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新人教版必修一 Unit4 知识点归纳
Unit 4 Natural Disasters
Part one Vocabulary
1. rescue n. & vt. 营救；救援
come/go to sb.’s rescue 来/去救助某人
rescue team/workers 救援队/人员
rescue …from … 把……从……中解救出来
2. damage vt. 损害；破坏 n. 损坏；损失
do/cause damage to… 对……造成损害/破坏
3. affect vt.影响；（疾病）侵袭；深深打动
affect = have an effect on 影响
4. ruin n. & vt. 破坏；毁坏
in ruins 严重受损；破败不堪
go/come to ruin 灭亡；荒废
5. shock n. 震惊；令人震惊的事；休克 vt. （使）震惊
in shock 震惊；吃惊
in a state of shock 惊魂未定
be shocked to do sth. 对做某事感到震惊
6. trap vt. 使落入陷阱；使陷入圈套 n. 险境；陷阱
be trapped in 被困在……中，陷在……中
trap sb. into doing sth. 陷害/诱骗某人做某人
7. bury vt.埋葬；安葬
bury oneself in = be buried in 埋头于；专心于
8. breathe vi.& vt.呼吸
breath n. 呼吸
out of breathe 气喘吁吁地
hold one’s breath 屏住呼吸
9. supply n. 供应（量）；补给；[pl.]补给品 vt. 供应；供给
supply sth. to sb. =supply sb. with sth.给某人提供某物
10. survive vi. 生存；存活 vt. 幸存；艰难度过
survive on sth. = live on sth. 靠……存活
11.calm adj. 镇静的；沉着的 vt. 使平静；使镇静
calm down 冷静下来
keep calm 保持冷静
12. aid n. 援助；帮助；救援物资 vi. & vt. (formal) 帮助；援助
first aid 急救
with the aid of =with sb’s aid 在某人的帮助下
13. sweep vt. & vi. (swept, swept) 打扫；清扫
sweep away 消灭；彻底消除
sweep over 突然袭来
14. strike vi.& vt. (struck, struck/stricken)侵袭；突击；击打n. 罢工；罢课；袭击
be on strike 在罢工
it strike sb. that … 某人突然想到……
15. deliver vt. &vi. 递送；传达vt. 发表
be delivered of = give birth to 生产；分娩
deliver a speech 发表演讲
16. length n. 长；长度
in length 在长度上
at arm's length 在伸手可及处；保持一定距离地
Part two Grammar
定语从句
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you 他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中做主语）
He is the man whom/ that I met yesterday. 他就是我昨天遇见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2）whose
用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可做主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作宾语）
定语从句中只能用that 引导的情况
1.当先行词是everything， anything， nothing， all， none， few， little， some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every， any， all， some， no， little， few， much等不定代词修饰时。
2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。
3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。
4.当先行词被the very， the only修饰时。
5.当先行词前面有who， which等疑问代词时。
6.当先行词为人与物时。
7.先行词在定语从句中做表语，而关系代词在从句中也做表语时。
定语从句中只能用which引导的情况
1.当关系代词的前面有介词时。
2.在非限制性定语从句中。
3.在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that， 另一个宜用which。
4.当关系代词后面带有插入语时。
5.先行词本身是that， 宜用which。
定语从句中只能用who引导的情况
1. 先行词是one，ones和anyone时，宜用who。
2. 先行词是those时，宜用who。
3.当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。
4.一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who。
5. 在there be 开头的句子中，宜用who。
关系代词as 引导定语从句
1.关系代词as在限制性定语从句时，在从句里做宾语时，绝不能省略。
2.当先行词被 the same 所修饰时，关系词既可以用 as，也可以用 that。不过一般说来，表示同一种类多用 as，表示同一事物多用 that。但是表示抽象概念时，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以as和that可互换。
3.as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面．中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开。
4.as引导非限制性定语从句。as在定语从句中做主语、表语或宾语。as代指整个主句，而as引的这个定语从句是用来补充说明整个主句的，可以放在主句之前或者之后。
5. as常用于be known/ expected/reported等结构中。
Part three Sentence
1. It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!
as if 引导从句
as if 引导的从句一般用虚拟语气，但如果从句所表示的情况有明显的依据或实现的可能性较大，则用陈述语气。
例句：She looks as if she were 3 years younger.
as if 引导的从句有时可用省略形式， as if 后面可接副词、不定式、名词、分词或介词短语等。
例句：He acted as if (he were) a fool.
2. About 75 percent of the city’s factories and buildings, 90 percent of its homes, and all of its hospitals were gone.
分数表达法
分子在前，分母在后；分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于等于2，分母用复数形式。
some of, plenty of, a lot of, most of, the rest of, all of, half of, part of 以及“分数/百分数+of+名词”做主语时，谓语动词的单复数由of后面的名词或代词的单复数决定。
拓展：
（1） 1/2 通常读作 a [one] half，一般不读作a second。
（2）1/4 可读作 a [one] fourth，也可读作 a [one] quarter。
（3）在数学上，为了简洁起见，分子和分母均可用基数词，其间用介词over。如：3/4 读作three over four(对于比较复杂的分数通常采用此读法)
（4）带分数的读法：在整数与分数之间用and连接。如：five and two thirds
同步语法 | 新人教版 必修一Unit 4：限制性定语从句
一、理解概念
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面，由关系代词或关系副词引出。
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句为先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语从句，若去掉，被修饰的主句的内容就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间用逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如果省去，意思仍然完整。
二、语法规则
(一)关系代词的用法
关系 代词 指代 在从句中充当的成分
人 物 句子 主语 宾语 表语 定语
who √ √ √
whom √ √
that √ √ √ √ √
which √ √ √ √ √
whose √ √ √
as √ √ √ √ √ √
1.that和which的用法
which指物，that既可指人也可指物；它们在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，which和that在从句中作宾语时可以省略。
The dishes (that/which) I cooked were Mom's favourite.
