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高中英语重点词汇辨析和搭配使用 Lesson 1 名词 A
ability, aptitude, capability, capacity
这几个词都有“能力”的意思。
ability 主要指行动的能力，从事体力或脑力劳动的能力，还可指通过学习所获得的能力，但有时用复数形式特指天生的资质，专门的才干或才能，如：natural abilities ‖ a man with manifold abilities。通常后接动词不定式或介词in/for，如：The students acquired in two hours the ability to operate the milling machine.常见动词搭配有：appreciate/recognize sb's ability ‖ demonstrate/display/exhibit/show one's ability。
aptitude 多指自然的天生的一种能力倾向或特殊的天生适应技巧。用法搭配通常是have an aptitude for（doing）sth.，表示“有…的才能”，如：Edison had a great aptitude for invention of new things. ‖ He has an aptitude for learning languages.
capability 与 ability 的意思大体相同，但有时可指尚未发挥的才能或未显露的潜在能力，常后接介词of/for, capability of后通常接主动意义的动作，而capability for后既可接被动意义的动作，也可接动词不定式，如：The facts have proved that they all have the capability of solving（to solve）practical problems. ‖ A metal has the capability for being（to be）fused.
capacity 主要指容纳或吸收的能力，学习和理解的能力，可以用于人，也可用于物。后面接介词of/for，或接动词不定式，如：Do you think it's within his capacity to do the job without making a mess of it ‖ Our classroom has a seating capacity of 40.
access
指进入（或接近）的机会（或权力），进入权，通道，途径。 access 在使用中通常不跟冠词，介词常用to，但是如表示具体的路径，则要用定冠词，如：The only access to the building is along that muddy track.其常用的动词搭配有：gain/get/have access to，如：The senator has access to the President. ‖ The company was first given access to government credit.
accessory, addition, appendix
这三个词都可用来表示对主体的增加或附加，但词义有差异。
accessory 通常指非必需的但对主体的外貌、功能、适用性或方便性等能起到作用或提高效率而增加的附件或配件，如女性的手提包、鞋、手套、帽子和项链、耳环等饰品，也可指汽车的收音机、冷气装置、自行车的灯、打气筒等配件。单复数形式都可使用，如：auto/skiing accessories ‖ a fashion accessory。若要表示“…上的配件”，可与介词to/of/for搭配，如：Accessories for the top-of-the-range car include leather upholstery, a compact disc player, electric windows and a sunroof. ‖ A luggage-carrier is a useful accessory to a bicycle.
addition 在不可数形式情况下通常指“增加”或“加（法）”，如：The addition of more water resulted in the rot of the plant roots.其可数形式常指“增加的人或物”，与介词to连用，如：They've just had an addition to the family.常用的词组有：in addition此外，并且‖in addition to除…之外，如：He speaks French in addition to English。
appendix 指附加到本身已经（相对而言）完整的内容上的那部分材料（如插图、补充内容、文件引证等），以使原来的内容更丰富，更有效。复数形式为appendixes或appendices，表示“…的附录”，常与介词to连用，如：There are two appendices to the book.
accident, episode, event, incident, occurrence
这组词都可指“事件”。
accident 多指意外的不测之事，常导致不良的后果，如：an awful/a dreadful accident ‖ She was hurt in an automobile accident.常用搭配有：have/meet with/prevent an accident。常用词组还包括：by accident偶然地，意外地，如：I met her by accident in a crowded bus. ‖ by accident of因…的巧合‖ without accident平安无事的，如：We got home without accident.
episode 事件，插曲，和 incident 意思十分接近，但它可以指一系列有关事件中的一个，或与常规有些不符的一件事；它也可能是故事的一个片断。如：a series of isolated episodes from history ‖ a romantic episode of her girlhood。常修饰episode的形容词有：important/interesting/dramatic/thrilling/touching/tragic等。
event 一般指重要事件或大事件，有时也指任何事件，如：The signing of the Declaration of Independence was an important event in American history. ‖ The school festival and the athletic meet are the two big events of our school year.
incident 指与较为重大的事件相比显得不太重要的事件，还可指在政治上会引起战争或争端的事件，如：My meeting with a boy I used to know was an amusing incident. ‖ Frontier incidents have been common on the border.
occurrence 指普通的或日常偶发的事件，如：A snow storm is an unusual occurrence at this time of a year. ‖ Having meals is an everyday occurrence.
