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(共33张PPT)
UNIT 1　SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
Section Ⅲ　Learning About Language
任务1　讲细·语法知识点
语法项目——表语从句
[初识语法·整体感悟]
一、从宏观建立思维导图
二、在课文句子中体悟
观察下面的句子，并感知表语从句的用法。
1. One theory was that bad air caused the disease.
2. The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.
3. The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste.
4. What John Snow showed to the world was how cholera could be overcome.
5. What Snow was determined to find out was why the 1854 outbreak of cholera in London could have caused over 500 deaths within ten days.
[慧学语法·演绎融通]
一、表语从句的概念
在句中充当表语的从句，叫作表语从句。它常位于主句的系动词之后，对主语的内容 加以补充或说明主语的状态。
二、连接词的用法
引导表语从句的连接词有连接代词（what， who， whom， whose， which），连接 副词（where，when， why， how）以及that， whether， as if/as though， because等。
1. that引导表语从句
that 引导表语从句时仅起连接作用，无意义，不作成分，但不可省略。
①The core of your relationship is that you will always be there to help each other.
你们关系的核心是你们总会去帮助对方。
②My suggestion is that we should tell him.
我的建议是我们应该告诉他。
2. whether引导表语从句
whether 引导表语从句时起连接作用，不作任何成分，意为“是否”，不可省略，if不 能引导表语从句。
The question remains whether they will be able to help us.
问题是他们能否帮助我们。
3. 连接代词引导表语从句
连接代词 what， who， whom， whose， which引导表语从句时，除在句中起连接作 用外，在从句中还可充当主语、表语、宾语和定语等成分。
①“Every time you eat a sweet， drink green tea.” This is what my mother used to tell me.
“每次吃甜食时你要喝绿茶。”这是我妈妈过去常常告诉我的。
②The problem is who is really fit for the hard job.
问题是谁才真正适合做这份艰苦的工作。
4. 连接副词引导表语从句
连接副词where， when， why， how引导表语从句时，除在句中起连接作用外，在从 句中还分别充当地点、时间、原因、方式状语。
①That’s where I can’t agree with you.
那是我不同意你的地方。
②Sara was caught in a traffic jam this morning. That is why she was late for class.
萨拉今天早上遇到了堵车。那就是她上课迟到的原因。
5. because、 as if/though引导表语从句
as if/though引导的表语从句常置于系动词look， seem， sound， be， become等后面。 because引导的表语从句常见于“This/That/It is/was because...”句型中。
①It looks as if the coming autumn harvest will be even better than the last one.
看起来好像即将来临的秋收甚至比去年还好。
②It seems as though he doesn’t know the answer.
看起来他好像不知道答案。
③It’s because you can’t appreciate music.
那是因为你不能欣赏音乐。
名师点津
why 和 because 引导的表语从句的区别：
That’s why...意为“那是……的原因”，强调结果。
That’s because...意为“那是因为……”，强调原因。
①I didn’t phone her， and that’s why she got angry with me.
我没有给她打电话，那就是她对我生气的原因。（强调“她对我生气”这一结果）
②I didn’t phone her， and that’s because I got angry with her.
我没有给她打电话，那是因为我生她的气了。（强调“生气”这一原因）
三、表语从句中的虚拟语气
1. 在表语从句中，主句中的主语为advice， suggestion， proposal， request， order， idea等时，从句谓语形式为“should＋动词原形”，should 可以省略。
My suggestion is that we （should） start early tomorrow.
我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
2. as if/though引导的表语从句若表示不真实的情况，应该通过时态倒退一格的形式来 体现虚拟。
She acted so confidently that it seemed as if she had finished all the tasks.
