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2026高考之介词
介词是句中需和一个名词或与之等同的成分构成介词语,并和句中的有关词语联系在一起的词。
I.作用
1.和名词构成短语
和名词构成短语修饰名词、动词或形容词。
例如:He feeds everyone up with his constant appeals for help.
由于他经常求人帮忙,大家都厌烦了。
In China most students in institutions of higher learning are free from tuition.在中国,绝大多数高等院校学生是不交学费的。
The giant panda likes to climb up a tree.大熊猫喜欢爬树。
2.和从句构成短语
和一个完整的从句构成短语修饰名词、动词或形容词
例如:
None of us were consulted on who should have the job.
我们中间没有人被考虑由谁担任这份工作。
Things are very different from what they used to be.
事情和它们过去的情况截然不同了。
He began an account of how he had found the key again.
他又讲述起他是怎样发现这把钥匙的。
Ⅱ.分类
介词大致可分为四类:
1.简单介词
at, by, in, on, up, etc.
复合介词upon, within, into, onto, throughout, etc
3.短语介词
in spite of, on(in) behalf of, for the sake of, with regard to, because of, owing to, etc.
4.由其它词转换而来的介词
1)从分词
We have informed them concerning that matter.
我们已经把那件事的有关情况通知了他们。
She often gives us good advice regarding our study.
关于我们的学习情况,她常给我们提一些好的建议。
Our bus drove past his school.
我们乘的公共汽车经过他的学校。
2)从形容词
The place is worth visiting again.
此地值得再来一游。
The boss made him work like a beast of burden.
老板要他象牛马一样地干活。
3)从连词
Nobody knew it but me.
除了我之外，没有人知道这件事。
I know no one whom I like better than him.
他是我所认识的人当中最好的。
4)从动词
There was no one except her.
除了她之外一个人也没有。
A similar timetable has been adopted save that the noon break is longer.
除午休时间长一点外,类似的一份时间表已获通过。
Ⅲ.常用介词( 根据含义和用法分组)
l . about, around, round
1)指位置:
about,“周围”的意思，但 round 和 around“周围”的观念较强。about不强调完全的围住,而round和around则强调这一点。 about接近的意味较强(美国人多用 around,而英国人多用round。但现代英语中around有向round靠拢的趋势。)
She looked a little heavy about the eyes.
她眼睛周围显得昏昏沉沉的样子。
A scarlet sash was knotted loosely about her waist.
一条红色的腰带松松垮垮地系在她的腰际。
About this table are fifty or sixty persons.
五、六十人围拢在桌子四周。
All around us were signs of decay.
我们周围到处是腐败现象。
He has put the noose round his own neck.
他已经把绞索套在了自己的脖子上，
Throngs may crowd about a man whose back is to the wall.
一个人背对着墙，人群将他团团围住。
This plant grows in the meadows about Oxford.
牛津周围的草地上长满了这种植物。
The ruffle of lace about her throat is eye catching.
她颈前饰带上的花边引人注目。
Her eyes had a suggestive redness around them.
她眼睛周围泛起了撩人的红润。
That boy hid round the corner.
那个孩藏在角落周围。
在英国英语中,around常和不可数名词或可数名词的复数用在一起表示围绕的概念。
They walk away, arms around each other's necks.
他们互相搂着脖子,向别处走去。
She began to be frightened at the pandemonium of
sights and noises that surged around her.
她对周围混乱不堪的状况和噪声开始感到害怕
2)指运动:
round表示回绕的运动，around一般表示静止的四周均有完全包围的意思,about接近的意味较强。
He flicks at the bats circling about her head.
他快速地扑打在她脑袋周围飞来飞去的蝙蝠。
He paused and looked about him.
他停下来在身边看了看。
He paused and looked around him.
他停下来朝四周看了看。
They flutter round you like moths about a candle.
他们就象扑灯蛾围着蜡烛一样围绕着你飞来飞去:
She twined the flowers in wreaths and bound them in
rings around the brown water-jars.
她把花儿扎成一个个圆环然后围绕着棕黄色的水坛把
它们一环套一环地捆成环状。
Putting her gloved hands around his neck, she kissehimcoolly.
