应用文之审题构思讲义素材2026届高考英语一轮复习

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应用文之审题构思讲义素材2026届高考英语一轮复习

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应用文(审题构思篇)
应用文的审题至关重要。很多同学拿到应用文没有仔细审题,就开始下笔写,经常会应为文本类型误判、主题偏离、要点缺失等情况导致及格分(9分)都拿不到。应用文题干虽短,但包含着大量信息,且这些信息都对于后续写作有用,因此,每一个字都需要仔细推敲。应用文的审题及构思可以从一下四个方面展开:
文本类型 (text type)
现在的应用文不会明确告诉你要写推荐信还是建议信etc,更多的是让你根据题干中的关键词确定文本大致类型,有时候一篇文章甚至是多种文体的结合。文本的类型关系到作文的①时态 ②人称 ③语气(formal&infomal)④内容(subjective&objective)⑤首段或尾段一般有的套话。
常见的文体有以下几类。
建议信 (写作目的:给你提建议provide suggestions+建议+希望采纳建议)
推荐信 (写作目的:给你recommend东西 +推荐原因+希望采纳/喜欢)
介绍(写作目的:给你introduce东西/人+东西具体描述+希望信息对你有用)
活动报道(总介绍:5W1H+具体活动内容+活动意义/收获)
邀请信(写作目的:invite+ 邀请某人来的活动的有趣之处+希望能来)
通知(事项总介绍+具体内容+注意事项)
演讲(开篇套话和呈现topic+基于topic的具体内容+感谢listening)
倡议 (提出倡议背景和目的call on sb to do+ 倡议的具体内容+再次发出倡议呼吁采取行动)
道歉 (写作目的:apologize+道歉具体事项,如何补救+再次表达歉意)
申请(写作目的apply for… + 个人申请的优势/哪里符合要求 + 希望考虑我的申请)
观点类(呈现观点+运用各种方法证明观点正确+restatement)
致辞(开场/欢迎/闭幕)(目的+活动介绍/总结+再次表达目的)
投诉 (目的complain + 因何投诉具体问题/希望得到什么solution+ 表达希望问题赶快解决)

结构&内容(structure & content)
应用文的结构为三段式,每一段的内容需结合①文本类型 ②要点来妥善分配。一般来说,大致的段落长度为短-长-短。一般要点放在body部分,是改卷老师最关注的部分。其次,内容通常与主题相关,比如科技类,野生动物保护类,校园类ect.
Para 1:套话+(要点1部分)
Para 2:要点1、2 (topic/theme-related content)
Para 3:套话+(要点2或要点2部分)
逻辑(reasoning/logic)
逻辑就是自圆其说,来证明你罗列出来的点(可以是建议、看法、影响等等)是对的,是很有意义的,并且让改卷老师读下来也觉得你说的很对。
比如我们列出一个点:Taking examination is good to our health.(这样写大概率没人信)。但我们可以加一点evidence,比如Studies show that taking exams regularly helps improve memory and concentration by exercising the brain, like how muscles grow stronger with workouts. Plus, preparing for tests can reduce anxiety over time by teaching students how to manage stress.
再比如很多人推荐东西的时候很喜欢说的原因是,举个例子:The computer is good. 但很多东西不是你说good就good的,你需要去证明它的good。因此需要更多的文字来support你的点。比如The computer is good, which enhances learning efficiency by providing instant access to vast educational resources, such as online courses and interactive tools.
*在我们写作中一般出现最多的逻辑就是cause and effect因果关系。
条理 (well-organized,coherent)
有条理的文章读起来是结构清晰,要点明确的,其次一篇有条理的文章可以快速让改卷老师locate踩分点。那么如何让文章写的有条理呢:
使用衔接词
列举/补充信息:Furthermore(此外), Moreover(而且), Additionally(另外),Also(也), In addition(除此之外), Not to mention(更不用说)
例句:The computer saves time. Furthermore, it reduces paper waste by enabling digital documents.
对比/转折:However(然而), Nevertheless(尽管如此), On the other hand(另一方面),Although(虽然), Despite(尽管), In contrast(相比之下)
例句:Computers are expensive. However, their long-term benefits outweigh the initial cost.
因果关系:Therefore(因此), Thus(所以), As a result(结果)Because(因为), Since(既然), Due to(由于)
例句:Since computers process data quickly, they are widely used in scientific research.
举例/证明:For example(例如), For instance(比如), Such as(诸如)
例句:Computers improve education. For instance, online platforms like Khan Academy offer free lessons.
总结/重申:In conclusion(总之), To sum up(总结), Overall(总体上)
例句:In conclusion, computers are indispensable tools for modern society.
