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Unit 6 Earth and Beyond 单元基础测试题
（满分：120 分 考试时间：90 分钟）
听力部分（共 25 分）
一、听短对话，选择最佳答案（每小题 1 分，共 5 分）
听下面 5 段短对话，每段对话后有一个问题，从 A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳答案。
（ ）1. How far is it from the Earth to the Sun
A. About 15,000,000 km.
B. About 150,000,000 km.
C. About 1,500,000,000 km.
（ ）2. What can we see to find the North Star
A. The Big Dipper. B. The Moon. C. Mars.
（ ）3. What is the Sun’s surface temperature
A. About 5,526.85℃. B. About 5,625.85℃. C. About 5,825.65℃.
（ ）4. Which planet is the closest to the Sun
A. Venus. B. Mercury. C. Mars.
（ ）5. What tool do the students use to watch stars
A. A camera. B. A telescope. C. A map.
二、听长对话，选择最佳答案（每小题 2 分，共 10 分）
听下面 2 段长对话，每段对话后有 2-3 个问题，从 A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳答案。
对话一（共 2 题）
（ ）6. What does the Big Dipper look like
A. A cup. B. A spoon. C. A star.
（ ）7. Why is the North Star useful
A. It helps people find directions.
B. It is the brightest star.
C. It moves around the Moon.
对话二（共 3 题）
（ ）8. What is Li Tao’s group making
A. A poster of the Moon.
B. A fact file of Mars.
C. A model of the Sun.
（ ）9. How far is Mars from the Sun
A. About 150 million km. B. About 228 million km. C. About 4.5 billion km.
（ ）10. What is the average temperature on Mars
A. About -63℃. B. About 14℃. C. About -200℃.
三、听短文，选择最佳答案（每小题 2 分，共 10 分）
听下面一段短文，短文后有 5 个问题，从 A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳答案。
（ ）11. When was Nicolaus Copernicus born
A. In 1437. B. In 1473. C. In 1743.
（ ）12. What did Copernicus like to do in his free time
A. Watch the stars. B. Read stories. C. Play sports.
（ ）13. What idea did Copernicus have
A. The Earth is the center of the universe.
B. The Sun and planets go around the Earth.
C. The Earth and planets go around the Sun.
（ ）14. How did scientists feel about Copernicus’ ideas later
A. They thought they were wrong.
B. They proved they were right.
C. They paid no attention to them.
（ ）15. Who is this passage mainly for
A. Students learning about space.
B. Farmers working on farms.
C. Doctors in hospitals.
笔试部分（共 95 分）
一、阅读理解（共 50 分）
（一）选择题阅读（每小题 2 分，共 40 分）
A
Last Saturday night, my dad took me to a hill outside the city for stargazing. It was my first time watching stars away from the city lights, and it was more amazing than I expected.
We arrived at 7:00 p.m. When I looked up, I gasped—there were thousands of stars shining in the dark sky. Dad brought a small telescope. He helped me adjust it, and suddenly, the stars looked much closer. “Look,” Dad said, pointing to a group of stars, “that’s the Big Dipper. It looks like a spoon.” I followed his finger and saw it clearly. Then Dad showed me how to find the North Star: “Follow the two stars at the end of the Big Dipper’s ‘spoon’, and you’ll see a bright star—that’s the North Star.”
While we watched, Dad told me stories about stars. He said ancient people used stars to find their way when they traveled. For example, sailors looked for the North Star to know which way was north. I also learned that some stars are bigger than the Sun, but they look small because they’re so far away.
At 9:00 p.m., we packed up our things. On the way home, I couldn’t stop talking about what I saw. This trip taught me that the sky is full of secrets, and I want to learn more about space. Maybe one day, I’ll be a scientist who explores the universe!