accommodation
当用来指住处、膳宿、旅馆等的房间时，通常用复数形式，如：first-class/hotel/travel accommodations ‖ Can we find accommodations at a hotel for tonight 常用动词搭配有：afford/furnish/seek accommodations。
accord, agreement
这两个词都有“协议”的意思。
accord 用法较正式，尤指国与国、集团与集团间达成的共同意见，用作可数名词，如：Both parties signed an accord last week in Geneva that may finally bring an end to the bloody conflict.短语用法有：in accord（with）与…一致，如：pursue economic policies in accord with the national interest ‖ out of accord（with）与…不一致‖ of one's own accord出于自愿，如：They helped us of their own accord. ‖ with one accord一致地，如：With one accord the crowd shouted its approval.
agreement 主要指人、团体、机构间共同达成需履行的决定，用作可数名词，如：reach/come to/arrive at an agreement ‖ Our agreement was that you would pay by the first of the month. agreement 也可作不可数名词表示“同意”或“一致”，如：The young ladies giggled agreement. agreement 后常跟介词on/about，如：The committee finally reached agreement on two important issues.常用短语有：in agreement（with）持相同意见或同意，如：These findings are in agreement with our previous conclusions. ‖ by agreement约好的，如：One after another they left the room as if by previous agreement.
accordance
介词短语in accord with和in accordance with/to不容混淆，前者意为“符合，相合”，后者则是“按照，遵守，根据”的意思，试比较：To carry out the plan is in accord with the general aspiration of the people. ‖ I sold the house in accordance with your orders.
in accordance with与according to同义，有时可通用，但前者语气要强一些。一般来说，表达“根据学说、书本、出处或来源”时，常用后者。in accordance with的反义说法是in opposition to。
account
名词 account 义项较多，用法也各不相同。作单数名词时，意思有“账户”、“报道”、“叙述”、“解释”等，如：a bank account ‖ a newspaper account ‖ give a brief account of sth.等。作复数使用时，意思会转为“账目，算账”，如：I keep my own accounts. ‖ He is quick at accounts.常用的动词搭配有：audit/collect/keep accounts ‖ open an account ‖ overdraw one's account。
作不可数名词时，意思为“原因、理由”、“利益、好处、重要性”，如：invest one's money to good account ‖ a thing of little account。不可数名词account常用来构成短语，如：make much/little account of重／轻视，如：He makes little account of such objections. ‖ of little/no/some account不大／不／有点重要，如：It is of no account to me whether he comes or not. ‖ on account of由于，如：He can not come to the meeting on account of illness. ‖ on no account / not on any account无论如何不要，如：My name must on no account be mentioned to anyone. ‖ on one's own account为了自己的利益；独立地，如：He did it on his own account, not for anyone else. ‖ take account of考虑，如：We must take account of the interests of the state, the collective and the individual. ‖ take...into account考虑，重视，如：We must take local conditions into account. ‖ put/turn/use...to（good）account加以利用，主要指技巧或能力，如：I think we'd all agree that you turned your negotiating skills to very good account in this afternoon's meeting.
ache, pain, pang, sore
这几个词都表示“痛”、“疼痛”，但程度各异。
ache 指连续的固定的并不剧烈持续的疼痛，也指因不能满足的渴求而引起的心灵痛苦，为可数名词，如：He felt an ache in his stomach. ache 常和身体的部位名称结合构成复合词，如：headache, toothache, backache等。在英国这些复合词多用作不可数名词，但在美国常用作可数名词，如：She suffers from backache. ‖ She often gets stomachaches/a stomachache.
pain 指不明原因的或由于损伤而引起的全身或局部疼痛，如：Last night I felt an off-and-on pain in the abdomen. ‖ He felt sharp chest pains and went to see the doctor. pain 也可指因失去或得不到某物而产生的悲痛或痛苦，此时为不可数名词。
pang 指突然而短暂的剧痛，也指一阵痛苦感情的突然迸发，常用于短语a pang of，前面常用形容词sudden/sharp等修饰，如：The murderer suddenly felt a pang of conscience when he was standing in the court.
sore 指身上某部位的“酸痛”、“疼痛”，也指精神上的痛楚，伤心事，为可数名词，如：I have a sore on my leg where that dog bit me.
act, action, behaviour
这三个词都表示“行为”、“行动”。
act 指时间较短的具体的行动或行为，此行为可以由个人或群体来完成，且不受动机、性质或结果的限制，具有单一性和短暂性，如：He was caught in the act of stealing.名词短语有：put on an act装模作样，如：John wasn't angry, he was putting on an act.
action 偏重于抽象的行动或活动，延时较长，具有连续性、复杂性，常包括不同步骤或许多动作，可以是一系列的 act,如：We must take action to deal with the problem before it spreads to other areas. ‖ We should judge a man by his actions, not by his talk.常用动词搭配有：bring/institute/take action。常用词组还包括：bring/put...into action使…发动，使起作用，如：Because of the state of the ground, the artillery could not be brought into action at once. ‖ out of/in action（不）在运转中，（不）在起作用，如：I was out of action with a sprained ankle.