时间顺序:First(首先), Next(接下来), Then(然后), Finally(最后),Afterward(之后), Meanwhile(同时), Subsequently(随后)
例句:"First, open the program. Then, enter your data. Finally, click ‘submit’."
让步/条件:Even though(即使), While(虽然), Admittedly(诚然),Provided that(假如), Unless(除非), In case(以防)
例句:Even though computers break down sometimes, regular maintenance can prevent this.
使用总起句(暗示后文将展开的分论点或论证逻辑。)
无总起句:Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming healthcare. For example, AI algorithms can detect early-stage lung cancer with 95% accuracy, outperforming human radiologists. In education, AI tutors provide personalized learning plans for students, adapting to their progress in real time. Many companies now use AI chatbots to handle customer inquiries 24/7, reducing wait times by 60%.
有总起句:Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping modern society by revolutionizing three key sectors: healthcare, education, and customer service. In healthcare, AI-powered diagnostic tools achieve 95% accuracy in detecting early-stage lung cancer, surpassing human experts. Through education, adaptive AI tutors create real-time personalized learning paths, boosting student engagement by 40%. In the corporate world, AI chatbots resolve 60% of customer queries instantly, slashing response times and operational costs.
使用过渡句(承上启下,强调重点)
前文:讨论"传统实体书店的优势"(如阅读氛围、即时购书)
后文:转向"电子书的便利性"(如便携、海量资源)
过渡句:While traditional bookstores offer a tactile reading experience and instant gratification, e-books have revolutionized accessibility with their portability and vast libraries.
例题1:宁波一模
第一节(满分15分)
学校英语俱乐部将组织关于“生活中具有重大影响的科技产品”的讨论,请你作为代表发言,内容包括:
1. 介绍一项产品及其影响;
2. 对该产品的展望。
注意:
1. 写作词数应为80个左右;
2. 请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。
1.文本类型(text type)
发言(演讲稿)【para 1:很荣幸有机会发表关于…的演讲 para2:与演讲topic相关内容 para3:感谢倾听】 介绍类文本【介绍某物,要求语言客观objective,陈述facts】
2.结构与内容(structure & content)
para1: 非常荣幸有机会作为代表介绍XX
para2:这个产品是什么、这个产品对我们的生活有什么影响(影响可以有好有坏)
para3: 对该产品的期望(希望产品的存在的问题解决,希望产品越来越好)、感谢倾听
3.逻辑(logical)
文章中表述产品对我们生活造成的影响是需要有客观推理与逻辑表达的,来自圆其说,证明“这些我列举出来的影响是真实的,不是我胡编乱造的,是有理有据可以说服阅卷老师的”
其中产品的“影响”是产品的“功能”带来的,这是文章中的逻辑体现。
4.条理(well- organized)
讲述产品带来的影响的时候可以先总述,再分点论述。可以用一个总起句,再用几个表示并列的衔接词。
例题2: 杭州一模
假定你是李华,上学期你校发起了一项活动,倡议每个班级都养绿植(greenery)。请你给曾经的外教Linda写一封邮件介绍相关情况,
内容包括:(1)活动内容;(2) 活动的效果和反响。
注意:1. 写作词数应为80左右;2.请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。
例题3:金华一模
你校上周举办了主题为“Embrace Bnglish, Show Ourselves”的英语周系列活动。请你写一
篇短文向校英文报投稿,
内容包括:1.你印象最深的一个活动;2. 你的感想。
注意:1.写作词数应为80个左右;2. 请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。
例题4:湖丽衢一模
假定你是李华,你校将举办英语节“戏剧之夜”(Drama Night)活动,并且进行网络直播 (live-stream),请你给英国好友 David 写一封电子邮件,邀请他观看,
内容如下:1.活动介绍;2.观看时间和方式。
注意1.写作词数应为80左右;2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
例题5:温州一模
假定你是李华,你的英国朋友 Jasper 对你在 “科学三分钟” (3-minute Science Speech Activity)中介绍的生物多样性研究很感兴趣,想了解你如何应对研究中的挑战。请你写一封邮件回复,
内容包括:1.研究困难;2.解决方法。
注意:1.写作词数应为80左右;2.请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。
例题2:杭州一模
Dear Linda,
I'm delighted to share with you an exciting initiative we've launched at our school-"Greenery in Every Classroom."
The project kicked off with each class selecting a variety of plants to cultivate. We began with a special planting session where students enthusiastically potted(把…栽入盆中) seeds and saplings(树苗). The subsequent weeks were filled with a shared responsibility as we watered and nurtured our tiny green friends. This hands-on experience with nature has not only brightened our classrooms but also sparked a genuine interest in botany and environmental conservation.
The initiative has been met with widespread enthusiasm and even made the headlines in the local newspaper.
