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Unit 4 Inventions
沪教牛津版八年级上册
Key question
主题范畴：人与社会
How have different inventiond changed the way we live
Reading I
Unit objectives
I can:
identify important inventions in history.
talk about some interesting inventions in our daily lives.
describe my ideas for a new invention.
understand the features of great inventions.
理解伟大发明的特点。
识别历史上的重要发明。
谈论我们日常生活中一些有趣的发明。
描述我对新发明的想法。
crewed spacecraft
hot-air balloon
safety bicycle
car
steam locomotive
plane
wheel
What are these inventions called
Lead-in
wheel
hot-air balloon
steam locomotive
safety bicycle; car
plane
crewed spacecraft
Look and match
Pair work:
Discuss in pairs which invention is the most important and why.
Which do you think is the most important invention Why
I think ... is the most important invention because ...
How has the wheel changed the way we live
move easily
carry more things
make work easier
travel faster
go farther
...
The wheel
Brainstorming
Pre-reading
Read the article about the wheel and find out how this invention changed transport around the world.
Look at the title and the pictures.
1. What is the article mainly about
2. What do you think the word
“wonder” in the title means
When the first humans decided to leave their homes over 100,000 years ago in search of new places to live and better sources of food, they did it on foot. Humans continued walking across the globe for the next 94,000 years, until about 6,000 years ago when a number of important changes took place. For instance, in the Central Asian country of Kazakhstan, people started to ride horses. Although this meant that people could travel further and faster, transporting large amounts of goods was still a difficult job. That all changed, however, a few hundred years later with the invention of the wheel.
Who first invented the wheel We will never know for sure, but the inventors probably first used wheels to make pottery. Later they realized that they could also use them to transport people and things. They soon attached wheels to horse-pulled vehicles. Farmers were suddenly able to transport their goods to markets far away. This invention increased national and international trade.
The wonder of the wheel
The wheel changed the way villages, towns and even countries did business with each other but it wasn’t perfect. The roads were old walking paths. These old paths quickly became extremely difficult to use in wet weather. As a result, the first roads made of stone appeared after the arrival of the wheel. The Romans then invented new road-building techniques. The new roads were very good, and we still use some of them today.
The wheel not only changed the way humans move, but it also allowed us to build all types of amazing machines. Windmills, clocks and other machines all use wheels, and the Industrial Revolution depended on the wheel. Even in our digitalized world, we still use wheels in devices such as 3D printers. Without doubt, the wheel is one of the most important inventions of all time.
1. What type of text is it Where would we find this type of text
2. In what order does the writer present the information
Exposition (说明文)
Sequential arrangement (顺序法)
Example
Comparison
Fast-reading
Fast-reading
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3
Paragraph 4
a Wheels are everywhere
b New roads and faster travel
c Travelling was hard work
d A world-changing invention
Match the headings to the paragraphs with the information from the article on pages 52-53.
1. How did people leave their
home in search of new places
100, 000 years ago
2. How did people in the Central
Asian country of Kazakhstan travel about 6,000 years ago
3. What happened to people when they started to ride horses
4. What happened a few hundred years later
Para.1 Travelling before the invention of the wheel
Careful-reading
Para.1
100, 000 years ago
6,000 years ago
a few hundred years later
The wheel was invented.
in search of new places to live and better sources of food
started to ride horses
travel further and faster
on foot
Para.2 Increasing trade and business
1. What was the wheel probably first used for
2. What did people later use the wheel for
3. How did people use the wheel soon after it was invented
4. What were farmers suddenly able to do thanks to this
5. What did the invention of the wheel increase
Para.2
first
later
soon
suddenly
The invention of the wheel
increased trade
used wheels to make pottery
could use wheels to transport people and thing
attached wheels to horse-pulled vehicles
transport goods to markets far away
1. How did the wheel change society
2. What new invention appeared
thanks to the wheel
3. What did the Romans invent
4. What were these new roads like
Para.3 Improving roads
The wheel changed the way villages, towns and even countries did business with each other but it wasn’t perfect. The roads were old walking paths. These old paths quickly became extremely difficult to use in wet weather. As a result, the first roads made of stone appeared after the arrival of the wheel. The Romans then invented new road-building techniques. The new roads were very good, and we still use some of them today.
