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牛津新教材选修三 Unit 2 Thinking out of the box
Thinking out of the box跳出思维定势：超越传统思维模式，寻找新的解决问题的方法和思路。
Reading
Thought experiments: the laboratory of the mind 思想实验: 思维的实验室
What would we observe if we travelled at the speed of light? This is a question Albert Einstein asked himself at the age of 16. Imagining himself pursuing a beam of light, he reasoned that he should observe such a beam of light as an electromagnetic field at rest. This intuitive thinking later played an important role in the development of his special theory of relativity, as Einstein acknowledged in his 1949 Autobiographical Notes. It came to be known as one of Einstein's most famous thought experiments.
1) acknowledge
???Naylor acknowledged, in a letter to the judge, that he was a drug addict.
?在一封写给法官的信中，内勒承认他是一个吸毒者。
???He is also acknowledged as an excellent goalkeeper.
?他还被认可为一名优秀的守门员。
?a generally acknowledged fact公认的事实
?All applications will be acknowledged.所有的申请都将得到复函告知收悉。
?I gratefully acknowledge financial support from several local businesses.
我对本地几家企业的资助表示感谢。
v.承认;认可; 跟…打招呼, 理会；告知收到；（公开）感谢
2) reason adj.详尽论述的；理由充分的；合乎逻辑的
v.说服；推断（reason sth. out）；对（某人）以理相劝，劝告（reason with）
3) n. autobiography自传；自传文学
autobiographer自传作者
/???t??ba???ɡr?f?k(?)l/ Autobiographical adj.自传的，自传体的
如果我们以光速旅行，我们会观察到什么? 这是阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦在 16 岁时问自己的一个问题。想象自己在追逐一束光，他推断他应该观察到一束静止的电磁场。这种直觉思维后来在他狭义相对论的发展中发挥了重要作用，爱因斯坦在 1949 年的自传笔记中承认了这一点。它后来被称为爱因斯坦最著名的思想实验之一。
So, what are thought experiments? Put simply, they are experiments carried out in the laboratory of the mind; in other words, they take place in the imagination. We set up some hypothetical situation, carry out an operation, see what happens, and draw a conclusion from our analysis. As we explore the world in greater depth, we may reach a point where it is impossible to run an experimental scenario in the real world due to physical, ethical or financial limitations. In the circumstances, we move into the area of thought experiments, which function as a valuable means to test the limits of our knowledge and advance our understanding of the world.
1) put simply 简言之, in short// in brief// briefly
to put it simply简单的说
2) in other words换句话说
3) namely即，也就是
4) hypothetical /?ha?p??θet?k(?)l/ adj.（基于）假设的，假定的
5) scenario /s??nɑ?ri??/ n.设想，可能发生的情况 ；（电影、戏剧等的）剧情梗概；（艺术或文学作品中的）场景
6) means n. 手段，方法；金钱 The means by which we communicate has evolved dramatically.
by means of借助于用凭借
by no means决不,并没有,并不,绝不可能
by all means尽一切办法,务必,无论如何
那么，什么是思维实验? 简单地说，它们是在大脑实验室中进行的实验; 换句话说，它们发生在想象中。我们设置一些假设的情况，执行一个操作，看看会发生什么，然后从分析中得出结论。当我们更深入地探索世界时，我们可能会到达一个点，即由于物理、伦理或财务限制，不可能在现实世界中运行实验场景。在这种情况下，我们进入了思维实验的领域，它作为一种有价值的手段来测试我们知识的极限，促进我们对世界的理解。
While the term "thought experiment" originated in the 19th century, the use of thought experiments can be traced much further back, when ancient philosophers used them to explore difficult questions. About 2,500 years ago, Chinese philosopher Zhuangzi recorded one of the earliest thought experiments: if you cut a long stick in half and then cut the remaining part in two each following day, you will never finish cutting it. With the birth of modern science, thought experiments became an important tool for scientists, especially in physics. Today thought experiments are regularly used in the areas of philosophy, economics and the sciences.