Yours, Li Hua
*首段直接点明目的share with you sth…, 并非常有创造力的给这个活动取了个非常贴合的活动名“Greenery in Every Classroom”. Body部分提到了要点1和部分要点2,活动内容根据时间顺序展开,活动内容包含大量与“plant trees” 有关的主题词汇。 接下来通过not only…but also有条理的讲述了活动给学生带来的影响(效果),且该影响(包括表面和深层的影响)是通过种植绿植直接带来的,这也是body部分中逻辑的体现。尾段对活动总体情况进行总结,也就是要点2中的活动反响。对活动进行总结我们也常用The activity turned out to be a great success.
例题3:金华一模
Embrace English, Show Ourselves
Last week witnessed a series of English Week activities themed 'Embrace English, Show ourselves(总述活动), among which the English speech contest left the most profound impression on me(通过定语从句引出文章主题).
There were a wide range of speeches(总). Some contestants narrated their personal journeys of mastering the language, some focused on global concerns(分), and others conveyed positive energy through vivid stories(分), each showcasing their distinctive style and exceptional language proficiency(总). This memorable event serves as a reminder that(引导同位语从句) learning English goes beyond the restriction of examination preparation; it is a passport to broader horizons, a boost to self-confidence, and a platform for authentic self-expression. (排比)
Together, let us embrace English, adopting it as a password to unlock the doors to endless possibilities and pave the way for a more prosperous future!
*给校报投稿那么写作的风格应该正式些。第一段为活动报道的经典套话,5W1H,但大致介绍完活动后立马点明本篇文章的目的:介绍印象最深刻的活动。Body部分重点讲述contest的活动流程,条理是总-分-总结构,总述有各种各样的演讲,再分述个别演讲的内容和高光之处,最后又进行总结(each showcasing….proficiency)。接下来讲述要点2(感想),作者通过排比的形式讲述了他对于英语的感谢。尾段发出倡议。
例题4:湖丽衢一模
Dear David,
Ready for a night of dramatic dreams (该问句拉近与读信者之间的距离,体现应用文的交际性)I'm writing to invite you to our highly anticipated annual Drama Night.
As part of the English Festival, this year's Drama Night is a bold experiment in language and creativity. Our students have dared to write all the plays on their own(先总述该活动的特色,这句话可以理解为一个总起句). Highlights include "Home, sweet home," an adventure story about an ancient porcelain vase that journeys through time to find its way back home. To keep the excitement alive online(活动1到活动2的过渡), we've added an interactive session with awesome prizes for our virtual audience. The big show will be on from 19:00 to 21:50, December 3rd (Beijing Time. You can simply click on the live-stream link on our school's official website homepage.(时间可以放到首段,也可以放尾段写)
So, mark your calendars and get ready for a night of dramas! See you there!
Yours,
Li Hua
*首段一个问题凸显应用文的交际性并吸引读信者的注意,之后快速点明写作目的。Body部分先大致讲一下这次活动的特征,我们也可以用this year’s Drama Night features sth.来作为总起。接下来陈列了几个活动的highlights:某部特定的戏剧(同学们也可以写我们学过的million pound bank note);interactive session互动交互环节。Body部分出现了很多与主题(drama和网络直播)有关的词汇。其中对于highlight都有较为细节的描述,这是文章中的逻辑所在,通过细节描述活动过程,吸引他人。尾段提醒注意事项,并表达期望。
例题5:温州一模
Dear Jasper,
I'm really glad you liked my 3-minute Science Speech. You asked about the challenges in biodiversity research in your email, and here's what I've got to say.
There are tons of challenges for a senior high like me to conduct biodiversity research!(总起句) When I was cataloging(登记) the scientific names and growth cycles(生长周期) of the plants in Wenzhou Sanyang Wetland Park, I had trouble identifying some unfamiliar plant varieties. So, I did extensive research using online databases. You know what I found a website that allowed users to upload images for professional identification of various plants. My biology teacher was a huge help as well. She even introduced a professional botanist to me.
These challenges didn't stop me. Instead, they made me more determined. After all, that's what science is all about. So, keep that curiosity about science alive, Jasper, and don't hesitate to reach out if needed.
Yours,
Li Hua
*这篇文章的body部分其实是最难的,逻辑为problem-solution,但同学们不熟悉生物多样性研究是什么,对研究类话题的词汇也掌握甚少。(可以参考课本中对袁隆平,屠呦呦,John Snow,Jane Goodall做研究的词汇以及课本中跟野生动物有关的单元词汇)。本文通过总起句点明其实有很多问题,然后举出其中最艰难的问题,并详细叙述了解决措施。最后总结从研究中得出的做科学探索的经验。

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