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2026高考复习之冠词
英语冠词有两个形式:不定冠词a(n)和定冠词 the。冠词是一种虚词,本身不能独立使用,只能附着在一个名词前帮助说明其含义。但是,冠词在句子中的用法灵活多变。由于汉语没有冠词,使母语为汉语而把英语作为第二语言的人掌握冠词用法特别感到困难。本节的读者主要是有一定英语语言基础的中国高中学生,为此,只对中国高中学生在学习使用冠词过程中不易掌握和容易混淆以及自以为正确而实际错误的地方加以比较集中的论述。一些简单易学和不易出错及混淆的用法将不在此列。
I.不定冠词
1.形式
不定冠词有a和an两种形式。
1)a用在以辅音字母开头,或以发音类似辅音的元音字母开头的单词前面。例如:
a one-act play a chair
a one sided view a man a university
a useful thing a European country a unit
2)an用在以元音音素或以不发音的h开头的词前。例如：
an umbrella an apple an egg
an elephant an island an hour
下面是一组英语中常用的以不发音的h开头的词:
heir, heiress, heirloom, honest, honesty,hour,honorarium, honorary, hono(u)r, hono(u)rable.
hono(u)red, hourly...
3)在以h开头且首音节非重读的词前,美国英语中一般用a,英国英语也由an逐渐使用起a来。例如:a(n) habitual action a(n) heroic act a(n) hotel a(n) historic spot a(n) historical event
4)缩写词或阿拉伯数字前不定冠词的使用以其开首字母或数字的发音为准。开首字母或数字以辅音音素开头的用a，元音音素开头的则用an。例如:
an M.A. a B.A.
an 80-meter-long rope a 200-foot-long race
2.用法
1)现代英语中,不定冠词有时可使用在某些不可数名词前,从而使其似乎变为可数名词。例如:
an ice(=a cup of ice )
an ice-cream( = a dish of ice-cream)
a land ( = a country or state )
a beer ( = a glass of beer )
2)和某些数词或名词连用,以表示数量。例如:
a couple a hundred a thousand
a dozen a quarter a million
an eighth a lot of a score
a great deal of a great many of
a large amount of a number of
3)用在一个体名词前表示某一类的人或物。例如:
A lion is a beast of prey.
(给某物下定义时,常这样用)
试比较
This is an apple, not a pear.
May I have an apple, please
前者说明某一类事物,后者泛指某类事物中的任何个。把上面这两句话变为复数形式,其区别即明显表示出来
These are apples, not pears.
May I have some apples, please
可数名词不带定冠词的复数形式通常不指某一类事物的整体,而指非限定确切数量的那一部分。这种复数形式用来指某一类事物的整体时,通常用来说明其某一总的特性。同样,这一用法也可给某一类事物下定义。例如:
Cats like fish , don't they
Grapes are a kind of fruit.
同理,当说话者认为使用复数形式比用单数形式更能表达其本意,即欲说明其总的特性时,也常使用不带冠词的复数形式,或称零冠词的复数形式。例如:
I don't like cats / grapes.
4)日常互有联系的两个名词由and连接,后面名词前的a(n)可以省去。例如:
a cup and (a)saucer
a hat and (a)coat
反之,则不能省略。例如:
I found a hat and a camera in the car, are they yours
同理,名词前使用其他限定词时也可按此处理。例如:
the first and (the) second, my father and (my) mother
比较a black and white horse一匹黑白花斑的马
a black and a white horse一匹黑马和一匹白马
某些抽象名词前可以加不定冠词来表示某一品质的具体行动、人或物。例如:
He was always ready to do others a kindness.他随时准备给别人帮忙。
She took an interest in her work
她对她的工作很感兴趣。
Some children suffer from a fear of the dark.
有些孩子犯有害怕黑暗的毛病。
The get-together was a great success.
联欢会很成功。
It is a luxury to me.
这对我是一种奢侈品。
6)常用在时间或表示计算单位的名词前,含“每”，“每一”的意思。这种情况下常可被“per”代替,在商业英语中更为多见。在表示计算单位的名词前还常和定冠词“the”通用。例如:
We have English lessons four times a week.