根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。
（ ）16. Where did the writer go for stargazing
A. To a park in the city. B. To a hill outside the city.
C. To a beach by the sea. D. To a mountain in the north.
（ ）17. What tool did the writer use to watch stars
A. A camera. B. A map. C. A telescope. D. A phone.
（ ）18. What does the Big Dipper look like
A. A spoon. B. A cup. C. A star. D. A planet.
（ ）19. How did ancient sailors use the North Star
A. To tell time. B. To find directions.
C. To predict the weather. D. To send messages.
（ ）20. What did the writer want to be in the future
A. A sailor. B. A farmer. C. A doctor. D. A space scientist.
B
The solar system has eight planets, all going around the Sun. Each planet has unique features. The chart below shows key facts about four planets.
Planet Distance from the Sun Diameter Average Temperature Special Feature
Mercury About 58 million km 4,880 km -173℃ (night) ~ 427℃ (day) Closest to the Sun
Earth About 150 million km 13,000 km 14℃ Only planet with life
Mars About 228 million km 6,800 km -63℃ Called “Red Planet” (red soil)
Neptune About 4.5 billion km 49,500 km -200℃ Farthest from the Sun
Mercury is the smallest and closest planet to the Sun. Its temperature changes a lot—super cold at night and extremely hot during the day. There is no air or water on Mercury, so no life can live there.
Earth is our home. It has just the right temperature, air, and water for plants, animals, and humans. Most of Earth’s surface is covered with oceans, which is why it looks blue from space.
Mars is often called the “Red Planet” because its soil has a red color. Scientists are interested in Mars because it has ice under its surface—maybe there was water there long ago. They send robots to Mars to look for signs of life.
Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun. It is very cold and has strong winds. Neptune is much larger than Earth, but we can’t see it with our eyes—we need telescopes to observe it.
根据短文及图表内容，选择最佳答案。
（ ）21. Which planet is the closest to the Sun
A. Earth. B. Mercury. C. Mars. D. Neptune.
（ ）22. What is Earth’s average temperature
A. -63℃. B. 14℃. C. 427℃. D. -200℃.
（ ）23. Why is Mars called the “Red Planet”
A. It has red oceans. B. Its soil is red.
C. Its air is red. D. Its ice is red.
（ ）24. What do scientists send to Mars to look for life
A. Spaceships with people. B. Robots.
C. Telescopes. D. Satellites.
（ ）25. What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to
A. Mercury. B. Earth. C. Mars. D. Neptune.
C
Some people think exploring the universe is a waste of money and time. But in fact, exploring space is important for humans, and it brings many benefits to our life.
First, exploring the universe helps us learn more about our home—Earth. When we study other planets, we understand Earth better. For example, by comparing Earth with Mars, we learn why Earth has life (right temperature, water, air) while Mars doesn’t. This helps us protect Earth better—we know we need to save water and keep the air clean.
Second, space exploration leads to new inventions. Many things we use every day come from space technology. For example, GPS (Global Positioning System) uses satellites in space to help us find directions. Memory foam in pillows and mattresses was first made for astronauts’ seats. Even some medical tools were developed for space missions.
Third, exploring space inspires people—especially young students. When we hear about astronauts going to the Moon or robots landing on Mars, we feel excited. It makes us want to study science, math, and technology. Many students decide to become scientists or engineers because they dream of exploring space.
Some people say, “We have problems on Earth—why spend money on space ” But space exploration doesn’t take away from solving Earth’s problems. Instead, it gives us new ways to solve them. For example, space technology helps us predict weather and natural disasters, which saves lives.
In short, exploring the universe is not just about looking at stars—it’s about making our life better and inspiring future generations. We should keep exploring and never stop asking questions about the world beyond Earth.
