高中英语实用语法精讲 part 1 介词 讲义-素材2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

资源下载
  1. 二一教育资源

高中英语实用语法精讲 part 1 介词 讲义-素材2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

资源简介

高中英语实用语法精讲 part 1 介词
介词又称前置词,是一种虚词,表示名词、代词等与句中其他词的关系,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,表示与其他成分的关系,如:
The workers are paving a road with stones. 工人们正用石子铺路。
I wrote a novel in French. 我用法语写了一本小说。
根据介词的构成形式,可将介词划分为一般介词、合成介词、重叠介词、短语介词和分词介词五类。
第一节 一般介词
1.in
(1)表示时间“年、月、季节、周”,即在“某年”,在“某月”,在“某年某月”(但在某年某月某日则用on),在“某个季节”,在“第几周”等都要用in,如:
in 1986 在1986年
in April 在四月
in December 1986 1986年12月
in spring 在春季
in the first week of this semester 这学期的第一周
in the third week 在第三周
(2)表示在阳光下、在灯下、在树荫下、穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in,如:
in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下
the woman in white 穿着白色衣服的妇女
a prisoner in irons 戴着镣铐的囚犯
in uniform 穿着制服
in mourning 穿着丧服
in brown shoes 穿着棕色鞋
in his shirt sleeves 穿着衬衫
Tom was sitting alone in the darkness. 汤姆独自坐在黑暗中。
They went out in the rain. 他们冒雨出去了。
She was all in black. 她穿着一身黑。
They are reviewing their lessons in the bright light.
他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。
We are standing in the shade of trees. 我们站在树荫下乘凉。
(3)“in+时间”用于将来时态,表示“多久以后”,如:
It will be ready in a week time. 只需一周的时间就会准备好。
Linda will come back in 10 weeks. 琳达将10周以后回来。
(4)表示地点。
① 在(某范围或空间内的)某一点,如:
The kids were playing in the playground. 孩子们在操场上玩。
I learned it in the paper. 我是从报纸上知道这件事的。
② 在(某物的形体或范围)中/ 内,如:
Don’t leave the key in the lock. 不要把钥匙留在锁孔里。
Soak it in warm water. 把这东西浸泡在温水里。
③ 当同一句子中有多个地点时,小处用at大处用in,如:
Li and I arrived at Heishan County safe and sound, all is well. Don’t worry.
李和我平安地到达黑山县,一切很好,勿念。
I live in a great city, my sister lives at a small town while my parents live at a village.
我住在大城市,我姐姐住在一个小城镇,而我的父母则住在农村。
I’m in Liaoning, at Anshan.
我住在辽宁省鞍山市。
(5)表示语言用in,如:
Say it in English. 用英语说吧。
He wrote a novel in German. 我用德语写了一本小说。
(6)表示度量衡单位的用in,如:
The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system.
公里是米制中最长的长度单位。
The length is measured in meter, kilometer, and centimeter.
长度是以米、公里、厘米为单位来计算的。
(7)表示材料用in,如:
She cut it in knife. 她用小刀切断它。
This board was cast in bronze not in gold.
这个牌匾是铜铸的,不是金铸的。
(8)表示在……状态或状况用in,如:
He is in love with her. 他和她恋爱了。
She is in good shape. 她身材保持得很好。
The peach blossoms are in full bloom. 水仙花正盛开。
(9)表示在……方面与用……方式用in,如:
I am lacking in courage. 我缺乏勇气。
All the speeches were taken down by Tom in shorthand. 所有报告都被汤姆用速记记录下来了。
(10)表示处于……的心情用in,如:
Today everybody is in high spirits and no one is in low ebb.
今天大家都兴高采烈,没有一个情绪低落的。
(11)如下短语或成语惯用in。
in all 总计 in advance 事前
in the meantime 与此同时 in place 适当地
in hopes of(或in the hope of)怀着……希望 in connection with 和……有关
in contact with 和……联系 in addition to 除……以外
in case of 倘若,万一 in conflict with 和……冲突
in force 有效的,大批 in depth 彻底地
in regard to 关于 in the neighborhood of 大约、邻近
in retrospect 回顾,一想起 in behalf of 代表……利益
in the least 一点,丝毫 in alarm 惊慌、担心
in the opinion of 据……见解 in the long run 从长远说来
in one's opinion 在……看来 in word 口头上
in a word 总之 in vain 无益地,白白地
in case 如果,万一,以防 in detail 详细地
in haste 急急忙忙地 in conclusion 总之
in spite of 尽管 in other words... 换句话说
in return 作为回报 in the name of 以……名义
be confident in 对……有信心 be interested in 对……感兴趣
in doubt 怀疑 in love 恋爱中 in debt 负债
in fun(jest、joke)玩笑地 in hesitation 犹豫不决
in wonder 在惊奇中 in public(secret)公开他(秘密地)
in a good humor 心情(情绪)好
2.on
(1)on表示地点、位置,有“在……旁”“接近”“靠近”之意,如:
a house on the main road 临大街的房子
sit on my right 坐在我的右边
(2)on表示“在……上面”,用在表示物体的名词前,如:
There is a mark on your shirt 你衬衫上有一块污斑。
She had been hit on the back. 她被打中了后背。
(3)on和over都是介词,on表示“在……上面”,指一物体与另一物体表面相接触。over表示“在……上方”,指一物体与另一物体不接触,如:
There is a light on the desk.桌子上有盏台灯。(light与desk接触)
There is a light over the desk.桌子上方有一盏灯。(light与desk不接触)
(4)on与in都有“在……上”的意思,如on the tree/ in the tree都译为“在树上”,但却有区别。on the tree表示树上本身所长着的叶子、花、果实等;in the tree表示某物或某人在树上,如:
Most of the apples on the tree have ripened. 树上的苹果大多已经成熟。
The boys carved their names in the tree. 男孩子们把名字刻在树上。
on the wall/ in the wall都译为“在墙上”。但由于介词不同,在使用上也有区别。
图画、黑板、风筝等“在墙上”,是因为它们在墙的表面上,故用on the wall;