1) term n.词语，术语；措辞（terms）；学期，开庭期；期限，任期；到期，期满；方面，角度（terms）；条件，条款（terms）；（人们之间的）关系（terms）；（数列、方程等的）项；（三段论中的）项；（建筑）界标
v.把……称为
in terms of依据；按照；在…方面；以…措词
2) trace v.查出，发现，追踪/溯，描绘（事物的过程或发展），记述；（尤指用手指、脚趾）画（图，线）；勾画……的轮廓，勾勒；（用透明纸覆盖在地图、绘画等上）复制，描摹
n.痕迹，遗迹，踪迹；微量，少许；跟踪，追查；（大脑上的学习或记忆）痕迹，印迹；
虽然“思维实验”一词起源于 19 世纪，但思维实验的使用可以追溯到更早的时候，当时古代哲学家用它们来探索困难的问题。大约 2500 年前，中国哲学家庄子记录了最早的思想实验之一: 如果你把一根棍子切成两半，然后每天把剩下的部分切成两半，你永远也切不完。随着现代科学的诞生，思想实验成为科学家的重要工具，尤其是在物理学领域。今天，思想实验经常用于哲学、经济学和科学领域。
Throughout history, thought experiments have contributed to the development of scientific theories. With logical reasoning, thought experiments are capable of putting forward a new theory and supporting or disproving an existing theory. A classic example of this is Galileo Galilei's thought experiment with two falling balls. In Galileo's day, Aristotle's belief that a heavier ball should fall faster than a lighter one was well accepted. Doubtful, Galileo asked what would happen if the two balls were tied together. He then figured out two contradictory outcomes: because the two balls fell at different speeds, the lighter ball would slow down the fall of the heavier one; but if the two balls were considered as a whole, together they weighed more and should fall faster than each individual ball. Using the power of the mind, Galileo was able to expose the paradox and prove Aristotle wrong.
1) be well accepted广为接受的：指某种观点、行为或产品被大多数人所认可和接受。
be well received受好评的；深受欢迎的:指某物或某人在某个场合或群体中受到积极的欢迎和接受。
2) put forward提出 (计划、建议、名称)
3) contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的
contradict v.反驳，否认；相抵触，相矛盾；发生矛盾
4) paradox /?p?r?d?ks/ n.矛盾的人（或事物、情况）；似非而是的隽语，悖论；悖论修辞
fictional ; myth ; hypothesis
fictional / ?f?k??n(?)l / adj. 虚构的，小说（中）的
myth n.错误的观点，荒诞的说法；神话，神话故事；虚构的人（或事），想象中的人（或事）
hypothesis /ha??p?θ?s?s/ n.假说，假设；（凭空的）猜想，猜测；前提)
5) prove sb./sth. right/ wrong
prove to be结果是，证明为
纵观历史，思想实验为科学理论的发展做出了贡献。通过逻辑推理，思维实验能够提出新的理论，支持或反驳现有的理论。一个经典的例子是伽利略的思想实验，两个下落的球。在伽利略的时代，亚里士多德认为较重的球应该比较轻的球下落得更快的观点被广泛接受。伽利略怀疑地问，如果两个球绑在一起会发生什么。然后，他得出了两个相互矛盾的结果: 由于两个球以不同的速度下落，较轻的球会减慢较重的球的下落速度;但如果把两个球作为一个整体考虑，它们在一起的重量更大，应该比单个球下落得更快。伽利略利用思想的力量揭露了这个悖论，证明亚里士多德是错的。
However, thought experiments are not always about proving something right or wrong with a definite answer. Instead, by making abstract, complex ideas more concrete and accessible, thought experiments can stimulate debate and lead to a more thorough understanding of the topic in question. A famous example is the Ship of Theseus, which was first written down by the ancient Greek philosopher and biographer Plutarch in the 1st century. He mentioned that for many centuries, the people of Athens kept the old ship of the ancient Greek hero Theseus. Over the years, all the original wooden parts of the ship damaged and replaced by the local people. Plutarch questioned whether this ship was still Theseus’s old ship, or whether it was an entirely new one. Many centuries later, the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes took the thought experiment one step further: what if someone collected all the original parts and rebuilt another ship? Which of the ships would then be the ship of Theseus? Even today, the ship of Theseus still sparks intense debate and continues to raise many questions about the nature of identity.