根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。
（ ）26. What does the writer think of exploring the universe
A. It’s a waste of money.
B. It’s important and beneficial.
C. It’s only for astronauts.
D. It’s too dangerous.
（ ）27. How does exploring other planets help us
A. It helps us understand Earth better.
B. It helps us find more money.
C. It helps us make more robots.
D. It helps us travel faster.
（ ）28. What is an example of space technology used in daily life
A. Phones. B. GPS. C. TVs. D. Books.
（ ）29. Who is most inspired by space exploration
A. Farmers. B. Young students. C. Doctors. D. Teachers.
（ ）30. What is the main idea of the passage
A. We should stop exploring space.
B. Exploring the universe is important.
C. Mars is the best planet to explore.
D. Earth has no more problems.
D
What Is Venus
Venus is the second planet from the Sun and one of Earth’s closest neighbors. It is often called the “Morning Star” or “Evening Star” because it shines very brightly at dawn or dusk.
Key Facts to Note
Distance & Size:
About 108 million kilometers from the Sun (closer than Earth).
Diameter: About 12,104 kilometers (a little smaller than Earth).
Temperature:
Average temperature: 462℃ (the hottest planet in the solar system!).
Why so hot Venus has a thick layer of gas around it, which traps heat (like a blanket).
Special Features:
No moons or rings.
Rotates (spins) slower than Earth—one day on Venus is about 243 Earth days!
You can see Venus with your eyes—look for the brightest “star” in the morning or evening sky.
How to Use This Fact File
For Homework: Copy the key facts into your science notebook. Add one question you have about Venus (e.g., “Why does Venus spin slowly ”).
For Group Projects: Use the facts to make a poster of Venus. Draw Venus and label its features (distance from Sun, temperature).
For Discussion: Talk with your partner about this: “Why is Venus hotter than Mercury, even though Mercury is closer to the Sun ”
Where to Find More Information
School library: Books about the solar system (e.g., The Planets We Know).
Website: www./venus (for videos and games about Venus).
Use this fact file to start your exploration of Venus!
根据说明书内容，选择最佳答案。
（ ）31. Why is Venus called the “Morning Star” or “Evening Star”
A. It is a star. B. It shines brightly at dawn or dusk.
C. It is close to the Moon. D. It has a bright color.
（ ）32. How big is Venus compared to Earth
A. Much larger. B. A little smaller.
C. The same size. D. Much smaller.
（ ）33. What is the average temperature on Venus
A. 462℃. B. 427℃. C. -63℃. D. 14℃.
（ ）34. What can students do for homework with this fact file
A. Make a poster of Venus.
B. Watch videos about Venus.
C. Copy facts and add a question.
D. Play games about Venus.
（ ）35. Where can students find more videos about Venus
A. In the school library.
B. On www./venus.
C. In science class.
D. From the teacher.
（二）任务型阅读（每小题 2 分，共 10 分）
阅读下面短文，从方框中选择合适的句子补全短文（其中有一项多余），并回答最后一个问题。
Mars is often called Earth’s “red neighbor” because of its red soil. It is one of the most interesting planets in the solar system. Here’s what you need to know about it:
First, Mars has a unique appearance. 36 The red color comes from iron in the soil—just like rust on old metal. From Earth, Mars looks like a small red dot in the sky, especially at night.
Second, Mars has seasons, just like Earth. 37 But Mars’ seasons are longer because it takes longer to go around the Sun (about 687 Earth days for one year). In winter, some parts of Mars even have frost!
Third, there is water on Mars—but not in liquid form. 38 Scientists found large amounts of ice under Mars’ surface. They think there might have been liquid water long ago, which could mean there was life on Mars in the past.
Fourth, Mars has two small moons. 39 Phobos is bigger than Deimos, and it orbits (goes around) Mars faster. Some scientists think these moons are actually asteroids that Mars pulled in with its gravity.
Mars is still full of secrets. Every year, scientists send new robots to Mars to learn more. Maybe one day, humans will even visit Mars!
A. Its name comes from the Roman god of war.
B. They are called Phobos and Deimos.
C. Most of the time, it looks red or orange.
D. The seasons are spring, summer, autumn, and winter.
E. It is mostly in the form of ice.
40.What is one difference between Mars and Earth (Answer in one sentence.)
