高中英语人教版必修第一册【Unit1-5】知识点总结及语法练习(共6份)

资源下载
  1. 二一教育资源

高中英语人教版必修第一册【Unit1-5】知识点总结及语法练习(共6份)

资源简介

高中人教版必修一 Unit1 知识点归纳
Unit 1 Teenage Life
Part one Vocabulary
1. volunteer n. 志愿者
work as a volunteer 做志愿者
do volunteer work 做志愿工作
拓 volunteer vi. & vt. 自愿
volunteer to do sth. 自愿做某事
2. debate n.辩论;争论 vt. & vi. 辩论;争论
a debate on history 关于历史的争论
after a long debate 经过长时间辩论
under debate 在争论中
debate on/over. . . 关于……进行辩论
debate with. . . 和……辩论
3. prefer vt. 较喜欢
prefer sth. 更喜欢某物
prefer to do/doing sth. 更喜欢做某事
prefer sb. to do sth. 更喜欢某人做某事
prefer A to B 喜欢A甚于B
prefer doing A to doing B =prefer to do A rather than B 比起做B更喜欢做A
4. content adj. 满足的;满意的 n. 满足 vt. 使满足
the contents of the letter信的内容
in content and form 在内容和形式上
a content expression 满足的表情
feel/be content with=be satisfied with 对……感到满足/满意
be content to do sth. =be willing to do sth. 愿意做某事
5. suitable adj.合适的;适用的
6. actually adv. 事实上;的确
8. plate n. 盘子;碟子
9. do well in 在……方面做得好
10. try out for 参加……的选拔
11. practise doing sth. 练习做某事
12. adventure n. 冒险;奇遇
adj. adventurous冒险的;奇遇的
a sense/spirit of adventure 冒险意识/精神
13. expert n.专家;行家 adj. 熟练的;内行的;专家的
be expert at/ in doing sth. 擅长做某事
14. attract vt. 吸引;引起……的注意(或兴趣)
attract one's attention 吸引某人的注意
be attracted to喜爱
attraction n. 有吸引力的事物;吸引
have attraction for 对……有吸引力
15. focus vi. & vt. 集中(精力、注意力等);(使)调节焦距 n. 中心;重点;焦点
focus on/ upon 集中/专注/聚焦于
focus one's attention on注意
16. addicted adj. 有瘾的;上瘾的;入迷的
be addicted to doing sth./sth. 对(做)……很入迷
Part two Grammar
名词短语、形容词短语和副词短语
一、名词短语(noun phrase, 简称 NP)
定义:名词短语是指由几个名词或名词及其修饰语构成的短语。它是英语句子的核心组成部分。
构成:名词的修饰语与名词有两种位置关系:一是放在被修饰名词的前面,叫做前置定语或定语;二是放在被修饰名词的后面,叫做后置定语。
具体形式有:
1. 两个或多个名词可以由and等对等连词连接,构成名词短语
Men and women are both invited to the party.
男人和女人都被邀请参加聚会。
2. 冠词作修饰语,可与后面的名词构成名词短语
I don't know the woman in white.
我不认识那个穿白色衣服的女人。
3. 名词本身作修饰语,可与后面的名词构成名词短语
He went to the bus station with his friends.
他和朋友们一起去了公交车站。
4. 形容词作修饰语,可与后面的名词构成名词短语
Bob, the famous singer, will come to our city to perform.
著名歌手鲍勃将来我们的城市演出。
5. 介词及其宾语作修饰语,可与前面的名词构成名词短语
They are looking for a man without his left leg.
他们在找一个缺了左腿的男人。
6. 不定式或不定式短语作修饰语,可与前面的名词构成名词短语
The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.
明天要开的会很重要。
7. 分词作修饰语,可与后面的名词构成名词短语
The sleeping child is his son.
正在睡觉的孩子是他的儿子。
8. 动名词作修饰语,可与后面的名词构成名词短语
He went to the shopping mall.
他去商场了。
功能:名词短语可以在句中充当主语、宾语、宾补等。
The handsome young man is Jim's brother.
那个英俊的年轻人是吉姆的兄弟。(作主语)
I learn that you're coming to visit one of your Chinese friends.
我知道你要来拜访你的一个中国朋友。(作宾语)
We made him our group leader.
我们让他当我们的组长。(作宾补)
二、形容词短语(Adjective Phrase, 简称AdjP)
定义:形容词短语是指由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的短语。
构成:
1.两个或多个形容词可以由and, but 等并列连词连接,构成形容词短语
Your room is large and beautiful. 你的房间大且美丽。
2. very, enough等程度副词作修饰语,可与形容词构成形容词短语
The road is long enough. 这条路够长的。
3.介词及其宾语可用在形容词后作修饰语,可与形容词一起构成形容词短语
The bottle is full of water. 瓶子里装满了水。4. 不定式在形容词后作修饰语,与形容词一起构成形容词短语
He is anxious to know the answer. 他焦急地想知道答案。
功能:形容词短语可作定语、表语、宾补和状语等。
Li Ming is a high school student always ready to help others.
李明是一名高中生,总是乐于助人。(作定语)
China is rich in natural resources.
中国自然资源丰富。(作表语)
We found them tired and sleepy at home.
我们发现他们在家又累又困。(作宾补)
Much interested, he agreed to give it a try.
他很感兴趣,答应试一试。(作状语)
注意:
多个形容词修饰同一名词时的顺序是固定的,其顺序为:
(1) 冠词、指示代词、不定代词、物主代词+ (2)序数词、基数词+ (3)一般性描绘形容词+(4) 大小、长短、形状、年龄、新旧+(5)颜色+(6)国籍、出处+(7)材料+(8)用途、类别+(9)最终修饰的名词或动名词。
口诀:限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老;颜色国籍跟材料,用途类别往后靠。
三、副词短语(Adverb Phrase, 简称AdvP)
定义:副词短语是指由几个副词或副词及其修饰语构成的短语,副词短语以副词为核心词,同时整个短语在句子中仍然为副词的功能。
构成:
1. 两个或多个副词可以由and, but 等对等连词连接构成副词短语
I tried again and again. 我试了一遍又一遍。
2.very, quite, extremely等程度副词作修饰语,可与其他副词构成副词短语
My grandma sat in the chair quite comfortably.
我奶奶坐在椅子上相当舒服。
3. 介词及其宾语可用在副词后修饰副词,可与副词构成副词短语
He ran fast on his way home.
回家的路上他跑得很快。
功能:副词短语可修饰动词、形容词、副词和介词等;主要在句中作状语,表示时间、地点、方式等意义,还可作表语、定语、宾补等。
Jim spoke so quickly that no one could understand him.
吉姆说得那么快,谁也听不懂他的话。(作状语,表原因)
The doctor came back quite recently.
那位医生最近回来了。(作状语,表时间)
The teacher speaks clearly enough.
老师说得够清楚。(作状语,表方式)
Part three Sentence
1. Going from junior high school to senior high school is a really big challenge.
从初中到高中真是一项巨大的挑战。
动名词作主语:
(1)动名词作主语一般表示经常性、习惯性的动作。
(2)动名词作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
(3)有时用it作形式主语,而把动名词后置。
注意:不定式作主语与动名词作主语是可以互换的,但是不定式作主语经常被用来表示具体的某一次的行为或将来的动作,强调动作本身,动名词作主语用来表示习惯性的、经常的动作,表示的时间概念不强,强调事情本身。
2. My adviser recommended that I should sign up for advanced literature because I like English and I'm good at it.
因为我喜欢英语而且成绩不错,我的指导老师建议我选修高级文学。
recommend + that sb. (should) do
宾语从句中的虚拟语气
某些动词后所接宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气,用来表示建议、命令和要求等。其形式为:(should) +动词原形。
advise 劝告 determine 决定
command 命令 decide 决定
insist坚持 order 命令
intend 打算 recommend 推荐
require要求 suggest 建议 urge 主张
request 要求 demand 要求
desire 渴望 direct 命令
advise (that) sb. (should) do 建议某人应该做某事(虚拟语气)
同步语法 | 新人教版 必修一Unit 1:名词/形容词/副词短语
一、理解概念
短语或词组(Phrases)是具有一定意义但不构成句子或从句的一组词。
二、语法规则
1.名词短语
(1)名词短语的构成及功能
名词短语由“限定词+形容词/形容词短语/描述性名词+名词+介词短语”构成,在句中当作名词用,可作主语、宾语、表语或宾语补足语。
The English teacher in red will go abroad next year.
这位穿红衣服的英语老师明年将出国。(作主语)
I want to take part in some interesting school clubs.
我想参加一些有趣的学校社团。(作宾语)
He is the most handsome boy in the class.
他是班里最帅的男孩。(作表语)
We consider Yao Ming the most famous basketball player in China.
我们认为姚明是中国最著名的篮球运动员。(作宾语补足语)
(2)名词的修饰语与名词的位置关系
①名词的修饰语与名词有两种位置关系:一是放在被修饰名词的前面,叫作前置定语或定语;二是放在被修饰名词的后面,叫作后置定语。
②在英语里,修饰名词的定语,其语序的位置是极有规律的,下面是一个“黄金公式”,称为“左二右六”规律:
限定词(冠词/指示代词/物主代词/不定代词)+形容词/形容词性短语/描述性名词+中心名词+六类后置定语(介词短语/分词短语/不定式短语/形容词短语/定语从句/同位语从句)
The boy is my brother.
冠词+中心名词
The cute boy is my brother.
冠词+形容词+中心名词
The cute boy in blue jeans is my brother.
冠词+形容词+中心名词+介词短语
The cute boy wearing blue jeans is my brother.
冠词+形容词+中心名词+现在分词短语
The cute boy who is wearing blue jeans is my brother.
冠词+形容词+中心名词+定语从句
2.形容词短语
(1)形容词短语的构成及功能
形容词短语由“副词+形容词+介词短语”构成,在句中当作形容词用,可以修饰名词或代词作定语,还可以用作表语或宾语补足语。
He was one of the most influential performers of modern jazz.
他是现代爵士乐最有影响力的表演者之一。(作定语)
His hard work made him very successful in his job.
