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高中英语重点词汇辨析和搭配使用 Lesson 2 名词 B
baby, infant
baby 和 infant 都可指“婴幼儿”。口语中 baby 语义上较亲切，具有喜爱及爱抚的感彩，如：She gave birth to a fine healthy baby（=a child）.而 infant 不带感彩，所以一般不说：She gave birth to a fine healthy infant.
此外，从年龄上大致可这样划分：a baby出生到一岁左右；an infant出生到七岁左右；a child从出生到十岁左右；a teenager十三到十九岁左右；an adolescent十五到二十岁左右；a youth（a young person）十八到二十五岁左右。
bale, bunch, bundle, package, packet, parcel
这几个词都有“包”的意思，可以作量词使用。
bale 大包，大捆。指为储放或运输包扎起来的大捆货物，通常挤压成一个整体，也可指按规定打成一定的重量或体积单位的货物，如：a bale of cotton ‖ A United States bale of cotton weighs approximately 500 pounds.
bunch 束，串，扎。指将同类东西结实而又整齐地捆在一起，如：a bunch of flowers ‖ a bunch of radishes。词组the best/pick of the bunch指“精华”，如：In our party he is the best of the bunch.
bundle 包袱，包裹。指捆扎或包在一起的物品，如：a bundle of papers ‖ a bundle of clothes for the laundry。
package （中小型）包裹，包，捆。尤指用箱子或容器或结实的包裹包扎好的东西，通常是正方或长方形状，以便销售或运输，如：an express package ‖ a package of envelopes。
packet 小捆，袋，（小）包。指比较小的、简单的包袋装，如：a packet of letters ‖ a packet of cigarettes。
parcel 包裹。指已经包好或裹好的小包，无固定形状，如：a shopping bag for parcels ‖ loaded with parcels ‖ send parcels through the mail。
ball, banquet, feast, party
这几个词都有“喜庆、欢聚”的意思。
ball 狂欢会，社交舞会。用于较正式的场合，来宾都经过筛选，来宾衣着正规，场面隆重，如：Did you go to the Summer Ball last year 在美国口语中，还可表示欢乐，如：I had a ball.
banquet 宴会，酒会。指为庆祝特殊事件或招待贵宾，或在重要节日所举行的正式的或官方的宴席，场面隆重，如：After the wedding banquet there will be a formal ball. ‖ A banquet was given on honour of the distinguished guests.
feast 筵席，酒席。可带有宗教色彩，常指为庆贺而设的筵席，侧重于食物的丰富和精美。如：The dinner you gave me was a real feast. ‖ Easter is a movable feast.
party 含义广泛，用来表示一般交际性质的“聚会，宴会”，人可多可少，规模不定，参加的人通常关系较好，如：a birthday/cocktail/garden party。
ban
指“禁止”。作名词时，常见动词搭配有：impose/lay/enforce/put a ban ‖ lift/remove/withdraw/cancel/drop a ban，后接介词on表示“对…的禁止”，如：The government placed a ban on the import of luxuries.或用于被动语态的句式中be put/placed under a/the ban（of）...，如：The film came under the ban of censor.
band, bonds, tie
这三个词可指把两个或两个以上的东西紧紧捆在一起的物件。
band 指扁平细长的带子，呈环形或圈状，如：a band of ribbon for the hair ‖ a rubber band ‖ an iron band round a barrel。
bonds 指用于捆绑囚犯的锁链、镣铐等，也用于比喻意义上的“束缚，枷锁”，如：break/cast off one's bonds。也指约束人们行为的责任和习俗，如：They are only helping to tighten the bonds put upon them by an earlier generation.
tie 主要的意思指用于系牢或缚紧东西用的绳、带、线等，具有柔韧性，可打结，如领带、鞋带等，如：a bow tie。也可引申为“关系，纽带”，如：the trade ties between countries。
bank ，beach ，coast ，shore
这几个词都有“岸”的意思。
bank 指与河流相连的土地，介词通常用on，如：My house is on the south bank of the river. ‖ They live on the banks of Nile.也可指河、湖、海当中的沙洲或浅滩，如：Banks in the river are nice to raise the shell fish.