我们每周有四次英语课。
Take the medicine twice a day .
这药每天吃两次。
These apples are/ cost 20 pence a / the/ per kilo.
这些苹果二十便士一公斤。
The train runs sixty miles an / per hour .
火车每小时六十哩。
My watch gains five minutes a day.
我的表每天快五分钟。
7)用在某些词组或成语中。例如:
at a loss
in a hurry
a few
to have a cold
to catch (a) cold
to have a look
all of a sudden
as a result
a little
to have a headache
(但是to have toothache/ earache)
8)a(n)可作为“one”的非强调形式使用。“one”作强调形式,常用作下面情况:
a)强调“one”的数字概念,以区别“more than one”
I only want one ticket. You've given me two.
我只需要一张票,你却给了我两张。
试比较:
A shotgun is no good.
猎枪没有用处。
One shotgun is no good.
一支猎枪没有用。
b)当一个人或物区别于另一个人或物时:
One man's meat is another man's poison.
对甲有利的未必对乙有利。
c)表示某一特定的时间:
One day/morning, George came and told me all about it.
一天/ 一天上午乔治来告诉了我这一切。
9)“a one"常用在口语中,表示一个令人奇怪的人。
Oh, you are a one!哦,你这人真怪!
10)“a certain"常用在引起一段故事的开头,表示说话者认为有一些听者不了解的东西要讲。
A ceriain man whom everyone calls Blackie caugh the thief.
有一位大伙管他叫布兰基的人把那个贼抓住了。
One day a certain fisherman saw a huge fish jump out of the water.
一天,有一个渔翁看见一条大鱼从水里跳了出来。
a(n)可用在描述性的场合:
A book I want has been acquired by the library.
我需要的书这家图书馆已收藏了。
A chicken Tom bought was found in the yard.
汤姆买的小鸡在院子里找到了。
He has just come back from a university in the USA.
他刚刚从美国一所大学归来。
a可用在Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms 前，如:“a Mr Smith"表示一位叫史密斯对说话者来讲陌生的人。不用“a表示说话者本人认识或知道这个人。
a(n)可用来表示同一类或某一类
Those culprits are birds of a feather.
这些罪犯是一丘之貉。
Things of a kind come together, so do people of a mind.物以类聚,人以群分。
Your shoes and mine are of a size.
我的鞋和你的是同一个号。
Christine and I are nearly of an age.
我和克里斯蒂几乎同岁。
These swords are of a length.
这些剑一样长。
Are these flowers of a species / a genus 这些花是同一种花吗
试比较下面两句:
What sort of place is Hangzhou -It is a city.
杭州是什么地方 它是一座城市。
What sort of a place is Hangzhou -It's a scenic spot.
杭州是一个什么样的地方 它是一个旅游胜地。
14)为庆祝某事或以某人的名义举行的正餐前使用不定冠词以表示一次特殊的正餐。
I was invited to a dinner given to welcome the new ambassador.
我应邀出席了欢迎这位新任大使的宴会。
15)用在“quite, rather, many, half, that, such,...”后,以区别于常规的修饰程度。
This article raises quite a controversial point.
这篇文章争议很大。
He is rather a fool.他傻得很。
Many a man has sacrificed his life for the cause of the revolution.
许多人为革命事业献出了他们的生命。
Many a man has tried it before.
过去许多人都已对它进行了试验。
Your sister called half an hour ago.
半小时前你妹妹来过一个电话。
I have had such a busy day.
我忙忙碌碌地度过了这一天。
16)用在so/as/too/ how+adj之后。
We have not had so cold a day as this for many weeks.
许多星期以来没有像今天这么冷的天气。
She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
她正象你所希望遇到的女孩子一样聪明。
It's too difficult a book for us beginners (to use).
对我们初学者来说,这本书太难了。
No one realized how serious a crime it was until much later.