behaviour 强调人的行为、举止或表现，指某种行为的结果，如：Tom won a prize for good behaviour at school.短语（be）on one's good / best behaviour意为“行为检点，表现良好”，如：He was on his best behaviour because he wanted a present on his birthday.
address, lecture, speech
这三个词均表示“当众发表的讲话”。
address 表示一种精心准备好讲稿的、正式的 speech,常用以指知名或权威人士以个人名义在公开场合通过广播、电视等发表的演说，如the leader's annual address to the Party Conference。动词搭配有：deliver/give/make an address。
lecture 常指教师或专业人员针对学生等精心准备的 speech,它有既定主题，针对特定的学生或目标群进行信息传递或指导，后一般用介词on引导内容，如：He is going to give a lecture on American literature of the 18th century.
speech 为一般用语，用法最广泛，如：a farewell/political speech。
advantage, benefit, profit
这三个词都有“好处”、“利益”的意思。
advantage 主要指条件、地位等都优于他人或其它事物，并以此来获得好处或利益，尤指竞争中优胜的地位或应付困难时的有利条件，如：Living in a big city has many advantages—good schools, libraries, theaters and concerts.后接介词over表示优于某人或某物，如：Don't let him get the advantage over us.
benefit 指某人得到的物质或精神方面的好处，有时含有“恩惠”的意思。接介词to表示受惠对象，接from则表示恩惠的源头，如：My trip to the south was of much benefit to my health. ‖ He received benefits from his father-in-law.
profit 主要指物质、经济或金钱方面的获利。指“利润”时，可以用可数或不可数的名词形式；指“益处”时则用不可数名词形式。后接from表示利润的来源。常用搭配有：bring/earn/gain/make/realize/reap/yield a profit‖ a handsome/large/marginal/small/quick profit，如：He gained a lot of profit from his tour of Europe. ‖ He made a profit of $500 on those shares.
advent, arrival
这两个词都有“到来”的意思。
advent 往往指重要事件、时间或季节的出现或到来，如：This sort of work would have been inconceivable before the advent of microprocessors.
arrival 是个常用词，无特殊含义，指“到达”、“抵达”，如：She was waiting for the arrival of the train.与动词arrive一样，在表达到达某地时，后接at（较小的地方）或in（较大的地方），如：Both were dead on arrival at hospital.
adventure, risk, venture
这三个词属于同义词，都可用来指“冒险”、“冒险活动”、“投机活动”，但含义有所不同。
adventure 指出于好奇或兴趣在旅途、勘测等活动中的冒险经历，侧重冒险中激动人心的一面，如：A day in the city was always an adventure to her. ‖ As a hunter he has many adventures.常见搭配有：a breathtaking/bold/daring/miraculous adventure。
risk 指冒险做某事，预期最强，侧重于在危险中或进行真正的冒险。其常用短语为：at the risk of冒着…的危险，如：We do this at the risk of our lives and liberties. ‖ run / take the risk（s）（of）冒…的危险，如：If we continue waiting, we will take the risk of being late. ‖ at one's own risk自担风险‖ at all / any risks无论冒什么风险。
venture 指以生命或金钱作赌注的冒险，多用于商业上的冒险和投机活动，侧重于投机性、危险性，成败难预测。常用短语有：at a venture冒险地，胡乱地，随便地，如：A disastrous business venture lost him thousands of dollars. ‖ He chose a book at a venture from the shelves.
advice
表示“建议”、“劝告”，不可数名词，如指个别的忠告或建议时要说：a piece/bit/word of advice。常用动词搭配有：give/offer advice ‖ act on/follow/take sb's advice ‖ disregard/refuse/turn a deaf ear to sb's advice。后接介词on/about表示“有关…的忠告”。如果后接从句要用虚拟语气。
affair, business, matter
这三个词都有“事情”、“事物”的意思。
affair 指在日常生活或工作中个人要做或关心的事，词义较宽广。用复数时主要指重大的头绪较多的事情，如：The affair between the two film stars caused a scandal in Hollywood. ‖They have no right to interfere in other countries' internal affairs.常见搭配有：domestic/family/public affairs。
business 常用于口语，通常强调指派的事情、工作，也可指一般的事务，或商务活动的事务，如：The chief business of a teacher is to help his students. ‖ Poultry farming is a money-making business.常用短语有：in business在经商‖ on business有正事的，不是玩玩的‖ go into business开始经商‖ come to business开始干正事，言归正传。
matter 常指必须考虑或处理的事务，有时指麻烦或异常的事，如：You had better leave the matter in my hands.