二、语言应用（共 35 分）
（一）完形填空（每小题 1.5 分，共 15 分）
阅读下面短文，从 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳答案，使短文通顺、完整。
Last month, our science teacher asked us to make a fact file of a planet. My group chose Jupiter—the largest planet in the solar system. We were all 41 to learn about it.
First, we needed to collect data. We went to the school library and found books about the solar system. We also searched online for 42 facts: Jupiter’s distance from the Sun, its size, and its temperature. We learned that Jupiter is about 778 million kilometers from the Sun—much farther than Earth. Its diameter is about 140,000 kilometers, which is 11 times 43 than Earth’s.
Next, we compared Jupiter with other planets. For example, Jupiter is much 44 than Mercury—the smallest planet. Jupiter’s average temperature is about -145℃, which is 45 than Mars’ -63℃. We wrote these comparisons in a chart to make them clear.
When we finished the fact file, we presented it to the class. Our teacher said it was 46 and full of useful information. Some classmates asked questions, like “Why does Jupiter have so many moons ” We tried our best to answer them with the knowledge we 47 .
Making this fact file taught me a lot about Jupiter and the solar system. I also learned how to 48 information and organize it clearly. I think this experience will help me with future science projects.
Now, I’m more interested in space than ever.My parents even bought me a small telescope, and I love 49 the stars with it at night. Maybe one day, I’ll be an astronomer who studies planets and stars 50 .
（ ）41. A. bored B. excited C. angry D. sad
（ ）42. A. wrong B. old C. useful D. funny
（ ）43. A. bigger B. smaller C. heavier D. lighter
（ ）44. A. smaller B. larger C. hotter D. colder
（ ）45. A. warmer B. hotter C. colder D. cooler
（ ）46. A. terrible B. wonderful C. expensive D. cheap
（ ）47. A. collected B. forgot C. lost D. sold
（ ）48. A. waste B. hide C. collect D. destroy
（ ）49. A. watching B. selling C. buying D. breaking
（ ）50. A. in the past B. in the future C. in the morning D. at noon
（二）词汇题（每小题 1 分，共 10 分）
A. 根据汉语提示写出单词，补全句子。
51. The ________ (宇宙) is so big that no one knows how wide it is.
52. Mercury is the ________ (最近的) planet to the Sun.
53. We use a ________ (望远镜) to watch distant stars more clearly.
54. The ________ (温度) on Mars is much lower than that on Earth.
55. Jupiter has a big red ________ (斑点) which is a huge storm.
B. 根据首字母提示写出单词，补全句子。
56. The Sun is the largest and brightest object in the s________ system.
57. Mars is often called the “Red Planet” because of its red s________.
58. Venus is the h________ planet in the solar system—its average temperature is 462℃.
59. Scientists send r________ to Mars to look for signs of life.
60. The North Star is useful for finding d________ at night.
（三）语法填空（每小题 1 分，共 10 分）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Moon is Earth’s only natural satellite.People have always been interested 61 the Moon, and we 62 (learn) more about it over time.
First, the Moon has no air 63 water, so no life lives there. Its surface is covered with craters (坑) made by rocks from space. The 64 (bright) of the Moon comes from the Sun—It doesn’t make its own light.
Second, the Moon affects Earth’s oceans. It causes tides (潮汐)—the rise and fall of ocean water. When the Moon is close to Earth, the tides are 65 (high) than usual.
Third, humans have visited the Moon. In 1969, Neil Armstrong became the 66 (one)person walked on the Moon. He said, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” Since then, many astronauts 67 (visit) the Moon and brought back rocks for scientists to study.
Now, scientists 68 (plan) to send more people to the Moon. They want to build a base there to study space further. The Moon is also a good place to learn about weighing 69 gravity on the Moon is much 70 (weak) than on Earth.
