者，表示两者之一；neither…nor 两者都不，既不，也不；Not only…but also 不仅…而且；both …and 两个都，主语是两个人。Not only…but also…… 句型要根据最近的主语确定谓语动词，本题中的 likes 是第三人称单数，故选C。
4.You can _______ take the bus _______ ride a bike to the park. Both ways are convenient.
A. either; or B. neither; nor C. both; and D. not only; but
【答案】A
【解析】考查连词短语辨析。句意：你可以_______坐公交_______骑自行车去公园，两种方式都很方便。A. either...or... 要么…… 要么……（二选一）；B. neither...nor... 既不…… 也不……；C. both...and... 两者都；D. not only...but (also)... 不仅…… 而且……。根据 “Both ways are convenient” 可知，此处指两种方式选其一。故选 A。
完成句子not only ….. but also neither……nor either…… or both……and
5.在学校老师们不仅给我们传播知识而且还教我们如何做人。
At school teachers teach us ________ _________ knowledge_______ _______ how to be good.
6. 他和我还没有看过这部电影。
__________ he ___________ I __________ ____________ the film yet.
7. 只有一张入场券，杰克和你当中只能一个人去看时装展。
There is only one ticket. ________ Jack ________ you will go to the fashion show.
8. 肯特和孩子们都不想去动物园。
_________ Kent _________ the children wanted to go to the zoo.
9,John 和Peter 在电影院看见Jolie 时，都很吃惊
_______ ________ John ______ ________ Peter ________ surprised when they saw Jolie in the cinema.
_______ John ______ Peter ________ surprised when they saw Jolie in the cinema.
10, 只有一个座位，要不你去，要不我去。
There is only one seat, ________ you _______ I can go.
【答案】4.not only but also 5.Neither nor have seen 6.either or 7.Both and 8.Not only but also was
Both and were 9.either or
要点 7. as…as…
as…as… 意为“和……一样……”，表示同级比较。使用时要注意第一个a
为副词，第二个as为连词。常用基本结构为：
as + adj. / adv. + as, 其否定结构为：not as / so + adj. / adv. + as
这部电影和那部电影一样有趣。
This film is as interesting as that one.
这本字典没有那本字典厚。
This dictionary is not as / so thick as that one.
【典例分析】
1.Wang Wei speaks English as _____ as Yang Lan. They both study English hard.
good B. well C. better D. best
【解析】句意：王伟的英语讲的和杨澜的一样好。他们学习英语都努力。A为形容词 原级；B为副词的原级；C为比较级；D为最高级。本题考查同级的比较。as…as中间用形容词或副词的原级，排除C/D；此处是副词修饰动词speak。故选B。
2.这部电影和那部电影一样有趣。
This film is ______ _______ ______ that one.
3.这本字典没有那本字典厚
This dictionary isn’t _____ ______ _______ that one.
【解析】 句式 甲与乙程度相同用 as as这个句式。答案：as interesting as
甲不及乙 用否定形式。not as …as 或not so….as 故答案为： so/as thick as
4.用单词的正确形式填空
(1)Grace was as_______________( care) as Tom. They made few mistakes in the exam.
(2)Grace wrote as _______________( care) as Tom . They made few mistakes in the exam.
(3)Grace wrote as _______________( care) as Tom . They made a few mistakes in the exam.
(4)English is not so interesting as maths. = English is ___________ interesting __________ maths.
【答案】（1）carful (2)carefully (3)careless (4) as….as
要点 8. rule
rule
1. 作名词：规则；规定；章程
follow a rule 遵守规则 break a rule 违反规则
set/make a rule 制定规则 obey a rule 服从规则
Students must follow the school rules.学生必须遵守校规。
She broke the rule by arriving late again.她又迟到了，违反了规定。
2. 作动词：统治；管理；控制
rule a country/nation 统治国家
rule over sb./sth. 统治 / 管理某人 / 某物
The king ruled the kingdom for 20 years.这位国王统治王国达 20 年之久。
In ancient times, emperors ruled over vast territories.
在古代，皇帝统治着辽阔的疆域。
【典例分析】
1. Students should always _______ the school rules.
A. break B. follow C. make D. rule
【答案】B
【解析】 句意为 “学生应始终_______校规”。follow a rule 为固定搭配，意为 “遵守规则”，符合语境； break（违反）、make（制定） 与题意不符，排除 A、C；rule 作动词时表示 “统治”，此处需名词用法，排除 D。
2. In ancient China, emperors _______ the country for many years.
A. ruled B. followed C. broke D. made
【答案】A
【解析】句意为 “在中国古代，皇帝_______国家多年”。
rule a country 表示 “统治国家”，动词过去式为 “ruled”，符合历史语境；
-follow（遵守）、break（违反）、make（制定） 均与 “统治” 无关，排除 B、C、D。
3.The _______ says no pets are allowed in the park.
A. rule B. ruler C. ruled D. ruling
【答案】A
【解析】句意为 “_______规定公园禁止宠物入内”。rule（n. 规则） 符合语境，作主语；
ruler（n. 尺子 / 统治者）、ruled（v. 过去式）、ruling（n. 裁决） 均与题意无关，排除 B、C、D。
4.人人都必须遵守规则。(完成句子)
Everyone must ________ ________ ________.
5.有人看见你违规了。(完成句子)
Someone has seen you ________ ________ ___________.
【答案】4.obey the rule 5.break the rule
要点 9. die
die 动词（v.）死亡；消失；熄灭
1.die out 灭绝，消失
恐龙是如何灭绝的？ How did the dinosaurs die out
每2.die of/from：因…… 而死（具体死因）
die of 常接内部原因（疾病、饥饿、衰老等）：He died of cancer.他死于癌症。
die from 常接外部原因（事故、创伤、环境等）：
She died from a car accident.（她死于车祸。）
3.die down：逐渐减弱；平息（指声音、火势、情绪等）
The wind died down in the evening.（风在傍晚逐渐平息。）
年有很多的动植物灭绝。Every year, many animals and plants die out.
同根词
1. dead（形容词）死的；无生命的；失效的
The bird is dead.这只鸟死了。
He found a dead tree in the garden.他在花园里发现了一棵枯树。
dead end：死胡同；绝境
2. death（名词）死亡；去世；毁灭
The death of her pet made her very sad.宠物的死亡让她很难过。
His sudden death shocked everyone.他的突然去世让所有人震惊。
3. dying（形容词 / 动词现在分词）垂死的；临终的；即将消失的
The dying man whispered his last words.垂死的人低声说出了最后遗言。
This traditional art form is dying.这种传统艺术形式正在消亡。
作动词短语：
be dying to do 渴望做
词性 / 结构 核心含义 例句对比
die（动词） 死亡（动作） He died peacefully in his sleep. 他在睡梦中平静地去世。
dead（形容词） 死的（状态） The dead leaves fell to the ground. 枯叶落到了地上。
death（名词） 死亡（抽象概念） Smoking increases the risk of death.吸烟增加死亡风险。
dying（形容词） 垂死的；即将消失的 The dying fire needed more wood. 快熄灭的火需要添柴。
【典例分析】
1. —Do you know that Mr. Zhang passed by last week
—Yes. He died ________ illness.
A. of B. from C. with D. as
【答案】A
【解析】die of意为“因……而死”，一般指由于疾病、情感等内因引起的死亡。
2. —It’s reported that the storm will ________ at about 10:00 am.
—Good news!
A. give away B. put off C. die down D. cut down
【答案】C
【解析】 句意：——据报道，风暴将在上午10点左右平息。 ——好消息！
考查动词短语。give away赠送、泄露；put off推迟；die down逐渐平息、减弱；cut down消减、缩短。根据“Good news”可推知，上文提到的暴风雨这类自然灾害稍后会逐渐平息，对人们来说是好消息。故选C。
3. —When did the old man ________？
—In 2006. He ________ for nearly ten years.
A. die; died B. die; has been dead C. dead; has died D. dead; died
【答案】B 应用现在完成时且动词用延续性动词
4.那个婴儿死于发烧。
The baby _______ __________f a fever.
【答案】died of
5.那个老人死于一起交通事故。
The old man ________ _________ a traffic accident.
【答案】died from
要点 10. general
general
1. 作形容词（adj.）：表示 “普遍的；一般的； 总体的；概括性的”
a general opinion普遍观点 general knowledge常识
a general description大致描述
固定搭配 “in general”，表示 “通常；大体上”
2. 作名词（n.）：表示 “将军；上将”
a five-star general五星上将 General Washington华盛顿将军
3. 常见固定搭配
general public：普通大众 general manager：总经理
【典例分析】
1. —What do you think of the plan
—It's just a ______ idea. We need to discuss the details later.