1) abstract adj.抽象的，纯概念的；（艺术）抽象派的；理论上的，不切实际的
n.摘要，梗概；抽象画，抽象派艺术作品；抽象的概念
2) concrete adj.确实的，具体的；实在的，有形的；混凝土的；物质的
n.混凝土
v.用混凝土覆盖（或做成）；<旧>（使）凝固，（使）凝结；使真实（化），使具体（化
3) wooden adj.木制的；（行为）僵硬的，呆板的；木头似的，木头特性的
wollen adj.羊毛的；羊毛制的n.毛织品
4) stimulate debate激发辩论
spark intense debate引发激烈争议
5) identity n.身份，本体；个性，特性；同一性，一致
然而，思想实验并不总是要用一个明确的答案来证明某件事的对错。相反， 通过使抽象、复杂的想法变得更具体、更容易理解，思维实验可以激发辩论，并导致对相关主题的更彻底的理解。一个著名的例子是忒修斯之船，最早由古希腊哲学家和传记作家普鲁塔克在公元 1 世纪写下。他提到，几个世纪以来，雅典人一直保存着古希腊英雄忒修斯的老船。多年来，船上原有的木制部件全部损坏， 由当地人替换。普鲁塔克怀疑这艘船还是忒修斯的旧船，还是一艘全新的船。许多世纪后，英国哲学家托马斯·霍布斯(Thomas Hobbes)将这个思想实验进一步推进了一步:如果有人收集所有原始部件，重新建造另一艘船会怎样?那么哪艘船是忒修斯的船呢? 即使在今天，忒修斯号的船仍然引发激烈的争论，并继续提出许多关于身份本质的问题。
With hypothetical situations, thought experiments allow us to explore the outcome of a given hypothesis which has real-life significance. They also help us stretch our minds by confronting and considering difficult questions. Why not ask our own "What if…" questions? By adopting new and innovative ways of thinking, we may arrive at surprising conclusions.
1) With hypothetical situations在假设的情况下
2) explore the outcome of a given hypothesis探究某一假设的结论
3) stretch v.（使）变大,拉长；（布料）可伸缩,有弹性；伸展肢体；伸出,伸长（胳膊或腿）；拉紧,拽紧；（时间上）延续；（空间上）延伸,绵延；使竭尽所能,使施展本领；耗尽,竭尽（财力或物力）；（使）延长使用,节俭地使用；（资金，资源）足够,够用；放宽,放松；夸大,夸张；涉及,囊括
stretch the truth夸大事实
stretch our minds拓展我们的思维
stretch oneself伸懒腰；伸展身体；尽最大的努力
stretch out伸手
at a stretch一口气地，不休息地
4) confront v.面对，面临；正视，处理；对峙，对抗；对质，当面对证
在假设的情况下，思维实验允许我们探索具有现实意义的给定假设的结果。他们还帮助我们通过面对和思考困难的问题来拓展我们的思维。为什么不问问我们自己“如果……会怎样”的问题呢? 通过采用新的和创新的思维方式，我们可能得出令人惊讶的结论。
Extended reading
How the world got eyeglasses
这个世界是怎么有眼镜的
What are the greatest breakthroughs humans have made since the invention of the wheel? When a magazine posed this question to a panel of experts, including scientists, entrepreneurs, engineers and historians, eyeglasses came in behind only modern electronics, penicillin, electricity and the printing press.