她用戴手套的手搂住他的脖子，冷冰冰地吻了他一下。
He flew around the world.
他围绕地球飞行,
I find my own thoughts always swinging round the same pole.
我发现我的思路老是围绕着同一个点,
3)双指:
Don't leave bottles, tins and papers about the park.
不要将瓶罐纸屑在公园里乱扔。
Moody, restless, and unhappy, he wandered like aghost about the town.
焦燥、苦闷、喜怒无常,他象一个幽灵似地在城里到处游荡。
He wandered around the city.他在城里漫步。
The story had gone briskly round the town.这件事早就在镇上活灵活现地传开了。
2 .above, over
above英语意为“higherupthan”，表示在垂直高度上和客体的距离，而对水平方向的联系通常不予强调。
The loose coils of hair spread above the roundedsweep of cheek and chin.
蓬松的发卷从那圆鼓鼓的面颊和颏的周围蔓延出来。
Here and there warm isles of sand gleamed above the shallow tide.
退潮了，一个个暖融融的小沙岛伸出了海面，到处闪烁着。
over意指覆盖,若用于表示垂直的距离,则含有接触联系之意，还可表示“影响于”和“有重要性”。
Over our heads hung heavy clouds.
云彩沉甸甸地压在我们头顶。
pieces of hair, like dirty snow, quite short, stuck out over her ears.
一团团头发，象脏乎乎的雪，短短地从她耳朵周围伸了出来。
两词常用于修辞性语言中:
The rank of ambassador is above that of minister.
大使的级别比公使要高。
He soars above conventions.
他飞行的高度超过了常规。
He was slightly above middle height.
他略高于中等身材。
Key points can be reached by air from over seventy of
Europe's airports.
从七十多个欧洲机场乘机可到达各主要城市。
用数字作为数量或测量的表达式时,常用over表示“more than"的意思。但above用来表示垂直标度的测量结果。
You have to be over 18 to see the film.
十八岁以上的成年人才允许看这部电影。
The temperature is three degrees above zero.
气温是零上三度。
She is well above average in intelligence.
她的智力远高于平均水平。
Heights of land are given ‘above sea-level’.
陆地高度以“海拔”来标出。
The summit of Everest is over 8000 meters above sea-level.
珠穆朗玛峰的高度是海拔 8000多米。
比较:
see over 看下一页,检查,调查
see above看前面写的内容
3 . before, ahead of, in front of
在三者都表示位置的情况下，含义接近。ahead of表示在客体的前方有一定的距离。
She stared ahead of her.她注视着前方。
He was a quick walker and soon got ahead of the others.
他走得很快，一会儿就把其它人都抛在了后面。
Standard time in Turkey is two hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.
土耳其的标准时间比格林威治时间早两小时。
before和in front of都表示方向，但是before 含有对客体有重要性和影响之意,并是三者中唯一能表示与客体的接触处在不定状态的一个介词。
Ms A was holding her handkerchief before her face.She took another deep breath and uttered a long sob.
A女士用手帕捂着脸，深深地吸了一口气,长长地抽噎了一声。
Before us extended a sea of green forest.
一片绿色的林海展现在我们的眼前。
She fell to her knees before me and kissed my hand
她在我面前跪了下来，吻了我的手。
I felt lame and foolish before her.
在她的面前,我觉得象一个残废和傻子。
He paused in fron of me, looking down with a tender concentration.
他面对着我停了下来,柔情地俯视着我。
The Major laughs and makes jokes about it in front of me at parties.
几次宴会上,少校都在我面前谈笑风生地讲这件事。
有关 before 和 in front of之间的区别,下面的两个句子形象地作了说明:
There are some trees in front ofthe house.