A. general B. common C. ordinary D. specific
【答案】A
【解析】 考查形容词词义辨析。根据 “需要讨论细节” 可知，此处表示 “大致的想法”，“general” 意为 “概括性的”，符合语境。其他选项中，common（常见的）、ordinary（普通的）、specific（具体的）均不符合句意。
2. In ______, people tend to prefer spending time with family during holidays.
A. general B. public C. total D. secret
【答案】A
【解析】 考查固定搭配。“in general” 为固定短语，意为 “通常；大体上”，句意为 “通常，人们在假期更倾向于和家人共度时光”。
3. The g______ led his army to win the crucial battle. （首字母单词拼）
【答案】general
【解析】 根据 “led his army”（率领军队）可知，此处需填表示 “将军” 的名词，首字母为 g，故填 “general”。
4. I only have a g______ idea of the project—could you explain it in detail （首字母单词拼）
【答案】general
【解析】 根据 “需要详细解释” 可知，此处表示 “大致的想法”，“general” 作为形容词意为 “概括性的”，符合首字母和语境。
5. The new museum is open to ________________ (普通大众) free of charge every Sunday.（完成句子）
【答案】the general public
【解析】 考查固定搭配 “general public”（普通大众），注意搭配定冠词 “the”。
要点 11. Volume
1. 作名词（n.）：表示 “体积；容量；音量”
The volume of the box is 20 cubic meters.这个箱子的体积是 20 立方米。
a tank with a volume of 1,000 liters容量 1000 升的水箱
Turn up the volume, please.请把音量调大。
2. 作名词（n.）：表示 “卷；册；书卷”
a 20-volume encyclopedia 一套 20 卷的百科全书
Volume 1 of the novel will be published next month.
这部小说的第一卷将于下月出版
【典例分析】
1. Please adjust the ______ on the TV—my grandfather can’t hear clearly.
A. volume B. color C. channel D. screen
【答案】A
【解析】 考查 “volume” 作为 “音量” 的用法。根据 “听不清” 可知，需调节 “音量”，“turn up/down the volume” 为固定搭配，其他选项不符合句意。
2. The library has a 15-______ collection of ancient Chinese literature.
A. volume B. page C. book D. copy
【答案】A
【解析】 考查 “volume” 作为 “卷；册” 的用法。“a 15-volume collection” 表示 “一套 15 卷的文集”，“volume” 在此指 “书卷 / 分册”，其他选项 page（页码）、book（书）、copy（副本）均不与数字 + 连字符搭配表示 “卷数”。
3. Could you please turn down the v______ The baby is sleeping. （首字母单词拼写）
【答案】volume
【解析】 根据 “婴儿在睡觉” 和 “turn down” 可知，此处指调节 “音量”，首字母为 v，故填 “volume”。
要点22 either
1.either 作限定词：意为 “（两者之中的）任何一个”，后接单数可数名词。例如：
You can park on either side of the street.你可以在街道两边任何一边停车。
2.either 作代词：意为 “（两者之中）任何一个”，单独使用或与 of 连用，of 后接复数名词或代词宾格。例如：Either of the books is interesting.这两本书任何一本都有趣。
3.either 作副词：常用于否定句，放在句末，意为 “也”。例如：
I don't like this movie. My sister doesn't like it either.我不喜欢这部电影。我妹妹也不喜欢。
4.相关短语：
either...or...：意为 “要么…… 要么……；不是…… 就是……”，连接两个并列成分，如并列主语、谓语、宾语等。当连接两个主语时，谓语动词遵循就近原则。例如：
Either you or he has to clean the classroom.要么你要么他得打扫教室。
【典例分析】
1.I don't like this book. My sister doesn't like it, ____.
A. too B. also C. either D. as well
【答案】C
【解析】这几个词都有 “也” 的意思。too 和 as well 常用于肯定句，且 too 一般置于句末，as well 通常也放在句末，前面不用逗号；also 常用于肯定句，一般放在句中；either 用于否定句，放在句末。此句是否定句，所以选 either。
2.There are two ways to the station. You can choose ______ way.
A. either B. neither C. both D. all
【答案】A
【解析】either 表示 “两者中的任何一个”，此句意思是 “去车站有两条路，你可以选择任何一条路”。neither 表示 “两者都不”；both 表示 “两者都”，后接复数名词；all 表示 “三者或三者以上都”，这里说两条路选其一，所以选 A。
3.______ of the twins is good at singing. They both sing badly.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. All
【答案】B
【解析】从 “They both sing badly.（他们俩唱歌都不好听）” 可知，双胞胎两人都不擅长唱歌。either 表示 “两者中的任何一个”；neither 表示 “两者都不”；both 表示 “两者都”；all 表示 “三者或三者以上都”，所以这里选 B。
4.You can ______ come with me now or walk home.
A. either B. neither C. both D. all
【答案】A
【解析】“either...or...” 是固定搭配，意思是 “要么…… 要么……” ，此句表示 “你要么现在跟我一起走，要么走路回家” 。neither...nor... 表示 “既不…… 也不……”；both 常与 and 搭配；all 不与 or 构成类似结构，所以选 A。
5.—Which of the two books do you want
—______ is OK. I don't mind.
A. either B. both C. all D. any
【答案】A
【解析】由 “the two books” 可知是两本书，“either” 表示 “两者中的任何一个”，“both” 表示 “两者都”，
这里回答说哪本都行，不介意，是指两本中的任意一本，所以用 “either”，“both” 的话谓语动词要用复数，
“all” 用于三者或三者以上，“any” 用于三者或三者以上，所以选 A。
6.There are many fruits here. You can take ______ of them.
A. either B. both C. all D. any
【答案】D
【解析】“either” 表示 “两者中的任何一个”；“both” 表示 “两者都”；“all” 表示 “三者或三者以上都”；“any” 表示 “三者或三者以上中的任何一个”。这里说有很多水果，强调众多水果中的任意一个，所以用 “any”，选 D。
要点 13.
go back a long way 追溯到很久以前；有悠久历史
同义表达：have a long history 或date back to a long time ago
The tradition of tea drinking in China goes back a long way.
中国的饮茶传统历史悠久。
Their family and mine go back a long way.
他们家和我家是世交。
This custom goes back a long way to the 16th century.
这一习俗可追溯到 16 世纪。
【典例分析】
1. 中国龙舟赛的传统有悠久的历史，根植于古代民俗
The tradition of dragon boat racing in China ___________________, with roots in ancient folk customs.
【答案】goes back a long way
要点 14.
be similar to 是英语中表示 “与…… 相似
要点13 similar
similar作形容词，意为“相似的”。be similar to…意为“与……相似，接近”，一般用在相近似的物和
情境的对比上。例如：
　 His problem is similar to yours. 他的问题和你的相似。
　 The climate here is similar to that of my hometown.这里的气候和我家乡的相似
　【拓展】
（1）look like意为“看起来像……” 。应用范围最广，除了描述人、物之外，也能抽象表达事件或现象。例如：
　　 He looks like a famous movie star. 他看起来像一个电影明星。
　　 It looks like it’s going to rain soon. 天看起来要下雨。
【典例分析】
1.Your new bike is different________ mine, but quite similar________ Jack’s.
A. to; to B. to; from C. from; to D. from; from
【答案】C
【解析】be different from 与。。。不同。Be similar to 与。。。相似。
2.—Can you tell the difference between these two pictures
—The difference Oh, no. They look quite .
A. similar B. different C. strange D. interesting
【答案】A
【解析】similar"相似的";different"不同的";strange"奇怪的";interesting"有趣的"。结合本题语境可知,它们看起来很"相似",故所缺的词是similar。
3. 他看起来像他父亲
He__________ _______ his father
【答案】looks like
44.马莉在很多方面与她爸爸相似。
Mary________ ________ ________ her father in many ways.
【答案】is similar to
要点 15.
Work 作名词
1. 表示 “工作；劳动”（不可数）
He has a lot of work to do.他有很多工作要做。
She enjoys her work as a teacher.她喜欢教师的工作。
2. 表示 “作品；著作”（可数，常用复数 works）
Shakespeare’s works are still popular today.莎士比亚的作品至今仍很受欢迎。
The museum displays modern art works.博物馆展出现代艺术作品。
【典例分析】
1. I have too much ______ to do today, so I can’t go out with you.
A. works B. work C. job D. jobs
【答案】B
【解析】 考查 “work” 作为不可数名词 “工作” 的用法。“too much” 修饰不可数名词，排除 A（复数）、D（复数）；“job” 是可数名词，此处需用不可数形式 “work”，故选 B。
2. The library has a collection of famous writers’ ______, including Dickens and Mark Twain.
A. work B. works C. job D. jobs
【答案】B
【解析】 考查 “work” 作为可数名词 “作品” 的用法。“writers’ works” 表示 “作家的作品”，此处需用复数形式 “works”，排除 A（单数）；C、D “job” 指具体工作，与 “作品” 无关，故选 B。
3. Shakespeare’s w______ are studied in schools around the world.
【答案】works
【解析】 根据 “Shakespeare”（莎士比亚）和 “studied” 可知，此处指 “作品”，“works” 为复数形式，首字母为 w，故填 “works”。
4. He is busy with his w______ and can’t answer the phone right now.
【答案】work
【解析】 结合 “busy with” 和 “不能接电话” 可知，此处指 “工作”，“work” 作为不可数名词，首字母为 w，故填 “work”。
要点 16 include
include作动词，意为“包括；包含”。例如：
The price for the hotel includes breakfast. 旅店的费用包括早餐在内。
The parcel included a dictionary. 那包裹里有一本字典。
【拓展】
including除了是include的现在分词/动名词之外，在日常运用中一般被当作介词使用，和其后的名词/代词一起形成介宾短语，意思是“包括……在内”。例如：
There are many different kinds of moon cakes, including fruit, coffee and ham.