三、书面表达（共 10 分）
当前，很多同学对宇宙探索了解较少。请你以 “探索宇宙，点亮梦想” 为主题，写一份倡议书，呼吁同学们关注宇宙探索，学习太空知识。要求：
1.包含至少 3 条具体倡议（如阅读太空书籍、观察星星、参加科学活动等）；
2.语言通顺，条理清晰；
3.70-90 词左右。
Proposal for "Exploring the Universe, Lighting Up Dreams"
Dear schoolmates,
Let’s start exploring the universe today!
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
Grade 8/ 让教学更有效 高效备考 | 英语学科
仁爱科普版八上Unit6基础测试题听力原文+答案解析
第一部分 听力原文
一、听短对话（1-5题，每小题1分）
每段对话后对应1个问题，从A、B、C中选择最佳答案。
第1题
问题：How far is it from the Earth to the Sun
听力材料：
W: Do you know how far the Sun is from us
M: Yes! Our science teacher said it’s about 150,000,000 kilometers.
W: That’s such a long distance!
第2题
问题：What can we see to find the North Star
听力材料：
M: I can’t find the North Star. Can you help me
W: Sure! First find the Big Dipper—it looks like a spoon. Follow its two right stars, and you’ll see the North Star.
M: Thanks! I see it now.
第3题
问题：What is the Sun’s surface temperature
听力材料：
W: The Sun is so hot! What’s its surface temperature
M: I checked online—it’s about 5,526.85 degrees Celsius.
W: Wow, that’s much hotter than boiling water!
第4题
问题：Which planet is the closest to the Sun
听力材料：
M: Let’s talk about planets! Which one is nearest to the Sun
W: It’s Mercury. Venus is the second, and Earth is the third.
M: I always mix up Mercury and Venus.
第5题
问题：What tool do the students use to watch stars
听力材料：
W: Look at the students on the playground! What are they doing
M: They’re watching stars. Some of them are using a telescope to see clearer.
W: I want to join them!
二、听长对话（6-10题，每小题2分）
每段对话后对应2-3个问题，从A、B、C中选择最佳答案。
对话一（第6-7题）
听力材料：
M: Meimei, come look at the stars! That group looks special.
W: Oh, that’s the Big Dipper! It looks like a spoon.
M: Is that the North Star next to it
W: Yes! The North Star never moves much. People use it to find north at night.
M: That’s so cool!
问题6：What does the Big Dipper look like
问题7：Why is the North Star useful
对话二（第8-10题）
听力材料：
W: Li Tao, what is your group busy with
M: We’re making a fact file of Mars for our science project.
W: Can you tell me some facts
M: Sure! Mars is about 228 million kilometers from the Sun.
W: How’s its temperature
M: It’s very cold—about minus 63 degrees Celsius on average.
W: That’s much colder than Earth!
问题8：What is Li Tao’s group making
问题9：How far is Mars from the Sun
问题10：What is the average temperature on Mars
三、听短文（11-15题，每小题2分）
短文后对应5个问题，从A、B、C中选择最佳答案。
短文材料
Nicolaus Copernicus was a great scientist. He was born in Poland on February 19th, 1473. He studied in Poland first, then went to Italy to learn more. Copernicus loved space—he often watched the stars at night and thought about how they moved. At that time, people thought the Earth was the center of the universe. But Copernicus had a different idea: he thought the Earth and other planets all go around the Sun. In 1543, he published a book about his ideas. At first, few people believed him. But about sixty years later, scientists proved his ideas were right. Today, we still learn about Copernicus in science class because his ideas helped us understand the solar system better.