1. make a breakthrough取得重大进展或突破
2. a panel of 一组/一批/一组织的人员：指一群人组成的小组或团队，通常用于讨论、评审或决策等活动。
3. entrepreneur /??ntr?pr??n??(r)/ n.企业家，创业者；主办者，提倡者
4. come in behind...紧随...其后而来
come in handy for sth某物迟早有用某物迟早有效
come ( in ) second居第二位
5. the printing press印刷机
自车轮发明以来，人类取得的最伟大的突破是什么?当一本杂志向包括科学家、企业家、工程师和历史学家在内的专家小组提出这个问题时，眼镜排在现代电子、青霉素、电和印刷机之后。
If you disagree with this ranking, try this quick experiment: rub some soap on a piece of glass and hold it in front of your eyes. Or, if you wear glasses or contact lenses, remove them and try to keep reading. Oh, wait—you can't, because you can't see clearly enough. As anyone who needs corrective lenses will tell you, being able to see clearly is hugely important, whether you're trying to put together a set of building blocks or read your favourite book.
1. contact lensesn.隐形眼镜（contact lens 的复数）
corrective lenses矫正镜片
2. put together a set of building blocks组装一套积木玩具
assemble
如果你不同意这个排名，试试这个快速实验:在一块玻璃上擦一些肥皂，把它放在你的眼睛前面。或者，如果你戴眼镜或隐形眼镜，摘掉它们，试着继续阅读。哦，等等——你看不能继续，因为你看得不够清楚。正如任何需要矫正镜片的人会告诉你的那样，无论你是想组装一套积木还是阅读你最喜欢的书，能看得清楚是非常重要的。
Considering that many people in the world suffer from poor vision, you may think that the great minds of history would have quickly come together to tackle the problem. However, this isn't at all what happened. Long before anything like spectacles existed, people had noticed that a piece of curved glass could magnify an image. Consequently, about 2,000 years ago, people began making magnifying glasses this way. These were probably the first simple corrective lenses.
1. curve n.曲线，弧线；转弯，弯道；图表曲线；曲线球；（女子身体的）曲线
v.（使）弯曲，（使）呈曲线
throw a curveball 出其不意地使出一招绝招
throw sb a curveball给某人出个意外的难题/难题（让某人措手不及）
2. magnify v.放大，扩大；夸张，夸大；使（问题）加重，加剧
3. a magnifying glass n. 放大镜
考虑到世界上有许多人患有视力低下的问题，你可能会认为历史上的伟大头
脑会很快聚集起来解决这个问题。然而，事实并非如此。早在眼镜这种东西出现之前，人们就注意到一块弯曲的玻璃可以放大图像。因此，大约 2000 年前，人们开始用这种方法制造放大镜。这可能是最早的简单矫正镜片。
No one knows who came up with the technology of shaping glass to bring images into better focus, or mounting lenses in frames that could go in front of your face. Most likely, many anonymous glassmakers tried to improve the technology by trial and error. Although we don't know exactly whom to thank, it is pretty much agreed that corrective lenses first appeared in Italy in the 1280s.
1. shape vt.形成，影响；使成形，塑造；计划，思考出；产生（声音，词）；使适合，使符合；（运动员）摆姿势，做动作
2. mount v.组织，开展；爬上，登上；骑上；增多，增加，上升；增强，加剧；镶嵌，裱贴，安置；上演，展出；设置（岗哨），担任（警卫）；把（观察对象）固定于显微镜的载玻片
mount lenses in frames将镜头安装在镜框上
3.anonymous /??n?n?m?s/ adj.匿名的，不知名的；不记名的，不具名的；无特色的
4. trial and error反复试验；尝试错误法
没有人知道是谁发明了塑形玻璃技术，使图像的焦距更好，或者是谁发明了在镜框中安装镜头，使镜头可以放在你的脸前面。最有可能的是，许多无名的玻璃制造商试图通过试验和错误来改进技术。虽然我们不知道该感谢谁，但矫正镜最早出现在 1280 年代的意大利是一个公认的事实。
Once the technology was available, spectacles caught on quickly. Just like so many popular accessories today, spectacles soon became fashionable. People thought glasses made them look more intelligent or sophisticated. They were given away as gifts and were popular among people who didn't even need them. In the 15th century, the printing press was invented, making books plentiful and relatively inexpensive. This drove the demand for reading glasses. There was, however, a practical problem to overcome. While the quality of the lenses was improving rapidly, getting them to stay comfortably on the face was a great challenge. Indeed, reading while eating often meant spectacles in the soup!