有很多种月饼，包括水果的，咖啡的和火腿月饼。
There are 40 students in the classroom, including me.
班里有40名学生，包括我在内。
【典例分析】
1.我有很多工作要做，包括做饭和打扫房间。
I have much work to do,__________ ____________ meals and cleaning the house.
【点拨】including cooking。including是介词引导的介词短语在句中作状语，起补充说明的作用，前面可用逗号隔开。
2.我的工作包括做饭、打扫房间等。
My work __________ __________ meals, cleaning the house and so on.
【点拨】includes。include是及物动词，在句中作谓语
3. I have to make breakfast for five people，____me.
A. include B. including C. included D. to include
【点拨】B 此题用语法判定法。分析句子成分可知，空格前是一个完整的句子，排除A与C两项。including介词，意为“包括”，与后面的代词me构成介词短语。
要点 17.
order作动词
1. 表示 “命令；指示”
order sb. to do sth.命令某人做某事
The teacher ordered the students to be quiet.老师命令学生保持安静。
2. 表示 “订购；预订”（商品、服务等）
order sth. / order sth. from...
She ordered flowers from an online shop.她从网店订购了鲜花。
3. 表示 “整理；安排”（使有序）
He ordered his books by category.他按类别整理书籍。
二、作名词（Noun）的基本用法
1. 表示 “命令；指示”（可数）
The soldiers followed the general’s orders.士兵们服从将军的命令。
2. 表示 “顺序；秩序”（不可数）
Please keep the books in order.请把书按顺序放好。
The crowd was called to order.人群被要求保持秩序。
3. 表示 “订购；订单”（可数）
Your order will be delivered tomorrow.你的订单明天送达。
4. 固定搭配
in order：按顺序；井然有序
in order to do sth.：为了……
He gets up early in order to catch the bus.他早起是为了赶公交
【典例分析】
一、单项选择题
1. She decided to ______ a cake from the bakery for her son’s birthday.
A. order B. borrow C. sell D. return
【答案】A
【解析】 考查 order 作动词 “订购” 的用法。“order sth. from...” 表示 “从某处订购某物”，与 “从面包店订蛋糕” 的语境匹配。其他选项 borrow（借）、sell（卖）、return（归还）均不符合 “订购” 语义，故选 A。
2. The teacher asked the students to put the sentences ______ of importance.
A. in order B. in public C. in danger D. in surprise
【答案】A
【解析】 考查 order 作名词 “顺序” 的固定搭配。“in order of...” 表示 “按…… 顺序”，句意为 “按重要性排序句子”。其他搭配 in public（公开地）、in danger（处于危险中）、in surprise（惊讶地）均不符合语境，故选 A。
3. The librarian o______ the books on the shelf by author’s name.
【答案】ordered
4. The restaurant received a large o______ for 500 meals from a company.
【答案】order
【解析】 由 “餐厅收到 500 份餐食” 可知，此处指 “订单”，order 作名词 “订购” 时为可数名词，首字母为 o，故填 order。
5. The students stood in line ______ ______ ______ (为了) welcome the guests.（完成句子）
【答案】in order to
【解析】 考查固定搭配 “in order to do sth.”（为了……），后接动词原形 welcome，表目的。
6. Please keep your desk ______ ______ (井然有序) before leaving the classroom.（完成句子）
【答案】in order
【解析】 考查固定搭配 “in order”（井然有序），在句中作宾语补足语，修饰 “desk”。
要点 18.
“play an important role in” 意思是 “在 中扮演重要角色 / 起重要作用”
Trees play a big role in keeping the air clean.
树木在保持空气清洁方面起着重要作用。
Parents play a big role in their children's growth.
父母在孩子的成长过程中扮演着重要角色。
Education plays a big role in shaping a person's future.
教育在塑造一个人的未来中起着重要作用。
【典例分析】
1. Weather plays an important role ________ farming.
A. at B. in C. to D. of
【答案】B
【解析】句意：天气在农业中起着重要作用。
考查介词辨析。at在（某处）；in在……里；to朝；of……的。play a part in为固定搭配，意为“对……有影响、对……起作用”，符合句意，故选B。
2. The dragon ________ an important role in Chinese festivals
A. takes B. plays C. has D. act
【答案】B
【解析】句意：龙在中国节日中扮演着重要的角色。
考查动词辨析和动词短语。takes带走；plays扮演，玩；has有；act行动。固定搭配play a（an）… part (in...)意为“(在……中)扮演……角色；(在……中)起……作用”。plays an important part in Chinese festivals意为“在中国节日中扮演着重要的角色”，故选B。
3. Everyone in our class should ________ keeping the classroom clean.
A. make sure B. play a role in C. be ready to D. make up
【答案】B
【解析】句意：我们班的每个人都应该在保持教室干净上发挥作用。
考查动词短语。make sure确保；play a part in发挥作用；be ready to准备好；make up编造。根据“keeping the classroom clean”以及结合空后是动名词keeping可知，此处是指我们班的每个人都应该在保持教室的清洁方面发挥作用。play a part in+动名词形式，故选B。
4. Everyone should _______ protecting the environment.
A. bring in B. play a role in C. take in D. arrive in
【答案】B
【解析】句意：每个人都应该参与保护环境。
考查动词短语。bring in引入，赚得；play a part in参与，起……作用；take in吸收，领会；arrive in到达。结合句意可知，每个人都应该参与到保护环境中，且空格后的动词为现在分词形式，只有play a part in后可接动词的ing形式。故选B。
要点19 whole与all的用法：
① whole和all两者都用作形容词，意为“整个的；全部的”，但在句中的位置不同，whole位于限定词（定冠词、指示代词、物主代词及所有格）之后（限定词+whole+名词）。all位于限定词（定冠词、指示代词、物主代词及所有格）之前（all+限定词+名词）。如：
The whole school/all the school was empty. 整个学校空无一人。
② 修饰不可数名词或可数名词复数时，一般用all。如：
I know all those people. 我认识所有那些人。
Jane has drunk all the milk. 简已经喝了所有的牛奶。
③ 在表示地名的专有名词前用all，不用whole，但可用the whole of，如不能说the whole China，但可说the whole of China，用all时则可表示为all China。如：
Li Ming travelled the whole of China/all China in the past few years.
在过去几年里，李明游览了全中国。
【典例分析】
1. He spent________ writing.
A. the morning all B. the all morning
C. whole the morning D. the whole morning
【点拨】D
【解析】本题用词语应用法解答。表示“全部的，整个的”时，whole放在冠词之后，all放在冠词之前。故选D。
2. Last Sunday my ________ family went to the beach except my father. He was away on business.
A. healthy B. whole C. strange D. dangerous
【点拨】B。
【解析】本题考查形容词辨析。healthy意为“健康的”，whole意为“全部的；整个的”，strange意为“奇怪的”，dangerous意为“危险的”，结合语境可知应选B。
3. —I need some energy for ________ afternoon.
—You can have a big lunch now.
A. the all B. whole the C. all D. the whole
【答案】D
【解析】句意：——我整个下午都需要一些能量。——你现在可以吃一顿丰盛的午餐了。
考查形容词辨析。all所有的；whole整个的。the whole afternoon“整个下午”，固定短语，故选D。
要点 20：organize
1)organize v. 组织；筹备
We all decided to organize a concert for Easter. 我们一致决定为复活节组织一场音乐会。
2)organized adj. 有组织的
Do you have any connections to organized crime 你参与了任何有组织的犯罪吗？
3)organizer n. 组织者
A good organizer pays attention to detail. 一个好的组织者考虑问题无微不至。
4) organization n.组织
Most of the food for the homeless is provided by voluntary organizations.
给无家可归者的大部分食物是由志愿组织提供的。
【典例分析】
1.The_________are going to_____________ a sports meeting.
A. organizer; organize B. organizers; organized C. organization; organize D. organizers; organize
【答案】D
【解析】这些组织者将组织一场运动会。
2. —What about having a surprise party for Miss Smith
—Good idea. Let’s discuss when to _______________ the party.