她表现得如此自信以至于看起来她像完成了所有任务。
任务2　慧练·在实践中活用语法
Ⅰ.填入适当的连接词
1. Her biggest problem is she fails to get on well with her classmates at school.
2. She felt a heavy burden was lifted off her shoulder.
3. The question is we can make preparations in such a short time.
4. Her confusion was she could handle the challenges while she was studying abroad.
5. The biggest reason why he loves China is he enjoys different Chinese cuisines.
6. That is English has so many difficult rules that confuse people.
7. From space， the earth looks blue. This is about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.
8. （浙江1月卷）If most of their customers are happy to buy larger quantities， that’s they’ll promote.
that　
as if　
whether　
how　
that　
why　
because　
what　
That is why I got wet through　
is what it takes to accomplish anything difficult　
that we （should） do our work more carefully　
is that AI apps can never have the same creativity
and imagination as humans　
The reason why I admire him is that　
that he started training in Beijing Opera
every day　
that was
how he developed the eye movements　
what made him a leading artist in
Beijing Opera　
what contributed greatly to the development of Beijing Opera　
what has made him one
of the most celebrated Beijing Opera artists of all time　
课时作业（三）
Ⅰ.阅读理解
Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa， Italy in 1564. In 1580， Galilei entered the University of Pisa to study medicine. Armed with unusual intelligence and drive， he soon became interested in many subjects， particularly mathematics and physics.
While at the University of Pisa， Galilei was exposed to the Aristotelian view of the world， the only one approved by the Roman Catholic Church at that time. At first， Galilei also supported this view， like any other person of his time. In 1589， Galilei was appointed to the chair of mathematics at the University of Pisa. And he made his famous experiments with falling objects there. Then Galilei began to write about his discovery of the falling objects， which was against the Aristotelian theory. For that reason he lost his job at the University of Pisa in 1592. But Galilei continued his scientific study.
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In July 1609， Galilei learned about a simple telescope made by Dutch eyeglass makers and soon developed one of his own. In August， he showed it to some Venetian businessmen who saw its usefulness in sailing and spotting ships. They gave Galilei a salary and asked him to make several telescopes for them.
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Galilei’s ambition pushed him to go further. In the fall of 1609， he turned his telescope towards space. Using his telescope to explore the universe， Galilei observed the Moon and proved the planet Venus moved around the Sun， which was against the Aristotelian theory that the Earth was the centre of the universe. In January 1610， he discovered four moons moving around Jupiter. He also found that the telescope showed much more stars than the naked eye（肉眼） could see. These discoveries were startling， and Galilei quickly produced Sidereus Nuncius， in which he described these amazing discoveries.
Galilei’s great contributions to our understanding of the universe include not only his discoveries， but also the methods he developed and the use of mathematics to prove them.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了意大利科学家伽利略的生平事迹以 及主要成就。
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1. Which subject was Galilei most interested in while he was at university？
A. Medicine. B. Physics.
C. Chemistry. D. Philosophy.
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“In 1580， ...particularly mathematics and physics.”可知，伽利略在大学时对数学和物理最感兴趣。故选B项。
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2. Why did Galilei lose his job at the University of Pisa？
A. His teaching method failed to attract his students.
B. His relationship with other professors wasn’t good.
C. His scientific discovery wasn’t supported by some people.
D. His potential related to science wasn’t fully developed then.
答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段首句以及“In 1589， ... But Galilei continued his scientific study.”可知，伽利略在比萨大学丢了工作是因为他的科学发现没有得到一 些人的支持。故选C项。
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3. What does the underlined word “startling” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？
A. Surprising. B. Unwelcome.
C. Terrible. D. Encouraging.
答案：A
解析：词义猜测题。根据第四段中的“He also... could see.”以及画线词所在句 “These discoveries were startling， and Galilei quickly produced Sidereus Nuncius， in which he described these amazing discoveries.”可知，此处表示这些发现令人震惊。故 可猜测画线词startling意为“惊人的”。故选A项。
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4. Which of the following words can be used to describe Galilei？
A. Enthusiastic. B. Determined.
C. Courageous. D. All the above.
答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Armed with... physics.”和第二段中的“For that reason... study.”以及倒数第二段中的“Galilei’s ambition... space.”可推知， 伽利略是一个充满热情、有决心以及勇敢的人。故选D项。
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Ⅱ.用恰当的连接词完成下面对话
A：This mix of theory and data is one of the key characteristics of what we call science.