beach 海滩、湖滨。指被江、湖、海冲刷或受潮汐影响的沙土滩坡，如：The waves went back from the beach. ‖ The tourists lay on the beach in the sun.
coast 海岸。指大陆沿海边缘的一长条陆地，常与地图、气候及海防等关联，可作为地理学上的用词，如：The hotel was built on coast. ‖ Fishing boats were anchored all along the coast.
shore 岸，滨。是常用词，指与湖、海等一大片水域相连的陆地。
与 beach 不同的是， shore 常指保持了相当程度原生状态的湖滨海岸，如：We spend all our weekends at the shore. ‖ It is difficult to walk on such a rocky shore.指小岛屿的岸时，不能用 coast ，要用 shore ，如：The sailors were warned not to get into trouble while they were on shore.
base, basis, foundation
这些词都有“基础”、“根据”的意思。
base 应用范围较广，主要用于有形的或物质的东西，如：This iron stand has a rectangular base.也可指任何事物的重要部分，意为“基本原则”或“根据”，如：This is the base of my argument.
basis 主要用于隐喻，表示观点、理论、信念的基础，具有抽象性，如：The farmers form the basis of the nation.常用的短语有：on the basis of，如：I shall make up my mind on the basis of the advice given by my teacher.
foundation 通常指深埋于建筑物地下的地基，强调基础的稳固，如：The workmen are laying the foundation of a new hospital.与 base 相比， foundation 指下层的，规模较大的，而 base 则指规模较小的基础。 foundation 也可引申为“根据”，后接for/in表示“…的根据”，如：There is no foundation for the story that Washington chopped down a cherry tree. ‖ This theory has no foundation in fact.后接of，表示“…的基础”，如：The foundation of his career has been weakened.动词搭配有：lay/build up/make/solidify/undermine/shake/rock a foundation。形容词搭配有：a firm/solid/sound/strong/shaky/unstable foundation。
bathroom, toilet
两者都是指“卫生间”、“厕所”，但它们的所指还是有所区别的。
在美国英语里 bathroom 除了指“浴室”之外，也用来指厕所。公共厕所的说法与英国英语也不同，公共厕所在美国被称为rest room, ladies'room, women's room或men's room。在美国英语中也用washroom指公共建筑物中的厕所，但是旧式用法，现已不常用。
toilet 原义指“抽水马桶”，在英国英语里，厕所一般称为 toilet ，但在美国英语中一般不用这个词。住宅中的厕所也可称为lavatory或loo, loo是非正式用语。在公共场所，尤其在指示牌上标示为：toilets, Gents（男厕所）或Ladies（女厕所），指有几个小间的厕所。但有的指示牌可能会用WC或Public Convenience来表示公共厕所。
beard
beard 指长在下巴处的胡须（髯），俗称山羊胡须，若指长在男性上唇上的小胡子，应用moustache，而whiskers则特指长在脸面两侧的胡子，络腮胡，腮须。这些词的常见动词搭配有：grow/shave off one's beard/moustache/whiskers ‖ trim one's beard/moustache ‖ stroke one's beard ‖ finger/twist one's moustache。
beginning
可用介词at和in来引导，但要注意两者的区别。at the beginning（of）意为“在…的开始阶段”，如：We are only at the beginning of the voyage. ‖ Start at the（very）beginning.而in the beginning则是指起初，如：In the beginning, the planet upon which we live was a large ball of flaming matter.
bias, preference, prejudice
这三个词均有“偏爱”的意思。
bias 指根据个人好恶而对某人某事赞成或反对的偏颇之见。后接against或in favor of/toward表示感情的选择，如：He often does foolish things because of his bias in favor of his relatives. bias 常用strong/intense/deep-rooted等词修饰。常用动词搭配有：demonstrate/display/exhibit/show one's bias。
preference 强调根据自己的爱好或偏好进行选择，与for sth.或to sb.搭配，如：She has a preference for French novels. ‖ In considering people for jobs, we give preference to those with some experience.
prejudice 指的是无根据的不公正的判断、感情和看法，通常带有恶意。后接against/in favor of表示感情的选择，如：She has always lived in a small village and her mind is full of prejudices against strangers.