A. organize B. delete C. accept D. solve
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：——给Miss Smit办个惊喜派对怎么样？——好主意，让我们讨论何时组织这个聚会。A. organize组织；B. delete删除；C. accept接受；D. solve解决。根据What about having a surprise party for Miss Smith 可知，此处应表示：组织聚会。故选A。
3. ---What are you going to do this weekend
---We are going to________ a picnic. Would you like to join us
A. choose B. organize C. send D. travel
【答案】B
【解析】动词词义辨析题。根据句意可知，这个周末你打算做什么 我们打算组织一次野餐。你想加入我们吗 choose意为：选择；organize意为：组织；send意为：寄；派遣；travel意为：旅行。
4.China joined the World Trade ___________ (organize) some years ago.
【解析】Organization 组织。名词。
知识要点二、语法
1. 不定代词: some & any
2. 复合不定代词
【典例分析】
1.There is ________ with your car.
A nothing seriously wrong B. seriously wrong nothing
C. nothing wrong seriously D. wrong seriously nothing
【答案】A
【解析】形容词修饰不定代词，放在后面。
2.He asked me if there was _______to read.
A. easy enough something B. enough easy something
C. something easy enough D. something enough easy
【答案】C
【解析】形容词修饰不定代词，放在后面。Enough修饰形容词也放在形容词后面。
3. The Spring Festival Gala was so amazing that ________ left in the middle of it.
A. everybody B. anybody C. nobody D. somebody
【答案】C
【解析】句意：春晚太精彩了，没有人中途离开。
考查不定代词用法。everybody每个人；anybody任何人；nobody没有人；somebody某人。根据“The Spring Festival Gala was so amazing”可知，节目精彩，没有人会中途离开。故选C。
4. —Would you like ________ books to read
—Oh, great! I’d like to read ________. It can make the waiting time more enjoyable.
A. some; something interesting B. some; interesting something
C. any; something interesting D. any; interesting something
【答案】A
【解析】句意：——你想要看一些书吗？——哦，太棒了！我想读一些有趣的东西。它可以使等待时间更愉快。
考查不定代词。some一些，常用于肯定句中，但也用于期望得到肯定回答的疑问句中；any一些，常用于否定句和疑问句中。第一个空位于期望得到肯定回答的疑问句中，用some；复合不定代词和形容词连用时，形容词要位于复合不定代词后，作后置定语，第二个空填something interesting。故选A。
5. —Would you like to tell me ________ important news
—Sorry, I don’t want to tell you ________ news today.
A. some; some B. some; any C. any; any D. any; some
【答案】B
【解析】句意：——你能告诉我一些重要消息吗？——对不起，今天我不想告诉你任何消息。
考查some和any的用法。第一个句子是一般疑问句，希望得到肯定回答，用some；第二个句子是否定句，用any。故选B。
6. David is new here, so we know ________ about him.
A. nothing B. something C. anything D. everything
【答案】A
【解析】句意：大卫是新来的，所以我们对他一无所知。
考查代词词义辨析。nothing无事，无物；something某事，某物，常用于肯定句或表示请求或建议的疑问句中；anything某事，某物，常用于疑问句或否定句，用于肯定句时，意为“任何事/物”；everything一切。由前句“David is new here”可知，此句是说对他一无所知，故选A。
二、用some或any填空。
1. Could you give me _________ coffee, please
2. I heard that he would stay there for __________ days.
3. Don’t take _________ magazines out of the reading room.
4. ---Did he buy __________ cakes or cookies ----Cookies, I think.
5. If you have __________ questions, ask me, please.
6. Do you want to take __________ photos
7. Is there ___________ rice in the kitchen
8. There are ____________ new buildings in our school.
9. Here are ____________ presents for you.
10. —Are there ___________ pictures on the wall —No, there aren’t ____ pictures.
【答案】1.some 2.some 3.any 4.any 5.any 6.any 7.any 8.some 9.some 10.any any
三、用复合不定代词填空
1. ___________ is interested in the game because it’s interesting.
2. Be quiet! The teacher has _____________ to say.
3. Money isn’t ________________.
4. ______________is now playing football.
5. I want ______________ to eat. I’m hungry.
6. Would you like ____________ to eat
7. Why don’t you ask _____________to help you
【答案】Somebody something everything Someone something something anyone
知识要点三、书面表达
【话题分析】
写关于一位科学家（事物）的百科全书条目
本单元我们阅读关于百科全书的二篇文章，一个人物介绍，一个动物介绍的百科全书的条目。
一，开篇要明确核心信息，点明人物或事物的基本身份属性。
二，正文要包含关键要素，人物类：涵盖生卒年、出生地、成长背景、突出才能、主要成就和影响力等。事物类：说明所属类别、起源、相关联系、主要特征和发展历程等。
三，运用客观、简洁的语言，避免主观评价和模糊性表述，用具体事例和数据增强说服力。
四，体现知识关联，帮助读者构建完整知识体系。
写关于一位科学家的百科全书条目可以按照下面步骤来写：
1.基本信息：明确介绍科学家的姓名、生卒年份（若已去世）及国籍。
2.成长背景：提及出生地点等早期生活信息，帮助读者了解其成长环。
3.主要成就：重点阐述科学家的核心研究领域和突破性成果，用具体事例说明其贡献。
4.荣誉与影响：列举科学家获得的重要奖项、称号，以及在行业内和社会上产生的广泛影响。
5.语言风格：表述客观、简洁，避免主观情感色彩，以事实性描述为主。
Basic structure of describing an encyclopaedia entry about a scientist
【短语积累】
1.在…… 方面异常有天赋______________________ 2.出生________________________
3.展现出极高的智慧________________________ 4. 从很小的时候起__________________
5.与…… 有亲属关系_____________________ 6.和…… 一样小________________________
7.灭绝；消失________________________ 8. 因……赢得了许多奖项 _________________
9. 做出巨大贡献 _________________ 10. 他毕生致力于_________________
11. 扮演重要角色 _________________ 12.被称作为_________________
1. be unusually talented in 2.be born 3. show great intelligence in 4. from an early age
4.be related to 5.as small as 7. die out 8.win many awards for 9.make great contributions to
10. devoted his life to 11.played an important role in 12.be regarded(called) as
【句式积累】
1. 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦于1879年出生于德国。（be born）
Albert Einstein was born in Germany in 1879.
2. 从很小的时候起，他就表现出了极大的智慧和艺术天赋.（from an early age）
From an early age, he showed great intelligence and artistic talent.
3. 达芬奇他非常聪明，在许多不同的领域都有非凡的天赋。(be telanled in)
Da Vinci was extremely intelligent, and he was unusually talented in many different fields.
4. 科学家们并不完全确定原因。然而，他们通过研究恐龙化石，对恐龙的了解越来越多(learn to)
Scientists are not completely sure why. However, they are learning more and more about dinosaurs by studying their fossils.
5. 他著名的理论（theory）显示了他惊人的理解才能宇宙。(show……talent)
His famous theory showed his amazing talent in understanding the universe.
6. 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦改变了人们理解时间、空间和引力的方式。(change the way……)
Albert Einstein changed the way people understood time, space, and gravity.
7. 恐龙有不同的大小。有些像鸡一样小，有些像十头大象一样大。(as……as)
Dinosaurs came in different sizes. Some were as small as chickens, and others were as big as ten elephants.
8. 钱学森因其在中国航天科学方面的工作而获得许多奖项。(win many awards for)
Qian Xuesen won many awards for his work in China’s space science.
9. 他为中国第一批卫星和导弹做出了巨大贡献。（make great contributions to）
He made great contributions to China’s first satellites and missiles.
10. 他毕生致力于中国的航天和国防发展(defense development)。(devoted his life to )
He devoted his life to China’s space and defense development.
【实战演练】
下面内容是从《百科全书》上摘取的关于Mark Twain的介绍。请你根据提示，用英语写一篇关于马克·吐温的短文
内容包括：
1. 他是一位美国著名作家，写了许多著名的小说。
2. 1835年出生于佛罗里达州的农村，4岁时和家人搬到城里，12岁时，其父亲去世。
3. 从童年就开始工作，做过许多不同的工作。
4. 最著名的小说：《汤姆·索亚历险记》。
5. 他的写作才能不是与生俱来，而是来源于他个人的经历。
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【参考答案】
Mark Twain was a very famous American writer. He was unusually talented in writing and wrote many famous novels. He was born in a small village in Florida in 1835. When he was 4 years old, he and his family moved to the city. Sadly, his father died when he was 12.
From an early age, he started to work. He did many different jobs to make money. One of his most famous books is The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. This book made him very popular and won him lots of praise.
Mark Twain spent all his life writing. His books told people about life in America. His stories made many people happy and taught them things, too. He made great contributions to American literature and played an important role in the world of books.