他的勤奋工作使得他在工作上非常成功。(作宾语补足语)
(2)形容词(短语)作状语
形容词(短语)作状语时, 通常说明主语的情况, 即表示主语的状态、性质、特征等, 有时它和宾语的关系密切, 且可位于句首、句末和句子中间, 通常和句子的其他部分用逗号分开。
Afraid of difficulty, he prefers to do the easy maths problem.他害怕困难,宁愿做容易的数学题。
3.副词短语
副词短语的构成及功能
副词短语由“副词+副词”构成,在句中当作副词用,可以修饰动词、形容词或副词,作状语。
I can't catch up with him. He runs very fast.
我追不上他,他跑得非常快。(修饰动词)
The window was far too small for him to get through.
窗户对他来说实在太小,他钻不过去。(修饰形容词)
We must work much more carefully than we did before.我们必须比从前更谨慎地工作。(修饰副词)
Ⅰ. 写出下列加黑短语的构成形式及在句中所作成分
1. The tallest boy in our class is Li Lei.
2. She studies English very hard.
3. Tom carefully wrote some letters to his friends.
4. I’d like to go to coffee shop this weekend.
5. Surprisingly enough, he refused our offer.
Ⅱ. 用所给词的适当形式填空
1. I suggest that you think about it very ______(careful).
2. Mary and Jane are quite ______ (difference).
3. He spoke too______ (quick) for me to understand.
4. It really works very ______ (good).
5. They got home at last, ______ (tire) and hungry.
Ⅲ. 根据汉语提示对句子进行提升
1. There are some roses.
→There are _______________.
在那张小桌上有一些红玫瑰。
2. Look at the bird.
→Look at _______________.
看树上的那只漂亮的小鸟。
3. It's raining.
→It's raining _______________.
雨下得很大。
4. My words made him happy.
→My words made him _______________.
我的话让他高兴得像个孩子。
5. 我们将努力使我们的国家更美丽。
→We will try to make our country _______________.
参考答案
Ⅰ. 1. 限定词+形容词+名词;作主语
2. 副词+副词;作状语
3. 形容词+名词;作宾语
4. 名词+名词;作宾语
5. 副词+副词;作状语
Ⅱ. 1.carefully
2. different
3. quickly
4. well
5. tired
Ⅲ. 1. some red roses on that small table
2. the beautiful bird in the tree
3. very heavily
4. happy like a child
5. more beautiful高中人教版必修一 Unit2 知识点归纳
Unit 2 Travelling Around
Part one Vocabulary
1. apply vi. & vt. 申请;请求 vt. 应用;涂(油漆;乳剂)
application n. 申请;申请书;适用
apply sth. to sth. 把某物应用于……
apply (to…) for… (向……)申请……
apply to do sth. 申请做某事
apply to… 适用于……(to为介词)
2. rent vt. 租用;出租 vi. 租用;租金为 n. 租金
rent sth. from sb. 从某人那里租赁某物
rent sth. to sb. 把某物出租给某人
3. amazing adj. 令人惊奇的;令人惊喜的
amaze vt. 使惊奇;使惊喜
amazed adj.惊奇的;惊喜的
4. arrangement n.安排;筹备
make an arrangement/ arrangements (for) 为……做安排
arrange v. 安排;筹备;整理;布置
arrange for sb. to do sth. 安排某人做某事
5. narrow adj. 狭窄的 vi.& vt. (使)变窄
narrow sth. down (to…)/ narrow down sth.(to…) 把某物缩小(到……)
6. recognise vt. 辨别出;承认;认可
recognise…as/ to be… 承认/认为……是……
be recognised as … 被认为是…
It is recognise that… 人们意识到……
recognition n. 认识;认出;认可
recognisable adj. 容易认出的;易于识别的
7. admire vt. 钦佩;赞赏
admire sb. for sth. 因某事钦佩某人
admiration n. 钦佩;赞赏
admirable adj. 令人羡慕的;可钦佩的;值得赞赏的
8. contact vt. 联络;联系 n. 联系;接触
lose contact with… 与……失去联系
be/ get/ stay/ keep/ in contact with 与……取得联系
9. credit n. 借款;信用;称赞;学分
10. request n.(正式或礼貌的)要求;请求 vt. (正式或礼貌的)要求;请求
make a request for 提出请求
11. view n.视野;景色;看大
12. check vt. 检查;核对
check in (在旅馆、机场等)登记
check out 结账离开(旅馆等)
13. sight n. 景象;视野;视力
catch sight of ... 看见... ...
ment n.议论;评论 vi. & vt. 发表意见;评论
make a comment on... 对... ...发表评论
comment on/upon 对... ...发表评论
Part two Grammar
现在进行时表将来
be doing
这种结构表示按计划即将发生的动作,常用于表示位置移动的动词。例如:go , come , leave , start , arrive , move , return , fly (乘飞机)等。
一般将来时的几种表达方式
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。例如:tomorrow , tomorrow morning / afternoon, the day after tomorrow, next year, next month…, from now on (从现在开始),in an hour (一小时后), in two days / week等。一般将来时的表示方法有以下多种形式:
1.will / shall
will/ shall do
表示将来时间时,一般要与表示将来的时间状语连用,或通过一定的上下文来体现将来时间状语。shall只用于第一人称,will可以通用于各种人称。在问句中shall常用于第一人称表示建议或征求对方意见。
2. be going to do
A.这种结构表示主体现在的意图,即打算在最近或将来要做某事,主语通常指人。在被动句中,主语可以是物,但动作的执行者当然仍是人。
B.表示有迹象表明将要发生某种情况,一般指客观事态的发展,而不是表示主观的意图。句中的主语可以指人,也可指物,或者非人称代词it。
3. be about to do
这种结构表示“最近或马上要发生的动作”。例如:
4. be to do
这种结构着重指按计划或安排将要发生某事。
A.常见于报纸、广播等,用以宣布官方的计划或决定。
B. 一般是指受人指示、制约的动作,它有命令、禁止或可能性的含义。
注:be to do 与be doing都可表示按计划、安排将要发生的事,这两种结构常常可以互换,但be to do常用于正式语体。
5. 一般现在时表示将来
A.由“if , when , as soon as , until , till , after , before”等引导的条件或时间状语从句中,通常用一般现在时表将来。
B.表示按照时间表或既定日程一定会发生的将来事态。
Part three Sentence
1. PERU is a country on the Pacific coast of South America with three main areas: narrow, dry, flat land running along the coast, the Andes Mountains, and the Amazon rainforest.
语法:with的复合结构
with的复合结构,即“with+宾语+宾补”结构,在句中常做定语或状语,做宾
补的可以是现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、介词短语、形容词、副词等。
(1)with+ 宾语+现在分词
The students are listening to the teacher with their eyes looking at the blackboard.
学生们看着黑板,听老师讲课。(伴随状语)
(2)with+宾语+过去分词
With his hair cut,he looked much younger.
理了发后,他看起来年轻多了。(原因状语)
(3)with+宾语+动词不定式
With a lot of work to do,he wasn't allowed to go out.
因为有很多工作要做,他没有被允许外出。(原因状语)
(4)with+宾语+形容词/副词/介词短语
The old man fell asleep with the light on.这个老人开着灯睡着了。(伴随状语)
2. It is for this reason that Spanish is the main official language of Peru.
强调句型
英语强调句型的基本结构是“It is/was+被强调成分+that (who)+其他成分”。在该结构中,It is/was…that (who)… 为强调句的结构词,原则上说,若将其去掉,句子意思依然清楚、结构依然完整。
如果原句是过去时,就用was,如果是现在时,就用is.
强调句型可以强调主语、宾语、状语等,但不能强调谓语。
3. Especially amazing is the Incas’ dry stone method of building.
“表语+连系动词+主语”形式的倒装
为了避免句子头重脚轻,或者为了强调表语,常用此结构引起句子完全倒装。
4. You can then spend three days exploring the rainforest with a local guide and enjoying the plants and animals unique to the rainforest.
现在分词作伴随状语
(1)现在分词做伴随状语时,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语;
(2)现在分词做伴随状语表示与谓语动词动作同时进行;
(3)现在分词做伴随状语可以位于句首或者句末;