bit
bit 可构成多个词组，其用法和含义各不相同：a bit（of）多少，有点儿，相当，如：Let me give you a bit of mind. ‖ Please wait a bit. ‖ I am feeling a bit tired. ‖ not a bit一点也不，如：Do you mind if I open the window Not a bit. ‖ quite a bit表示“相当数量或程度”，常和more或less搭配，如：Five inches of snow fell today, and quite a bit more is coming tomorrow. ‖ Daniel was sick quite a bit less last year. ‖ a bit of a...一点儿…的味道，（有）几分，如：He gave us a bit of a lecture.
bloom, blossom, flower
这三个词都有“花”的意思。
bloom 主要用于指观赏花和树木及草本植物的“花”、“花朵”，常以复数形式出现，如：Their garden was full of wonderful blooms.短语in（full）bloom表示“绽放”，如：Those roses will be in full bloom. ‖ in the bloom of用于比喻表示“在…壮盛时期”，如：She is just in the bloom of young womanhood.
blossom 常指植物在结果实之前所开的“花”，用作可数名词或不可数名词，如：The grass was covered with white blossom（s）.短语in（full）blossom表示“绽放”，同in（full）bloom可以互换使用，如：The apple tree is in blossom for the second time this year.
flower 用法很广，没有限制，可指任何花、草、树等的“花”，也可用复数形式flowers表示“花枝”。短语be in flower或come into flower表示“绽放”，如：Our roses are usually in flower from April to November, but this year they came into flower late. ‖ in the flower of同in the bloom of意思一样，表示“在…壮盛时期”，如：He died in the flower of youth.
board, plank
这两个词都可指“木板”。
board 指厚重的木板，也可是其他材料制成的薄板，可数名词，如：blackboard ‖ notice board。
plank 指狭长的“木板，板条”，可以是木材，也可以是其他材料，可数名词，如：We use a plank to cross the river.
body, carcass, corpse, remains
这几个词都有“尸体”的意思。
body 常指人或动物的身体，不论是活的还是死的。作“尸体”解时在一般情况下可代替 corpse ，更适用于新近死去的。对一个痛失亲人的人说话时提 body ，不说 corpse ，如：His body was brought back to England for burial. body 有时也指肉体，与mind或soul相对，如：He is absent in body, but present in spirit.也常用以构成词组：body and soul全心全意地‖ keep body and soul together勉强维持生计‖ over my dead body死也不让…，如：They'll demolish this house over my dead body.
carcass 多指动物的尸体，或屠宰了的动物躯体。用于人尸体时往往带有贬义，如：There was a swarm of flies in the carcass of the lion. ‖ On the bleak shore now lies the abandoned king, a headless carcass, and a nameless thing.
corpse 尤其指人的尸体，如：The soldiers made a ring about the corpse of Caesar.
remains 遗体，常作为委婉语在殡葬中使用，可避免用语气直率的 body ；还指部分被破坏了的尸体、遗骨，常跟介词of，如：Investigators found a trench containing human remains.
bonus, premium, reward
这三个词都表示一笔“奖励”、“酬金”。
bonus 指除工资外的津贴或奖金，如：The workers got a Christmas bonus.
premium 是附加报酬，额外的补贴，尤指对工作表现出色者的奖励，如：pay and premiums ‖ Investors were even more willing to pay a premium for companies that offer such a potential for growth.常用词组有：at a premium高价的，奇货可居的，如：Fertilizers are sold at a premium by government officials. ‖ put/place a premium on sth.注重，重视，如：We do put a very high premium on common sense.
reward 常指因协助他人而得到的酬金，如：The old lady gave the boy reward for bringing back the lost dog.
brim, brink, edge, margin, rim, verge
这些词指事物的“边界线”或“轮廓”。
brim 可指茶杯、水钵、帽子等的开口边缘，如：the brim of a cup ‖ the brim of a hat。常用搭配有：to the brim到边缘，如：The bowl is full to the brim.