【文章点评】
首先：语言风格表述客观、简洁，避免主观情感色彩，以事实性描述为主。符合百科全书文章的特点。其次运用本单元所学的语言点，如：was unusually talented in，was born，From an early age，One of…
made great contributions to, played an important role in等等，做到学以致用。是一篇优秀的习作。
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品试卷·第 2 页 （共 2 页）/ 让教学更有效 高效备考 | 英语学科
Unit 1 Look it up
单元小结
知识目录
学习目标：本单元学习百科全书两篇介绍人和物的文章（Reading），了解百科全书的发展历史（Focusing culture），理解百科全书条目的写作特点（Writing），积累和熟悉阅读这类文章的单词和短语，能够阅读此类文章。
语法目标：学习不定代词some/any及复合不定代词的用法。
听说目标：能听懂并介绍百科全书介绍人物条目的小短文。
写作目标：能够根据百科全书条目的特点，写出介绍你敬仰人的百科全书的条目。
目录
知识要点一、重点单词，短语及句式
要点1 重点短语 练习
要点2 重点句式 练习
要点3 构词法 练习
【精讲精练】
要点1 look up的用法 练习
要点2 intelligent的用法 练习
要点3 talent的用法 练习
要点4 be born的用法 练习
要点5 relate/be related to的用法 练习
要点6 both...and... either…or的用法 练习
要点7 as…as的用法 练习
要点8 rule(n)/(v)r的用法 练习
要点9 die/death/dead/die out/of/from的用法 练习
要点10 general的用法 练习
要点11 volume的用法 练习
要点12 either的用法 练习
要点13 go back a long way的用法 练习
要点14 be similar to的用法 练习
要点15.work(un/cn)的用法 练习
要点16 include的用法 练习
要点17 order的用法 练习
要点18 play an important role in的用法 练习
要点19 whole与all 的用法 练习
要点20 organize的用法 练习
要点21 produce的用法 练习
知识要点二、语法
要点1 现在进行时态 22
知识要点三、书面表达
要点1 话题分析 25
要点2 词汇短语积累 26
要点3句式积累 26
要点4实战演练 27
知识要点一、重点单词，短语及句式。
【重点短语】
1.在…… 方面异常有天赋 be unusually talented in
2.出生 be born
3.在乡下 in the countryside
4.展现出极高的智慧 showed great intelligence
5.思考；考虑 think about
6.与…… 有关 / 与…… 有亲属关系 be related to
7.来自 come from
8.有不同的尺寸 come in different sizes
9.和…… 一样小 as small as
10.多于；超过 more than
11.灭绝；消失 die out
12.要么…… 要么……；不是…… 就是…… either...or...
13.通识教育 general education
14.在线使用百科全书 use encyclopaedias online
15.编纂百科全书的悠久历史 a long history of creating encyclopaedias
16.在历史上 in history
17.两者都；既…… 又…… Both...and...
18.追溯到很久以前；历史悠久 go back a long way
19.与…… 相似 be similar to
20.按字母顺序 in alphabetical order
21.在…… 中起重要作用 play an important role in
22.了解；获悉关于…… 的情况 learn about
【重点句式】
1. Da Vinci was extremely intelligent, and he was unusually talented in many different fields.
达 芬奇极为聪慧，在许多不同领域都拥有非凡天赋。
2. From an early age, he showed great intelligence and artistic talent
自幼便展现出卓越的智慧与艺术才华。
3. Leonardo da Vinci was born in the countryside in Italy.
达 芬奇出生于意大利乡村
4. For example, his notebooks include some interesting drawings of flying machines and other vehicles.
例如，他的笔记中包含一些飞行器和其他交通工具的有趣设计图。
5. They are related to crocodiles , snakes and lizards.
他们与鳄鱼、蛇和蜥蜴有亲缘关系
6. Dinosaurs lived on land and walked on either two or four legs.
恐龙生活在陆地上，用两条或四条腿行走。
7. Dinosaurs came in different sizes. Some were as small as chickens, and others were as big as ten elephants.
恐龙体型各异：有些像鸡一样小，而另一些则有十头大象那么大。
8. About 66 million years ago, dinosaurs suddenly died out. Scientists are not completely sure why.
约 6600 万年前，恐龙突然灭绝。科学家尚未完全确定其灭绝原因，
9. They often come in several volumes.
纸质百科全书通常分为若干卷。
10. Both the Huanglan and Yongle Dadian included important pieces of writing.
《皇览》和《永乐大典》都收录了重要的文献.
13. Encyclopaedias in other parts of the world also go back a long way in history.
世界其他地区的百科全书也有着悠久的历史
14. They were similar to early Chinese encyclopacdias because they included works by different scholars.
它们与中国早期的百科全书相似，因为都收录了不同学者的著作。
15. Encyclopaedias have played an important role through history in recording and providing information.
百科全书在历史上一直扮演着记录和提供信息的重要角色。
【构词法】
在初中英语词汇中，有不少单词加上 “-ist” 或 “-ian” 能变成指人的名词。下面为你列举一些常见例子：
art―artist （艺术家）
history―historian（历史学家） biology―biologist（生物学家）
chemistry―chemist（化学家） magic―magician（魔术师）
piano―pianist（钢琴家） violin―violinist（小提琴家）
politics―politician（政治家） mathematics―mathematician（数学家）
【典例分析】
1. The young ______ (piano) played a beautiful piece at the concert.
2. My uncle is a famous ______ (history) who studies ancient civilizations.
3. The ______ (chemistry) is working in the lab to develop a new medicine.
【精讲精练】
要点1 look up
look up 查，查找
look up是由动词＋副词构成的短语，如果宾语是代词，要放在look与up之间，如果是名词，可放在look up后面，也可以放在look与up之间。
【重点】另外注意动词后加介词构成动介短语，此时，该短语相当于一个及物动词，后面必须加宾语(由名词、代词或动名词充当)，且该宾语不能放在动介短语的中间。
May I come into this room？ 我可以进到这个房间里来吗？
(come into是动+介短语，宾语this room不能省略。)
【拓展】 与look有关的常用短语：
look out look through
look over look after
look forward to look like
look for look out of
【典例分析】
1.—I don’t know the new word.
—It doesn’t matter, you can ________ in the dictionary.
A. look up it B. look it up C. look for it
2.—What’s the meaning of “One Belt and One Road”
—Let me _____ the words in the new dictionary.
A. look at B. look for C. look after D. look up
3.When you don’t know a word，you can________ in the dictionary.
A. look it up B. set it up C. give it up D. pick it up
4. My mother is ill in hospital. I have to ________ my grandparents at home.
A. look for B. look at C. look up D. look after
要点 2. intelligent
Intelligent 形容词（adj.）聪明的；有才智的；智能的
an intelligent student 聪明的学生
intelligent robots 智能机器人
She is intelligent and hard - working.她既聪明又勤奋。
Intelligence 名词（n.）智力；才智；智慧；
Artificial Intelligence 人工智能。缩写 AI
human intelligence人类智力
showed great intelligence 展现出卓越的智慧
【典例分析】
1.The boy's _______ surprised everyone when he solved the math problem in 10 seconds.
A. talent B. intelligence C. courage D. patience
2. She is an _______ student who always asks creative questions.
A. intelligence B. intelligent C. intelligently D. intelligences
3.完成单词题（词性转换） 根据句意及首字母提示填空：
（1） The scientist showed great i________ in solving the environmental problem.
（2）These _______ (intelligence) robots can help doctors perform operations.
要点 3. talent
talent 名词（n.）天赋；才能；人才
She has a lot of talent for music.她很有音乐天赋。
He is a young man with many talents.他是个多才多艺的年轻人
固定搭配
have a talent for (doing) sth：在某方面有天赋。
The boy has a natural talent for drawing.这个男孩有绘画的天赋。
talent show：才艺表演
talented（形容词）有天赋的；有才能的；多才多艺的
She is a talented artist.她是一位有才华的艺术家。
be talented in 在某领域有才能 / 天赋
He is talented in math.他在数学方面有天赋。
She is talented in playing the piano.她擅长弹钢琴。
【典例分析】
1.She showed great _______ in playing the piano at the age of five.
A. intelligence B. talent C. courage D. patience
2.Unlike his brother, who has a _______ for math, he is more interested in art.
A. talent B. intelligence C. hobby D. dream
3.完成单词题（固定搭配） 根据句意及首字母提示填空：
（1） She has a t_______ for dancing and wins many prizes.
（2） He is a _______ singer who can write and arrange songs.
4. 她在钢琴演奏方面很有天赋，经常在学校活动中表演。（完成句子）
She _____ ____ _____ _______the piano and often performs at school events.
要点 4. be born
(1)born v. (be born) 出生be born… 意为“出生……”，其中动词be通常
用was或者were。be born 后可接形容词，名词或介词短语，其所表达的意思也不同。
★ be born + adj. / n. 意为“生来……”。
例如：玛丽生来就很幸福。Mary was born happy.