门窗、钉子、洞、孔等“在墙上”,是因为它们在墙的里面,故用in the wall。
There is a map of China on the wall. 墙上有一张中国地图。
There is a hole in the wall. 墙上有个洞。
(5)表示在(……交通工具)上,如:
He was on the ship from Beijing. 他在来自北京的船上。
(6)表示时间,用于星期、日期(包括该天的各部分)前,或者用于表示某一日和公共节假日前,如:
She came here on Saturday. 她是星期六来这里的。
They arrived early on a Tuesday morning. 他们星期二早上很早就到了。
I was born on February 18th, 1981. 我出生于1981年2月18日。
She ate mooncakes on Mid-Autumn Day. 中秋节她吃了月饼。
I ate mooncakes on that day. 那天我吃月饼。
(7)表示“关于……”,如:
She tested us on irregular verbs. 她考了我们不规则动词。
In the library she has got too many books on many different subjects. 在图书馆里她找到了许多不同学科的书。
(8)on表示状态,译为“处于……情况中,从事于……”等,如:
on duty 值日
on holiday 度假
The book is currently on loan. 该书已借出。
(9)表示“通过”“使用”“借助于”,如:
The information is available on the Internet. 从互联网上可以得到这个信息。
(10)与名词连用,构成短语,如:
on foot 走路,步行 on the/ one’s way to 在途中,在路上
on time 准时;不早不晚 on duty 值日
on show 展览;陈列 on (the) earth 在地球上
on the left/ right 在左(右)边 on the radio 通过收音机,以无线电的方式
on TV 通过电视,以电视的形式 on top of 在……上面(顶部)
on the team 在队里 on a visit 在访问
on fire 着火 on holiday 休假,度假
on sale 出售
3.at
1)表示地点。
(1)一般指小地方,如:
The party was held at her house. 晚会是在她家里举行的。
(2)把车站、商店、学校、机关等看作一个点时,也用at,如:
I met him at the railway station. 我在火车站碰到他。
I had a good time at the theatre. 我在戏院里过得很愉快。
(3)门牌号数一般用at,如:
Professor Lin, at 28 High Street. 请交给大街28号林教授。(此例常用在托人带的信封上)
(4)船只停泊的港名、地名,用at,如:
The steamer(ship)will touch at Fuzhou. 轮船将在福州停靠。
(5)常用在下面一些词组中:at the corner, at the top, at the foot, at home等,如:
There is a policeman standing at the corner of the street.
有个警察站在街的拐角处。(也说 on the corner或 around corner)
There is a hut at the top of the hill. 山顶上有一座小木屋。
So he threw himself at the foot of the tree. 因此他就扑倒在一棵树下。
I shall be at home all afternoon. 我整个下午都会在家。
2)表示时间。
(1)表示时间的一点,如:
He will leave at 2 o’clock. 他会在两点钟离开。
(2)指较短的时间,如:
at daybreak 破晓时分 at night(在)夜间
at noon 在正午 at New Year 在新年
at Christmas 在圣诞节 at the beginning of the week 在那周开始时
at the end of this month 在这个月底(末) at the weekend 在周末
(3)表示动作的方向,如:
Somebody threw paint at the prime minister. 有人朝首相泼油漆。
He pointed a gun at her. 他把枪口对着她。
(4)表示动作的目的,如:
What’s he aiming at?他的目的是什么?
The children are always at us to take them to the zoo.
孩子们老缠着我们带他们到动物园去。
(5)表示距离,如:
Stand at arm’s length from the person behind you.
站在你后边那个人伸臂可及之处。
(6)表示入口或出口,如:
We are to meet at the school gate at six. 我们定于六时在校门口集合。
She noticed an old pine tree ahead at the entrance to at the valley.
她注意到前边峡谷口有一棵老松树。
(7)表示年龄,如:
Mary got married at 25. 玛丽25岁结婚。
Tom left school at the age of 16. 汤姆16岁离开学校。
(8)表示速度,如:
He was driving at 70 mph. 他以每小时70英里的速度驾车行驶。
(9)表示价格,如:
Prices start at $1000. 起价1000元美元。
(10)表示“在……方面”(用在形容词之后),如:
I’m good at French. 我的法语很好。
She is hopeless at managing people. 她对人事管理一窍不通。
(11)表示“从事于……”,如:
What are you at?你在干什么?
He was at work. 他在工作。
I’m going to work hard at English. 我将努力学习英语。
(12)表示原因,如:
They were impatient at the delay. 他们对拖延不耐烦了。
She was delighted at the result. 她对这个结果感到高兴。
(13)表示存在的状态,如:
be at war在交战中
be at peace和平共处
be at an end完毕
I felt at a disadvantage. 我觉得处于不利地位。
I think Mr. Harris is at lunch. 我想哈里斯先生正在吃午饭。
(14)用在下列词组中。
① 动词+at:
arrive at 抵达 call at 访问某地
catch at (it) 当场抓住 come at 攻击
fire at 向……开火 glance at 瞟一眼
glare at 怒目而视 grieve at 忧伤
knock at 敲 laugh at 嘲笑
look at 看一眼 pull at 拉扯
rejoice at 对……高兴 smile at 向某人微笑
shoot at 朝……射击 stare at 怒目而视
thrust at 刺向 tear at 撕
tremble at 颤抖 wonder at 吃惊
work at 工作
② be+形容词/ 过去分词+at:
be angry at 恼怒于 be alarmed at 对……保持警觉
be astonished at 对……吃惊 be bad at 不擅长
be clever at 对某事很灵巧 be delighted at 高兴
be disgusted at 厌恶 be disappointed at 对……失望
be good at 擅长 be impatient at 对……不够耐心
be mad at 狂热于 be pleased at 对……感到高兴
be present at 出席 be satisfied at 对……感到满意
be surprised at 吃惊 be shocked at 对……非常震惊
be terrified at 受到……的恐吓 be quick at 对……很机敏
③ at+名词构成的词组:
at a distance 在一定距离 at a loss 不知所措
at a time 一次 at all 一点也不
at any cost 不惜一切代价 at best 最好也只是
at first 起初 at hand 手头
at heart 在内心里 at home 在家;无拘束
at last 最后 at least 至少
at most 最多 at once 马上
at present 目前
4.by
(1)by+地点名词,表方位,意为“在……旁边”,如:
by the lake 在湖边
by the window 在窗户旁边
by the door 在门边
She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.