(4)现在分词做伴随状语时没有与之对应的状语从句互换,但可以转换为相应的并列句。
5. These Inca roads were made up of two north-south highways and many small roads crossing the mountains east to west.
语法:现在分词(短语)作定语
(1)现在分词作定语时,通常放在被修饰词之前,现在分词短语作定语,通常放在被修饰词之后。
(2)现在分词作定语一般有doing和being done两种形式。
(3)现在分词短语作后置定语时可以扩展为定语从句。
6. Enjoy the beautiful countryside as you spend a day driving along the new highway connecting Cusco to Lake Titicaca.
as引导时间状语从句
as引导时间状语从句时,意为“随着……,当……时”,强调主从句的谓语动词表示的动作同时进行。
必修一Unit 2:现在进行时表将来
一.现在进行时表示将来的用法
英语中还可以用现在进行时(be doing ) 表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作。主要用于以下两种情况:
(1)表示位置移动的动词的进行时表将来,如:go, come, leave, start, begin, arrive, return, move, fly, take off等。 Mary is leaving for Beijing on Friday. 玛丽星期五要动身去北京 My uncle is coming back from abroad next week. 我叔叔下周要从国外回来了。 —Hurry up! The movie is beginning.快点,电影就要开始了。 —Don’t worry. There is still a little time left.不用担心,还有一点时间。 Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane is taking off. 女士们,先生们,请系好安全带。飞机就要起飞了。
(2)有些不表示位置移动的 动词的进行时也可以表将来,如:do, get, rent, meet, bring, eat, have, meet, play, see, stay, wear, work, run out等。 What are you doing for the National Day holiday 国庆节假期你计划干什么? We ’re renting a car and driving! 我们要租辆车开车去! --Are you eating at the park 你们要在公园吃饭吗? --I’m bringing my own lunch. 我自带午餐。 We are having a few guests over tomorrow. 明天有几位客人要来。 Food supplies in the flood-stricken area are running out .We must act immediately before there’s none left.灾区的食物快要吃完了,在吃完之前,我们必须立刻行动。

二.一般将来时的几种表达法
初中阶段学习过will/shall do 和 be going to do的形式表示将来意义。英语中还可以用be to do 和be about to do 以及一般现在时和现在进行时形式表示将来意义。
(1)will do(主语为第一人称时可shall) ①将要发生的动作或存在的状态(单纯表将来)。 He will be thirty next year. 明年他就30岁了。 With the development of science and technology, robot cooks will appear in our families in the future. 随着科技的发展,未来机器人厨师会出现在家庭中。
②未经过预先计划或考虑要做的动作(临时决定要做)。 — Excuse me, what time does Flight BA 2793 leave 打扰了,波音2793航班何时起飞? — Just a minute. I will check it for you. 请稍等,我现在就帮你看一下。 —Ann is in hospital. 安住院了。 —Oh, really I didn’t know. I will go and visit her.真的吗?我不知道啊,我要去探望她。
(2)be going to do ①表示计划、打算干某事(事先考虑)。 We are going to visit the Great Wall with the exchange students this weekend. 周末我们打算和交换生去参观长城。 There is going to be a folk music concert in Beijing Opera Theater next month. 下个月在北京剧院有一场民族音乐会。
②表示有迹象表明要发生的动作。 Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain. 看这乌云,要下雨了。 Oh , it's 8:20. I'm going to be late for my class. 现在是8点20分。我上课要迟到了。
(3)be to do (可以和具体的时间状语连用) ①表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。 The examination is to take place next week. 下周要举行考试。 The students are to meet at the school gate tomorrow. 明天学生们将在学校大门口集会。
②用于时间、条件状语从句中,表示“如果要……,想要……”。 If you are to succeed, you must work as hard as possible. 如果你想要成功,比必须努力工作。
(4)be about to do (不与具体的时间状语连用,常与when连用) 表示即将要发生的动作。 We are about to start. 我们就要出发了。 The new school year is about to begin. 新学年开学在即。 She was about to leave when some guests came. 她刚要离开,这时来了一些客人。
(5)一般现在时表将来 ①表示按时间表规定将要发生的动作。常限于表示位置移动的短暂性动词。 ②在时间、条件或让步状语从句中,用一般现在时表将来。 Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 takes off at 18:20. 你看看时刻表,快点!4026次航班的起飞时间是下午6点20分。 Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour. 简很匆忙,因为去机场的火车半小时后出发。 We will go for a picnic if it doesn’t rain this Sunday. 如果本周日不下雨,我们将去野餐。 Please tell him the news as soon as he arrives. 他一来,你就告诉他这个消息。
(6)现在进行时表将来 表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作。 I’m meeting Peter tonight. He is taking me to the theatre. 今天晚上我要跟彼得会面。他要带我去看戏。 I’m leaving tonight. I’ve got my plane ticket. 我今天晚上就要动身了,已经买好了机票。 The engineer is coming to repair our phone tomorrow morning. 修理工明天上午来修我们的电话。
【巩固训练】
单项选择
1. The TV news reports that there ________ a storm the day aftertomorrow
A.is B. was
C. will be D. has be
2.--The weather report says that it___ tomorrow in most parts of Anshun city.
--If it ______, the schoolsports meet will be canceled.
A. will rain; will rain
B. will rain; rains
C. rains; will rain
D. rains; rains
3. There _____a folk music concert in Xinjiang Opera Theater nextmonth.
A. is going to have B. willhave
C. is D. is going to be
4. I think it is true that Jill _______ to work today because she ison a trip.
A. has come B. didn’t come
C. is coming D. will not come
5.—I heard your father hadgone to Beijing on business. —Yes. And he_____ in three weeks.
A. will return B. has returned
C. returned D. returns
6. —Have you watched the new movie Kung Fu Panda 3, Kelly
—Not yet. I _______ it with my classmate tonight.
A. will watch
B. was watching
C.have watched
7. Just go down this road and you _______ the library next to thebank.
A. see B. saw
C. have seen D.will see
8. We ______ have a picnic together with our teachers next Thursday.
A. are going B. are going to
C. will going D. may going to
9. Many scientists believe that robots ______ able to talk likehumans in 50 years.
A. were B. are
C.will be D.have been
10.—Did you call Jenny —Ohno, I forgot. I ______ her right away.
A. called B. havecalled
C. call D. will call
11. If we ______ take environmental problems seriously, the earth______ worse and worse.
A. don’t; won’t be
B.won’t; isn’t
C. won’t; is
D.don’t; will be
12. The summer holidays______,so the twins as well as Jack are going to Hong Kong for vacation.
A. is coming B.are coming
C. comes D.come
13. I’m busy now. I ____ to you after school this afternoon.
A. talk B. talked
C. will talk D. have talked
14. — I hope there _______ less pressure on us today.
— If so, we _______ enjoy amore pleasant life.
A. is; can B.will be; can
C. will be; should D.is; should
15. —Have you returned thebook to the library yet
—Not yet. Don’t worry. I ______ it soon.
A. return B. returned
C. have returned D. will return
16. Stop smoking, Joe! You _____ yourself if you keep on doing itlike that!
A. will kill B. havekilled
C. kill D. killed
17.-Do you have any plansfor tonight
-Yes ,I _____ at the new Italian restaurant intown.
A. eat B. have eaten
C. ate D. am going to eat
18. —Which singer do youthink ____ the Voice of China
—I'm not sure. There are still 3 rounds to come.
A. won B. has won
C. will win D. wins
19. Flight BA 2793 _____ at 8:20. Hurry up!
A. leaves B. left
C. has left D. leaving
20. Jenny ________on holiday now. I wonder when she ________back.
A. is being ; comes
B. is ; is coming
C. will be ; will come
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1. —You are wanted on the phone, Ann!
—OK,I ________ (come).
2. If I see him, I________ (give) him your message.
3. I think Mr. Li ________ (leave) here for Beijing to attend a meeting in two days.
4. Usually the new term________ (start) on August 29th.
5. When summer (come), they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables!
6. His plane ________ (take) off at 8:00 a.m.tomorrow.Would you like to see him off
7. We________ (fly) to Shanghai tomorrow so we’d better get our package packed now.
8. If you________ (come) to my hometown next month, I’ll treat you to a big dinner.
9. Please call the station to make sure when the earliest train________ (leave).
10. When our guest ________ (arrive), I will pick him up at the airport.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.If you will visit him, I will go with you.
2.The bus leave at 6:00 p.m.
3.I was seeing him off this afternoon.
4.The concert is take place next Sunday.
参考答案
1-5 CBDDA 6-10 ADBCD
11-15 DBCBD 16-20 ADCAB
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.am coming 2. will give
3. is leaving 4. starts
5. comes 6. takes
7. are flying 8. come
9. leaves 10. arrives
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.去掉第一个will 2. leave→leaves
3. was→am 4. 在is后加to高中人教版必修一 Unit3 知识点归纳
Unit 3 Sports and Fitness
Part one Vocabulary
1. come along 跟随;到达;进步;赶快
come up with 想出;拿出
come about 发生;产生
come out 出现;开花;出版
come across 偶然遇见
come over 从远处来;拜访
come to 共计;达到
2. host vt. 主办;主持 n.主人;东道主;节目主持人
a host country/city 主办国/城市
play host to… 主办…….;款待…...
3. work out 锻炼;计算出;解决
work on 努力说服;致力于
work at 努力做;致力于
work as 当……;做……工作
at work 在工作;起作用
out of work 失业
4. honour n. 荣誉;光荣;赞美
honour sb. with sth. 某事使某人感到荣幸
in honour of sb. 纪念
5. determination n. 决心;决定
determine vt. & vi. 决定;确定;(使)下定决心
with determination 坚决地
6. injure vt. 使受伤;损害
injured adj. 受伤的;受到伤害的;委屈的
get /be seriously injured 受重伤
7. give up 放弃;投降
give in 屈服;让步;交上
give away 赠送;泄露
give back 归还
8. compete vi. 竞争;对抗
compete in 参加……比赛;在……方面竞争
compete with/against…for… 为争取……而与……对抗/抗争
9. pretend vi.&vt. 假装;装扮
pretend to do 假装做某事
10.make sense 有道理;合乎情理;表述清楚
It makes sense to do sth. 做某事是明智的
11. diet n. 规定饮食;日常饮食 vi. 节食
go on a diet 节食;控制饮食(表动作)
be on a diet 再节食(表状态)
12. make a difference 有作用或影响
make a difference to sb./sth. 对... ...有影响/有关系
13. rather than 而不是
would do sth. rather than do sth.
prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 比起……更愿意做……
pare …with/ to 与……比较
15. cut … out 停止做(或使用、食用);剪下
16. stress n. 压力;紧张;重音 vt. 强调;重读;使焦虑不安 vi.焦虑不安
under stress 在压力下
lay/ put/ place/ stress on… 强调/重视……
Part two Grammar
1. 反意疑问句的概念
反意疑问句也叫附加疑问句,指的是在陈述句后面附加一个简短的一般疑问句,用于对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问或表示证实。陈述部分与附加部分的动词时态和动词性质应保持一致,但是肯定和否定形式却彼此相反,即陈述部分为肯定式时,疑问句部分用否定式;陈述部分为否定式时,附加部分用肯定式。如:
He's late, isn't he 他迟到了,不是吗
He isn't late, is he 他没有迟到,不是吗
反意疑问句的附加部分不管是肯定的,还是否定的,通常都可译为“是吗”“对吗”“是不是”“对不对”“不是吗”“不对吗”等。
2. 反意疑问句的缩写问题
当反意疑问句的附加部分为否定式时,习惯上只用缩写形式,不能分开来写。如:
正:You love him very much, don't you 你很爱他,对不对?
误:You love him very much, do not you 你很爱他,对不对?
3.反意疑问句的回答问题
肯定回答:yes + 肯定结构, 否定回答:no +否定结构
但是在前肯后否的结构中,“yes”要翻译成“不”,“no”要翻译成“是”
They work hard, don’t they 他们努力工作,不是吗?