affection, love
这两个词都表示“爱”、“喜爱”的意思。
affection 所指爱的对象常是有生命的，侧重感情的固定性与稳定性，是深厚的、温柔的、持久的爱。常用搭配有：have/feel/cherish/conceive/a deep/great/little/no affection for...，如：She has a mother's affection for her students. ‖ He doesn't show much affection for animals.
love 强调情感的强烈、热切和难以控制，如：His love for his work was obvious.常用词组有in love with，如：What are you going to do if he falls in love with another girl
age, epoch, era, time
这组词均可表示“时代”、“年代”，指具体某个历史时代时，可通用。
age 表示比 epoch 和 era 时间更长的具有显著特征的某一历史时期，有时用名人的姓名来命名，考古学、地质学上的“时代、年代”也用 age,如：the age of Shakespeare ‖ the atomic/space age ‖ Galileo was ahead of his age。
epoch 指历史上有特殊事件或发生重大变化的时代、纪元，与 era 可互用，如：The death of the emperor marked the end of an epoch in the country's history.
era 指发生重大事件或重要转折的历史时期，有时也指从某一时刻或某一事件开始的一段历史时期，如：When she left the firm, it was the end of an era.常用动词搭配有：creat/mark an era，如：The invention of computers created/marked a new era.
time 指人类史或世界史的一段时期，常用复数形式，如：He is out of touch with the times.
age
of age, of an age, of the age这三个短语的意义是不同的。
of age 意思是“成年”，如：You are of age to apply for the driver's licence now.
of an age 意思是“同年”（现代英语中较少使用）或“到了…年龄”，如：We are of an age. ‖ Boy, you are of an age to know it is not right to do such a stuff.
of the age 意思是“当代的”、“现代的”，如：He is one of the greatest writers of the age.
agreement, compact, contract
这些词表示两方或多方在行动过程中的一种“许诺”或“谅解”。
agreement 协定，协议，承诺，合约。是表示协定已经达成的最常见、最确切的词，使用范围可以从两人之间的非正式协定，到国与国之间、政府与政府之间的官方协定，常用搭配有：sign/make an agreement。后跟介词between/with，如：In history, many agreements have been made between France and England.
compact 协议，条约，契约，合同。可指两人之间、政治集团之间或者政府之间的正式协定，它建立在双方都有强烈的责任心和相互信任的基础之上，不强调以文字出现，常与动词make连用，如：The two brothers made a compact that the family business would always be handed down to their descendants.
contract 合同，契约。是一种正式的 agreement，它通常以文字的形式出现，并具有法律效用，用以规定在确定的时间内用确定的速度达到确定的目标，前面可常用动词make或have表示“签订合约”，也可用介词on来搭配，如：I'm not a permanent employer；I'm working here on a fixed-term contract.
air
air 与不同的介词搭配表达不同的意思：by air指乘飞机，与by land和by sea相对，如：I hate travelling by air because I get horribly airsick. ‖ on / off the air指正／不在广播，如：The radio station is on the air from 6 a.m. ‖ in the air在空中，如：Many birds are flying in the air.也可用于比喻，指“将要发生”，如：Love/change/Spring is in the air.
airplane
是美国英语，在英国英语中用aeroplane，也可简称为plane。常用动词搭配有：board/take/fly/hijack an airplane。后接的动词常有：take off/crash/land/touch down/taxi along the runway。
alternative, choice, option
这三个词均可表示“选择”。
alternative 意为从两者当中择其一，有时也可指从多样中选择，强调选择的范围受限。后用of引出可供选择的选项，如：You have the alternative of leaving or staying and behaving.后用to强调选定的方案或方法，如：The only alternative to being taken prisoner was to die fighting.
choice 是一般用词，强调自由选择，不论选择方式和可供选择数量的多少，如：Her mother gave her a choice between a radio and a camera. ‖ In the future the public will be offered a wider choice of television programs.常见搭配为make/exercise a choice ‖ a good/careful/deliberate choice。后接介词between/among表示“在…之间选择”，后接介词of表示“对…的选择”，如：a choice of color。
option 一般指某人给别人的选择权，如：The court gave him the option of going to jail or paying a fine. ‖ There are various options open to you.
amount, sum, total
这三个词都有“总数”、“总和”的意思。
amount 侧重于量，可用复数形式表示“大量”，如：He could only pay half the amount he owed.常与介词of连用，修饰名词，如：I had a certain amount of difficulty finding the house.常用词组有：in amount总之，总计。
sum 指加算的总和，也可指一笔钱款，如：The sum of two and four is six. ‖ The government has appropriated huge sums of money for capital construction.