她搜索了山顶,然后停下来在路边的一块大石头上休息。
After supper she would sit down by the fire, sometimes for as long as an hour, thinking of her young and happy days.
晚饭后,她常坐在火旁,有时长达一个小时地回忆她那青春、快乐的年代。
(2)by+时间名词,意为“到……时(已发生某事),在……之前”,此时谓语多用完成时,如:
by now到目前为止
by next Friday在下周五前
by three o`clock在三点前
By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed.
到去年年底,又有一座新体育馆竣工了。
The train leaves at 6:00 pm. I have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest.
火车下午六点开,所以最晚我得五点四十赶到车站。
(3)by+the+可数的时间、长度、重量等名词,意为“按……计算,按……买(卖)”,如:by the pound/ ton/ yard/ meter/ dozen/ bale/ day/ month等。
Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.
城市里的女清洁工通常按小时获得报酬。
In the market, tobacco is sold by the bale, eggs by the dozen and salt by the pound.
在市场里,烟叶按捆卖,鸡蛋按打卖,盐按磅卖。
(4)by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词(名词前不加冠词),意为“按……计算,按……买(卖)”,如:by time/ volume/ length/ weight/ height/ depth/ width/ area等。
As we all know, the freight of the luggage is charged by weight.
众所周知,行李的运费是按重量计算的。
(5)by+交通工具、交通方式名词(名词前不加冠词,不变复数),意为“通过……,由……,乘……”,如:by train/ rail/ tube/ taxi/ bus/ truck/ bike/ boat/ plane;by land/ road/ sea/ water/ air等。
It takes a long time to go there by train;it’s quicker by road.(或by bus)
乘火车去那儿要花很长时间,公路比较快。
“I usually go there by train.” “Why not try going by boat/ water for a change ”
“我常乘火车去那儿。”“为何不尝试一下坐船呢?”
(6)by+抽象名词或具有抽象意义的普通名词(名词前不加冠词,不变复数),意为“靠……,通过……,由……所致”如:by skill/ determination/ practice/ diligence/ inference/ chance/ accident;by mail/ letter/ radio/ fax/ telephone/ telegraph/ hand/ machine等,如:
He had been searching in the wrong area most of the time, but he found it by logic, not by luck.
他曾大部分时间一直在错误的地方寻找,但他还是靠逻辑推理而非运气,找到了它。
He made a coat with his own hands. It was made by hand, not by machine.
他用双手织了一件外套。它是用手工织的,而不是机器织的。
(7)by+地点或工具等具体名词,表路线、途径,意为“通过(某物、某地),取道……”,如:by a stone bridge/ the back door/ the freeway/ country roads等,如:
The man entered the room by the back door. 那人通过后门进入了房间。
(8)by+动词-ing意为“通过……,靠……,凭……”,如:by waiting/ practicing/ begging/ working/ imitating等,如:
He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.
他通过印刷著名作家的作品而获得了巨大的财富。
Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. Similarly, our minds are developed by learning.
身体是靠锻炼强壮的,同样,大脑是靠学习开发的。
(9)by+数量词。
① 表升降、增减的程度,意为“……了”,如by one-fifth/ 20 percent/ 3/ two feet等,如:
With production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.
产量上升了百分之六十,这家公司今年的业绩极好。
The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year.
对绿色食品的需求每年增长了大约三分之一。
② 表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算,如by 2cm/ 6 inches/ four feet/ nine yards等,如:
Luckily, the bullet narrowly missed the captain by an inch.
幸运的是,那颗子弹差一英寸就击中了上尉。
The bed is three meters wide by two meters long, and can fit at least four at one time. 那张床三米宽,两米长,一次至少可以睡四个人。
(10)by+身体部位名词或衣服名词,表示被抓住身体/ 衣物的某一部分(常与动词catch/ seize/ take/ hold/ grab等连用),如by the hair/ hand/ arm/ nose/ horns;by the collar/ sleeve等,如:
The policewoman caught the thief by the arm. 女警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。
The soldier grabbed the child by the collar. 那个士兵揪住了孩子的衣领。
(11)用于下列短语中:
by means of 依靠 by way of 经过
by the way 顺便 one by one 一个接一个
step by step 一步步 side by side 并排
shoulder by shoulder 肩并肩 by oneself 由本人
by birth 由出生 by society 由社会
take…by surprise 把……感到意外 learn…by heart 用心学习
what do you mean by… 你说……是什么意思 by my watch 通过我的观察
5.to
(1)表示方向、时间,朝……方向,向,往,到,如:
from north to south 从北到南
go to school 上学
keep to the right 靠右边走
turn to the left 向左转弯
ten minutes to nine差十分钟到九点
(2)表示终点、程度、范围:达到,到;趋于,倾向,如:
be tired to death 累得要死
change from bad to worse 每况愈下
to a certain degree/ extent 到某种程度(范围)
punctual to the minute 一分钟都不差
be rotten to the core 烂透了
(3)表示对立,反面;对应,针对;如:
a hand-to-hand fight 白刃战
face to face 面对面
contrary to it 与此相反
(4)表示对比、比较、选择;比;对;如:
be equal to ... 等于