1. spectacle n.眼镜；精彩的表演，壮观的场面
2. catch on变得流行，理解，领会
3. accessory n.附件，配件；装饰品，配饰；同谋，从犯
4. sophisticated adj.见多识广的，老练的，见过世面的；复杂巧妙的，先进的，精密的；水平高的，在行的；时尚的，精致的
sophisticate v.使老于世故；使（设备、技术等）更复杂先进
5. give away泄露；暴露， 赠送；送出
6. making books plentiful and relatively inexpensive.使书籍数量充足且价格相对低廉
技术成熟以后，眼镜很快就流行起来。就像今天许多流行的配饰一样，眼镜很快就变得时髦起来。人们认为眼镜让他们看起来更聪明或老练。它们是作为礼物送人的，在那些甚至不需要它们的人中间很受欢迎。在 15 世纪，印刷机被发明了，使得书籍数量丰富而且相对便宜。这推动了对眼镜的需求。然而，有一个实际的问题需要克服。虽然镜片的质量在迅速提高，但要让它们舒适地贴在脸上是一个巨大的挑战。的确，边吃边阅读往往意味着在眼镜会掉到汤里!
People made many attempts to overcome this problem, some stranger than others. Spectacles were held on the face by tying threads to the frames and looping them over the ears. Weights were sometimes tied to the ends of the threads to counterbalance the weight of the glasses to keep them from slipping off. Some people used threads or wires to hook their glasses to their hats so that they dangled just in front of the eyes. Others attached them to straps tied around the forehead or threaded them into their hair. Still other designs simply perched uneasily on the bridge of the nose. Later models worked a bit better by having the frames slightly pinch the nose. These stayed on the face longer, but they must have been quite uncomfortable.
1. tie ( ties--tying--tied--tied) n.//v.（用线、绳索等）系，扎，捆；将……系在……上，系牢；打结；使相联系；束缚；（比赛中）打成平局；用系材（或横杆）连接
2. loop n.// v.使成环，使绕成圈；成环形运动；播放一卷磁带，放一卷电影胶片，执行计算机指令
3. thread v.穿线于，使穿过；将（珠子等）穿起来；装好（胶卷或录音带）；穿行，曲折穿过；使夹杂（线状物）；用手指梳理（尤指头发）；刻螺纹于（孔、螺丝等）//n.线；细线，线状物；思路，贯穿的主线；（互联网留言板上的）同主题帖子，系列相关帖子
1) a needle and thread针线
2) thread through通过，使穿透
3) thread相同的思路；共同主线；生命共同体
4. wire v.// n.金属丝，金属线；电线，导线；隐蔽式电子收听器
5. hook n.//v.钩住，挂住；（用手臂等身体部位）箍住；钓鱼；打曲线球；弯成钩状；吸引
6. attach v.系上，贴上，连接；附上（附件）；赋予，认为……具有； 和……在一起，缠着； 附带（条件)；附属，依附；与……有关联；委派；扣押（债务人或其财产)；使依恋
7. dangle v.挂；悬荡；吊着
8. strap n.带子，皮带；铁皮条，金属带，铰链片；鞭打（the strap）；拉手吊带，拉手吊环
v.（用带子）束住，捆绑；用绷带包扎（伤口）；用皮鞭抽打，鞭打
9. perch v.（鸟）栖息，停留；（尤指人在高处或很窄的地方）稍坐，暂歇；（建筑物）坐落于……的上方（或边缘）；把……平稳置于，使坐落于
n.（鸟的）栖木，栖枝；高处，高位；河鲈，鲈鱼；杆（尤指用来测量土地长度的单位）