total 强调全部包括在内的总和，没有遗漏，如：Our expenses reached a total of 200 yuan .
anger, rage, fury
这三个词都表示“愤怒”之意。
anger 是普通用语，指生气，在程度上不如 rage 和 fury 严重，也不一定表露出来，如：He tried to conceal his anger.常用in/with与之搭配表示“愤怒的，生气的”；后接at/towards表示生气的对象。常用动词搭配有：arouse/stir up/calm/check/hold back one's anger。常见形容词搭配有：burning/profound/hot/senseless anger。
rage 指狂怒，尤指控制不住的猛烈发作，往往含有对某人报复的欲望，如：In his rage at being publicly punished he broke the teacher's favorite vase.
fury 指暴怒，常会伴有失去理智的疯狂的举动，如：In their fury the boys went through the streets wrecking cars. rage 和 fury 都可用于词组搭配fly into a rage/fury中表示“勃然大怒”的意思，同时也可和in搭配构成in a rage/fury表示“盛怒之下”，其中冠词a不可省略。
answer
指答复，用语言或行动作出反应，或指对于问题的答案和解答。常见的形容词搭配有：affirmative/clear/definite/foolish/ironic/negative answer。后接介词to表示对于某事的答复或反应。词组in answer to...作为对…的回答，如：In answer to my shouts people run to help.
anticipation, expectation, hope, prospect
这些词都指将来发生事件和产生条件的可能性。
anticipation 是一种建立在预见基础上的很强烈的“期待”，作不可数名词，如：eager/keen anticipation ‖ A tennis player shows good anticipation by moving quickly into position.常用搭配有：in anticipation of预料‖ with anticipation期待着，如：I look forward to your reply with anticipation.
expectation 指期待、期望某事物发生，其对象一般为自己认为应得的东西，为可数名词，常用复数，后接介词of，如：Those who treat schoolwork lightly must lower their expectations of success.常见的词组包括：against/contrary to expectations出乎预料，与预期相反‖ answer/meet/come up to expectations不负众望‖ beyond expectations意想不到‖ fall short of sb.'s expectations辜负期望‖ in expectation of/that预计，期待，如：He moved everything indoors in expectation of rain.其他常见动词搭配还有：have/cherish/entertain great expectations of/for sb.
hope 是指建立在愿望上的“期待”，不一定成为现实，侧重于期待事物的好结果，后接介词of/for，也可接of doing sth./that的结构，如：Parents have high hopes for their children.常用词组有：in / with the hope of/that怀着…希望，如：A man saves money in the hope that inflation will not wipe it out.
prospect 指在分析目前迹象的基础上对可能发生的某事，尤指对成功、得益或舒适的“期待”，复数prospects意为成功的机会、前景、前程。 prospect 后常跟of sth./doing sth.，如：I see little prospect of an improvement in his condition.词组in prospect表示“可预期的”，如：He is unemployed and has nothing in prospect at the moment.
apparatus, appliance, equipment, facility, instrument
这几个词都有“器械”、“装置”的意思。
apparatus 指从事某一专业所用的仪器、机械设备或成套工具，也指某项调查研究工作所需的辅助设备，如参考书、图表、样品等，如：This apparatus can purify a thousand gallons of water a minute.常用搭配有：electric/fire/medical/ventilation/lifesaving apparatus。
appliance 指具有特定功能的“器具”、“用具”，尤指家用电器，如：The store sells a large range of household appliances.常用搭配有：domestic/electric/medical appliances。后可跟介词for表示用途，如：appliances for cutting holes in metal。
equipment 含义较广，指一切为了生产、工作、研究、旅行、战争等所需要的装备、设备、装置，如各种机器、港口设施等，为不可数名词；但如指工作、研究场所的成套设备，则用可数名词复数，如：The school authorities have planned to replace all the equipments of the school labs.后常接介词for或to do sth.表示设备的用途，如：the equipment for road construction ‖ Do you have enough equipment to do the job
facility 指较大的设施、设备，如图书馆、实验室，多用复数形式，如：The newly established university provides all the necessary facilities.
instrument 意为工具、仪器、器具，多指用于科学研究或精细工作的精密仪器，通常不使用动力；也可指乐器，如：musical/surgical instrument ‖ a delicate instrument ‖ This factory mass produces instruments of high quality.后接for表示工具的用途，如：Tax cuts are the most important instrument the country uses for stimulating the economy.
appeal
appeal 作名词时义项较多，并可与不同动词搭配。
作“恳求”、“呼吁”解时，常用动词搭配有：make/launch/address an appeal。后接介词to表示“向…呼吁”，接介词for说明要求，如：The mayor launched an appeal to the public to donate blood to the victims of the disaster.