汤姆生为英国人。Tom was born English.
★be born + in / on 意为“出生在……”，
例如：他出生在广州。He was born in Guangzhou.
★be born + to / in / into 意为“降生到……” ，多指降生到某家庭。例如：
1867年，居里夫人出生在一个教师家庭。
In 1867, Madam Curie was born to / in / into a teacher’s family.
【典例分析】
1.Lucy _______ in a small town near London in 2005.
A. is born B. was born C. were born D. born
2.The baby was born _______, so the doctor gave him special care.
A. healthy B. health C. healthily D. unhealthy
3.Albert Einstein _______ a family of teachers in 1879.
A. was born in B. was born into C. was born on D. was born at
4. 这个作家生来就有写作天赋。（完成句子）
The writer ______ _________ _______ a talent for writing.
要点 5.
1.relate 动词（v.）联系；讲述（故事等）；涉及
作不及物动词（+ to）“与…… 相关 / 有关联”
This study relates to environmental protection.这项研究与环境保护有关。
作及物动词（+ sth）表示 “讲述（故事、经历等）”
He related his adventures in the jungle.他讲述了自己在丛林中的冒险经历。
表示 “使相互关联”（常与 to/with 连用）
We need to relate theory to practice.我们需要将理论与实践联系起来。
同根词
1. related（形容词）相关的；有亲属关系的
Please read the related articles before the discussion.讨论前请阅读相关文章。
Are you related to the actor 你和那位演员有亲属关系吗？
2. relation（名词）关系；关联；亲属
The relation between diet and health is obvious.饮食与健康的关系显而易见。
She has many relations in Canada.她在加拿大有很多亲属。
3. relationship名词。关系；感情关系。强调具体的互动或情感联系
They have a close relationship with their neighbors.他们和邻居关系很亲密。
The relationship between the two companies is cooperative.两家公司之间是合作关系。
4.be related to
（1）与…… 相关 / 有关联
His question is related to the topic we discussed yesterday.
他的问题和我们昨天讨论的主题相关。
Smoking is closely related to lung cancer.吸烟与肺癌密切相关。
（2）与…… 有亲属关系（课本用法）
she related to you 她和你有亲属关系吗？
He is related to the former president by marriage.他和前任总统是姻亲关系。
词性 / 结构 核心含义 例句对比
relate（动词） 联系；讲述 She related how she overcame difficulties.她讲述了如何克服困难。
related（形容词） 相关的；有亲属关系的 Related issues will be discussed next.接下来将讨论相关问题。
be related to 与…… 相关 / 有亲属关系 Her job is related to computer programming.她的工作与计算机编程相关。
relation/relationship 关系；亲属 The relationship between them improved over time.他们之间的关系逐渐改善。
【典例分析】
1.Please read the _______ materials before writing your report.
A. relate B. related C. relation D. relationship
2.The _______ between diet and exercise is important for health.
A. relate B. related C. relation D. relationship
3. Dogs and wolves _______ each other because they come from the same family of animals.
A. are related to B. are angry with C. are famous for D. are interested in
4.完成句子
（1）他的问题和我们讨论的主题相关。
His question _______ _______ _______ the topic we discussed.
（2）她和那位科学家有亲属关系吗？
Is she _______ _______ the scientist
要点 6. both...and... either…or
both...and... …和…(两者)都
both...and... 意为“……和……(两者)都”,用于连接两个并列的句子成分。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Both Kate and Tom are from Class Three, Grade One.凯特和汤姆都来自一年级三班。
Lucy can speak both Italian and Greek.露西既会讲意大利语又会讲希腊语。
either...or... 的用法
并列连词短语，用于连接两个平行的句子成分（如名词、动词、形容词、短语或从句），表示 “要么…… 要么……”“不是…… 就是……”，强调两者中的选择关系。
连接并列主语时，谓语动词遵循就近原则（即与靠近谓语的主语保持一致）
Either the students or the teacher has the key.
要么学生们，要么老师有钥匙。
You can choose either tea or coffee.你可以选择茶或咖啡。
They either forget to call or lose your number.
他们要么忘记打电话，要么弄丢了你的号码。
【知识拓展】
not only...but also... 不但……而且…… 连接并列成分,当连接并列主语时,谓语动词与 but also后面的主语在人称和数上保持一致
neither...nor... 既不……也不…… 连接两个主语时,谓语动词与nor后面的主语在人称和数上保持一致
Not only you but also Li Lei is coming here.
不但你,而且李雷也要来这儿
★ Neither Lily nor I am a student.莉莉和我都不是学生
★ Tom can neither play the piano nor play chess.
汤姆既不会弹钢琴也不会下国际象棋。
★ You can either stay at home or go shopping on Sunday.星期天你可以待在家里或者去购物。
★ Either you or I am wrong.不是你错了,就是我错了
【典例分析】
1. —Which show do you prefer, Running Man or The Reader
—The Reader, of course. ________ I ________ my brother likes it.
A. Both; and B. Neither; nor C. Either; or D. Not only; but also
2.—What have you learnt after three years' study in China, Maria
—I was taught ________ knowledge ________ good manners.
A. either; or B. both; and C. neither; nor D. not; but
3----Jim, how do your parents like country music
----_____ my dad _____ my mom likes it. They both like country music.
A. Either, or B. Neither, nor C. Not only, but also D. Both, and
4.You can _______ take the bus _______ ride a bike to the park. Both ways are convenient.
A. either; or B. neither; nor C. both; and D. not only; but
完成句子not only ….. but also neither……nor either…… or both……and
5.在学校老师们不仅给我们传播知识而且还教我们如何做人。
At school teachers teach us ________ _________ knowledge_______ _______ how to be good.
6. 他和我还没有看过这部电影。
__________ he ___________ I __________ ____________ the film yet.
7. 只有一张入场券，杰克和你当中只能一个人去看时装展。
There is only one ticket. ________ Jack ________ you will go to the fashion show.
8. 肯特和孩子们都不想去动物园。
_________ Kent _________ the children wanted to go to the zoo.
9,John 和Peter 在电影院看见Jolie 时，都很吃惊
_______ ________ John ______ ________ Peter ________ surprised when they saw Jolie in the cinema.
_______ John ______ Peter ________ surprised when they saw Jolie in the cinema.
10, 只有一个座位，要不你去，要不我去。
There is only one seat, ________ you _______ I can go.
要点 7. as…as…
as…as… 意为“和……一样……”，表示同级比较。使用时要注意第一个a
为副词，第二个as为连词。常用基本结构为：
as + adj. / adv. + as, 其否定结构为：not as / so + adj. / adv. + as
这部电影和那部电影一样有趣。
This film is as interesting as that one.
这本字典没有那本字典厚。
This dictionary is not as / so thick as that one.
【典例分析】
1.Wang Wei speaks English as _____ as Yang Lan. They both study English hard.
good B. well C. better D. best
2.这部电影和那部电影一样有趣。
This film is ______ _______ ______ that one.
3.这本字典没有那本字典厚
This dictionary isn’t _____ ______ _______ that one.
4.用单词的正确形式填空
(1)Grace was as_______________( care) as Tom. They made few mistakes in the exam.
(2)Grace wrote as _______________( care) as Tom . They made few mistakes in the exam.
(3)Grace wrote as _______________( care) as Tom . They made a few mistakes in the exam.
(4)English is not so interesting as maths. = English is ___________ interesting __________ maths.
要点 8. rule
rule
1. 作名词：规则；规定；章程
follow a rule 遵守规则 break a rule 违反规则
set/make a rule 制定规则 obey a rule 服从规则
Students must follow the school rules.学生必须遵守校规。
She broke the rule by arriving late again.她又迟到了，违反了规定。
2. 作动词：统治；管理；控制
rule a country/nation 统治国家
rule over sb./sth. 统治 / 管理某人 / 某物
The king ruled the kingdom for 20 years.这位国王统治王国达 20 年之久。
In ancient times, emperors ruled over vast territories.
在古代，皇帝统治着辽阔的疆域。
【典例分析】
1. Students should always _______ the school rules.
A. break B. follow C. make D. rule
2. In ancient China, emperors _______ the country for many years.
A. ruled B. followed C. broke D. made
3.The _______ says no pets are allowed in the park.
A. rule B. ruler C. ruled D. ruling
4.人人都必须遵守规则。(完成句子)
Everyone must ________ ________ ________.
5.有人看见你违规了。(完成句子)
Someone has seen you ________ ________ ___________.