B：Absolutely. You may not believe it， but that was 1. happened at the initial stage of our group’s research on developing a vaccine for malaria.
A：With your theoretical framework？
B：Exactly. The problem was not about 2. all our theories were equally good， but in deciding which theory to depend upon.
A：Deciding on a theory is definitely of critical importance.
B：Yes， it is. And it seemed 3. all the theories were useful， but the fact was 4. we couldn’t persuade one another that one theory was better than another.
what　
whether　
as if　
that　
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A：This was 5. you should have calmed down and got down to doing some solid work.
B：You’re right. At last， we became focused on the key issue， which was 6. we had to carry out the research in the first place.
A：So what happened in the end？
B：We realised that what we cared about was not 7. aspect we needed to develop a theory in， but rather 8. we can reduce the cost of a vaccine without reducing its effect！
when　
why　
which　
how　
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Ⅲ.语法填空
Researchers at Monash University have developed an efficient lithium-sulphur （Li- S） battery， according to a new study.
The battery that 1. 　　（be） able to power a smartphone for up to 5 days outperforms（超过） current lithium-ion（锂离子） batteries by more than four times. In addition 2. 　　 better performance， the new battery has less environmental impact than current lithium-ion batteries.
The international research team 3. 　　（lead） by Dr Mahdokht Shaibani from Monash University has an approved filed patent for their production process. German partner Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology 4. 　　（successful） made the first model batteries.
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Professor Mainak Majumder from Monash University said that the research could have 5. 　　 huge impact on the way phones， cars and computers will 6. 　　（make） in the future.
“This 7. 　　（innovate） in batteries will provide all Australians with a cleaner and more 8. 　　（depend） energy market，” Professor Majumder said.
“Our research team has received more than $2.5 million in funding from the government and international industry partners 9. 　　（test） this battery technology from this year， 10. 　　 is what we are most excited about，” he added.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚科学家开发出的一种新的 锂硫电池。
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解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。that为关系代词，先行词the battery是单数，且此 处介绍一般事实。故填is。
解析：考查介词。in addition to... 是固定搭配，意为“除……之外”。故填to。
解析：考查非谓语动词。lead与The international research team之间是逻辑上的动宾关 系，应用lead的过去分词形式作定语。故填led。
解析：考查词性转换。空处用successful的副词形式修饰动词made。故填successfully。
答案：is
答案：to
答案：led
答案：successfully
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解析：考查冠词。have a huge impact on意为“对……有巨大影响”，huge的发音以辅 音音素开头。故填a。
解析：考查动词的语态。make和phones， cars and computers之间是逻辑上的动宾关 系，应用被动语态。空前有情态动词will。故填be made。
解析：考查词性转换。根据空前的This和空后的in可知，所填词在句中作主语，应填 名词。故填innovation。
答案：a
答案：be made
答案：innovation
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解析：考查词性转换。根据空前的more和空后的energy market可知，空处应填depend 的形容词形式。故填dependable。
解析：考查非谓语动词。空处用动词不定式表示目的。故填to test。
解析：考查定语从句。空处为非限制性定语从句的关系词，先行词为前面整个句子， 关系词在从句中作主语。故填which。
答案：dependable
答案：to test
答案：which
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Ⅳ.根据要求完成下面的习作（填连接词或根据汉语提示填空）
Danger 1. （不是我们期待的）. But the truth is 2. it often comes suddenly and unexpectedly. How can we get out of danger？ There are many answers to this question. The key is 3. we can face danger bravely. What you must remember is 4. （你必须相 信自己）. Just remember that you can defeat danger. Tell yourself that you can turn into a superwoman or a superman when you are in danger. This is 5. I am going to tell you the stories about Mrs Pam. Mrs Pam reported that her body was nearly run over by a car when she was trying to save her baby. Mrs Pam weighs only fifty kilograms. She looks 6. （好像她很虚弱）， but she said she lifted the car to save her baby.
is not what we expect　
that　
whether　
that you must believe in yourself　
why　
as if she were very weak　
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