问题11：When was Nicolaus Copernicus born
问题12：What did Copernicus like to do in his free time
问题13：What idea did Copernicus have
问题14：How did scientists feel about Copernicus’ ideas later
问题15：Who is this passage mainly for
第二部分 听力题目答案
1.B 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.B 9.B 10.A 11.B 12.A 13.C 14.B 15.A
一、阅读理解（共50分）
（一）选择题阅读（16-35题，每小题2分）
A篇（观星经历记叙文）
16.答案：B
解析：细节定位题。原文首段“my dad took me to a hill outside the city for stargazing”直接指出观星地点是“城外的小山”，A（城内公园）、C（海边沙滩）、D（北方山脉）均未提及，故选B。
答案：C
解析：细节定位题。原文第二段“Dad brought a small telescope. He helped me adjust it”明确使用“望远镜”观星，A（相机）、B（地图）、D（手机）均非观星工具，故选C。
答案：A
解析：细节定位题。原文第二段“that’s the Big Dipper. It looks like a spoon”直接描述北斗七星像“勺子”，A（勺子）符合原文，B（杯子）、C（星星）、D（行星）均错误，故选A。
答案：B
解析：细节定位题。原文第三段“sailors looked for the North Star to know which way was north”说明水手用北极星“辨别方向”，A（报时）、C（预测天气）、D（发消息）均未提及，故选B。
答案：D
解析：细节定位题。原文最后一句“Maybe one day, I’ll be a scientist who explores the universe”明确未来想成为“太空科学家”，A（水手）、B（农民）、C（医生）均与原文矛盾，故选D。
B篇（行星对比说明文+图表）
答案：B
解析：细节定位题（图表+原文）。图表中Mercury（水星）栏标注“Closest to the Sun”，原文第二段也提到“Mercury is the smallest and closest planet to the Sun”，A（地球）、C（火星）、D（海王星）均不符，故选B。
答案：B
解析：细节定位题（图表）。图表中Earth（地球）栏“Average Temperature”明确为“14℃”，A（-63℃，火星温度）、C（427℃，水星白天温度）、D（-200℃，海王星温度）均错误，故选B。
答案：B
解析：细节定位题。原文第三段“Mars is often called the ‘Red Planet’ because its soil has a red color”说明因“土壤呈红色”得名，A（红色海洋，无海洋）、C（红色空气，未提及）、D（红色冰，未提及）均错误，故选B。
答案：B
解析：细节定位题。原文第三段“They send robots to Mars to look for signs of life”明确发送“火星车（robots）”，A（载人飞船，未提及）、C（望远镜，用于观测而非探测）、D（卫星，未提及）均错误，故选B。
答案：D
解析：词义猜测题（代词指代）。最后一段围绕“Neptune（海王星）”展开，“we can’t see it with our eyes”中“it”指代前文主语Neptune，A（水星）、B（地球）、C（火星）均非指代对象，故选D。
C篇（宇宙探索议论文）
答案：B
解析：观点态度题。原文首段“exploring space is important for humans, and it brings many benefits”明确作者观点“宇宙探索重要且有益”，A（浪费钱，作者反对）、C（仅宇航员可做，原文未提）、D（太危险，未提及）均错误，故选B。
答案：A
解析：细节理解题。原文第二段“by comparing Earth with Mars, we learn why Earth has life... This helps us understand Earth better”说明探索其他行星能“更好理解地球”，B（找更多钱，未提及）、C（造更多机器人，未提及）、D（更快旅行，未提及）均错误，故选A。
答案：B
解析：细节举例题。原文第三段“GPS (Global Positioning System) uses satellites in space... daily life come from space technology”明确GPS是太空技术在生活中的应用，A（手机）、C（电视）、D（书籍）均非太空技术产物，故选B。
答案：B
解析：细节定位题。原文第四段“exploring space inspires people—especially young students”指出“年轻学生”受启发最大，A（农民）、C（医生）、D（教师）均非主要受众，故选B。