作“上诉”、“起诉”解时，常见动词搭配有：file/make/lodge an appeal against... ‖ dismiss/reject/throw out an appeal，如：She lodged an appeal against the severity of the fine.后接介词against/for指反对或要求，如：The umpire has rejected the player's appeal against the linesman's decision. ‖ The judge rejected the prisoner's appeal for a new trial.
appeal, attraction, charm
这三个词都有“吸引”、“吸引力”的意思。
appeal 与 attraction 都主要指客观上主体对客体的一种吸引，或其本身就有吸引力。 appeal 表示“吸引力”时，用介词to引导对象，如：This zoological garden holds a special appeal to small childen. attraction 表示“吸引力”时，后接介词for，如：A zoo has great attraction for children.当 attraction 后接to时，to表示方向，吸引力的来源，attraction to him不是“对他有吸引力”，而是“他的吸引力”，如：She felt a strong attraction to him.
attraction 的复数形式表示“具有吸引力的人或物”，如：Venice is one of the great attractions of the world.此外， attraction 常用strong/irresistible来形容。
charm 意为“魅力”、“魔力”，主要指主体在主观上所施展的一种对客体会产生影响的迷人手法。复数形式常指“美貌、妩媚”，如：Everyone who met her fell under her charm. ‖ The dancer revealed her charms.常用动词have/possess表示有魅力，也可用there be句型。常用的形容词搭配有：great/irresistible/natural/particular/special charm。
appetite, desire, urge
这三个词都表示“欲望”，但它们的词义并不完全相同。
appetite 指人身体上的“欲望”，尤其指“食欲”，通常只用单数形式。动宾搭配have an appetite for...既可表示“对…有胃口／食欲”，又可表示“对…感兴趣”，如：The long walk has given me a good appetite. ‖ The public have an insatiable appetite for scandals.
desire 指精神或身体上的各种“欲望”，这种欲望往往很强烈，常用搭配为feel/have an/no desire to do sth./for sb.（sth.），如：I have no desire to discuss the matter today. ‖ This could help us to understand our own desires and needs.
urge 指非常强烈的“欲望”，尤其指那些无法控制或难以解释的欲望，如：After visiting the painting show, he had the creative urges.
applicant, candidate
二者均指寻求工作、荣誉、职位或奖励的人。
applicant 意为“申请人”，指那些直接正式提出自己希望得到并认为可以做好某项工作的人，后接介词for，如：As the wages were low, there were no applicants for the job.
candidate 意为“候选人”，指对于某些职位、荣誉等，已由别人提名或被推选且可能中选的人，供大家评选或判断是否合格，后接介词for，如：Who will be the Republicans'presidential candidate
approach, means, method, way
这四个词都表示“方法”、“手段”。
approach 强调待人接物或思考问题的方法，其后常接介词to，如：The school has decided to adopt a different approach to discipline. ‖ Let's take a new approach to the problem.
means 强调做某事所用的手段、方式、方法，其后常接介词of，有时也接动词不定式，如：We have no means of finding out the truth. means 单复数同形，应根据语境来判断是单数还是复数，如：All possible means have been tried.常见的词组有：by all means必定，当然，如：“May I come in ”“By all means.”‖ by any means无论如何‖ by no means决不，决非。
method 多指系统的、条理性强的、有理论根据的方法。后接介词of表示“…的方法”，如：The book has introduced a new method of calculating the interest on loans.常用by引导的短语表示“用…的方法／手段”，如：He solved the problem by the most proved method.
way 是常用词，泛指一般的方法，也可指个人的或特殊的方式或方法。常用搭配有：the way to do/of doing sth.，如：I am not happy with this way of working.
approval, sanction
二者均可表示“批准”、“准许”、“认可”。
approval 和 sanction 在表示“准许、认可”时，两个词同义，有时可互换，如：I'm sure you can get the committee's approval/sanction to proceed with your work.两个词用法也相近，都可用give approval/sanction to的结构表示“批准、许可”，用于with approval/sanction of sb.中表示“获得了某人或某机构的批准和许可”。但 approval 用得较为广泛，在正式文字中指对某一行动的许可，如：We can't pass this resolution without first getting his approval.而 sanction 属更为正式的用语，一般指权力机关赋予的权利，几乎完全用在与公务或职务有关的场合。如：Only after the crisis did he get the directors' sanction for the way he had acted.