要点 9. die
die 动词（v.）死亡；消失；熄灭
1.die out 灭绝，消失
恐龙是如何灭绝的？ How did the dinosaurs die out
每2.die of/from：因…… 而死（具体死因）
die of 常接内部原因（疾病、饥饿、衰老等）：He died of cancer.他死于癌症。
die from 常接外部原因（事故、创伤、环境等）：
She died from a car accident.（她死于车祸。）
3.die down：逐渐减弱；平息（指声音、火势、情绪等）
The wind died down in the evening.（风在傍晚逐渐平息。）
年有很多的动植物灭绝。Every year, many animals and plants die out.
同根词
1. dead（形容词）死的；无生命的；失效的
The bird is dead.这只鸟死了。
He found a dead tree in the garden.他在花园里发现了一棵枯树。
dead end：死胡同；绝境
2. death（名词）死亡；去世；毁灭
The death of her pet made her very sad.宠物的死亡让她很难过。
His sudden death shocked everyone.他的突然去世让所有人震惊。
3. dying（形容词 / 动词现在分词）垂死的；临终的；即将消失的
The dying man whispered his last words.垂死的人低声说出了最后遗言。
This traditional art form is dying.这种传统艺术形式正在消亡。
作动词短语：
be dying to do 渴望做
词性 / 结构 核心含义 例句对比
die（动词） 死亡（动作） He died peacefully in his sleep. 他在睡梦中平静地去世。
dead（形容词） 死的（状态） The dead leaves fell to the ground. 枯叶落到了地上。
death（名词） 死亡（抽象概念） Smoking increases the risk of death.吸烟增加死亡风险。
dying（形容词） 垂死的；即将消失的 The dying fire needed more wood. 快熄灭的火需要添柴。
【典例分析】
1. —Do you know that Mr. Zhang passed by last week
—Yes. He died ________ illness.
A. of B. from C. with D. as
2. —It’s reported that the storm will ________ at about 10:00 am.
—Good news!
A. give away B. put off C. die down D. cut down
3. —When did the old man ________？
—In 2006. He ________ for nearly ten years.
A. die; died B. die; has been dead C. dead; has died D. dead; died
4.那个婴儿死于发烧。
The baby _______ __________f a fever.
5.那个老人死于一起交通事故。
The old man ________ _________ a traffic accident.
要点 10. general
general
1. 作形容词（adj.）：表示 “普遍的；一般的； 总体的；概括性的”
a general opinion普遍观点 general knowledge常识
a general description大致描述
固定搭配 “in general”，表示 “通常；大体上”
2. 作名词（n.）：表示 “将军；上将”
a five-star general五星上将 General Washington华盛顿将军
3. 常见固定搭配
general public：普通大众 general manager：总经理
【典例分析】
1. —What do you think of the plan
—It's just a ______ idea. We need to discuss the details later.
A. general B. common C. ordinary D. specific
2. In ______, people tend to prefer spending time with family during holidays.
A. general B. public C. total D. secret
3. The g______ led his army to win the crucial battle. （首字母单词拼）
4. I only have a g______ idea of the project—could you explain it in detail （首字母单词拼）
5. The new museum is open to ________________ (普通大众) free of charge every Sunday.（完成句子）
要点 11. Volume
1. 作名词（n.）：表示 “体积；容量；音量”
The volume of the box is 20 cubic meters.这个箱子的体积是 20 立方米。
a tank with a volume of 1,000 liters容量 1000 升的水箱
Turn up the volume, please.请把音量调大。
2. 作名词（n.）：表示 “卷；册；书卷”
a 20-volume encyclopedia 一套 20 卷的百科全书
Volume 1 of the novel will be published next month.
这部小说的第一卷将于下月出版
【典例分析】
1. Please adjust the ______ on the TV—my grandfather can’t hear clearly.
A. volume B. color C. channel D. screen
2. The library has a 15-______ collection of ancient Chinese literature.
A. volume B. page C. book D. copy
3. Could you please turn down the v______ The baby is sleeping. （首字母单词拼写）
要点22 either
1.either 作限定词：意为 “（两者之中的）任何一个”，后接单数可数名词。例如：
You can park on either side of the street.你可以在街道两边任何一边停车。
2.either 作代词：意为 “（两者之中）任何一个”，单独使用或与 of 连用，of 后接复数名词或代词宾格。例如：Either of the books is interesting.这两本书任何一本都有趣。
3.either 作副词：常用于否定句，放在句末，意为 “也”。例如：
I don't like this movie. My sister doesn't like it either.我不喜欢这部电影。我妹妹也不喜欢。
4.相关短语：
either...or...：意为 “要么…… 要么……；不是…… 就是……”，连接两个并列成分，如并列主语、谓语、宾语等。当连接两个主语时，谓语动词遵循就近原则。例如：
Either you or he has to clean the classroom.要么你要么他得打扫教室。
【典例分析】
1.I don't like this book. My sister doesn't like it, ____.
A. too B. also C. either D. as well
2.There are two ways to the station. You can choose ______ way.
A. either B. neither C. both D. all
3.______ of the twins is good at singing. They both sing badly.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. All
4.You can ______ come with me now or walk home.
A. either B. neither C. both D. all
5.—Which of the two books do you want
—______ is OK. I don't mind.
A. either B. both C. all D. any
6.There are many fruits here. You can take ______ of them.
A. either B. both C. all D. any
要点 13.
go back a long way 追溯到很久以前；有悠久历史
同义表达：have a long history 或date back to a long time ago
The tradition of tea drinking in China goes back a long way.
中国的饮茶传统历史悠久。
Their family and mine go back a long way.
他们家和我家是世交。
This custom goes back a long way to the 16th century.
这一习俗可追溯到 16 世纪。
【典例分析】
1. 中国龙舟赛的传统有悠久的历史，根植于古代民俗
The tradition of dragon boat racing in China ___________________, with roots in ancient folk customs.
要点 14.
be similar to 是英语中表示 “与…… 相似
要点13 similar
similar作形容词，意为“相似的”。be similar to…意为“与……相似，接近”，一般用在相近似的物和
情境的对比上。例如：
　 His problem is similar to yours. 他的问题和你的相似。
　 The climate here is similar to that of my hometown.这里的气候和我家乡的相似
　【拓展】
（1）look like意为“看起来像……” 。应用范围最广，除了描述人、物之外，也能抽象表达事件或现象。例如：
　　 He looks like a famous movie star. 他看起来像一个电影明星。
　　 It looks like it’s going to rain soon. 天看起来要下雨。
【典例分析】
1.Your new bike is different________ mine, but quite similar________ Jack’s.
A. to; to B. to; from C. from; to D. from; from
2.—Can you tell the difference between these two pictures
—The difference Oh, no. They look quite .
A. similar B. different C. strange D. interesting
3. 他看起来像他父亲
He__________ _______ his father
44.马莉在很多方面与她爸爸相似。
Mary________ ________ ________ her father in many ways.
要点 15.
Work 作名词
1. 表示 “工作；劳动”（不可数）
He has a lot of work to do.他有很多工作要做。
She enjoys her work as a teacher.她喜欢教师的工作。
2. 表示 “作品；著作”（可数，常用复数 works）
Shakespeare’s works are still popular today.莎士比亚的作品至今仍很受欢迎。
The museum displays modern art works.博物馆展出现代艺术作品。
【典例分析】
1. I have too much ______ to do today, so I can’t go out with you.
A. works B. work C. job D. jobs
2. The library has a collection of famous writers’ ______, including Dickens and Mark Twain.
A. work B. works C. job D. jobs
3. Shakespeare’s w______ are studied in schools around the world.
4. He is busy with his w______ and can’t answer the phone right now.
要点 16 include
include作动词，意为“包括；包含”。例如：
The price for the hotel includes breakfast. 旅店的费用包括早餐在内。
The parcel included a dictionary. 那包裹里有一本字典。
【拓展】
including除了是include的现在分词/动名词之外，在日常运用中一般被当作介词使用，和其后的名词/代词一起形成介宾短语，意思是“包括……在内”。例如：
There are many different kinds of moon cakes, including fruit, coffee and ham.
有很多种月饼，包括水果的，咖啡的和火腿月饼。
There are 40 students in the classroom, including me.
班里有40名学生，包括我在内。
【典例分析】
1.我有很多工作要做，包括做饭和打扫房间。
I have much work to do,__________ ____________ meals and cleaning the house.
2.我的工作包括做饭、打扫房间等。
My work __________ __________ meals, cleaning the house and so on.
3. I have to make breakfast for five people，____me.
A. include B. including C. included D. to include
要点 17.
order作动词
1. 表示 “命令；指示”
order sb. to do sth.命令某人做某事
The teacher ordered the students to be quiet.老师命令学生保持安静。
2. 表示 “订购；预订”（商品、服务等）
order sth. / order sth. from...