brink 强调地面上高低地之间的悬殊差异，常与介词at/on搭配，表示“处于…边缘”，如：He stood shivering on the brink, waiting to dive in.
edge 指沿物体一边的细线，且多指带棱的边，如：trim the edge of a lawn。常用介词短语：at/on the edge of在…的边缘，如：Look at the south edge of the terrace.
margin 指书页的空白边，如：make notes in/on the margins。形容词搭配有：slender/slim/small/narrow/margins ‖ comfortable/handsome/huge/large/wide margins。也可指某一区域的边缘，如：the margin of a lake/pond/wood。
rim 专指圆筒或圆形物如帽子、眼镜、耳朵等的边，如：He tested the rim of the glass to see if it was clipped.常见介词搭配有：along a rim ‖ on a rim ‖ over the rim（of），如：The water spilled over the rim of the bathtub.
verge 既指划分线，也指靠近边线的外围地区，如：Heavy lorries have damaged the grass verge.常与介词on/to搭配，如：on the verge of... ‖ to be driven to the verge of bankruptcy ‖ Her misery brought her to the verge of tears.
border, boundary, confines, frontier
这些词均有“边界”的意思。
border 强调两国、两个行政区域的分界或边缘地区，也指某特定区域如田野、湖泊等自然环境的边缘，一般不用于引申意义。常与介词at/on搭配，如：at/on the border。也可后接介词between表示“…之间的界线”。常用短语有：on the border of将要，濒临于，如：He is on the border of fifty. ‖ They lived on the border of starvation.
boundary 指将某一区域与周边地区分开的边界线，如：territorial boundaries。引申意义可指思想、问题状况等的界限或限度，如：advance the boundaries of knowledge/our trade。常用的动词搭配有：enlarge/expand/extend the boundaries。
confines 可指围绕某一区域的边界线，也指被这一边界线围绕的区域，也用于引申意义，如：outside the confines of human knowledge。
frontier 边界，边疆，常用单数，和介词on连用，但不与in搭配。可引申为科学开拓的新领域，此时常用复数，如：advance/extend the frontiers of science ‖ the latest frontiers（of）。
breach, crack, gap
这三个词都表示小的断层或表面的裂缝。
breach 指墙壁、篱笆等的裂口或缺口，尤指突然或故意破坏所造成的缺口。可后接介词in/of，如：A breach in the row trees widened out finally into a path.常用动词搭配有：effect/make a breach（in enemy lines）‖ close/seal off a breach。也可引申为关系的破裂，如：cause a breach ‖ heal a breach ‖ a breach of diplomatic relations between two countries。
crack 裂缝，裂纹，指物体表面由于外力损伤或干裂、缩裂造成的裂缝或开口。常接介词in，如：She found a crack in one of the tea-cups.也指破裂声或爆裂声，如：His voice was like a crack of a whip.
gap 指两人或两物中间的空隙或间隔，动词搭配有：narrow/widen/bridge/close/fill/fill in/fill up a gap。也指差距，如：Now the gap between the rich and the poor counties has become even wider（has widened）.
break, interruption, interval, pause
这组词都可指“中断，停顿”。
break 指某一活动过程中的因为休息或进行另一项活动而发生的中断，时间可长可短，如工作期间的短暂休息或休假，如：a break in a conversation ‖ coffee break。
interruption 指在行动、工作或谈话过程中由于受干扰引起暂时的停顿，如：service interruption ‖ Constant interruptions interfere with my work.形容词搭配有：annoying/temporary interruption。
interval 指两件基本相同的事情在时间或空间上的间隔，还表示幕间休息，后接介词between/of，如：the interval between two desks ‖ There is an interval of a week between Christmas and New Year's Day.常用短语有：at intervals不时，相隔一定的时间。也常说：at monthly/weekly intervals。
pause 指动作的短暂或瞬间停顿，常与 break 互换，但比 break 语气要缓和，常常含有再进行下去的意味，如说话的停顿、战争期间的停火等，如：during a pause in a conversation ‖ a pause in the bombing。
breed, species
这两个词均表示“种类”，但它们所指的范畴并不一样。
breed 多指人工饲养的动物，如狗、猫或牲畜的品种、种类，如：a dog of mixed breed。此外 breed 还可指具有某种特质或技能的人，如：He represents a new breed of politician.