我做的菜是妈妈最喜欢的。
The man (that) we have just seen is a famous writer.
我们刚刚看到的那个人是一位著名的作家。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
Guilin is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited.
桂林是我见过的最美丽的城市。
He is the very person that they are looking for.
他正是他们在找的人。
They talked about the things and persons that they could remember in the school.
他们谈论着他们能记起的学校的那些事和人。
Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends.
一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。
2．who和whom的用法
who和whom指人，who在从句中可作主语和宾语，whom在从句中作宾语。
He is the man (who/whom) I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见到的那个人。
Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognising their own strengths.
快乐和成功经常会眷顾那些善于欣赏自己优点的人。
3．whose的用法
whose既可指人也可指物，在从句中修饰名词作定语。“whose＋名词”可以转化为“the＋名词＋of which/whom”和“of which/whom＋the＋名词”的形式。
I live next door to a couple whose children(＝the children of whom) often make a lot of noise.
我隔壁住着一对夫妻，他们的孩子经常制造很多噪声。
Please pass me the book whose cover ( ＝ the cover of which) is green.
请递给我那本绿色封面的书。
4．as的用法
as引导限制性定语从句仅限于先行词前面有such，the same等修饰时，as既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等。
She is such a nice girl as we all like.
她是一个我们大家都喜欢的好女孩。
I bought the same dictionary as you borrowed.
我买了一本和你借的一样的词典。(同一类的两本词典)
I met the same person as/that I saw yesterday.
我遇见了昨天我看到的那个人。(同一个人)
(二)关系副词的用法
关系副词 指代 先行词 在从句中充当的成分
when(＝介词＋which) 时间 时间名词 时间状语
where(＝介词＋which) 地点 地点名词或抽象名词(situation, point, activity, case, stage等) 地点状语
why(＝for＋which) 原因 reason 原因状语
(三)“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，关系代词只用whom(指人)或which(指物)，不可用that。
This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.
这是一个我们可能长时间争论的话题。
This is the worker with whom my brother has worked for ten years.
这就是和我哥哥一起工作了十年的那位工人。
(四)判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
这是我去年待过的山村。
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。
判断对错：
(×)This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(×)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(√)This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(√)I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1.Is this museum you visited a few days ago
A．where　　　 B．that
C．on which　 D．the one
例2.Is this the museum the exhibition was held
A．where B．that
C．on which　 D．the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句：This museum is you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句：This is the museum the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既作主句的表语，又作从句的宾语，关系代词可以省略，所以应选D。
在句2中， 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语，表地点，可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用“介词in＋which”引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语时，选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中作状语时，应选择关系副词 (where 地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语)。
即时检测
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
用正确的关系代词填空
1. The trees ________ stand by the river were planted by us.
2. She never gives in to those ________ have money.
3. This is the best film ________ has been shown so far in the city.
4. February is the only month ________ has fewer than 30 days.
5. My son made notes of everything ________ he read.
6. Yesterday I met the teacher ________ once taught us maths.
7. Will you show me the girl ________ name is Wei Fang
8. The tall girl ________ is standing there is a friend of my elder sister’s.
9. The foreigner _____ visited our class yesterday is from Canada.
10. Please pass me the book _____is lying on the table.
11. ---- Class, you should be thankful to those people _______ helped and supported you.
---- We will. Miss Chen.
12. ----Is this the new dictionary_______ you got yesterday
----Yes. Now it's very convenient for me to look up words.
13.--Do you know the student _______got an A in the English exam
---Of course. She is my deskmate, Li Hong
14. I really like the family photo _____ we took on my grandpa’s 80th birthday.
15. My grandparents like stories ________ endings are happy.
16. Yuan Longping is a Chinese rice scientist _____ is leading a search to develop “sea rice”.
17. The teacher _______I like best often encourages me to fight for my dream.
18. Jack likes being with the classmates __________are outgoing and kind.
19. A kind of shared bike _____is called bluegogo is getting more and more popular in Chengdu.
20. Tu Youyou is the woman _______ used the plant’s special power to save millions of lives.
21. His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone _____ family was poor.
22. It is the third time that she has won the race, ____ has surprised us all.
23. Can you remember the scientist and his theory _____ we have learned
24. Until now, we have raised 50, 000 pounds for the poor children, _____ is quite unexpected.
25. _____ is reported, the number of smokers has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
26. Yesterday Mr. Green went to his hometown and visited the old house in ______ he was born.
27. The man, from______ I learned the news, is an engineer.
28. — Do you like the weekly talk show The Readers on CCTV
— Sure. It’ s a great TV program ______ purpose is to bring the habit of reading back into the public.
29. Children ______ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
30. After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, turned out to be a wise decision.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．She spent the whole evening talking about the things and persons which none of us has ever heard of.
2．Tibet is such a place that all the people all over the world are dreaming of visiting.
3．The book that I borrowed it from the library is well written.
4．The student in that all of the teachers took great pride was admitted into Beijing University last year.
5．We will always remember the days when we spent together.
参考答案
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1. that/which 2. who 3. that
4. that 5. that 6. who/that
7. whose 8. who/that 9. who /that
10. which/that 11. Who 12. that/which
13. who/that 14. that/which 15. whose
16. who/that 17. who/whom/that 18. who/that
19. that/which 20. who/that 21. whose
22. which 23. that 24. which
25. As 26. which 27. whom
28. whose 29. whose 30. which
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.which→that 2. that→as
3. 去掉borrowed后的 it
4. that→whom 5. when→that

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