Yes, they do. / No, they don’t. 不,他们努力工作。/ 是的,他们工作不努力。
They don’t work hard, do they 工作他们不努力,是吗?
Yes, they do. /No, they don’t. 不,他们工作努力。/ 是的,他们工作不努力。
4. 反意疑问句的主语问题
反意疑问句部分的主语应与陈述部分主语一致,且只能是代词,不能是名词。如:
误:Jim likes English very much, doesn't Jim
正:Jim likes English very much, doesn't he 吉姆很喜欢英语,对吗?
如果陈述部分的主语是指示代词或不定代词等,在附加部分应改用相应的人称代词。如:
That is a wallet, isn't it 这是个钱包,是吗
Nothing is serious, isn't it 一点也不严重,对吗?
注意,如果陈述部分的主语为somebody, someone, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody等指人的复合不定代词时,其附加部分的主语在正式文体中用he,在口语或非正式文体中通常用they。如:
Nobody likes it, does he [don't they] 没有一个人喜欢它,是吗
5. 涉及have的反意疑问句
当陈述部分含有动词have时,要分清它是助动词还是实义动词。如果是助动词,则附加部分仍将其用作助动词。如:
He has finished his homework, hasn't he 他做完作业了,对不对
当have表示“所有”时,则附加部分既可以用have,也可以用助动词do。如:
He has a lot of money, hasn't [doesn't] he 他有很多钱,是吗?
但是,若陈述部分用的是have的否定式,则反意疑问句用have 还是用do,取决于陈述部分的动词形式:
He hasn't any money, has he 他没有钱,是吗
He doesn't have any money, does he 他没有钱,是吗
第一句的陈述部分用的是hasn't,所以附加部分用has,不用does;第二句的陈述部分用的是doesn't have,所以附加部分要用does,不能用has——千万别忘了前后保持一致噢!
若表示“吃”“玩”等意思,则附加部分用do,但要根据陈述部分的谓语时态,变化have的形式,如has, had。请看:
He has supper at 5, doesn't he 他5点吃晚餐,是吗
He had a good time at the party, didn't he 他在晚会上玩得很开心,是吗
第一句中的has表示“吃”,且为第三人称单数形式,所以其后的附加部分用does;第二句中的had用于have a good time构成习语,表示“玩得高兴”,且其中的have为过去式,所以附加部分用did。
6. 涉及祈使句的反意疑问句
若陈述部分为祈使句,则其附加部分通常用will you, won't you, would you等。如:
Come tomorrow, will you 明天来吧,好不好
Try it again, won't you 再试一次,好吗
但是,如果前面为否定的祈使句,则其附加问句部分要用肯定形式will you,而不能用否定形式的won't。如:
Don't tell him, will you 不要告诉他,好吗?
注意,当祈使句Let's…或Let us…开头时,情况比较特殊——由于Let's…总是表示建议,所以其后的附加部分总是用shall we。如:
Let's have a break, shall we 我们休息一下吧,好不好?
Let's meet on Monday, shall we 咱们星期一碰头吧,好不好?
而祈使句以let us…时则有所不同,由于它有时表示请求,有时表示建议,所以要区别对待——表示请求时,附加部分用will you;表示建议时,附加部分用shall we。如:
Let us know your address, will you 请把你的地址告诉我们,好吗
Let us go swimming together, shall we 我们一起去游泳吧,好吗
7. 反意疑问句应该注意的问题
(1)当陈述部分含有 never, seldom, hardly, few, little, barely, scarcely, nothing, none, rarely, no, not, no one, nobody, neither等具有否定意义的词汇时,后面的附加问句为肯定形式。
He can hardly swim, can he 他不大会游泳,对吗?
(2)如果陈述部分的主语为somebody, someone, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody等指人的复合不定代词时,其附加部分的主语在正式文体中用he,在口语或非正式文体中通常用they。
Everyone in your family is a teacher, aren’t they/isn’t he 你家里每个人都是老师,不是吗?
(3)当陈述部分的主语为everything, something, anything, nothing等表示物的不定代词时,疑问部分的主语用it.
Something is wrong with your watch, isn’t it 你的表坏了,对吗?
(4)当陈述部分含有否定意义的词是unhappy, dislike, unfriendly等含有否定词缀的派生词,即含有un-, dis-, 前缀或-less后缀等词缀而意义否定的词时,作为肯定句处理,疑问部分用否定形式。
He looks unhappy, doesn’t he 他看上去不高兴,不是吗?
(5)陈述部分有less, fewer等词时视为肯定词,疑问部分用否定形式。
There will be less pollution, won’t there 污染会更少,不是吗
Part three Sentence
1. This helps you to relate what you already know and to understand the new text.
what 引导的宾语从句
What引导的宾语从句在句中作宾语,what在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语和定语。
2. One of the best players had been injured, and the team captain had to leave because of heart problems.
because of(由于;因为)
Because of为介词短语,后常接名词、代词、v –ing或what引导的名词性从句做宾语。
3. The Boys and Girls Club which he started in Chicago has been helping young people since 1996.
现在完成时+since…
since 后接表示过去的时间,或一般过去时态的状语从句时,句子/主句要用现在完成时。
同步语法 | 新人教版 必修一Unit 3:反意疑问句
反意疑问句
一、理解概念
反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句,是指当提问的人对前面所叙述的事实不敢肯定,而需要向对方加以证实时所提出的问句。反意疑问句是由陈述句和附在其后的简短问句组成。其中简短问句是对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问,起证实作用,一般用于证实说话者所说的事实或观点。
二、语法规则
(一)反意疑问句的分类
反意疑问句根据其肯定及否定形式一般可分为两类:肯定陈述+否定疑问及否定陈述+肯定疑问。
The basketball match was wonderful, wasn't it
篮球比赛很精彩,是吗?
Your father didn't go to the basketball match with you, did he
你爸爸没有和你一起去看篮球赛,是吧?
(二)简短问句的特征及构成
1.特征
简短问句与陈述句之间要用逗号隔开,且它的主语总是使用代词,这个代词与前面陈述句中的主语要保持一致。其动词要根据陈述句的谓语而定。一般情况下,肯定的陈述句后跟否定的简短问句,否定的陈述句后跟肯定的简短问句,即“前肯定后否定,前否定后肯定”。
Mary is not good at playing the violin, is she
玛丽不擅长拉小提琴,是不是?
You like jogging, don't you
你喜欢慢跑,是吗?
2.构成
简短问句由“系动词/助动词/情态动词+人称代词”组成。助动词及人称代词要根据前面陈述句的动词时态和人称来选择 ,前后两部分的人称和动词时态要保持一致。
(1)简短问句的动词通常是陈述句谓语中的(第一个)助动词或情态动词,或者是系动词be。
His sister is the manager of the newly founded company, isn't she
他姐姐是这家新建公司的经理,是吗?
The elderly headmaster can't use computer, can he
这位年老的校长不会使用电脑,是吗?
They have finished their homework, haven't they
他们已经完成作业了,是吗?
The woman singer had left when you arrived, hadn't she
当你到达时,那个女歌手已经离开了,是吧?
(2)若陈述句中的谓语不含be、助动词或情态动词时,要用相应的do/does/did 构成简短问句,切记前后时态要保持一致。
The mother asked the teacher to help her, didn't she
那位母亲让老师帮帮她,是吗?
All the students love the humorous teacher's class, don't they
所有的学生都喜欢那位幽默老师的课,是吧?
The boy likes model planes, doesn't he
小男孩喜欢飞机模型,是吗?
(三)反意疑问句的回答
回答反意疑问句时,不管简短问句前的陈述句是肯定的还是否定的,肯定的回答要用Yes,否定的回答要用No。可以简单地归纳为:
陈述句+简短问句 的形式:
“肯定,+否定”或“否定,+肯定”
答句的两部分:
“肯定,+肯定”或“否定,+否定”
—You will not forget him, will you
—Yes, I will./No, I won't.
——你不会忘记他,是吗?
——不,我会忘记。/是的,我不会忘记他。
—You will forget him, won't you
—Yes, I will./No, I won't.
——你会忘记他,不是吗?
——是的,我会忘记。/不,我不会忘记他。
三、反意疑问句的注意事项
(一)陈述句中含有特殊主语,其简短问句部分需要根据具体情况而定
1. 陈述部分的主语是I,简短问句部分要用aren't I。
I'm late for the meeting,aren't I
我开会迟到了,是吗?
2. 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this时, 疑问部分主语用it;these或those后用they。
Everything is ready, isn't it
一切都准备好了,是吗?
These flowers are expensive, aren't they
这些花很贵,是吗?
3. 陈述部分的主语是不定代词someone(body),anyone(body),everyone(body), no one, nobody 等时,其简短问句的主语强调全部可用they,强调个体可用he。
Everyone passed the exam, didn't they/he
每个人都通过了考试,是吗?
Someone is coming, aren't they/isn't he
有人来了,是吗?
4. 陈述部分是“there be”结构时,其后的简短问句仍用there。
There's not much news in today's newspaper, is there
今天的报纸上没有什么新闻,是吗?
5. 陈述句的主语是从句、不定式或动名词时,简短问句的主语用it。
What you said is wrong, isn't it
你说的错了,不是吗?
To learn English well isn't easy, is it
学好英语不容易,是吗?
Practising speaking English every morning will do you good, won't it
每天早晨练习说英语对你有好处,不是吗?
(二)陈述句含有特殊动词
1. 含有used to 时,疑问部分用didn't+主语或 usedn't+主语。
He used to take pictures there, didn't/usedn't he
他过去常常在那儿拍照,是吗?
You used to sleep with the windows open, usedn't/didn't you
你过去常常开着窗子睡觉,是吗?
2. 陈述部分有had better+动词原形时,疑问句部分用hadn't+主语。
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you
你最好自己读,好吗?
3. 陈述部分有have to+动词原形 (had to+动词原形),疑问部分常用don't+主语(didn't+主语)。
We have to write it with a pen, don't we
我们必须要用钢笔填写,是吗?
4. 陈述部分用否定词或半否定词 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定形式。
He is never late for school, is he
他上学从不迟到,是吗?