Para.4 Impact on modern society
1. Besides improving transport,
what did the wheel allow
people to do
2. Why was the wheel important
during the Industrial Revolution
3. What kinds of 21st century
technology is the wheel used in
The wheel not only changed the way humans move, but it also allowed us to build all types of amazing machines. Windmills, clocks and other machines all use wheels, and the Industrial Revolution depended on the wheel. Even in our digitalized world, we still use wheels in devices such as 3D printers. Without doubt, the wheel is one of the most important inventions of all time.
(1) How did people travel before the invention of the wheel
People travelled on foot or by riding hourses.
(2) What changes did the invention of the wheel bring about
The invention of the wheel allowed farmers to transport their goods to markets far away, increased national and international trade and changed the way villages, towns and even countries did business with each other. It also brought about the first roads made of stone.
2 Read the article and answer the questions below.
Reading Comprehension
(3) Why is the wheel an important invention
Because it changed the way humans move and allowed humans to build all types of amazing machines. The industrial Revolution also depended on the wheel.
search for new places
travel further and faster
used wheels to transport people and thing
changed the way
build all types of amazing machines
on foot
started to ride horses
The wheel was invented.
a few thousand years ago
6,000 years ago
Thanks to the wheel, people can travel faster and farther.
It has improved people’s lives.
Give a summary of the article
100,000 years ago
Post-reading
1. Look at the title. Why does the writer describe the
wheel as a “wonder”
2. Can you think of a different title for the article
3. What do you think the main purpose of the article is
A journalist is interviewing a historian about the invention of the wheel. Look at the questions below and role-play the conversation in pairs. Use the information from the article on pages 52 and 53 to help you.
When was the wheel invented
What did people probably first use it for
What did they later use the wheel for
How did the wheel affect trade
Role-play
“If you lived in ancient times, how would you travel Why Would you try to invent new ways of travelling Why or why not
Discuss in groups
Look around you. Can you see any wheels Where are they What are they used for
Vocabulary practice
1 Find the words and the phrases in the article on page 52-53 and match them with their meanings.
(1) attach (line 13)
(2) pull (line 13)
(3) path (line 17)
(4) depend on (line 24)
(5) doubt (line 26)
a a feeling of not being sure
about something
b a way made by a lot of people
walking on it.
c to need something in order for
something else to happen
d to join one thing to another
e to move something in a
certain direction
2 Complete the conversation with the words and the phrase from Exercise 1. Change the form if necessary.
Interviewer: Hello Dr Li! You wrote a book about the history of the
wheel. How did the wheel change people’s lives
Dr Li: Before the wheel, people (1) _____________ animals to carry
heavy things, or they carried things themselves.
Interviewer: Did people continue to use animals to move things after
the invention of the wheel
Dr Li: Yes. That’s how horse-pulled vehicles came about. They put
things in the vehicles, (2)_________ the horses and off they
went! It was so much easier for a horse to (3) ______ something
than carry it on its back.
Interviewer: How were the roads back then
Dr Li: Terrible! The roads were really just (4)______ from people
walking the same way for years.
Interviewer: Thank you for the information!
Dr Li:You’re welcome. There is no (5)______ that the wheel is the
greatest invention of all time!
depended on
attached
pull
paths
doubt
3 Write about an invention with the word and expressions below.
increase after the arrival of ...
changed with the invention of ... depend on
one of the most important inventions of all time
Unit 4 Inventions
沪教牛津版八年级上册
Key question
主题范畴：人与社会
How have different inventiond changed the way we live
Reading II
目录
Revision
1
Phrases
2
Language points
3
Practice
4
Revision
Complete the Mind map according to the text.
in search
of
took place
For instance
to
transport
used to
make
attached to
wet weather
made of
allowed to build
depended on
Phrases
Find out the phrases from P52 to P53.