答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。全文围绕“宇宙探索的重要性”展开，结尾重申“we should keep exploring”，A（停止探索，矛盾）、C（火星最适合探索，未提及）、D（地球无问题，矛盾）均错误，故选B。
D篇（金星说明书）
答案：B
解析：细节定位题。原文第一段“called the ‘Morning Star’ or ‘Evening Star’ because it shines very brightly at dawn or dusk”说明因“黎明或黄昏明亮”得名，A（是恒星，实际是行星）、C（靠近月球，未提及）、D（颜色亮，未提及）均错误，故选B。
答案：B
解析：细节定位题。原文“Key Facts”中“Diameter: About 12,104 kilometers (a little smaller than Earth)”明确金星“比地球略小”，A（大得多）、C（一样大）、D（小得多）均错误，故选B。
答案：A
解析：细节定位题。原文“Temperature”中“Average temperature: 462℃”直接对应，B（427℃，水星白天温度）、C（-63℃，火星温度）、D（14℃，地球温度）均错误，故选A。
答案：C
解析：细节定位题。原文“How to Use”中“For Homework: Copy the key facts... Add one question”明确作业是“抄事实+加问题”，A（做海报，是小组项目）、B（看视频，是拓展信息）、D（玩游戏，是拓展信息）均错误，故选C。
答案：B
解析：细节定位题。原文“Where to Find More”中“Website: www./venus (for videos and games)”明确视频在该网站，A（图书馆，是书籍）、C（科学课，未提及）、D（老师，未提及）均错误，故选B。
（二）任务型阅读（36-40题，每小题2分）
答案：C
解析：逻辑衔接题。前文“Mars has a unique appearance”（火星独特外观），C选项“Most of the time, it looks red or orange”（大多时候呈红或橙色）衔接“外观”，且呼应后文“red color comes from iron”，故选C。
答案：D
解析：逻辑衔接题。前文“Mars has seasons, just like Earth”（火星有季节），D选项“The seasons are spring, summer, autumn, and winter”（四季为春夏秋冬）具体说明季节，衔接自然，故选D。
答案：E
解析：逻辑衔接题。前文“there is water on Mars—but not in liquid form”（无液态水），E选项“It is mostly in the form of ice”（多为冰的形式）衔接“水的形态”，呼应后文“large amounts of ice”，故选E。
答案：B
解析：逻辑衔接题。前文“Mars has two small moons”（两个小卫星），B选项“They are called Phobos and Deimos”（名为火卫一和火卫二）介绍卫星名称，衔接“卫星”话题，故选B。
答案示例：Mars has two small moons, but Earth only has one. / The average temperature on Mars (-63℃) is much colder than that on Earth (14℃).
解析：需体现“火星与地球的不同”，围绕单元核心差异（卫星数量、温度、季节长度等），语句通顺、事实准确即可。
二、语言应用（共35分）
（一）完形填空（41-50题，每小题1.5分）
答案：B
解析：情感形容词辨析。首次学习木星知识应是“兴奋的”，excited（兴奋的）符合语境；bored（无聊）、angry（生气）、sad（难过）均与“探索行星”的积极情感矛盾，故选B。
答案：C
解析：形容词辨析。制作档案需“有用的”事实（距离、尺寸等），useful（有用的）符合需求；wrong（错误的）、old（陈旧的）、funny（有趣的，非核心）均不符合“科学档案”的严谨性，故选C。
答案：A
解析：形容词比较级。木星直径“比地球大11倍”，bigger（更大的）符合事实；smaller（更小）、heavier（更重，未提重量）、lighter（更轻，未提重量）均错误，故选A。
答案：B
解析：形容词比较级。木星是太阳系最大行星，比最小的水星“大得多”，larger（更大的）符合；smaller（更小）、hotter（更热，木星温度低）、colder（更冷，非对比核心）均错误，故选B。
答案：C
解析：形容词比较级。木星平均温度-145℃，火星-63℃，木星“更冷”，colder（更冷的）符合；warmer（更暖）、hotter（更热）、cooler（更凉爽，程度轻于colder）均错误，故选C。
答案：B
解析：形容词辨析。老师评价档案“好且有用”，wonderful（出色的）符合积极评价；terrible（糟糕的）、expensive（昂贵的，与档案无关）、cheap（便宜的，与档案无关）均错误，故选B。
答案：A