species 这个词单复数同形，主要指动植物的物种、种类，是生物学分类上的用语，现在有人把它用来代替kind或sort，但语气上要正式些。有时可用the species表示人类。如：There are several species of zebra. ‖ There are more than two hundred and fifty species of shark.
breeze, gale, wind
这组词都指“风”，但风力不同。
breeze 泛指风力小的、使人感到舒畅的微风。形容风力小，常见的形容词搭配有：gentle/light/slight/soft/faint/mild breeze等，如：The banner fluttered in the faint breeze.在美国英语中， breeze 还可指“不费吹灰之力的事”，如：They had a breeze over the choice of guests. ‖ He got the job done in a breeze.
gale 泛指风速大、风力强、具有一定破坏性的大风、强风，如：The weatherman forecast a Force Nine gale tonight.形容 gale 的风力，通常用heavy/severe/raging/moderate/strong/whole等词修饰。它还可用于短语a gale of laughter中表示“一阵笑声”。
wind 泛指各种各样的风，可大可小。表达“大风”，可用以下形容词来修饰：strong/heavy/high/angry，如：Fanned by the strong wind, the fire burned more and more furiously.
bribe
bribe 贿赂，指为了某种利益，使用钱财、物品、好处等来买通别人，单数或复数形式都可使用，如：The mother used bribes of candy to get a small child to go to bed.常见用法有：pay/offer/give/a bribe（bribes）to sb. ‖ accept/take/receive a bribe from sb. ‖ reject a bribe from sb.，如：The judge rejected a bribe from the defendant's family. bribe 也可作及物动词或不及物动词。
bulk, volume
这两个词均表示“体积”、“容积”。
bulk 抽象地表示一个物体的体积、容积或大小等，它强调的是这个物体的体积、容积之大，常与great/huge等词搭配，如：Great bulk does not always mean great weight.
volume 指具体按物体的长、宽、高计算出来的体积，既可作可数名词，又可作不可数名词，如：The box has a volume of one hundred cubic feet.
burrow, cave, cavern, tunnel
这几个词都有“洞穴”、“裂口”的意思。
burrow 多指兔、狐、獾等小动物打的地洞、地道供其藏身之用，也可指人挖掘的洞或通道，如：The burrow of a rabbit often has more than one opening, and stretches for some distance underground.
cave 指地表任何空缺之处，常指山、崖、坡等地方的洞或孔，既可以是人工的，也可以是天然的，如：The cliff dwellers found that natural caves gave them warmth and protection at that time.
cavern 指明确的更大的地下洞穴或范围不定的洞穴系，尤指石灰岩被水侵蚀后形成的天然深洞穴，如：The tourists clutched the guide-rail and hurried along the shelf of the cavern, oppressed by its airlessness and lack of light.
tunnel 指人工挖掘的洞中通道，从一处通向另一处，大都指与地面平行的隧道，如：a railway tunnel ‖ the undersea tunnel linking Britain and France。
businessman, merchant
businessman 指从事商业活动的人，也常指在一家公司中处于高层地位的人，如：He's a shrewd businessman who's popular with his staff.
merchant 指进行大量商品交易的贸易商、批发商，大都是从事国际商贸的商人。
calamity, catastrophe, disaster
这些名词都指造成重大损失或伤亡的灾难。
calamity 多指造成重大损失、破坏，并使人心情沉重压抑的灾难，如：A little calamity happened on his way to school. ‖ The frost last week was a great calamity to the citrus industry.
catastrophe 指突如其来、给公众带来巨大伤亡或损失的灾祸。用于个人时，可指极为糟糕的事件，如：A land reform programme benefited the poor but was a catastrophe for the rich landowners. ‖ The doctor was taking along a first-aid kit to cope with unexpected catastrophes.
disaster 是普通词，所指面很广，既可对个人而言也可对群体而言。强调实际造成的损失或带来的困难，如：The flood was the worst disaster the city had ever faced. ‖ They were glad they had survived the catastrophe and had met with no disaster.

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