10. pinch v.捏，拧，掐；夹紧；掐掉；（穿的鞋等）夹痛，挤痛；节约，节省；使经济拮据；捏拉缩放；（由于担心或紧张）抿（嘴唇）；（航海）使（帆船）紧抢风
n.捏，掐，拧；一撮；偷窃；（棒球）紧要时刻，紧要关头
11. counterbalance vt.使平衡；抵消 n.平衡力，抗衡力；抵消因素，制约力
人们做了许多尝试来克服这个问题，尝试一个比一个更奇怪。眼镜是通过把线系在镜框上，并把它们套在耳朵上的方式固定在脸上的。有时在线的两端绑上重物，以平衡玻璃杯的重量，防止它们滑落。有些人用线或电线把他们的眼镜钩在帽子上，这样他们就在眼睛前面晃动。其他人则把它们系在额头上的带子上， 或者把它们扎进头发里。还有一些设计只是不舒服地停留在鼻梁上。后来的型号更好一些，因为镜框稍微夹住了鼻子。这些东西在脸上停留的时间更长，但肯定很不舒服。
It's hard to imagine why it took so long to design spectacles with arm pieces that could clip behind the ears, but these weren't invented until the 18th century. Even then, the side stems were short and designed to clamp tightly against the temples(Ouch!). Like inventing the lenses themselves, coming up with designs that were easy to use was mostly a matter of trial and error. These days, technology has made spectacles comfortable.
1. clip n.夹子，别针pin；（电影、电视节目等的）片段；弹夹，弹匣；猛击，抽打；修剪； 一次；（从羊或羊群）剪下的羊毛量
v.夹住；别住, 修剪；剪下；减少，缩短；（意外地）斜撞，侧击
2. clamp v.（用夹具）夹紧，夹住；紧紧抓住，牢牢固定住；<英>给（车辆）上夹钳；保持（电信号）电压极限在规定水平
n.夹具，夹钳；车轮固定夹；钳位电路；（窑内的）砖垛；（保护块根作物越冬的）草皮堆
3. temple n.庙宇，寺院；太阳穴，鬓角；犹太教堂；教堂，礼拜堂（尤指法国新教教堂）；<美>（寺庙举行的）宗教仪式；耶路撒冷古神殿，犹太古圣殿（the Temple）；律师协会会所（the Temple）；被视为圣灵的殿堂的物体（尤指人的身体）；专供某种活动之用的场所；边撑，伸幅器
4. the side stems侧枝，眼镜腿
5. a matter of...只是……的问题；只是……的事情
很难想象为什么花了这么长时间才设计出可以夹在耳朵后面的臂片眼镜，但这种眼镜直到 18 世纪才被发明出来。即使在那时，眼镜腿还是很短，而且设计得很紧地夹住太阳穴(哎哟!) 就像发明镜片本身一样，想要设计出易于使用的款式，主要是一个反复试验的过程。如今，科技使眼镜变得舒适。
Unfortunately, now that we've tackled the technological problem of helping people see clearly, we face an ethical dilemma posed by the development of smart glasses, which are wearable computers in essence. Looking like a pair of ordinary glasses, smart glasses make it possible for the wearer to use the Web and make videos of everything they see. However, opponents of smart glasses believe that a device that allows its wearer to record people without their knowledge, almost anywhere and anytime, is disturbing. Even though we have become used to the marvels of modern technology, we still need to pause and think about the potential negative impact of this new invention.