5. 如果陈述句部分的谓语含有带否定前缀dis, un, im或否定后缀less的词(dislike, discourage,be unfair/untrue/unable, etc.),仍按肯定句处理,其反问部分一般用否定式。
It's unfair, isn't it 不公平,是吗?
You dislike it, don't you 你不喜欢它,是吗?
The patient is unable to move round, isn't he
这个病人不能到处走,是吗?
6. 陈述部分含有must的反意疑问句:
(1)当must作“必须”讲时,其反意疑问部分用needn't。
You must go now, needn't you
你现在必须走,是吗?
(2)当含有mustn't(不允许,禁止)时,其反意疑问部分用must/may。
You mustn't smoke here, must/may you
你不可以在这里吸烟,对吗?
7. 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,简短问句部分常用 need (dare)+主语。
We need not do it again, need we
我们不需要重做,是吗?
He dare not say so, dare he
他不敢如此说,是吗?
(三)陈述部分是祈使句
1. 肯定的祈使句后面的简短问句一般用will you或won't you。若陈述部分是否定的祈使句,简短问句部分用will you。此时,简短问句部分必须为肯定式。
Go with me, will you/won't you
跟我走,好吗?
Don't do that again, will you
不要再那样做了,好吗?
2. 以Let's 开头的祈使句,后面的简短问句部分要用“shall we?”;而以Let us 开头的祈使句,后面的简短问句部分要用“will you?”。
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we
让我们去听音乐,好吗?
Let us wait for you in the reading room, will you 让我们在阅览室等你,好吗?
(四)陈述句是复合句
1. 若陈述部分是一个主从复合句,简短问句一般要与主句一致。
2. 当陈述部分是“I'm sure, I'm afraid, I think, I believe, I suppose, I expect, I imagine+宾语从句”等结构时,简短问句部分的主语和谓语动词应与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一致。
I don't believe he will succeed, will he
我不相信他会成功,是吗?
(五)陈述部分是感叹句
感叹句中,简短问句用be+主语,并且只能用否定式。
What beautiful flowers, aren't they
多漂亮的花呀,不是吗?
学以致用
Ⅰ.完成下列反意疑问句
1. Your mother is a music lover,___________
2. You met your favourite football player yesterday,___________
3. She often feels tired,___________
4. The little boy can't play basketball,___________
5. Let's take action together to make our city more beautiful,___________
6. The old man has drunk too much,___________
7. He doesn't believe he will succeed,___________
8. There used to be an old stone bridge across the river,___________
9. What you need is more practice,___________
10. Please turn down the radio,___________
Ⅱ.单句改错
1. The teacher dislikes reading books, does he
2. —He isn't a famous player in his country, is he
—No, he is.
3. I am the last one to come, am I
4. Nothing is wrong with your computer, isn't it
5. I don't think he can finish the work on time, can't he
参考答案
Ⅰ.
1. isn't she 2. didn't you 3. doesn't she
4.can he 5. shall we 6. hasn't he
7. does he 8. usedn't there/didn't there
9. isn't it 10. will you/won't you
Ⅱ.
1.does→doesn't
2. No→Yes或第二个is→isn't
3. 第二个am→aren't
4.isn't →is
5. can't →can高中人教版必修一 Unit4 知识点归纳
Unit 4 Natural Disasters
Part one Vocabulary
1. rescue n. & vt. 营救;救援
come/go to sb.’s rescue 来/去救助某人
rescue team/workers 救援队/人员
rescue …from … 把……从……中解救出来
2. damage vt. 损害;破坏 n. 损坏;损失
do/cause damage to… 对……造成损害/破坏
3. affect vt.影响;(疾病)侵袭;深深打动
affect = have an effect on 影响
4. ruin n. & vt. 破坏;毁坏
in ruins 严重受损;破败不堪
go/come to ruin 灭亡;荒废
5. shock n. 震惊;令人震惊的事;休克 vt. (使)震惊
in shock 震惊;吃惊
in a state of shock 惊魂未定
be shocked to do sth. 对做某事感到震惊
6. trap vt. 使落入陷阱;使陷入圈套 n. 险境;陷阱
be trapped in 被困在……中,陷在……中
trap sb. into doing sth. 陷害/诱骗某人做某人
7. bury vt.埋葬;安葬
bury oneself in = be buried in 埋头于;专心于
8. breathe vi.& vt.呼吸
breath n. 呼吸
out of breathe 气喘吁吁地
hold one’s breath 屏住呼吸
9. supply n. 供应(量);补给;[pl.]补给品 vt. 供应;供给
supply sth. to sb. =supply sb. with sth.给某人提供某物
10. survive vi. 生存;存活 vt. 幸存;艰难度过
survive on sth. = live on sth. 靠……存活
11.calm adj. 镇静的;沉着的 vt. 使平静;使镇静
calm down 冷静下来
keep calm 保持冷静
12. aid n. 援助;帮助;救援物资 vi. & vt. (formal) 帮助;援助
first aid 急救
with the aid of =with sb’s aid 在某人的帮助下
13. sweep vt. & vi. (swept, swept) 打扫;清扫
sweep away 消灭;彻底消除
sweep over 突然袭来
14. strike vi.& vt. (struck, struck/stricken)侵袭;突击;击打n. 罢工;罢课;袭击
be on strike 在罢工
it strike sb. that … 某人突然想到……
15. deliver vt. &vi. 递送;传达vt. 发表
be delivered of = give birth to 生产;分娩
deliver a speech 发表演讲
16. length n. 长;长度
in length 在长度上
at arm's length 在伸手可及处;保持一定距离地
Part two Grammar
定语从句
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中做主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you 他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中做主语)
He is the man whom/ that I met yesterday. 他就是我昨天遇见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2)whose
用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换),例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可做主语、宾语等,例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)
定语从句中只能用that 引导的情况
1.当先行词是everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little, some等不定代词时,或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等不定代词修饰时。
2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。
3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。
4.当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。
5.当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。
6.当先行词为人与物时。
7.先行词在定语从句中做表语,而关系代词在从句中也做表语时。
定语从句中只能用which引导的情况
1.当关系代词的前面有介词时。
2.在非限制性定语从句中。
3.在一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which。
4.当关系代词后面带有插入语时。
5.先行词本身是that, 宜用which。
定语从句中只能用who引导的情况
1. 先行词是one,ones和anyone时,宜用who。
2. 先行词是those时,宜用who。
3.当先行词有较长的后置定语时,宜用who。
4.一个句子带有两个定语从句时,其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个宜用who。
5. 在there be 开头的句子中,宜用who。
关系代词as 引导定语从句
1.关系代词as在限制性定语从句时,在从句里做宾语时,绝不能省略。
2.当先行词被 the same 所修饰时,关系词既可以用 as,也可以用 that。不过一般说来,表示同一种类多用 as,表示同一事物多用 that。但是表示抽象概念时,同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的,所以as和that可互换。
3.as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活,可以位于主句前面.中间或后面,一般用逗号与主句隔开。
4.as引导非限制性定语从句。as在定语从句中做主语、表语或宾语。as代指整个主句,而as引的这个定语从句是用来补充说明整个主句的,可以放在主句之前或者之后。
5. as常用于be known/ expected/reported等结构中。
Part three Sentence
1. It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!
as if 引导从句
as if 引导的从句一般用虚拟语气,但如果从句所表示的情况有明显的依据或实现的可能性较大,则用陈述语气。
例句:She looks as if she were 3 years younger.
as if 引导的从句有时可用省略形式, as if 后面可接副词、不定式、名词、分词或介词短语等。
例句:He acted as if (he were) a fool.
2. About 75 percent of the city’s factories and buildings, 90 percent of its homes, and all of its hospitals were gone.
分数表达法
分子在前,分母在后;分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子大于等于2,分母用复数形式。
some of, plenty of, a lot of, most of, the rest of, all of, half of, part of 以及“分数/百分数+of+名词”做主语时,谓语动词的单复数由of后面的名词或代词的单复数决定。
拓展:
(1) 1/2 通常读作 a [one] half,一般不读作a second。
(2)1/4 可读作 a [one] fourth,也可读作 a [one] quarter。
(3)在数学上,为了简洁起见,分子和分母均可用基数词,其间用介词over。如:3/4 读作three over four(对于比较复杂的分数通常采用此读法)
(4)带分数的读法:在整数与分数之间用and连接。如:five and two thirds
同步语法 | 新人教版 必修一Unit 4:限制性定语从句
一、理解概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面,由关系代词或关系副词引出。
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句为先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语从句,若去掉,被修饰的主句的内容就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切,书写时不可用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间用逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如果省去,意思仍然完整。
二、语法规则
(一)关系代词的用法
关系 代词 指代 在从句中充当的成分
人 物 句子 主语 宾语 表语 定语
who √ √ √
whom √ √
that √ √ √ √ √
which √ √ √ √ √
whose √ √ √
as √ √ √ √ √ √
1.that和which的用法
which指物,that既可指人也可指物;它们在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,which和that在从句中作宾语时可以省略。
The dishes (that/which) I cooked were Mom's favourite.
我做的菜是妈妈最喜欢的。
The man (that) we have just seen is a famous writer.
我们刚刚看到的那个人是一位著名的作家。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
Guilin is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited.
桂林是我见过的最美丽的城市。
He is the very person that they are looking for.
他正是他们在找的人。
They talked about the things and persons that they could remember in the school.
他们谈论着他们能记起的学校的那些事和人。
Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends.
一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。
2.who和whom的用法
who和whom指人,who在从句中可作主语和宾语,whom在从句中作宾语。
He is the man (who/whom) I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见到的那个人。
Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognising their own strengths.
快乐和成功经常会眷顾那些善于欣赏自己优点的人。
3.whose的用法
whose既可指人也可指物,在从句中修饰名词作定语。“whose+名词”可以转化为“the+名词+of which/whom”和“of which/whom+the+名词”的形式。
I live next door to a couple whose children(=the children of whom) often make a lot of noise.
我隔壁住着一对夫妻,他们的孩子经常制造很多噪声。
Please pass me the book whose cover ( = the cover of which) is green.