be inferior to ... 次于
I prefer this to that. 我宁愿要这个,不要那个。
The picture is true to life. 这画栩栩如生。
The score was 9 to 6. 比分是九比六。
(5)表示间接关系:给……, 于……,如:
I give a book to him. 我给他一本书。
My mother wrote to her yesterday. 我妈妈昨天给她写了信。
It seems to me that... 在我看来……
(6)表示结果,效果:致,致使,如:
shoot a wolf to death 把狼射死
tear to pieces 扯碎
to one’s surprise 使某人吃惊
to the point 恰到好处
to no purpose 落空
(7)表示目的,为了;作为,如:
call to witness 叫……做证人
come to the rescue 前来营救
drink to one’s health 为某人的健康干杯
to that end 为了那个目的
(8)表示对象:于;对于;如:
be kind to sb. 对某人很好
be open to public 向公众开放
duty to the state 对于国家的义务
the right answer to a question 问题的正确回答
to my knowledge 就我所知
To him it is a trouble. 对他来说,这是个麻烦。
(9)表示结合,归属;归于;如:
belong to 属于
the key to my office 我办公室的钥匙
a private secretary to the minister 部长的私人秘书
Such a man is an honor to his country. 这样的人是他国家的光荣。
(10)表示适合;配合;按照;按,按照;随同,伴随;如:
sing/ dance to the music 配合音乐唱歌(跳舞)
not to one’s taste 不合……所好
adopt it to one’s needs 适合某人的需要
set words to music 给音乐谱写歌词
put milk to coffee 加牛奶于咖啡中
(11)表示关联、联系:对于,至于,关于,如:
What did she say to that 关于那件事她说些什么
(12)表示原因:由于,如:
fall to one's opponent's blows 受到对手的打击而倒下
(13)to oneself表示专对;专为……单独所有(所用),如:
have the room to oneself 独住一间
think to oneself 自忖
talk to oneself 自言自语
keep oneself to oneself 不与人来往
6.about
(1)到处,在各处(in various directions),如:
There lay books about the floor. 书被扔得满地板都是。
Flowers dot about our school. 我们学校里到处点缀着鲜花。
Sheep and cows are about the lawn. 草地上到处都是牛羊。
(2)向四周,向各处(to various places),如:
They are traveling about the world. 他们正在世界各地旅行。
The headmaster took the foreign guests about the campus. 校长带外宾参观校园。
The mice ran away about the house on hearing a cat coming. 老鼠们一听见猫来了就向屋子的四周奔逃。
(3)在四周,在周围,围绕(round),如:
There are a lot of trees about the house. 在房子的周围有许多树木。
There is a fence about their garden. 他们花园的四周围了一道篱笆。
The children sat about Lei Feng. 孩子们围着雷锋而坐。
(4)在附近(in the vicinity of, near),如:
Mr. An bought a house about the school. 安先生在学校附近买了房子。
The parents are chatting and their children are playing with toys about them.
父母们在聊天,孩子们在他们的旁边玩玩具。
(5)在里面(within a given place or area),如:
Billy could only walk about the place that Mary limited.
比利只能在玛丽限制的地方里面走动。
He seemed to have something hidden about his person.
他的衣服里好像藏有什么东西。
(6)在身边,在身上,在手头(on or near the body of),如:
Yesterday I wanted to buy the violin in the window, but I happened to have no money about me.
昨天我想买下窗口里的那把小提琴,但碰巧身上没带钱。
A strange smell about her caused her much trouble.
她身上的怪味给她添了很多麻烦。
(7)关于,有关(concerning;regarding;in connection with),如:
They are talking about the film they saw last night. 他们在谈论他们昨晚看过的电影。
This story is about Lei Feng. 这是个关于雷锋的故事。
Please tell me something about your country. 请告诉我有关你们国家的一些情况。
(8)从事,忙于(concerned or occupied with),如:
What are you about 你在做什么?
Do you know how to set about it 你知道怎样做这事吗?
(9)与what或how连用,表示建议或询问,如:
What about going out for a walk 出去散步怎么样?
How about this blue skirt 这件蓝色的裙子怎么样?
(10)接近于,大约,左右(or so;close to),如:
We left there about ten o’clock. 我们大约在十点钟离开了那里。
The school is about six miles from the farm. 学校离农场六英里左右。
(11)就要,即将(on the point of;going to),如:
Hurry up! The train is about to start. 赶快,火车就要开动了。
I was about to go out when it began to rain. 我正要出门,忽然天下起雨来。
7.after
(1)在……之后,如:
Let’s meet the day after tomorrow. 咱们后天再见。
After an hour I went back home. 一小时之后我回家了。
(2)朝着,如:
“Come back!” he called after me. “回来!”他朝我喊道。
Claire stared after him until he disappeared around a corner.
克莱尔一直注视着他,直到他消失在拐角。
(3)仅次于,低于,如:
A colonel comes after a general. 上校的地位低于将军的地位。
After the floods the harvests were subnormal. 洪水发生后庄稼收成低于正常水平。
(4)因为,由于,鉴于,考虑到,如:
She succeeded in solving the problem after hard work.
由于努力干,她终于解决了那个问题。
She got up, suddenly chilled after sitting so long.
她站了起来,由于坐的时间太长,她突然感到一阵寒意。
(5)为,替,如:
She used to mess up the floor and I had to clean up after her.