很久以后人们才认识到罪行的严重性。
Ⅱ，定冠词定冠词“the”可使用在单复数的可数名词前,不可数名词前,或群体名词前。其主要功能是指出说话者所要指的某个特例,某个特例的总和或某个事物的整体。说话者认为可通过其对“the”的使用使听话者能辨清他所指的特例。“the”本身并不足以辨明这些特例,它只作为一个“标志”(signal)来使用。我们通常可以将它的用法归为三类:
1.反馈型
Here is a glass, some water and three coins
Watch! I pour the water into the glass, then drop the coins one by one into the water.
在上例中,“the water”(群体),“the glass”(单数可数),“the coins”(复数可数)都是前面所提到的。
2.欲指型
l) There are three coats here. which is yours
Mine is the grey coat / one.
2) My office is the room on your right. lt's the one on
your right.
The water in this glass has now turned pink.
4)The light is on in the dining-room.
上述例子中的“the room”,“the light”和“the coat”说话者认为是唯一的,所以“a room on your right"意思很可能是“one of the rooms on your right”
5)“the"加姓的复数形式指全家。
the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children)
6)“the+adj”可指一总体的全部,其谓语动词在一般现在时中按主语为复数形式处理。
总体中的个体数目的表达请看下例:
the English-two Englishmen
the British -two Britons
the Welsh --two Welshmen
the Scottish/Scots -two Scotsmen
the Germans-two Germans
the Americans--two Americans
the Chinese -two Chinese
the Japanese - two Japanese
the Swiss -- two Swiss
(以[z]或[s]音素结尾的表示一个民族的人的个体和总体的词，其单复数形式相同。)
7)在两个或两个以上的人或地方享有相同的名字时说话者可使用“the”来特定其意指的那一个。
That's not the George Lamb I knew.
那不是我认识的那位乔治·兰姆。
The London of 1665 was far smaller than the London of today.
1665年时的伦敦比今天的伦敦小得多。
说话者欲强调众所周知的人名或地名时可用“the”
You say Shakespeare lived here. Do you mean the Shakespeare or somebody else
你说莎士比亚在这里生活过,你是指莎翁还是别的与其同名的人
“the Misses Jones ",“the Misses Smith”,表示没有出嫁的两姐妹。
3.纵横型
1)用在可使人再创造的活动前,如乐器、图片、影剧院、音乐堂等。
the flute/ accordion/ violin/ piano / mouth organ/bugle/ trumpet/guitar, the picture, the cinema, the theatre, the opera-house, the music-hall, etc.
但不能用在游戏项目前(体育比赛项目均在此列)。如:football, chess, cricket,rugby,tennis, hockey,ice-hockey, polo, cards, whist, draughts, dominoes.
judo, bridge, billiards, etc.
2)一个国家的名称中如包括有普通名词或其名称意指该国有若干部分组成,前面要加“the”。如:
the People's Republic of China
the Federal German Republic
the German Democratic Republic
the United Arab Emirates
the USA
the USSR
the United Kingdom
the Netherlands
湖泊名前一般不加“the”,如:
Lake Michigan(密执安湖),
Lake Baikal(贝加尔湖),
Lake Geneva(日内瓦湖)。
其它表示自然界的专用名词前一般均加“the”。如:
a)江河海洋:
the Thames 泰晤士河
the Yellow River黄河
the SuezCanal 苏伊士运河
the Baltic波罗的海
the Pacific太平洋
b)山脉群岛
the Alps 阿尔卑斯山
the Riukiu Islands 琉球群岛
c)海峡海湾:
the English Channel 英吉利海峡
the Persian Gulf 波斯湾
4)有些地名或国名习惯上加“the”,常见的有:
the Yemen也门
the Sudan苏丹
the Crimea克里米亚
the Sahara撒哈拉
the Ukrainew乌克兰
the Hague海牙
the Riviera里维埃拉(地中海边一旅游胜地)
5)“road”组成的道路名称前,“the”可用可不用。但“Street",“Close”,“Avenue”,“Square”,“ Lane”组成的街道、地点名称前不用定冠词。因此,为避免混淆,“road”前也尽量不使用“the”。如:
Edward Road, Oxford Street, Downing Street,
Park Lane, Geynolds Close, Tian An Men Square,
Madison Avenue
注意:road 前面的专有名词加“the”,常表示通往该地的道路。此时road一般小写,但实际应用中有大写的情况,如the London road,the Oxford Road.