(这里仅表示位置)
A tree stands before the door of the house
(这里就带有了文学和感彩,我扪可以想象到还可以加“and shades it",“makes approach difficult”等。)
4. at ,in, on
at指空间上的某一点或某一相对小的地点(常和in相对应)。in指活动场所或空间,小自房间,大至宇宙,都可用in。on 指空间上的接触面。
1)指空间:
at a point在某一点上
at the center在中心
at the gate在大门口
in the world在世界上
on the earth在地球上
on the plains在平原上
at Edinburgh , in Scotland (Edinburgh 虽为大都市,但是 Scotland 的首府)
2)指时间
at指时间上的某一点。on指特殊的日期,早晨,下午或晚上。in 一般所指,可长可短。
at sunrise在日出时
at night/midnight 晚上/夜里
atChristmas/midsummer在圣诞节/夏
on that morning/ afternoon/ evening 那天早晨/下午/晚上
at the evening傍晚in the evening 在晚上
on the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ night ofthesecond. 在二号的早晨/下午/晚上/夜里3)常用短语辨析:
at a distance远处一个点,常含比喻意味
It looks all right at a distance.远看效果还可以。
in the distance远方
I see a high hill in the distance.我看见远处的高山
at a word一言之下
He silenced them at a word.
他一句话就使他们安静下来了。
in a word简言之
He said it in a word. 他简单地把这件事讲了一下。
in the endfinally的意思
But in the end he gave in.他最终还是屈服了。
on end一连(和表示时间的复数名词连用)
It rained for three days on end.
雨一连下了三天。
at an end结束的意思
Our intercourse is at an end.我们的交往结束了。
at hand 附近，将到
He lives close at hand. 他住在附近。
Christmas is at hand.圣诞节就要到了。
on hand(手头)有,到来
I haven't any cash on hand.我身无分文。
Please be on hand at 12 sharp.请12点正到。
in hand在进行中
I have a new work in hand.我正在写一本新书。
at peace处于和平局面
Europe is at peace now.欧洲现在没有战争。
in peace平安地
We can sleep in peace.我们可以平安入睡。
at sea在航海中
The ship is at sea.这条船正在海上航行。
on the sea在海上
The battle was at the sea.战斗在海上进行。
in time 及时,最终,美国英语多用
The boy will become a useful man in time.
这孩子终将成为一个有用的人。
This train will get us there in time
我们将乘这趟列车及时到达那里
on time准时,及时,英国英语多用
The train pulled in on time.
这趟列车正点进站。
on fire正燃烧着
The house is on fire.这栋房着火了。
on the fire在火上
Put the kettle on thefire.把壶放火上。
in the fire用火烧,因火灾.
at the fire在炉边
on the spot当场,在现场,处于困境
He paid me on the spot.他当场付了我钱
The question put me on the spot.
这个问题使我处于困境。
at the spot在那点,表示场所
in one’s mind在某人的心目中,据某人看
(have sth.)on one's mind 挂虑(某事),为某事担扰
in the fields在田间
in the field在原野,在战场
on the field在战场
in the north在北部=in the northern part
on the north在北边 =on the north side
to the north在北方=to the northward
on the street美国英语(英国英语用in)
in the street英国英语
in the streets在街上，在外面
He died in the streets.他死在马路上。
in the way障碍
Am I in the way 我在这里碍事吗
on the way在途中
They are on the way.他们正在途中，
by the way顺便说
in the tree不为树本身有的东西
a bird in the tree 落在树上的鸟
on the tree树本身有的东西
leaves on the tree树上的叶子
below, beneath,under,underneath这四个词中undereath最特殊,它具有覆盖和隐藏起来的意思。
There are mines underneath the town.
这座城市蕴藏着多种矿藏。
below和under分别与above和over 互为反义词。be1ow指低于,under指在…下面,受…影响,被..覆盖
在文学性语言中,under有取代below的倾向。
He was under sixfeet tall.他身高不足六英尺
'He does look delicate', said Ella under her breath.“他看上去确实很脆弱”爱拉低声地说。beneath有“有损于(尊言等),有失....的身份”和“不值得这样一层特殊的含意:
It is beneath you to complain.
发牢骚有失你的身份。
His behaviour is beneath contempt.
他的行为极为卑鄙。
Your father married, as people say, beneath him.