她过去常常把地板弄得很脏乱,而我不得不为她清理干净。
(6)仿照,仿效,如:
Look at the pictures and make sentences after the model. 仿照例子造句。
Rewrite the following sentences after the model. 仿照例子重写句子。
(7)依照,按照,如:
He was named after his uncle. 他是依照叔父的名来命名的。
The Wild Goose Pagoda that greets us today was actually modeled after its Indian prototype. 如今我们看到的这座大雁塔是依照印度那座雁塔的形式设计建造的。
(8)尽管,不管,不顾,如:
After all warnings, he persisted. 尽管有各方警告,他仍坚持到底。
The holiday itself was rather an anticlimax after all the excitement of planning it. 尽管计划度假时兴致勃勃,而到头来假日本身却颇为扫兴。
(9)追求;搜寻,如:
The police ran after the thief. 警察正在追赶小偷。
Mary is after a better job. 玛丽在寻找一个更好的工作。
8.from
(1)(表示起点)从,如:
He ran all the way home from school. 他从学校一路跑回家。
Our prices start from 2.50 a bottle. 我们的售价从2.5英镑一瓶开始。
(2)(表出处、来源等)出自,来自,从……而来,如:
This beer is imported from Mexico. 这种啤酒是从墨西哥进口的。
(3)(表原因)由于,因为,如:
They are tired out from planting the corn yesterday. 由于昨天种了一天玉米,今天他们都十分疲劳。
(4)(表距离、脱离,分离)离,如:
The house is five miles from the town. 这房子离市镇有五英里路。
(5)(表原料、材料)用,由,如:
Paper is made from wood. 纸用木材做原料。
(6)(表避免、阻止、遮蔽)避免,防止,以免,如:
He was kept from doing it. 他被阻止做那件事情。
(7)(表区别、差异)由,与(……不同),如:
I can’t tell one twin from the other. 我分不出双胞胎中谁是谁。
(8)(表判断、观点)由……来看,根据……来判断,如:
From her looks you would say she was about twenty. 从她的模样看,你会说她约莫20岁。
(9)(表根据、依据)凭,据,如:
He played the music from memory. 他凭记忆演奏了那首曲子。
9.of
(1)名词所有格的一种,表示“……的”(注意该用法所有物+of+所有者),如:
the window of the room 房间的窗户
the population of China 中国的人口
the top of the mountain 山顶
the morning of Sunday 星期天的上午
5% of the students 学生中的5% / 5%的学生
a map of China 一幅中国地图
(2)表示“某某市”,如:
The city of Wenzhou 温州市
The city of London 伦敦市
(3)表示数量,种类,如:
a kind of = a type of = a sort of 一种
a piece of 一块,一张,一条(新闻,建议)
a cup/ glass of 一杯
a bottle of 一瓶
a pair of 一双
a box of 一盒
(4)表示“双重所有格”,如:
a friend of mine 我的一个朋友=one of my friends
a friend of his 他的一个朋友=one of his friends
a friend of yours 你的一个朋友=one of your friends
a friend of my father’s 我爸爸的一个朋友=one of my father’s friends
a friend of Tom’s 汤姆的一个朋友=one of Tom’s friends
(5)表示部分或全部,如:
all of us 我们所有人
most of all 我们大部分人
each of us 我们每个人
none of us 我们中没有人
two of us 我们中两个人
both of us 我们俩都
neither of us 我们俩都不
(6)固定句型,表示动作的主体,如:
It is + adj. + of + sb.+ to do 某人做某事很……(通常都是表示sb.的某种性格品质)
It is kind/ nice of you to do... 你做某事真是太好了(口语中一般直接理解为“谢谢某人做了某事”)
It is clever/ wise of you to do... 你做某事是很聪明/ 明智的
It is stupid/ foolish of you to do... 你做某事是很笨/ 愚蠢的
It is lazy of you to do... 你做某事是很懒的
(7)out of表示“从……里出来”,如:
go/ get/ come out of sth. 从……里面出来
pull sb. out of sth. 把某人从……中拉出来
fly out of sth. 从……飞出来
out of work 失业
out of danger 脱离危险
(8)带有of的动词短语(英语中,很多词组里of与about都可以互换),如:
think of = think about 考虑,想到
dream of = dream about 梦想,梦到
talk of = talk about 讨论某事
hear of = hear about 听说
be sure/ certain of sth. = be sure/ certain about sth. 确信/ 对……有把握
be careful of sth. = be careful about sth. 小心某物
(9)其他of短语,如:
because of 由于 take care of 照顾
be afraid of 害怕 be fond of 喜欢
be full of 充满 be made of 由……制成
be proud of 对……感到自豪 in front of 在……的前面
in the middle of 在……的中间 instead of 代替
be short/ lack of 缺乏,缺少 be tired of 厌倦
10.with
(1)with表拥有某物,如:
Mary married a man with a lot of money. 玛丽嫁给了一个有着很多钱的男人。
I often dream of a big house with a nice garden. 我经常梦想有一个带花园的大房子。
The old man lived with a little dog on the lonely island. 这个老人和一条小狗住在荒岛。
(2)表用某种工具或手段,如:
I cut the apple with a sharp blunt knife. 我用一把钝的刀削苹果。
Mary drew the picture with a pen. 玛丽用钢笔画画。
(3)表人与人之间的协同关系,如:
make friends with sb. 与……交朋友
talk with sb. 与……交谈
quarrel with sb. 与……争吵
struggle with sb. 与……搏斗
fight with sb. 与……打架
play with sb. 与……玩
work with sb. 与……工作
cooperate with sb. 与……合作
I have been friends with Tom for ten years since we worked with each other, but I have always quarreled with him.
自从我们一起工作以来,我和汤姆已经是十年的朋友了,但是我经常和他吵架。
(4)表原因或理由,如:
John was in bed with high fever. 约翰因发烧卧床。
He jumped up with joy. 他因高兴跳起来。
Father is often excited with wine. 父亲常因白酒变得兴奋。
(5)表“带来”“带有,具有”“在……身上,在……身边”之意,如:
The girl with golden hair looks beautiful. 那个金头发的女孩看起来漂亮。
The famous director will come to the meeting with the leading actor and actress.
那个有名的导演将带着男女主角来到会场。
A storm with a hurricane has come onto its way. 带有飓风的风暴要来了。
Do you have money with you 你身上带着钱吗?
Take the umbrella with you in case it rains. 随身带伞,以防下雨。
(6)表想法,信念,态度与……一致,如:
I agree with you on how to deal with it. 关于此事如何处理,我同意你的看法。
I believe with the headmaster that a good teacher should not only teach a student what to learn but also how to learn it. 我相信校长所说,一个好老师不但教学生学什么,而且应教学生怎么去学。
(7)表示让步,意为“虽有,尽管”,如:
With all our money and fame, we are not happy.
有着钱和名誉,我们还是不快乐。
With good teachers and warmhearted classmates, the new comer always feels lonely.