area, district, region, zone
这几个词都表示“地区”，但侧重点有所不同。
area 为一般用语，从地理、地貌角度表示的地区，面积可大可小且无固定的明显界限，它一般不能指行政或人工划分的地区，如：a residential/housing area ‖ an industrial area。
district 指有特色的较小区域，也可指较小的行政区，有明显的地界，如：postal districts（有时也可用postal areas）‖ a business/shopping district ‖ a financial district。
region 所表示的地域面积较大，可以指有确定界限的较大的行政地区，也可指没有明显界限，但因某种特征而与周围不同的较大区域，如：Few people live in the cold region of the world. ‖ Most of our precious minerals are found in the regions in the Northwest and the Southwest.
zone 多指地理概念上的地区或特定范围，如：Most of the world's wheat is grown in the north Temperate Zone. ‖ A war zone is a district where fighting is going on.
argument, debate
argument 和 debate 均指言辞上的对立。
argument 争论，通常发生在个人之间，暗示着一种理智和感情的共同作用，有可能但不一定会导致结论的分歧，用于have an argument with sb. about sth.中表示与某人就某事争辩。后接for或against表示是赞成或反对某事的论据。后也可加介词between来引出对立的双方，如：An argument between parents regarding the rearing of their children often goes on for years.
debate 辩论，一般在被选出的几个小组或个人之间进行，而且经过仔细的组织和计划。正常情况下，只限于理性的范围内，而且通常试图达到一种真实性，而不是用修辞的技巧来取胜，如：a long debate ‖ open the debate。后接介词on/about表示有关某事的辩论，如：A parliamentary debate on a piece of proposed legislation is designed to bring out all the relevant facts to enable members to vote on the merits of the bill.后接with表示与某人的辩论。常见词组有：in debate尚有争议‖ open to debate尚难定论。
arms, weapon
二者皆可表示“武器”。
arms 多指军人使用的“枪支、武器”，如手枪、轻机枪、来复枪等。 arms 的含义往往比 weapon 抽象些，因而泛指时，常使用 arms ，如：Police officers in the UK do not usually carry arms.在军事活动的口语或用语中，一般用 arms ，常用动词搭配有：lay down/take up/shoulder arms。 arms 还经常指一个国家的军事能力，如：Having failed to resolve their disputes at the conference, the two countries appealed to arms.
weapon 多用来指为自卫或为达到某一目的而使用的工具、武器或手段，如：chemical/nuclear/biological weapons ‖ He seized the leg of a broken chair as a weapon.在表示某种具体武器时，应用 weapon ，而不能用 arms 。
army, troops
army 着重整体，是军队的总称，其谓语可以是复数，但如强调整体，也可以是单数用，如：The army was beaten. army 在与navy, air force并列时，特指“陆军”，如：A strong army and a strong air force are indispensable to the defense of a landlocked country.
troops 着重构成军队的成员，如：The enemy troops surrendered.但不可用来指“个别士兵”，前面一般也不加数词，因此不可以说：Three troops were crossing the river.而应该说：Three soldiers were crossing the river.但在军队术语及新闻报道中，有a thousand troops之说，属例外情况，而且只能用于较大数字。
arrogance, conceit, pride
三个词均有“骄傲，自大”的意思。
arrogance 是指骄傲自大，傲慢，强调趾高气扬、咄咄逼人的态度，带有要求别人给自己以超乎应得的待遇或重视的意味，如：Although what he said was reasonable his arrogance angered everyone.
conceit 意为“自负，自高自大”，指对自己或自己的能力、成就等估计过高而产生优越感，如：The worst thing about him is his conceit；he thinks he is the best.它的形容词为conceited，后接about表示“以…而自负”。
pride 是最常用词，意为“以…自豪”或“傲慢”。作名词时，常用搭配是take pride in，如：We take pride in the prosperity of our country.作动词时，要和反身代词搭配，并后接on/upon，构成pride oneself on/upon的结构，如：Henry prides himself upon his French.
article, composition, essay
这些词都指非小说类的文章。
article 文章，论文。指报刊、杂志上的任何非小说类文章。涉及以 essay 方式出现的各种极其简明、及时有用的新闻消息，直到非常深奥难懂的学术文章，如：He wrote an article about his research. ‖ The article discusses the effects of radiation on human bodies.
composition 作品，作文。指事先有准备的正式作文，常有预定的题目，如学校布置的写作练习，强调的是语法和体裁的练习，而不是陈述研究内容或反映现实；常用作可数名词，如：The teacher asked them to describe their summer holidays in the term's first composition.常用搭配有：do/write a composition。
essay 论文，散文，小品文，随笔。比 article 和 composition 用法普遍得多，不但可指学校里布置的作文，还泛指各种长度不及书的、学术的、幽默的、宣传的或思辨的等内容的文章，甚至包括从随笔和反映个人的小品到严肃、庄重、独具风格的各种大作，如：Carlyle attempted the Ciceronian elegance in his early essays.常用搭配有：write/produce an essay about/on。
assault, attack
两个词都有“攻击，袭击”的意思。
assault 通常是指身体间距很近的接触和暴力实施，或近距离的突袭，也可用作强奸的委婉语。常用搭配有：make/launch/wage an assault on，如：I'm really going to have to make an assault on all this paperwork before my holiday.