1. 蒸汽机车 _____________________ (P52)
2. 寻找 _____________________ (P52)
3. 步行 _____________________ (P52)
4. 遍及全球 _____________________ (P52)
5. 几个；若干 _____________________ (P52)
6. 发生；进行 _____________________ (P52)
7. 例如；比如 _____________________ (P52)
8. 大量 _____________________ (P52)
steam locomotive
in search of
on foot
across the globe
a number of
take place
for instance
large amounts of
9. 把……固定在…… _________________ (P52)
10. 国际贸易 _________________ (P52)
11. 载人航天器 _________________ (P53)
12. 在潮湿的天气 _________________ (P53)
13. 依靠；依赖 _________________ (P53)
14. 3D打印机 _________________ (P53)
15. 毫无疑问 _________________ (P53)
16. 自古以来；有史以来_________________ (P53)
attach ... to ...
international trade
crewed spacecraft
depend on
3D printer
without doubt
of all time
in wet weather
Language points
1. 汤姆在比赛前到处找他的鞋。
.
2. 图书馆不远。我们可以走路过去。
.
1. When the first humans decided to leave their homes over 100,000 years ago in search of new places to live and better sources of food, they did it on foot.
句意：当第一批人类在 10 万年前决定离开家园，寻找新的居住地和更好的食物来源时，他们都是步行的。
即学即练
Tom is ___ ______ ___ his shoes before the game.
① in search of 意为“寻找”；意思等同于 “to search / in order to search”
② on foot 意为“步行”
The library is not far. We can get there ____ ____.
in search of
on foot
【拓展】交通方式的表达
1) take + a + 交通工具：
take a bus /train/plane /ship（乘公交 / 火车 / 飞机 / 轮船）
2) by + 交通工具（无冠词）：
by bus /car/train /air/sea（乘公交 / 汽车 / 火车 / 飞机 / 海运）
3) on/in + 限定词 + 交通工具：
on a bike /bus/train（骑自行车 / 乘公交 / 火车）
in a car /taxi（乘汽车 / 出租车）
4) 驾驶 / 骑行类
drive a car /truck（驾驶汽车 / 卡车）
ride a bike /motorcycle（骑自行车 / 摩托车）
5) 步行与特殊方式
walk to + 地点 = go to + 地点 + on foot（步行去……）
1. 我喜欢做运动，例如打篮球和游泳。
.
2. 她讨厌一些蔬菜，例如胡萝卜。
.
2. For instance, in the Central Asian country of Kazakhstan, people started to ride horses.
句意：例如，在中亚国家哈萨克斯坦，人们开始骑马。
即学即练
I love playing sports,___ _______, basketball and swimming.
① for instance 是英语中常用的连接词，相当于 “for example”，用于举例说明前文提到的观点或情况，使表述更具体、易懂。
She hates vegetables, ____ _______, carrots.
for instance
for instance
1. 太阳在我们的太阳系中扮演着核心角色。
.
2. 请在这页纸的中央写上你的名字。
.
即学即练
The sun ____ ___ _____ ____ in our solar system.
② central adj. 中心的；重要的；核心的
→centre/center n. 中心
“in the centre of ” 是介词短语，意为 “在…… 的中心 /
中央”，用于描述物体、地点或抽象概念的空间位置
或核心地位。
Please write your name ___ ___ _____ ___ the page.
plays a central role
in the centre of
虽然我很累，但我睡不着。
.
3. Although this meant that people could travel further and faster, transporting large amounts of goods was still a difficult job.
句意：虽然这意味着人们可以走得更远、更快，但运输大量货物仍然是件困难的工作。
即学即练
_________ I was tired, I couldn’t sleep.
① although 连词，用于引导让步状语从句，表示 “尽管；虽然”，体现主从句之间的转折关系。不能跟 but 一起用
Although
The government has spent ________ money on
improving the public transport system.
A. a large number of B. large amounts of
C. a large amount of D. the number of
即学即练
② large amounts of ... 意为：“大量的......”，常与不可数名词连用。
反义表达：small amounts of ...
同义短语：lots of, plenty of 等
B
1. He didn’t study for the exam. ________, he failed.
A. As a result B. As a result of
2. ________ the heavy rain, the football match was canceled.