虽有着好老师和热心的同学,这个新来的还是感觉孤独。
(8)表同时或同一方向,意为“随着”,如:
The temperature of cold-blooded animals change with the temperature of the surroundings. 冷血动物的体温随着周围环境的改变而变化。
The big ship is sailing with the wind. 这个大船正随风向航行。
And with the last words, she turned away. 随着最后一句话说完,她转身离开了。
(9)with的复合结构表行为方式或伴随情况。
① with + n./ pron. + adj.,如:
He left the room with the door open. 门开着,他就离开了屋子。
Don’t talk with your mouse full. 嘴里满是东西时不要说话。
② with + n./ pron. + adv.,如:
With the radio on, grandma slept deeply in the chair. 收音机开着,奶奶在椅子里沉沉地睡着。
With parents away, he always feels helpless. 父母不在,他总是感觉无助。
③ with + n./ pron. + done,如:
The fellow stood there with his hands crossed. 这个家伙两手交叉,站在那里。
The peasants have a good harvest with all the crops got in. 庄稼都收割了,农民们有了一个好收成。
④ with + n./ pron. + to do,如:
With this book to help you, you can finish your work as soon as possible. 有这本书来帮忙,你能尽快完成工作。
With so many problems to settle, the new manager was too worried to eat anything. 有着太多问题要去处理,新经理担忧得吃不下任何东西。
⑤ with + n./ pron. + n.,如:
The old man looks down upon everyone, with his son chairman of the company. 因为他儿子是公司的主席,这个老头瞧不起任何人。
He was taken to hospital with his legs a mass of bleeding flesh. 他被抬到医院,他的腿血肉模糊。
⑥ with + n./ pron. + 介词短语,如:
The man left the meeting with a book in his hand. 这个男人手里拿着书离开了会议。
The woman with a diamond necklace around the neck must be wealthy. 那个脖子上戴项链的女人一定很有钱。
(10)with的一些其他用法主要出现在一些常用词和习语中,如:
It is a long time not to get in touch with Tom. 很长时间没有和汤姆取得联系了。
Down with imperialism. 打倒帝国主义。
11.through
(1)从……中通过;贯穿,穿过(强调从物体内部或一定范围内),透过,如:
We started to push our way through crowds of children. 我们开始挤过成群的孩子。
The River Thames flows through London. 泰晤士河流经伦敦。
On our way we had to pass through Hudson Street. 在路上,我们必须经过哈德逊街。
The sunlight was coming in through the window. 阳光从窗户照进来。
We went through the forest yesterday. 昨天我们穿过了森林。
(2)通过,凭借(方法手段),经由,如:
He became rich through hard work and ability. 他通过努力工作和能力变得富有。
Jim learns to speak English through speaking much more. 吉姆通过说得更多来学习英语。
He got the job through his uncle. 他通过他叔叔得到了那份工作。
(3)由于,因为……的关系,如:
He failed through lack of experience. 他因缺乏经验而失败。
(4)自始至终,从头到尾,如:
The children are too young to sit through a long concert.
孩子们太小了,不能坐着听冗长的音乐会。
We worked through the night. 我们通宵工作。
(5)经受;经历,如:
That was a small matter after the revolution they had been through.
那是他们经历了革命之后的一件小事。
12.over
(1)在……上边;覆盖(on top of, covering),如:
I put a blanket over the sleeping child. 我在睡着的孩子身上盖了一条毯子。
He wore a thick coat over his ordinary coat.
他在普通的上衣上面又穿了一件厚外衣。
He went to sleep with a newspaper over his face. 他脸上盖着一张报纸睡着了。
(2)在……上方(above, higher than),如:
A lamp was hanging over the table. 桌子上方挂着一盏灯。
There is a bridge over the river. 河上有座桥。
The sky is over our heads and the ground is under our feet.
我们头上是天空,脚下是大地。
(3)越过;穿过(from one side to the other, across),如:
The boys climbed over the wall. 男孩子们爬过墙头。
We went over the river in a boat. 我们坐船过了河。
He jumped over the brook. 他跳过了那条小溪。
(4)遍及(in every part of),如:
He has travelled over the whole word. 他已经游遍了全世界。
The fog spread over the town. 雾笼罩着全城。
(5)多于;超过(more than),如:
He has lived in Beijing over two years. 他住在北京已两年多了。
You have to be over 18 to see this film. 超过十八岁的人才能看这部电影。
I have had this camera over ten years. 这部照相机我已经买了十年了。
(6)关于(concerning, in regard to),如:
The corporal felt very sad over the death of the boy. 下士对男孩的死感到很悲伤。
We looked back over something that has happened the year before last year.
我们回顾了在前年中所发生的一些事情。
(7)以;用;借;借助于;由(by means of),如:
I heard the news over the radio. 我在无线电里听到了这条消息。
We are talking over the smart telephone. 我们通过手机谈话。
(8)在……时(while),如:
Over a bottle of wine, he spoke to a friend. 他一边喝着酒,一边和朋友说话。
(9)职务高于(superior in rank,office),如:
Mr. White is over me in the office. 怀特先生的职位比我高。
(10)在……期间(during, throughout),如:
Over the years, he read widely. 在那些年中,他博览群书。
He came to town over the weekend. 周末他进城了。
第二节 合成介词
1.beyond
(1)表示位置,意思是“在……的那一边;在……之外;在更远处”,如:
The road continues beyond the village up into the hills.
那条路经过村子后又往上延伸到群山中。
The sea is beyond that hill. 大海在山的那边。
What lies beyond the mountains 山的那一边有什么?
(2)表示时间,意为“迟于;晚于;超过”,如:
It won’t go on beyond midnight. 这事不会延续到午夜以后。
He never sees beyond the present. 他从未看到将来。
This work is beyond my grasp. 这件工作非我力所能及。
Don’t stay there beyond midnight. 不要过了午夜还留在那儿。
(3)表示范围、水平、限度、能力等,意思是“超出;多于;为……所不能及”。在句中常作表语、定语或状语。
① 作表语,如:
The handle was just beyond my reach. 我差一点儿才够得着把手。
The machine is beyond recognition. 这台机器是不能被识别的。
Understanding this article is beyond my capacity. 我看不懂这篇文章。
② 作定语,如:
These were matters beyond his understanding as yet. 这些事情他那时候还不了解。
We succeeded beyond our expectation. 我们获得如此之成功,是我们始料所不及的。
③ 作状语,如:
She was really touched beyond words. 她确实感动得无法形容。
It’s quite beyond me why she married such a heavy smoker.
我实在无法理解为什么她会嫁给这样一个烟鬼。
Men can travel to the moon and beyond. 人们能到月球或更远处去旅行。
Is there life beyond the grave (喻)在阴间还有生命吗
(4)用在否定和疑问句中,意思是“除……之外”,如:
Fred owns nothing beyond the clothes on his back.