attack 可以适用于任何攻击性的行为，但在狭义上更多地表示有敌意、毫无警告或原因的攻击。它不一定指军事上的武力攻击，还可指言论方面的攻击。常用搭配有：make/launch/wage an attack on/against，如：He made a bitter attack on her in his speech.
asset
这个可数名词在使用中需注意其单复数形式所表达的不同意思。其单数形式指“财富”或“人才”，如：Good health is an intangible asset. ‖ The mathematician is an asset to the state.其复数形式是指“资产”或“财产”，如：This custom is one of the nation's cultural assets. ‖ He has invested 5%of his assets in gold.
audience, spectator
audience 既指听众，也指观众，通常用作集合名词，不能用来指个体，如：The debate was televised in front of a live audience. ‖ The audience was deeply moved after watching the play.常用搭配有：attract/draw an audience ‖ move/stir/electrify the audience ‖ appreciative/enthusiastic/sympathetic/cold/passive audience。
spectator 仅指观众，尤其指体育比赛的观众，是个可数名词，可以用来指个体，如：Many spectators stood round the football field to watch the game.
author, composer, writer
这三个词都表示“作者”，但侧重点有所不同。
author 指某篇文章或艺术作品的作者，不强调职业性，只强调对作品的所有权，如：The authors of some bestsellers are not authors by profession. ‖ Like author, like book.文如其人。
composer 多指音乐、诗歌、绘画等艺术作品的作者，如：Shakespeare was not only a dramatist, but a composer of lyrics and sonnets. ‖ I know something about the poem composer.
writer 泛指用文字表达事物、情感以供人阅读的人，尤指职业写作者，如：Earnest Hemingway is a famous contemporary American writer.
avail
作名词时，常见的词组有：(be) of little / no avail不怎么有用／无用，如：Their efforts were of no avail. ‖ They tried artificial respiration but it was of no avail. ‖ to no / little avail没有用／不大有用（作状语），如：I tried to persuade her not to resign, but to no avail.
avenue, highway, path, road, route, street, way
这些词都有“路”、“道路”的意义，但使用的场合和范围有区别。
avenue 指两侧栽有树的林荫路，在英国还常指通向住宅的小道或汽车道，如：a long avenue to my friend's house；在美国还指南北向的宽阔繁华的大街，如：New York's Madison Avenue。
highway 在美国指连接大城市的供汽车行驶的交通要道、高速公路；在英国却指公用通道，如：There are many interstate highways in the US.
path 指乡间小路，是由人走多了而踏出来的，也可指铺有石子的步行小径，如：a path through the woods ‖ a long path in the park。
road 含义最广，凡供车行或人走的有硬路面的通道、城镇里两边全是建筑物的街道，都可用 road ，如：There is a shopping center at the top of the road. ‖ They were studying a road map.
route 不是指某一条具体的路，而是指从一个地方到另一个地方的路线，如：Motorists are advised to find an alternative route.因此 en route 不是指在道路上，而是指在途中。
street 指城镇中一旁或两旁建有房屋的街，通常路边还有人行道，如：We walked down the narrow street. road 和 street 的另一个区别在于当表示“在路上”时，一般只说on the road和in the street。
way 多用来表示泛指的路，如：Ask the way to the supermarket.
这几个词除 street 外，均可引申用于抽象意义的“路”，表示达到某一目的的方法、途径、道路，这时词义近似，后接介词to表示目的，如：the avenue to success ‖ a highway to fortune ‖ the path to socialist society ‖ a road to ruin ‖ the route to victory ‖ the way to peace。
award, prize, reward
这些词都含有“奖品”、“奖励”、“酬谢”的意思。
award 指因竞赛优胜、工作成绩卓著或做出某种值得称赞的事而获得奖赏或荣誉，如：The Olympic winner received a gold medal as an award. ‖ His book was given the highest award at the show.
prize 指在比赛、竞争、工作、学习中优胜所获的奖赏，可能是钱或物，如：He was awarded a prize for good conduct. ‖ For his theory of relativity, Einstein received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1921.
reward 指作出某种牺牲、付出精力做好事所得的实质性的报酬，如：They gave him a reward for his helping them.

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