解析：动词辨析。用“收集到的知识”回答问题，collected（收集）符合；forgot（忘记）、lost（丢失）、sold（出售）均与“回答问题”矛盾，故选A。
答案：C
解析：动词辨析。从制作档案中学到“收集信息”，collect（收集）符合；waste（浪费）、hide（隐藏）、destroy（破坏）均与“学习技能”矛盾，故选C。
答案：A
解析：动词辨析。用望远镜“看星星”，watching（观察）符合；selling（卖）、buying（买）、breaking（破坏）均与“望远镜用途”矛盾，故选A。
答案：B
解析：时间短语辨析。“未来”成为天文学家，in the future（未来）符合；in the past（过去）、in the morning（早上）、at noon（中午）均与“梦想职业”的时间逻辑矛盾，故选B。
（二）词汇题（51-60题，每小题1分）
A. 汉语提示填空
答案：universe
解析：“宇宙”对应universe，不可数名词，单元核心名词（对应“Earth and Beyond”主题）。
答案：closest
解析：“最近的”对应closest，形容词最高级，单元核心形容词（描述行星与太阳的距离）。
答案：telescope
解析：“望远镜”对应telescope，可数名词，单元核心工具词汇（观星工具）。
答案：temperature
解析：“温度”对应temperature，不可数名词，单元核心名词（描述行星气候）。
答案：spot
解析：“斑点”对应spot，可数名词，单元延伸词汇（木星大红斑，a huge storm）。
B. 首字母提示填空
答案：solar
解析：首字母s，solar system（太阳系），单元核心短语（对应“行星所属系统”）。
答案：soil
解析：首字母s，red soil（红色土壤），单元核心名词（火星呈红色的原因）。
答案：hottest
解析：首字母h，hottest（最热的），形容词最高级（金星是太阳系最热行星）。
答案：robots
解析：首字母r，robots（火星车），单元核心名词（探测火星的工具）。
答案：directions
解析：首字母d，find directions（辨别方向），单元核心短语（北极星的用途）。
（三）语法填空（61-70题，每小题1分）
答案：in
解析：固定搭配“be interested in”（对……感兴趣），单元核心短语（描述对月球的趣）。
答案：have learned
解析：时态（现在完成时）。“over time”（随着时间推移）表示从过去到现在的动作，主语we，助动词用have，learn变learned，单元核心时态（强调经历的积累）。
答案：or
解析：并列连词。否定句中“和”用or，“no air or water”（没有空气和水），单元核心语法（否定句并列）。
答案：brightness
解析：词性转换。the后接名词，bright（明亮的）变brightness（亮度），单元核心构词法（形容词→名词，后缀-ness）。
答案：higher
解析：形容词比较级。than是比较级标志，high（高的）变higher（更高的），单元核心语法（描述潮汐高度对比）。
答案：first
解析：序数词。“第一个登月的人”，one（一）变first（第一），单元核心语法（序数词表顺序）。
答案：who
解析：定语从句引导词。先行词person（人），用who引导定语从句，单元核心语法（定语从句修饰人）。
答案：are planning
解析：时态（现在进行时表计划）。“now”结合“计划送更多人去月球”，主语scientists，be动词用are，plan变planning，单元核心时态（表当前计划）。
答案：about
解析：介词。“learn about”（了解），单元核心短语（描述学习月球重力）。
答案：weaker
解析：形容词比较级。than是比较级标志，weak（弱的）变weaker（更弱的），单元核心语法（描述月球与地球重力对比）。
三、书面表达（共10分）
参考范文
Proposal for "Exploring the Universe, Lighting Up Dreams"
Dear schoolmates,
Many of us know little about space exploration. Let’s take action! First, read space books like The Solar System to learn fun facts about planets. Second, use a telescope to watch stars on clear nights—you may see the Big Dipper. Third, join school science activities, such as making a Mars fact file.
Exploring space helps us love science and dream big. Let’s start exploring the universe today!
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
Grade 8

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