除了身上穿的衣服以外,弗雷德一无所有。
Is there anything more you can say beyond that?除了那点之外,你还能说些什么吗?
(5)表示年龄或数量,意思是“超过”,如:
More people are choosing to work beyond retirement age.
越来越多的人选择过了退休年龄继续工作。
At the party there were not beyond 30 persons. 到聚会的人不超过三十。
(6)beyond构成的常见短语:
beyond one’s power 超出某人的能力 beyond one’s reach 在某人够不着的地方
beyond praise 夸不胜夸 beyond example 没有先例
beyond compare 无与伦比 beyond midnight 过了半夜
beyond belief 难以置信 beyond recognition 难以识别
beyond (the) sea (s) 在/ 往海外 beyond one’s wildest dreams 大大出乎某人的预料
beyond 15% 超出15% From beyond the seas 来自海外
Peak beyond peak (of) 重重 beyond the mountain 在山的那一边,远方,彼方
(7)习惯用语:
It is beyond me. [口]我能力所不及;我不能理解
beyond sb. 为某人所不能理解
beyond oneself 精神错乱;忘形;失态
2.inside
(1)表示位置时意为“在……里面;在……内侧”,也可用inside of表达此意,后者常见于美式英语中,如:
Inside the box was a gold watch. 盒子里装着一只金表。
(2)表示“在……肚内;在……胃(肠)中”,如:
She could feel the baby kicking inside her. 她感到胎儿在腹内踢蹬。
(3)表示时间时意为“在……之内”,也可用inside of表达此意,为非正式用法,如:
Our aim is to get the whole job finished inside of a week.
我们的目标是一周内完成全部工作。
(4)表示方向时意为“往……里面;朝……内侧”,如:
The couple chatted briefly on the doorstep before going inside.
夫妇俩进屋前在门阶上简单地聊了几句。
3.into
(1)意为“进入”,如:
Come into the house. 进屋里来吧。
Then they drove into London. 然后他们开车进入伦敦。
Let’s go into that room. 咱们到那屋里去。
(2)意为“使成为”,如:
We must put these theories into practice. 我们必须把这些评论付诸实践。
Put this into English. 把这译为英语。
I can’t put them into words. 我不能用言语把它们表达出来。
(3)意为“进入(某种状态)”,如:
All the workers then went into action. 这时所有工人都行动起来。
They all burst into laughter. 他们都哈哈大笑起来。
The plant went into production last year. 这家工厂是去年投产的。
(4)用于某些成语中,如:
They worked far into the night. 他们一直干到深夜。
We’ll have to go into that later on. 这些问题我们只好以后再研究。
I won’t go into details now. 现在我就不细谈了。
They are making inquiries into this matter. 他们正在调查这件事。
Coming out, he ran into Peter. 他出来时碰到了彼得。
You’ll get into trouble if you’re careless like that. 要是这样粗心大意,你会出问题的。
I am really into folk music.(口)我很喜欢民间音乐。
He is into me for $50.(非正式)他欠我50美元。
4.outside
意为“在……外面”,如:
They left the car outside the main entrance. 他们把车停在大门外边了。
Go and play outside. 到外面去玩。
5.throughout
(1)意为“整个……时期”,如:
The museum is open daily throughout the year. 这个博物馆一年到头每天都开放。
They worked like that throughout the year. 整整一年他们都这样干。
He was a brave fighter throughout his life. 他英勇斗争了一辈子。
(2)意为“在……范围”,如:
They export their products to markets throughout the world.
他们把产品出口到世界各地的市场。
The Fourth of July is celebrated throughout the United States.
整个美国都庆祝七月四日(国庆节)。
It is famous throughout the world. 它是全世界出名的。
6.upon
(1)意为“在……之上;在……上面”,如:
He laid a hand upon my shoulder. 他把一只手放在我肩上。
(2)意为“根据;依靠”,如:
We acted upon his instructions. 我们根据他的指示办事。
(3)意为“(走)上……,(爬)上……”,如:
He climbed upon his horse. 他爬上马背。
(4)意为“即将发生”,如:
The long-threatened storm was upon us. 那场预示已久的暴风雨即将来临。
7.without
(1)表否定意为“没有,无,不需”,如:
She had gone two days without water. 她两天没吃喝水。
We got there without any trouble. 我们到了那儿,一路上没遇到任何麻烦。
(2)用在no, not, never等否定副词之后,强调肯定,意为“没有……不,没有……则不能……,每……必定……”,如:
The old man cannot walk without a stick. 那位老先生离开手杖就走不了路。
(3)与-ing形式连用意为“不,无,没”,如:
She entered the room without knocking. 她没敲门就进了房间。
It goes without saying that health is above wealth. 健康胜于财富这个道理是无需多说的。
(4)表条件意为“若无,若非”,如:
I do not like to go to a country without knowing something of the language.
我要是不懂得一点那个国家的语言,就不想到那个国家去。
Without water,we cannot live. 没有水,我们就活不了。
Can you see without your glasses 你不戴眼镜能看得清东西吗?
(5)without引出的介词短语通常用作状语,但有时也可用作表语,如:
She is completely without shame. 她恬不知耻。
My investigations were without result. 我的调查毫无结果。
The houses in this village are without water. 这个村子里家家户户都没有自来水。
We were without electricity for three hours but it’s on again now. 我们的电停了三小时,现在又有了。
(6)without后接复合宾语的常用结构如下:
① without+宾语+副词,如:
I’d be lost without you here. 没有你在这儿,我会一筹莫展。
I’m very near-sighted without my glasses on. 我要是不戴眼镜十分近视。
② without+宾语+介词短语,如:
We’d be better off without them as neighbors.
要是没有这些邻居,我们就过得更愉快了。
I like coffee;I like it better without milk in it.
我喜欢咖啡,里边不加奶我更喜欢。
③ without+宾语+动名词,如:
Without anyone noticing,he slipped through the window.
无人注意,他从窗户溜了出去。
They debated for hours without a decision being taken.
他们争论了几个小时,也没做出决定。
④ without+宾语+不定式,如:
Without anyone to help, how can they continue
没有人帮忙,他们怎么能进行下去
It was boring to sit there without anything to do.