请递给我那本绿色封面的书。
4.as的用法
as引导限制性定语从句仅限于先行词前面有such,the same等修饰时,as既可指人又可指物,在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等。
She is such a nice girl as we all like.
她是一个我们大家都喜欢的好女孩。
I bought the same dictionary as you borrowed.
我买了一本和你借的一样的词典。(同一类的两本词典)
I met the same person as/that I saw yesterday.
我遇见了昨天我看到的那个人。(同一个人)
(二)关系副词的用法
关系副词 指代 先行词 在从句中充当的成分
when(=介词+which) 时间 时间名词 时间状语
where(=介词+which) 地点 地点名词或抽象名词(situation, point, activity, case, stage等) 地点状语
why(=for+which) 原因 reason 原因状语
(三)“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,关系代词只用whom(指人)或which(指物),不可用that。
This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.
这是一个我们可能长时间争论的话题。
This is the worker with whom my brother has worked for ten years.
这就是和我哥哥一起工作了十年的那位工人。
(四)判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
这是我去年待过的山村。
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。
判断对错:
(×)This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(×)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(√)This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(√)I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1.Is this museum you visited a few days ago
A.where    B.that
C.on which  D.the one
例2.Is this the museum the exhibition was held
A.where B.that
C.on which  D.the one
答案:例1 D,例2 A
例1变为肯定句:This museum is you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句:This is the museum the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既作主句的表语,又作从句的宾语,关系代词可以省略,所以应选D。
在句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语,表地点,可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用“介词in+which”引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中作状语时,应选择关系副词 (where 地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)。
即时检测
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
用正确的关系代词填空
1. The trees ________ stand by the river were planted by us.
2. She never gives in to those ________ have money.
3. This is the best film ________ has been shown so far in the city.
4. February is the only month ________ has fewer than 30 days.
5. My son made notes of everything ________ he read.
6. Yesterday I met the teacher ________ once taught us maths.
7. Will you show me the girl ________ name is Wei Fang
8. The tall girl ________ is standing there is a friend of my elder sister’s.
9. The foreigner _____ visited our class yesterday is from Canada.
10. Please pass me the book _____is lying on the table.
11. ---- Class, you should be thankful to those people _______ helped and supported you.
---- We will. Miss Chen.
12. ----Is this the new dictionary_______ you got yesterday
----Yes. Now it's very convenient for me to look up words.
13.--Do you know the student _______got an A in the English exam
---Of course. She is my deskmate, Li Hong
14. I really like the family photo _____ we took on my grandpa’s 80th birthday.
15. My grandparents like stories ________ endings are happy.
16. Yuan Longping is a Chinese rice scientist _____ is leading a search to develop “sea rice”.
17. The teacher _______I like best often encourages me to fight for my dream.
18. Jack likes being with the classmates __________are outgoing and kind.
19. A kind of shared bike _____is called bluegogo is getting more and more popular in Chengdu.
20. Tu Youyou is the woman _______ used the plant’s special power to save millions of lives.
21. His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone _____ family was poor.
22. It is the third time that she has won the race, ____ has surprised us all.
23. Can you remember the scientist and his theory _____ we have learned
24. Until now, we have raised 50, 000 pounds for the poor children, _____ is quite unexpected.
25. _____ is reported, the number of smokers has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
26. Yesterday Mr. Green went to his hometown and visited the old house in ______ he was born.
27. The man, from______ I learned the news, is an engineer.
28. — Do you like the weekly talk show The Readers on CCTV
— Sure. It’ s a great TV program ______ purpose is to bring the habit of reading back into the public.
29. Children ______ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
30. After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, turned out to be a wise decision.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.She spent the whole evening talking about the things and persons which none of us has ever heard of.
2.Tibet is such a place that all the people all over the world are dreaming of visiting.
3.The book that I borrowed it from the library is well written.
4.The student in that all of the teachers took great pride was admitted into Beijing University last year.
5.We will always remember the days when we spent together.
参考答案
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1. that/which 2. who 3. that
4. that 5. that 6. who/that
7. whose 8. who/that 9. who /that
10. which/that 11. Who 12. that/which
13. who/that 14. that/which 15. whose
16. who/that 17. who/whom/that 18. who/that
19. that/which 20. who/that 21. whose
22. which 23. that 24. which
25. As 26. which 27. whom
28. whose 29. whose 30. which
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.which→that 2. that→as
3. 去掉borrowed后的 it
4. that→whom 5. when→that高中人教版必修一 Unit5 知识点归纳
Unit 5 Language Around the World
Part one Vocabulary
1. native adj. 出生地的;本地的;土著的 n. 本地人
native language/tongue 母语
native land 故乡
native speaker 说(本族语) 母语的人
2. attitude n.态度;看法
attitude to/towards… 对……的态度
3. refer vi.提到;参考;查阅 vt. 查询;叫……求助于
refer to 查阅;参考;谈到;提及;指的是
reference n. 查阅;参考;涉及;提及
4. base vt. 以……为据点;以……为基础 n. 底部;基部;基地;基础
base sth. on/upon sth. 以……为基础/根据
base sth. in 将……设在……
5. variety n.(植物、语言等的)变体;异体;多样化
a variety of = varieties of 许多的;大量的
vary from… to… 从……到……不等;在……到……变化
vary v. 变化 various adj. 各种各种的
6. means n. 方式;方法;途径
a means of 一种……的方式
by all means 当然行,可以
by no means 决不
by means of 依靠,利用……方式
7. regard n. 尊重;关注vt. 把……视为;看待
regard…as 把……看作;认为……是
8. appreciate vt. 欣赏;重视;感激;领会vi. 增值
appreciate (sb.) doing sth. 感激(某人)做某事
I/We appreciate it if… 如果……我(们)会不胜感激
9. struggle n. & vi. 斗争;奋斗;搏斗
struggle for 为……而斗争
struggle with/against sb. /sth. 与……作斗争
struggle to do 努力做某事
10. point of view观点;看法
11. equal n. 同等的人;相等物 adj. 相同的;同样的
be equal to sth. /doing sth. (= be suitable/qualified for…)等于/胜任(做)某事
without equal/ have no equal 无与伦比
12. demand n. 要求;需求vt. 强烈要求;需要vi. 查问
demand to do sth. 要求做某事
demand that… (should) do sth. 要求……做某事(从句用虚拟语气)
13. relate vt. 联系;讲述
relate to 与……相关;涉及;谈到
relate sth. to sb. 向某人讲述某事
Part two Grammar
定语从句
关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
主要作用有:1. 指代表示时间、地点、原因的先行词;
2.在从句中充当句子成分——状语;
3.起连接作用,把主句和定语从句连接起来。
1)when, where, why
 when 表示时间,代替先行词并在定语从句中做时间状语,其先行词往往是表示时间的名词。
  There are occasions when one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
where表示地点,代替先行词并在定语从句中做地点状语,其先行词往往是表示地点的名词。
  Beijing is the place where I was born. 北京是我的出生地。  
why表示原因,代替先行词并在定语从句中做原因状语,其先行词往往是表示理由的名词如reason。
Is this the reason why he refused our offer  这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2)that代替关系副词
  that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:
  His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
  He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
关系代词与关系副词的选用
方法一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就要用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:
This is the mountain village that/which I visited last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
若关系词在从句中做主语或宾语,用关系代词;做状语则用关系副词。
Is this the museum that/which you visited a few days ago
Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
1.由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句主要用于正式文体,在非正式文体中通常将介词放至句末。如:
This is the man to whom I referred. 我指的就是这个人。
This is the man (whom) I referred to. 我指的就是这个人。
2. 直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词which不能换成that,直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词whom不能换成who。但若介词用于句末,则用作宾语的which, whom也可换成that, who,或者省略不同。如:
这是一个我们讨论了许多的问题。
This is a subject about which we have talked a lot. (which不能换成that,也不能省略)
This is a subject which we have talked about a lot. 这是一个我们讨论了许多的问题。(which可以换成that,也可以省略)
3.关系副词when, where, why根据情况有时可换成“介词+关系代词”。
如:That is the day when [=on which] he was born. 那就是他出生的日子。
That is the house where [=in which] he lived. 那就是他住过的房子。That is the reason why [=for which] he must apologize. 那就是他必须道歉的原因。
4.在很正式的文体中,“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句可紧缩成“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构。如:在那儿孩子们有个玩耍的花园。
正:There the children had a garden in which to play. (很正式)
正:There the children had a garden in which they could play. (较正式)
正:There the children had a garden to play in. (较口语化)
注:这类“介词+关系代词++不定式”结构中的介词不能没有,也不能放在句末。如不能说
There the children had a garden which to play in.
Part three Sentence
1. There are many reasons why this has been possible, but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system.
Reason 后接定语从句
Reason做先行词,后接定语从句:
(1)关系词在句中做状语,用why 或 for which引导定语从句。
(2)如果关系词在句中做主语、宾语等,要用which 或that 引导定语从句,关系词作宾语可以省略。
2. Over the years, the system developed into different forms, as it was a time when the Chinese people were divided geographically, leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.
“It was a time when… ” 句型意为“那段时间……”time 为先行词,when为关系副词,引导定语从句。
3. Even today, no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak, they can all still communicate in writing.
“No matter where/what + …” 引导让步状语从句
no matter what/where/when/how/who/which引导让步状语从句可换成whatever/ wherever/ whenever/ however/ whoever/whichever
同步语法 | 新人教版 必修一Unit 5:"关系副词"及"介词+关系代词"
"关系副词"及“介词+关系代词”
引导的定语从句
一、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词的指代及功能
关系副词 先行词 功能
when 表示时间的名词 时间状语
where 表示地点的名词 地点状语
why reason 原因状语
1.关系副词when引导定语从句时,先行词应是表示时间的名词,关系词在从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the time when I first travelled by plane.
我仍然记得第一次坐飞机旅行的时候。
We will never forget the year when the 29th Olympic Games were held in Beijing.
我们将永远不会忘记第29届奥运会在北京举办的那一年。
2.关系副词where引导定语从句时,先行词应是表示地点或抽象地点的名词,关系词在从句中作地点状语。
I'd like to live in the house where there is plenty of sunshine.