A. As a result B. As a result of
4. As a result, the first roads made of stone appeared after the arrival of the wheel.
句意：因此，在车轮问世后，第一批由石头铺设的道路出现了。
即学即练
A
as a result 意为“因此；结果”，用于体现因果关系；通常
位于句首，后接逗号，与后面的句子隔开。
as a result of 意为“由于；因为”，后接名词、代词或动词
ing形式，不能直接跟句子。
B
1. Thomas Edison was a great ________.
2. Edison didn’t actually ________ the light bulb, but he improved its design to make it practical for widespread use.
3. The telephone is widely considered to be one of the most important ___________ of the 19th century.
5. Who first invented the wheel
句意：谁最先发明了轮子？
即学即练
inventor
invent v. 发明 invention n. 发明；发明物
inventor n. 发明家
invent
inventions
用invent的正确形式填空，完成句子。
【用法辨析】invent, discover, find, find out, look for
invent：意为 “发明”，指发明或创造先前不存在的东西。
discover：意为 “发现”，多指发现先前已经存在但未被
发现的事物、真理或情况
find out：意为 “发现；查明”，同 discover，多指发现某
个事实、真相或者较为抽象的东西
find：意为 “发现；找到”，多指找到具体的物品，强调
“找” 的结果
look for：意为 “寻找；找”，强调 “找” 的动作和过程
1. 我不仅喜欢游泳，而且还喜欢打篮球。
2. 他和我都是学生。(not only … but also)
6. The wheel not only changed the way humans move, but it also allowed us to build all types of amazing machines.
句意：轮子不仅改变了人类的移动方式，还让我们能够建造各种各样的神奇机器。
即学即练
I ___ ___ like swimming, ____ ____ like playing basketball.
①not only … but also … 意思是“不仅……而且……”，连接并列主语时要用就近原则。
Not only he but also I ____ a student.
not only but also
am
1. The sign says dogs are not allowed ________ (come) in.
2. My parents allow me ________ (play) after I finish my homework.
3. The library has all types of ________ (book), from science fiction to history.
即学即练
② allow sb. to do sth. 意为：“使某人能够做某事；允许某人做某事”
③ all types of 意为“各种类型的”，后接可数名词复数或不可数名词；同义短语：all kinds of
to come
to play
books
1. 我们每天依靠公交车去上学。
.
2. 酒店的价格取决于季节。
.
7. Windmills, clocks and other machines all use wheels, and the Industrial Revolution depended on the wheel.
句意：风车、钟表和其他机器都使用轮子，工业革命依赖于轮子。
即学即练
We ______ ___ the bus to go to school every day.
depend on意为“依靠；依赖”；同义短语有：rely on
The price of the hotel _______ ___ the season.
depend on
depends on
Practice makes perfect!
一、根据句意和所给的首字母填空。
1. The bus has six huge w______.
2. We followed a narrow p_______ through the forest.
3. The c______ idea of this book is about friendship and courage.
4. We decorated the classroom with colorful b______ for the party.
5. A________ he is very young, he knows a lot about history.
6. Our teacher taught us a useful t________ for solving math problems.
heels
ath
entral
alloons
lthough
echnique
二、完成句子。
1. 列奥纳多·达·芬奇毫无疑问是有史以来最伟大的艺术家之一。
Leonardo da Vinci is _______ _______ one of the greatest artists _____ _____ _____.
2. 国际贸易为世界各地的人们创造了许多就业机会。
___________ _______ creates ____ ______ ____ job opportunities for people around the world.
3. 在过去，蒸汽机车会拉动很多节车厢。
The _______ __________ _______ many train cars in the past.
without doubt
International trade
steam locomotive pulled
of all time
a number of
4. 未来的载人航天器可能会将人类送往火星甚至更远的地方。
Future ________ ___________ may take humans to Mars and beyond.
5. 19世纪，许多人搬到加利福尼亚去寻找黄金。
Many people moved to California _____ _____ _____ gold in the 19th century.
6. 如果天气好，生日派对将在公园举行。
The birthday party _____ _____ _____ in the park if the weather is good.
crewed spacecraft
in search of
will take place
In this class, we have learned
new words and expressions in the text.
the detailed information and the structure of the text.
some important language points in the text.
Summary
Self-assessment
How well do you know about this lesson Tick the boxes.
I understand the new expressions in the post. 口 口 口
I understand the detailed information about the post. 口 口 口
I know how to retell the passage with key words. 口 口 口
I think I can use all language points correctly. 口 口 口
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