无所事事地坐在那里太无聊了。
⑤ without+宾语+过去分词,如:
Without another word exchanged,they started off.
没有再交谈一句,他们就出发了。
(7)without有时可表示条件,引出虚拟语气,与but for大致同义,如:
Without/ But for you, our project wouldn’t have succeeded. 如果没有你的话,我们的计划就无法成功了。
Life would be quieter without the telephone. 要是没有电话,生活就会清静一些了。
Without your advice I would have failed. 假若没有你的劝告,我想必已失败了。
8.within
(1)意为“在……以内”,如:
It’s within three miles of the station. 它离车站不到三英里。
We must live within our income. 我们必须量入为出。
It’s a task within your power. 这是你力所能及的。
(2)意为“在(多少时间)内,不到……”,如:
Within a day or two,Mary got a letter from him. 玛丽一两天内就收到他的一封信。Their troops should be withdrawn within sixty days. 他们的军队必须在六十天内撤出。
I’ll be coming with him within half an hour. 我半小时内就和他一道来。
第三节 重叠介词
英语中的重叠介词(double preposition)为数不多,它们通常由两个简单介词构成,常用来表达较复杂的地点或时间概念。
表示地点概念的重叠介词以介词from +另一介词居多,如:from above从……上面;from among从……之中;from behind从……后面;from beneath 从……下面;from between从……中间;from out of从……里面出来;from outside从……外面;from under从……下面;from within 从……内部。此外,还有in between……之间等,如:
The old lady looked at me from above her spectacles. 那位老太太从她眼镜上面看我。
They were selected from among many applicants. 他们是从许多报名者中挑选出来的。
Moving quickly from behind the criminal, the policeman was able to knock his gun away.
警察从罪犯身后扑上去,打掉了他手中的枪。
The policeman took out a time bomb from beneath the key part of the equipment.
警察从那台设备的关键部件下面取出定时炸弹。
The air was removed from between the two pipes. 空气从两根管子中间抽出。
Those miners were saved and they went out from out of the coal mine.
那些矿工得救了,他们从煤矿出来了。
Suddenly several robbers rushed from outside the jewel shop for robbery.
突然有几个强盗从珠宝店外闯进来抢劫。
A dog went out from under the table. 一条狗从桌子下面走出来。
They got unpolluted water from within the well. 他们从井里弄到未被污染的水。
Put the maple leaves in between the pages. 把枫叶夹在书里。
表示时间概念的重叠介词有:from before从……以前;until after直至……之后;until past直到……过后,如:
Practically this is not a phone you could trust to last from before sunrise to after sunset.
实际上,这不是一个你可以信任的电话,从日出前持续到日落后。
They did not stop working until after six o’clock. 直到六点钟之后他们才停止工作。
Have the liquid stay put until past eight o’clock.
让这液体静止不动直到八点以后。
重叠介词out of用法较多,详见下文。
(1)表示地点。
① 表示“在……外”之意,如:
The chemical plant is out of town. 该化工厂在城外。
Our factory is 4 miles out of the city. 我厂离城4英里。(指在城外,离城4英里。)
② 表示“从……里”“从……当中”之意,如:
We should remove the machine out of the room. 我们应该把这台机器从室内搬出去。
Pump as much air as possible out of the container. 尽可能地把容器内的空气都抽走。
You many choose one out of them. 你可以从中选择一个。
This is only one instance out of many. 这只不过是许多例子中的一例而已。
(2)表示动作或运动的方向,如:
As we pulled out of the garage, I saw the gun pointing against the car window.
当我们把车开出车库时,我看见那支枪顶住了车窗玻璃。
They walked out of the supermarket. 他们走出了超级市场。
(3)表示部分关系,如:
This will happen in nine cases out of ten. 这种情况十之八九会发生。
This is but one instance out of many. 那只不过是许多例子中的一个而已。
(4)表示“在……范围以外”“越出……界限之外”,如:
The ship is out of sight. 船已看不见了。
They sang out of tune. 他们唱歌跑调了。
This plan is out of the ordinary. 这是一个非凡的计划。
(5)表示“出于……动机”“由于……原因”,如:
The traffic accident was out of carelessness in diving. 这起交通事故是由于粗心驾驶所致。
The treatment of the topic is out of necessity much condensed. 由于需要,关于这个问题的阐述已大加压缩。
(6)表示竭尽和缺乏,如:
We are out of tea. 我们的茶叶用完了。
This book is out of print. 这本书绝版了。
That novel is out of stock. 那本小说脱销了。
(7)表示材料或来源,如:
He made the box out of old planks. 他用旧木板做了箱子。
This paragraph is out of Marx’s works in the original. 这一段引自马克思原著。
(8)与某些动词连用,表示“放弃”“丧失”,如:
He talked his wife out of buying a new bicycle. 他说服他的妻子不要买新自行车。
I couldn’t persuade him out of the resolution. 我没能说服他改变决心。
(9)out of固定词组:
out of accord with 与……不一致;同……不协调
out of action 失去作用,停止运动 out of all relation to 和……毫无关系
out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上气不接下气
out of character 不相称,不适当 out of control 失去控制
out of date 过时 out of doubt 确定无疑
out of fashion 不合于时尚 out of gear 脱节,失调
out of harmony 不和谐 out of kindness 出于好意
out of necessity 出于必要 out of order 不整齐,次序颠倒
out of one's power 力所不及 out of place 不适当,不相称
out of question 毫无疑问 out of the question 不可能,成问题
out of shape 变形 out of step 失调,不同步
out of sympathy with 出于对……的同情 out of touch with 与……脱离接触
out of true 不诚实,不准确 out of work 失业
第四节 短语介词
一个或两个简单介词和一个或几个其他词类构成一个短语,作用相当于一个介词,这样的介词叫作短语介词。这类介词的末尾总是一个简单介词。如:according to, because of, by means of, by force of, in addition to, in front of, in spite of, in excess of(超过), in terms of, on account of等,如:
Harry achieved his aim by force of sheer determination.
哈利完全凭借决心达到了目的。

展开更多......

收起↑

资源预览