我喜欢住在那个阳光充足的房子里。
3.关系副词why引导定语从句时,先行词常常为reason,关系词在从句中作原因状语。
Can you explain the reason(=for which)why you don't help him
你能解释一下不帮助他的理由吗?
I don't know the reason why he didn't turn to his good friend for help yesterday.
我不知道昨天他为什么没向他的好朋友求助。(why作原因状语)
I won't listen to the reason that/which you have given us.
我坚决不听你提供给我们的那个理由。(定语从句中缺少宾语,所以用which/that,不用why)
二、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,我们通常用“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句。如果指“人”,用“介词+whom”;如果指“物”,用“介词+which”;关系代词有时也用whose(作定语)。
选用介词的依据:
1.根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯(即固定短语)。
Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hangzhou is famous.
昨天我们参观了西湖,杭州因其而出名。(be famous for)
2.根据先行词的搭配习惯(约定俗成,不一定是短语)。
This is the camera with which he often takes photos.
这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。(with the camera)
The boss in whose company Mr. King worked heard about the accident.
金先生所工作的公司的老板听到了这起事故。(in the boss' company)
3.根据句子的意思来选择。
The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.
这种无色的、离了它我们就无法生存的气体是氧气。
4.表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时,通常用介词of。
I have about 10 books, half of which were written by Mo Yan.
我有大约10本书,其中一半是莫言写的。
学以致用
用适当的关系副词或关系代词填空
1. I still remember the day______ I first came to Beijing.
2. This is the room ______ my grandparents lived last year.
3. Do you know the reason______ he refused to go to Mary’s birthday party.
4. China is a large country ______ many different dialects are spoken.
5. The factory ______ his father works is in the west of the city.
6. This is the hospital______ my mother works.
7. That is the reason ______ I did the job.
8. I don’t know the exact time ______ they will meet.
9. I still remember the place______ I met her for the first time.
10. That’s one of the reasons ______ I asked you to come.
11. Mr. Wang will fly to Beijing, ______ he will stay for three months.
12. There comes a time______ you have to make a choice.
13. I am looking forward to the day _____ my daughter can know my feelings for her.
14. We’ll put off the picnic until next week, ______ the weather may be better.
15. ______ we know, this is the day______ the quake happened thirty-five years ago.
16. He works in a factory______ makes this type of iPhone.
17. This is the hospital ______ we visited the day before yesterday.
18. Finally he reached a lonely island ________ was completely cut off from the outside world.
19. I doubt the reason ______ he gave us for his being absent from the meeting.
20. The way _____ our chemistry teacher did the experiment was very interesting.
参考答案
1. when/ on which 2 where /in which 3. why/for which 4. where /in which 5. where /in which
6. where /in which 7. why/ for which 8. when/at which 9. where /in which 10. why/ for which
11. where 12. when 13. when/ on which 14. when 15. As ; when/ on which 16. that /which
17. that /which 18. that /which 19. that /which 20. that /in which高中人教版必修一 Welcome Unit知识点归纳
Welcome Unit
Part one Vocabulary
1. exchange n.交换;交流 vt.交换;交流;交易;兑换
In exchange (for...)作为(与......的)交换
exchange student 交换生
exchange A for B 以A交换B:把A兑换成B
exchange sth. with sb. 与某人交流/交换某物
exchange opinions/ideas/views交流意见/想法/看法
2. design
1) n. 设计;图案;构思;打算,意图。
make designs for 为......做设计
by design(=on purpose)故意地
2) vt.设计,构思;计划;意欲。
design sth. for... 为...设计某物
be designed to do... 旨在做...,用于做...
3. anxious adj. 焦虑的;不安的
be anxious for sb./ about sth. 为某人/某事担心
be anxious for...渴望...
be anxious (for sb.) to do sth. 渴望(某人)做某事
be anxious that... 渴望...
4. annoyed adj. 恼怒的;生气的
be annoyed with sb.生某人的气
be annoyed at/about sth.因某事生气
be annoyed to do做...感到生气
5. senior adj. 级别(或地位)高的 n. 较年长的人
senior high (school)高中
be senior to sb. 比某人的地位/职位高
6. impress vt. 使钦佩;给……留下深刻的好印象 vi. 留下印象;引人注目
have a(n) ...impression of... 对······有······印象
leave/make a(n) ...impression on sb. 给某人留下······印象
(be) under the impression that... 以为······,(通常指)误认为······
7. concentrate on 集中精力于
8. leave...alone 不打扰,不惊动
9. explore vt.& vi. 探索;勘探
exploration n. 探索,探测 explorer n. 探险者;勘探者;考察者
10. confident adj. 自信的;有把握的
be confident about 对......有信心
be confident of (doing) sth.对(做)······有把握
be confident that... 确信······
11. look forward to 盼望;期待
12. organise vt. 组织;筹备;安排;组建 vi. 组建;成立
organisation n. 组织;团体;机构
Part two Grammar
句子成分和基本句型
一、句子成分
构成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。句子成分有主要成分与次要成分之分。主要成分是主语(The Subject)和谓语(The Predicate),次要成分有表语宾语(The Object)、(The Predicative)、定语(The Attribute)、状语(The Adverbial)、补足语(The Complement)和同位语(The Appositive)。
(一)主语
主语表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物,一般为名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、不定式(短语)或从句,置于句首。
The students are playing basketball now.
Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
(二)谓语
谓语说明或描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态,由动词或动词短语充当,位于主语之后。
You may keep the pen for two weeks at most.
He didn't listen to the teacher’s advice.
(三)表语
表语说明主语的身份、特征或状态,在系动词(be、become、get、look、grow、turn、seem等)之后,可以由名词、代词、形容词、分词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、介词短语以及从句充当。
I'm an astronaut. She looks pale.
My job is teaching English. (四)宾语
宾语有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语等。双宾语又分为直接宾语和间接宾语。宾语可以由名词(短语)、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式(短语)、动名词、从句等充当。
He wrote a poem.
She enjoys living in China.
(五)宾语补足语
有些及物动词除有一个宾语外,还要有一个宾语补足语。才能使句子的意义完整。一般结构为:及物动词(如 make、see、find等)+宾语+宾语补足语。
注意:“make/see/find…sb. do sth. ”结构变为被动形式时,不定式符号to要还原。
New technologies make life much more easy and convenient.
He was seen to rush into the classroom. (六)定语
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语多放在被修饰部分的前面,但由多个词构成的定语部分则通常放在被修饰部分的后面。
The red bike is mine. They made paper flowers.
The boy in the classroom is John.
(七)状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分称为状语。状语的位置非常灵活:修饰形容词、副词时通常放在被修饰词之前;通常在句子的基本结构之后;强调时放在句首。
He knows a lot. She is lying in the bed thinking.
When I was young, I often listened to the radio.
(八)同位语
同位语通常在名词或代词之后,与其并列并对其加以说明。
We have two children, a boy and a girl.
The news that he had passed the exam delighted his mother. 二、五种基本句型
(一)主语+不及物动词(S+V)
此类句子都有一个共同特点:句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思,都是不及物动词, 后面可以跟副词、介词短语以及表示时间、地点、方式等的状语从句等。
The car won't start. They laughed.
(二)主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P)
一些动词单独作谓语时不能表达一个完整的意思,需要接上表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语。这类动词叫系动词.
The flowers smell sweet. Tom looks thin.
(三)主语+及物动词+宾语(S+V+O)
此类谓语动词都有实际意义,都是由主语产生的动作,但后面必须加一个宾语,即动作的承受者。
They ate what was left over. She hates spiders.
(四)主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO)
有些动词可以有两个宾语。通常情况下间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后;有时也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后,此时间接宾语前需加介词 for 或to.
She cooked her husband a delicious meal. =She cooked a delicious meal for her husband.
Give me the pen, please. =Give the pen to me, please.
(五)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+O+C)
句子谓语为及物动词,有时只跟一个宾语不能表达完整意思,需要用宾语补足语对宾语进行补充说明。宾语补足语可以由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语和非谓语动词等充当。
They made her happy.
She kept us waiting for her answer for over a week.
(六)主语+不及物动词+状语(S+V+A)
句子谓语为不及物动词,需要跟状语对谓语动词进行补充说明或限定。状语常常是副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等。
The children stayed in room. John has gone to buy books.
(七)主语+谓语+宾语+状语(S+V+O+A)
句子谓语为及物动词,跟宾语后句意还不完整,需要跟状语进行补充说明或限定。状语常常是副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等。
They know us very well. They put the dish here.
(八)there be. . .
there be 后面的名词是句子的主语,属倒装结构,其中be 动词之前有时可加上 seem to、appear to等。
注意:(1)在there be句型中,be的单复数与离它最近的名词的单复数保持一致。(就近原则)
(2)there be 表示“存在;有”。这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词 there“那里”混淆。此结构后跟名词,表示“(某处)有某事物”。
There is a cup on the desk.
There are some apples in the bowl.
Part three Sentence
1. What if no one talks to me?要是没人跟我说话怎么办?
What if... 要是……会怎么样呢?
常用来征求对方的意见。
"What…if… " 以下几种用法:
(1)表示假设,意为“假若……怎么办?”“要是……将会怎么样?”,if后的句子可用陈述语气(用一般现在时),也可用虚拟语气(用一般过去时或“shouldn't+动词原形”)
(2)表示邀请或建议,意为“如果……怎么样?如果……如何?”
(3)表示不重要,此时常与so连用,意为“就算……那又怎样?”