1. in essence本质上，实质上
2. disturbing adj. 令人不安的，引起恐慌的
2. marvel n.令人惊异的人（或事），奇迹 miracle
v.感到惊奇，大为赞叹
不幸的是，既然我们已经解决了帮助人们看得更清楚的技术问题，我们就面临着智能眼镜发展带来的道德困境，智能眼镜本质上是可穿戴电脑。智能眼镜看起来像一副普通眼镜，它使佩戴者可以使用网络，并将他们看到的一切录像。然而，智能眼镜的反对者认为，这种允许佩戴者在不知情的情况下几乎随时随地记录他人的设备是令人不安的。尽管我们已经习惯了现代科技的奇迹，但我们仍然需要停下来思考一下这项新发明可能带来的负面影响。
We'll have to wait and see if smart glasses would follow the same path as regular glasses, or in other words, if their usefulness would outweigh potential problems. Meanwhile, those of us who need corrective lenses to read about the controversy should be grateful to that anonymous Italian glassmaker who first invented ordinary old spectacles.
1. usefulness n.有用；有效性；有益
usage n.（词语的）用法；使用，用量；（尤指形成权利，义务，标准等的）常规做法，惯例
use n. 使用；用途，用法；词义，说法；使用机会，使用权；（尤指思想，体力）运用能力；耗费，耗用；（经常）服用（毒品）；<法律，史>（尤指受委托代管人的）受益；（教堂，教区）特色礼拜仪式
2. outweigh vt.(在重要性或意义上) 超过；比 (某人) 重
surpass, exceed, excel, be superior to, have an advantage over, have an edge over
3. controversy /?k?ntr?v??si/n.争论，争议--controvert v. 争论；辩论--
controversial /?k?ntr??v???(?)l/有争议的；有争论的
智能眼镜是否会步普通眼镜的后尘，或者换句话说，它的实用性是否会超过潜在的问题，我们还得拭目以待。与此同时，我们这些需要矫正镜片才能了解这场争议的人，应该感谢那位第一个发明普通旧眼镜的无名意大利眼镜制造商。
P27
1 time-consuming adj.耗时的；旷日持久的
cost-consuming 耗费成本的；昂贵的
cost-efficient adj.有成本效益的；合算的
2. inconvenient adj.不便的；打扰的
inaccurate不准确的
incomplete不完整的
incorrect adj.错误的，不真实的；不适当的，不合礼节的
independent独立的
inexpensive便宜的
insensitive不敏感的
invisible看不见的
inconsistent不一致的
inflexible不灵活的
inaudible听不见的
inappropriate不适当的
ineffective无效的// inefficient
im-
impossible不可能的
immature不成熟的
imperfect不完美的
impolite不礼貌的
impure不纯净的
impatient不耐烦的
imbalance不平衡
immoral不道德的
imperceptible-?难以察觉的
impractical不切实际的
3. promote mass literacy提高全民识字率
mass
n.团，块；大量，许多；(常指混乱的)一群，一堆；大量的东西；群众，平民百姓；大多数，多数；质量；（尤指罗马天主教的）弥撒；弥撒曲
adj.民众的，大量的
v.(使)聚集，（使）集结
1) a mass of：意为“大量的”，可修饰可数或不可数名词。
例句：There was a mass of people at the concert.（音乐会上有大量的人。）
2) masses of：意为“大量的”，用法与“a mass of”类似，但语气更强。
3)in mass (大量地),
4)mass production (大量生产); mass media ?大众传播媒体
body mass index 身体质量指数；体质指数；体质指数
5) the mass群众；平民百姓
6) v.
?Demonstrators had massed outside the embassy.示威者聚集在大使馆的外面。
?Dark clouds massed on the horizon.天边乌云密布。
4. The wisdom of our ancestors has contributed to the welfare of mankind, which all Chinese can take pride in.
5. Movable type printing has had major influences both at home and abroad, accelerating the spread of knowledge and the progress of human civilization.

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