She ordered flowers from an online shop.她从网店订购了鲜花。
3. 表示 “整理；安排”（使有序）
He ordered his books by category.他按类别整理书籍。
二、作名词（Noun）的基本用法
1. 表示 “命令；指示”（可数）
The soldiers followed the general’s orders.士兵们服从将军的命令。
2. 表示 “顺序；秩序”（不可数）
Please keep the books in order.请把书按顺序放好。
The crowd was called to order.人群被要求保持秩序。
3. 表示 “订购；订单”（可数）
Your order will be delivered tomorrow.你的订单明天送达。
4. 固定搭配
in order：按顺序；井然有序
in order to do sth.：为了……
He gets up early in order to catch the bus.他早起是为了赶公交
【典例分析】
一、单项选择题
1. She decided to ______ a cake from the bakery for her son’s birthday.
A. order B. borrow C. sell D. return
2. The teacher asked the students to put the sentences ______ of importance.
A. in order B. in public C. in danger D. in surprise
3. The librarian o______ the books on the shelf by author’s name.
4. The restaurant received a large o______ for 500 meals from a company.
5. The students stood in line ______ ______ ______ (为了) welcome the guests.（完成句子）
6. Please keep your desk ______ ______ (井然有序) before leaving the classroom.（完成句子）
要点 18.
“play an important role in” 意思是 “在 中扮演重要角色 / 起重要作用”
Trees play a big role in keeping the air clean.
树木在保持空气清洁方面起着重要作用。
Parents play a big role in their children's growth.
父母在孩子的成长过程中扮演着重要角色。
Education plays a big role in shaping a person's future.
教育在塑造一个人的未来中起着重要作用。
【典例分析】
1. Weather plays an important role ________ farming.
A. at B. in C. to D. of
2. The dragon ________ an important role in Chinese festivals
A. takes B. plays C. has D. act
3. Everyone in our class should ________ keeping the classroom clean.
A. make sure B. play a role in C. be ready to D. make up
4. Everyone should _______ protecting the environment.
A. bring in B. play a role in C. take in D. arrive in
要点19 whole与all的用法：
① whole和all两者都用作形容词，意为“整个的；全部的”，但在句中的位置不同，whole位于限定词（定冠词、指示代词、物主代词及所有格）之后（限定词+whole+名词）。all位于限定词（定冠词、指示代词、物主代词及所有格）之前（all+限定词+名词）。如：
The whole school/all the school was empty. 整个学校空无一人。
② 修饰不可数名词或可数名词复数时，一般用all。如：
I know all those people. 我认识所有那些人。
Jane has drunk all the milk. 简已经喝了所有的牛奶。
③ 在表示地名的专有名词前用all，不用whole，但可用the whole of，如不能说the whole China，但可说the whole of China，用all时则可表示为all China。如：
Li Ming travelled the whole of China/all China in the past few years.
在过去几年里，李明游览了全中国。
【典例分析】
1. He spent________ writing.
A. the morning all B. the all morning
C. whole the morning D. the whole morning
2. Last Sunday my ________ family went to the beach except my father. He was away on business.
A. healthy B. whole C. strange D. dangerous
3. —I need some energy for ________ afternoon.
—You can have a big lunch now.
A. the all B. whole the C. all D. the whole
要点 20：organize
1)organize v. 组织；筹备
We all decided to organize a concert for Easter. 我们一致决定为复活节组织一场音乐会。
2)organized adj. 有组织的
Do you have any connections to organized crime 你参与了任何有组织的犯罪吗？
3)organizer n. 组织者
A good organizer pays attention to detail. 一个好的组织者考虑问题无微不至。
4) organization n.组织
Most of the food for the homeless is provided by voluntary organizations.
给无家可归者的大部分食物是由志愿组织提供的。
【典例分析】
1.The_________are going to_____________ a sports meeting.
A. organizer; organize B. organizers; organized C. organization; organize D. organizers; organize
2. —What about having a surprise party for Miss Smith
—Good idea. Let’s discuss when to _______________ the party.
A. organize B. delete C. accept D. solve
3. ---What are you going to do this weekend
---We are going to________ a picnic. Would you like to join us
A. choose B. organize C. send D. travel
4.China joined the World Trade ___________ (organize) some years ago.
知识要点二、语法
1. 不定代词: some & any
2. 复合不定代词
【典例分析】
1.There is ________ with your car.
A nothing seriously wrong B. seriously wrong nothing
C. nothing wrong seriously D. wrong seriously nothing
2.He asked me if there was _______to read.
A. easy enough something B. enough easy something
C. something easy enough D. something enough easy
3. The Spring Festival Gala was so amazing that ________ left in the middle of it.
A. everybody B. anybody C. nobody D. somebody
4. —Would you like ________ books to read
—Oh, great! I’d like to read ________. It can make the waiting time more enjoyable.
A. some; something interesting B. some; interesting something
C. any; something interesting D. any; interesting something
5. —Would you like to tell me ________ important news
—Sorry, I don’t want to tell you ________ news today.
A. some; some B. some; any C. any; any D. any; some
6. David is new here, so we know ________ about him.
A. nothing B. something C. anything D. everything
二、用some或any填空。
1. Could you give me _________ coffee, please
2. I heard that he would stay there for __________ days.
3. Don’t take _________ magazines out of the reading room.
4. ---Did he buy __________ cakes or cookies ----Cookies, I think.
5. If you have __________ questions, ask me, please.
6. Do you want to take __________ photos
7. Is there ___________ rice in the kitchen
8. There are ____________ new buildings in our school.
9. Here are ____________ presents for you.
10. —Are there ___________ pictures on the wall —No, there aren’t ____ pictures.
三、用复合不定代词填空
1. ___________ is interested in the game because it’s interesting.
2. Be quiet! The teacher has _____________ to say.
3. Money isn’t ________________.
4. ______________is now playing football.
5. I want ______________ to eat. I’m hungry.
6. Would you like ____________ to eat
7. Why don’t you ask _____________to help you
知识要点三、书面表达
【话题分析】
写关于一位科学家（事物）的百科全书条目
本单元我们阅读关于百科全书的二篇文章，一个人物介绍，一个动物介绍的百科全书的条目。
一，开篇要明确核心信息，点明人物或事物的基本身份属性。
二，正文要包含关键要素，人物类：涵盖生卒年、出生地、成长背景、突出才能、主要成就和影响力等。事物类：说明所属类别、起源、相关联系、主要特征和发展历程等。
三，运用客观、简洁的语言，避免主观评价和模糊性表述，用具体事例和数据增强说服力。
四，体现知识关联，帮助读者构建完整知识体系。
写关于一位科学家的百科全书条目可以按照下面步骤来写：
1.基本信息：明确介绍科学家的姓名、生卒年份（若已去世）及国籍。
2.成长背景：提及出生地点等早期生活信息，帮助读者了解其成长环。
3.主要成就：重点阐述科学家的核心研究领域和突破性成果，用具体事例说明其贡献。
4.荣誉与影响：列举科学家获得的重要奖项、称号，以及在行业内和社会上产生的广泛影响。
5.语言风格：表述客观、简洁，避免主观情感色彩，以事实性描述为主。
Basic structure of describing an encyclopaedia entry about a scientist
【短语积累】
1.在…… 方面异常有天赋______________________ 2.出生________________________
3.展现出极高的智慧________________________ 4. 从很小的时候起__________________
5.与…… 有亲属关系_____________________ 6.和…… 一样小________________________
7.灭绝；消失________________________ 8. 因……赢得了许多奖项 _________________
9. 做出巨大贡献 _________________ 10. 他毕生致力于_________________
11. 扮演重要角色 _________________ 12.被称作为_________________
【句式积累】
1. 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦于1879年出生于德国。（be born）
2. 从很小的时候起，他就表现出了极大的智慧和艺术天赋.（from an early age）
3. 达芬奇他非常聪明，在许多不同的领域都有非凡的天赋。(be telanled in)
4. 科学家们并不完全确定原因。然而，他们通过研究恐龙化石，对恐龙的了解越来越多(learn to)
5. 他著名的理论（theory）显示了他惊人的理解才能宇宙。(show……talent)
6. 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦改变了人们理解时间、空间和引力的方式。(change the way……)
7. 恐龙有不同的大小。有些像鸡一样小，有些像十头大象一样大。(as……as)
8. 钱学森因其在中国航天科学方面的工作而获得许多奖项。(win many awards for)
9. 他为中国第一批卫星和导弹做出了巨大贡献。（make great contributions to）
10. 他毕生致力于中国的航天和国防发展(defense development)。(devoted his life to )
【实战演练】
下面内容是从《百科全书》上摘取的关于Mark Twain的介绍。请你根据提示，用英语写一篇关于马克·吐温的短文
内容包括：
1. 他是一位美国著名作家，写了许多著名的小说。
2. 1835年出生于佛罗里达州的农村，4岁时和家人搬到城里，12岁时，其父亲去世。
3. 从童年就开始工作，做过许多不同的工作。
4. 最著名的小说：《汤姆·索亚历险记》。
5. 他的写作才能不是与生俱来，而是来源于他个人的经历。
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