2. 双重否定
You'll never see me without a book or a pen. 你永远不会看到我不拿书或笔。
"never … without..."双重否定结构,表示肯定含义,意思是“没有……就不……”。常见的双重否定结构还有:no/not/hardly...without…没有……不;除……不
cannot…too…无论怎样……也不为过
3. I wish I didn't have to do this! 我希望我不必这样做!
wish+ (that) . . . (虚拟宾语从句)
wish后面接that引导的宾语从句,若从句表示的内容与事实相反或者是难以实现的愿望,从句谓语动词多用虚拟语气形式。从句谓语动词形式如下:
(1)与现在事实不符,用一般过去时(be用were) ;
(2)与过去事实不符,用过去完成时;
(3)与将来事实不符,用“would/should/could/might + do”。
同步语法 | 新人教版 必修一Welcome Unit
句子成分和基本句型
句子成分
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主语和谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
1)主语(subject)
一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。比如:
1. The room is very clean. (名词)
2. We often speak English. (代词)
3. To teach them English is my job.(动词不定式)
4. Swimming is good for our health. (动名词)
5. What we need is food. (从句)
6. The poor are everywhere in some countries. (the +形容词)
2)谓语(predicate)
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态,说明主语“做什么”,“是什么”,“怎么样”。谓语必须是动词,体现时态和语态,一般放在主语之后。谓语分简单谓语和复合谓语:
1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如: He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语:
a.由情态动词+动词原形或其他助动词加动词某种形式构成。
如:He can speak English.
b. 助动词:帮助构成时态和语态,不同时态有不同的助动词,后加动词的某种形式构成谓语。
He doesn't like speaking Chinese.
I have seen the film before.
He didn't finish his homework last night.
3) 表语(predicative)
表语用以说明主语是什么或怎么样,它一般位于系动词之后,构成主系表结构,说明主语的状况,性质,特征等。
常见的系动词:
1. 表状态:be
2. 表感官:look, sound, smell, taste, feel
3. 表变化:become, grow, turn, fall, get, go
4. 表持续,保持:keep, remain, stay
5. 表似乎,像:seem,appear
例子:划线部分均为表语:
1. I am a teacher. (名词)
2. I am ten. (数词)
3. He became rich and successful. (形容词)
4. They are at home now. ( 介词短语)
4)宾语(object)
宾语:表示动作所涉及的对象,内容或承受者。
宾语的种类:动宾:动词+宾语 介宾:介词+宾语
例子:划线部分为宾语。
1. He is playing the piano.(名词)
2. He often helps me.(代词)
3. He likes to watch TV. (动词不定式)
4. He likes watching TV. (动词ing)
5)宾语补足语
英语中有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语的后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”称为复合宾语。例子:划线部分为宾语补足语
1. We called him Dongming.(名词)
2. We saw him playing soccer. (现在分词)
3. We saw him play soccer. (省to不定式)
4. We found math difficult.(形容词)
6) 状语(adverbial)
状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分, 说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的,比较等,可用作状语的有副词, 不定式, 分词, 介词短语, 从句等。
1. Tom runs quickly.
2. I get up at six every day.
3. I play soccer very well.
4. In the classroom, the boy needs a pen.
5. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.
6. The boy needs a pen to do his homework.
7)双宾语:IO +DO
直接宾语:在动词后所跟的双宾语中,表示物的叫做直接宾语direct object(简称“直宾”),表示人的叫做间接宾语(indirect object)。
1.He read us the text.
→ He read the text to us.
2.My sister wrote me a letter.
→ My sister wrote a letter to me.
3.Henry teaches us English.
→ Henry teaches English to us.
4.My mother bought me a watch.
→ My mother bought a watch for me.
5.Her mother made her a cake.
→ Her mother made a cake for her.
简单句的基本句型
简单句:英语中简单句只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语动词(或并列谓语动词)。
英文的基本句型有五种,它们是:
A. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语(SVP)
B. 主语 + 动词(SV)
C. 主语 + 动词 + 宾语(SVO)
D. 主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(SVOO)
E. 主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(SVOC)
A. 主 + 系 + 表
英文中的系动词主要是指be动词的各种变化形式,也包括那些有时起系动词作用的实义动词。这类动词常见的有:appear(相似、显得),become(变成) , come(变得) , feel(摸起来) , fall(变得) , get(变得) , grow(变得) , hold(保持) , keep(保持) ,look(看上去),remain(仍然是) , seem看起来) , stand(保持) , stay(保持) , smell(闻起来) , sound(听起来) , turn(变成) , taste(尝起来)等。
Everything looks different.
主语   系动词  表语
一切看来都不同了。
Computers are useful [in people’s life].
 主语  系动词 表语   状语
电脑在人们的生活中很有用。
B. 主 + 谓(SV)
这种句型中的谓语动词是不及物动词,没有直接宾语;但常带有状语。
例如
The sun is rising.太阳正在升起。
主语  谓语
The little boy is crying. 小男孩正在哭泣。
  主语    谓语
C. 主 + 谓+ 宾(SVO)
这一句型中的谓语动词是及物动词,那么它必须带有自己的宾语。在英文中,当一个动词(包括单个动词和动词短语)作及物动词用时,它必须要有自己的宾语(除非是宾语在上下文里很明确地提到过,为避免不必要的重复,才会省去。),否则会视为"句子不完整"。
He is watching TV. 他正在看电视。
主语  谓语  宾语
D. 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(SVOO)
此句型中的谓语动词后接两个宾语:"间接宾语"多由代词或名词充当;"直接宾语",往往由名词充当。这类句型常有"给某人某物"、"送某人某物"、"留给某人某物"等意思。常见的这类谓语动词有:buy(给某人买……),bring(带给某人……), get(给某人弄到……), give(给某人……), hand(递给某人……), lend(借给某人……), leave(留给某人…… ), pay(支付某人……) , pass(递给某人……), read(给某人读……), rent(租赁某人……), recommend(将某人推荐给……) , send(送给某人……), show(给某人看……),tell(告诉某人……), take(给某人拿……), teach(教某人……) , write(给某人写……)等。例如:
(注:上面各词的中文释义是刻意按照该词的常用动词句型而给的,以便于大家更好地理解该词出现于哪个基本句型中。)
这种句型中间接宾语常常指“人”,直接宾语常常指“物”。
He    bought    me   a birthday present.
主语  谓语(及物动词) 间接宾语  直接宾语
他给我买了一份生日礼物。
 I  showed    him   my pictures.
主语 谓语(及物动词) 间接宾语  直接宾语
我给他看我的照片。
常见的能跟双宾语的及物动词
(1)give, tell, teach, write, bring, lend, hand, show, offer, send, pay, pass, allow, return等后的间接宾语可转换为介词to的宾语。
◆Please hand him a book!
=Please hand a book to him!
请递给他一本书。
(2)buy, do, get, fetch, save, make, sing, choose等后的间接宾语可转换为介词for的宾语来表示。
◆Her father bought her a bike.
=Her father bought a bike for her.
她的父亲给她买了一辆自行车。
E. 主 + 谓+ 宾 + 宾补(SVOC)
此句型概括了这样一种情况:有些及物动词的后面有时常带复合宾语结构(即:宾语 + 宾语补足语)。在这一结构中,宾语补足语是对宾语"做什么"、"怎么样"等方面进行补充说明。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词或介词短语担当。常带复合宾语结构的及物动词有:
ask(请求,要求) , allow(容许) ,appoint(任命) , believe(相信) , call(称) , cause(使得) , catch(发现) , consider(认为) , elect(选举) , expect(预期) , feel(感觉到) , find(发现) , get(使得) , have(使,让) , hear(听到) , imagine(想象) , keep(保持) , let(使) , listen to(听) , look at(看,瞧) ,make(使) , notice(注意到) , see(看见) , smell(闻到) , watch(注视,看) , tell(告诉)等等。
这种句型中的“宾语+宾语补足语”可统称为“复合宾语”。
Mike  told   me  〈not to go now〉.
主语 谓语(及物动词) 宾语  宾语补足语
迈克告诉我不要现在走。
They  painted  the door 〈green〉.
主语    谓语    宾语  宾语补足语
他们把门漆成绿色。
另外注意三种句型:
1. there be句型
There be 句型是英语中常用句型, 意思是"有",表示"人或事物的存在"或"某地有某物"。There在此结构中是引导词,已经没有副词"那里"的含义
There be 句型中的be 应和其后出现的主语在数上一致,即“近主原则”,如:
There is a lamp on the table.
There are some apples in the bowl.
There are five books, two pens and a ruler in the school bag.
There is a ruler, two pens and five books in the school bag.
2. 主语+谓语+状语(S+V+Ad)
They  talked  [for half an hour].
主语   谓语     状语
他们谈了半个小时。
The time   passed  [quickly]. 时光飞逝。
 主语 谓语(不及物动词) 状语
3. 主语+谓语+宾语+状语(S+V+O+Ad)
 I had  my first maths class [in senior high].
主语 谓语      宾语      状语
在高中我上了第一堂数学课。
 I  waited for him [at the school gate].
主语  谓语  宾语   状语
我在校门口等他。
牛刀小试
一.辨别下面句子的类型
1. I arrived at six last night.
2. The grass turned green in spring.
3. Please tell me a story before I go to bed.
4. I bought a good English-Chinese Dictionary yesterday.
5. I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy.
6. Tom is an American boy.
7. There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.
8. I dreamed a terrible dream last night.
9. The old man works in a hospital.
10. I'll offer you a good chance as long as you don t lose heart.
二.根据要求转换句子
1. The old man is telling stories the children in the Long March. (加介词)
2. Please show your picture me. (加介词)
3. My mother will buy a good watch you. (加介词)
4. I am making a new dress my sister. (加介词)
5. My sister likes meat very much. (变为否定句)
6. There are some bananas on the table. (变为一般疑问句)
7. There is a bottle and a glass under the chair. (变为否定句)
8. She can speak a little Chinese now. (就划线部分提问)
三.仿照8种句型造句。
【参考答案】
一. 1. S V Ad (主+谓+状语)
2. S V P (主+系+表)
3. S V IO DO (主+谓+ 间宾 +直宾)
4. S V O (主+谓+宾)
5. S V O OC (主+谓+宾+宾补)
6. S V P (主+系+表)
7. There be(存在句结构)
8. S V O Ad (主+谓+宾+状语)
9. S V Ad (主+谓+状语)
10. S V IO DO (主+谓+ 间宾 +直宾)
二. 1. to 2. to 3. for 4. for
5. My sister doesn’t like meat very much
6. Are there any bananas on the table?
7. There isn’t a bottle and a glass under the chair.
8. What can she speak now?
三. 略

展开更多......

收起↑

资源列表