你父亲又结婚了，正像人们说的，太失身份了。
在文学性的描写中,beneath常取代 below和under:
Beneath the moon everything was still.
月光下,一切静悄悄的。
Let us rest ourselves here beneath these birch trees.
让我们在这些白桦树下各自休息一下。
The polished surface beneath which the light of the candles seemed to burn again...
在这些抛光了的表面下面,烛光好象加倍燃烧似的...
6.despite, in spite of, notwithstanding
in spite of常跟严重的障碍、困难等，等于 notwithstanding,“不顾”的意思。 despite 意味弱一些,较为高雅,有时用despite of。三者常互相替代。
In spite of complex economic problems , Poland is still making useful, unspectacular progress.
尽管存在复杂的经济问题,波兰仍然在不断取得有效的,但不引人注目的发展。
He dropped the little darling in spite of warnings and protests.
尽管不断被告诫和反对,他还是把小孩丢弃了。
Full employment has meant fuller larders, even despite rationing.
尽管实行定量供应,但全部就业已经意味着有更丰富的食品。
7. till, until
两者之间只有很微弱的区别,until常见于正式文体或放在句首,带有“漫长”之意。 till语气较轻,多用于非正式文体,美国英语多用 until。两者用于否定式后,等于 before,这时需注意汉语的翻译。
He didn't come till 5 o'clock.(=It was not till / until 5 o'clock that he came. 或= Not until 5 o'clock did he come.)
他直到十点钟才来。
We hadn't heard it till now.
直到现在我们才听说这件事。
I was to hold Henry up till the last moment.
我要让亨利坚持到最后时刻。
From now on until/ his death in 1723, he lived quietly in retirement.
从当时起直到在1723年逝世，他一直过着安静的隐居生活。
The welding of the two languages was not complete until the generation before 1400.
15世纪以前的那一代人才完成了两种语言的熔合。
An American ultimatum gave foreign shipowners until September l to alter contracts.
到九月一日,美方才最后通知外国船主们改变合同。
8.toward(s),totoward在美国英语中为正式文体,在英国英语中为书面语和区域性文体。towards在英国英语中用作标准讲演语体。toward(s)仅表示方向,不含到达之意。to则有到达的意味。
A maze of questions,instructions, and cross-referencesoon turns out to be a clear path towards self-revelation.
错综复杂的问题，指示和交互参考很快变成为通向自我发现的一条清晰的通道。He had inclinations towards art.对艺术他很爱好,Her world-wide experience and charm have helpedthousands of clients towards the "security of a happy marriage.
她周游世界的经历和魅力帮助数千征婚者可能实现安定幸福的婚姻。
He couldn't bend his mind to his students.
他不可能屈从于学生的意愿。
两者的区别常常是很微弱的:
He behaved very meanly to his children.
他对他的孩子们很吝啬。
You have behaved towards me with hostility.
你已经视我为敌。
9. except, except for , besides
except为“除去”,“除外”之意,和主体分开。except for系不影响主句的谓语动词所表之意，即把except for后的客体考虑在内，不影响主体的现实。句首一般用except for此时常和except同义。besides一般为“除了…还有”之意。
I have a few friends besides you.
除了你之外，我还有几个朋友。
His composition is excellent except for some spelling mistakes.
他的文章很好,只有几处拼写错误。
Except for John, the whole class passed the test.
除去约翰之外,全班同学都通过了考试。
Everybody is down on me except you.
除你之外,大家都对我怀有恶意。
10, among, amid(st)
among后面常跟一个复数名词或代词,同被围绕的东西
严系在一起。例如: among friends, among us, among the
amid(st)以接单数形式的群体名词为主。表示同被围绕mountains.之物缺乏联系,常有互不协调或伴随之含意。例如:amid thecrowd, amidst enemies, amidst dangers .
A church stands amid(st)skyscrapers.
教堂处于摩天大楼的包围之中。
Amidst the confusion, he stood calm.
面对周围的混乱，他保持镇静。
11.常用介词含义
above(高)
over(直上)
up(向上)
on(与面接触在上)
beneath(与面接触在下)
below(低)
under(直下)
down(向下)

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