6)“the”和与动词同形的名词组成的短语:
The number of students in our institute has been constantly on the increase.
我们学校的学生数量一直在增长。
Tom caught the ball on the fly.
汤姆抓住了那个飞行中的球。
Look out! A stranger is on the prowl!
瞧!那个陌生人在到处寻觅什么!
She had been on the go all day.
她整整忙了一天。
Throughout the entire day, there's not a minute when we're not on the run.
一天从早到晚,我们没有一分钟不在忙碌着。
Electric heaters will bring cold water to the boil quickly.
电热杯将很快把冷水烧开。
This type of hair-do is all the go in New York.
这种发型正在纽约流行。
They came to the rescue.
他们安全脱险了。
Ⅲ.常见短语辨析
1.out of question 毫无疑问
'out of question, 'tis Maria's hand.’
“毫无疑问,这是玛丽亚的笔迹。”
out of the question
不可能的
Sleep during the interval is out ofthe question.
幕间休息时睡觉是不可能的。
不必谈的，不容讨论的
Such a course is out ofthe question.
这样一条方针是不必讨论的.
incase of 假使,万一,如果发生
In case offire, ring the alarm bell.
如遇火警，即按警铃。
in the case of 就来说,至于..
In the case of production, the situation is excellent.
就生产来讲,形势很好。
at table 在用餐
sit (down) at table坐下吃饭
at a/the table在桌旁
sit at a/the table 坐在桌子旁边
on the table 摆在面上,公开地
Dinner is on the table. 饭菜都摆好了。
4.at hand 在附近,即将到来
He lives close at hand.
他住得很近。
The day of celebration is at hand.
欢庆的那一天即将到来。
at the hand(s) of 在.手下
The old way of life became totally outdated at the hand of the new technology and psychology.
在新技术和新的心理学的影响下，那种古老的生活方式完全过时了。
in fashion 流行
Those garments are no longer in fashion.
那些服装不再流行了。
in (after) a fashion 勉强,马马虎虎
She sings in a fashion.她唱得很一般。
in possession of sth. 占有某物
Who is in possession of the property
这笔财产归谁
in the possession of sb. 为某人所有
Washington Irving was born in New York on April 3,1783, while the city was still in the possession of the British troops.
华盛顿·欧文1783年4月3日出生于纽约，那时候这座城市仍然由英国军队占领。
7.take a fancy to爱上.
The children have taken quite a fancy to their nurse.
孩子们已经喜欢上了他们的保姆。
take/catch the fancy of使..喜欢,吸引
The exhibits took the fancy of the visitors.
展品吸引了众多的参观者。
8.at sea 在船上(但并不一定是海员在航海中)
at the sea在海边
9.to go to the bed 独自向床走去
to go to bed 上床(可能入睡)同类词还有:
to go to church (to pray)to go to school (to study)to go to college (to study)to go to bed (to sleep)to go to sea (as sailors)to go to work (as workers)to go to market (to buy.or sell)to go to hospital (as patients)to go to prison (as prisoners)to go to court (as litigants)同理，
in prison/ court (as prisoners)in hospital / bed (as patients)at church (as worshippers)
at work/sea/market (as workers)
当这些地方是由于其它原因光顾,则必须与“the”连用同上面这些词形成对照，一些常用词如cathedral,office, cinema,theater等必须使用冠词。university作为例外“the”可有可无,且意义无改变。
10.in front of 在前面
standing in front of the class
站在教室前面
in the front of 在.对面
sitting in the front of the class
坐在教室的前排
11.last week 大约七天以前的某一刻
the last week
刚刚结束的七天这一段时间
the army 陆军
12.an army 军队

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