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“肥东一中学生发展中心”大联考
英语 答案
题号 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
答案 C B A B D B D A D C
题号 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
答案 A B C B C D A B E G
题号 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
答案 B A A B C C D A D B
题号 51 52 53 54 55
答案 B D C B A
题号 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
答案 much was added falls between following cultural themselves how which unlikely
第二部分 阅读 (共两节，满分50分)
第一节 (共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Expecting to travel abroad but lacking a loose budget Interested in meaningful volunteering programs but worried about issues like your security or working conditions Here comes a right place for you — Kindred Spirit Elephant Sanctuary.
Highlights
Volunteering with elephants and bringing them back into their natural habitat
Making a difference in the conservation efforts to save elephants living under awful conditions
Helping teach English to the communities and raising awareness about the captive elephant situation
Wandering the forests and observe elephant’s natural behaviors in their home environment
Our Sanctuary
Our sanctuary has rescued 5 elephants from the tourism industry and we have now brought them home to live out their lives in the forest, in semi-wild conditions. We need volunteers to help us keep these elephants happy and healthy in their natural habitat. With volunteer support, we hope to return more elephants to the forest soon.
Your tasks
Performing research on the natural elephant behaviors and the surrounding forest
Taking part in community projects such as teaching English at the school and to other locals
Carrying out litter pick-ups with the kids to educate on waste management
Your Rough Schedule:
Day 1: Pickup from Chiang Mai at 9 am. Travel through a national park and stunning mountains until you arrive in our unique village. Meet your homestay family and the other volunteers, and immerse yourself in hill tribe culture.
Day 2: Wake up early to hike in the forest and find our elephants. Spend the morning recording and learning about these amazing animals and their natural behaviors. Return to the village in the late afternoon and take part in our community & camp & teaching projects.
Day 3: Another early start to hike to observe our elephants one last time. Return to Chiang Mai in the afternoon.
Which of the following is a feature of volunteer work at the sanctuary
A. Looking after captive elephants with the locals.
B. Seeking and observing elephants in natural forests.
C. Helping rescue elephants living in the poor environment.
D. Teaching people to conserve elephants’ natural habitat.
What should you do as a volunteer there
A. You should participate in anti-poverty projects.
B. You should have the great ability to go hiking for days.
C. You should master local languages and know about tribe culture.
D. You should undertake research into wild elephants independently.
Where does this text most probably come from
A. A holiday brochure. B. A travel journal.
C. A geographical essay. D. An educational website.
【答案】21．C 22．B 23．A
【知识点】广告/布告、旅游观光、应用文
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章是Kindred Spirit大象保护区的志愿者招募信息。
21．推理判断题。根据Highlights部分中“Making a difference in the conservation efforts to save elephants living under awful conditions (为保护生活在恶劣环境下的大象做出了贡献)”和Our Sanctuary部分中“Our sanctuary has rescued 5 elephants from the tourism industry and we have now brought them home to live out their lives in the forest, in semi-wild conditions. (我们的保护区从旅游业中救出了5头大象，现在我们把它们带回家，让它们在半野生的条件下在森林中生活。)”可推知，保护区志愿工作之一是帮助拯救生活在恶劣环境中的大象。故选C项。
22．推理判断题。根据Your Rough Schedule部分中“Travel through a national park and stunning mountains until you arrive in our unique village. (穿过一个国家公园和壮丽的山脉，直到你到达我们独特的村庄。)”、“Wake up early to hike in the forest and find our elephants. (早起在森林里徒步旅行，找到我们的大象。)”和“Another early start to hike to observe our elephants one last time. (又一次提早徒步出发，最后一次观察我们的大象。)”可推知，作为一名志愿者，你应该具有连续几天徒步旅行的能力。故选B项。
23．推理判断题。根据第一段“Expecting to travel abroad but lacking a loose budget Interested in meaningful volunteering programs but worried about issues like your security or working conditions Here comes a right place for you — Kindred Spirit Elephant Sanctuary. (想出国旅游，但预算不够宽裕 对有意义的志愿活动感兴趣，但担心安全或工作条件等问题 这里有一个适合你的地方——Kindred Spirit大象保护区)”可知，本文为想出国旅游但预算不足，或想作志愿者又担心安全或工作条件的人提供了一份大象保护区的志愿者工作，与国外旅游有关。所以，文章可能出自假日宣传册。故选A项。
B
Every decision we make is arrived at through hugely complex neurological processing. Although it feels as though you have a choice, the action that you ‘decide’ to take is entirely directed by automatic neural activity. Brain imaging studies show that a person’s action can be predicted by their brain activity up to 10 seconds before they themselves become aware they are going to act. Multiple neuroscientific studies show that even those important decisions that feel worked out are just as automatic as knee-jerk reactions (although more complex).
Decision-making starts with the amygdala: a set of two almond-shaped nuclei buried deep within the brain, which generate emotion. The amygdala registers the information streaming in through our senses and responds to it in less than a second, sending signals throughout the brain. These produce an urge to run, fight, freeze or grab, according to how the amygdala values various stimuli.
Before we act on the amygdala’s signals, however, the information is usually processed by other brain areas, including some that produce conscious thoughts and emotions. Areas concerned with recognition work out what’s going on, those concerned with memory compare it with previous experiences, and those concerned with reasoning, judging and planning get to work on constructing various action plans. The best plan—if we are lucky—is then selected and carried out. If any of this process goes wrong, we are likely to hesitate, or do something silly.
The various stages of decision-making are marked by different types of brain activity. Fast (gamma) waves, with frequencies of 25 to 100 Hz, produce a keen awareness of the multiple factors that need to be taken into account to arrive at a decision. If you are trying to choose a sandwich, for instance, gamma waves generated in various cells within the ‘taste’ area of the brain bring to mind and compare the taste of ham, hummus, wholemeal, sourdough, and so on. Although it may seem useful to be aware of the full range of choice, too much information makes decision-making more difficult, so irrelevant factors get dismissed quickly and unconsciously.
After this comparison stage, the brain switches to slow-wave activity (12 to 30 Hz). This extinguishes most of the gamma activity, leaving just a single ‘hotspot’ of gamma waves which marks the chosen option.
Although there is no ‘you’ outside your brain to direct what it’s doing, you can help it to make good decisions by placing yourself in a situation which is likely to make the process run more smoothly. Doing something that is physically or mentally stimulating before making a decision will help your brain produce the initial gamma waves that generate awareness of the competing options. Getting over-excited, on the other hand, will prevent the switch to the slow brainwaves, making it much harder to single out a choice.
Why does the writer mention “knee-jerk reactions” in the first paragraph
A. To introduce the finding of the latest brain imaging studies.
B. To illustrate that decisions are not consciously thought out.
C. To call attention to a kind of neural reaction that is not very complex.
D. To show the difference between decision-making and other brain activity.
What does the amygdala do according to the passage
A. It works out conscious thoughts and emotions.
B. It selects the best action plan for a given situation.
C. It dismisses factors that are irrelevant to the decision to be made.
D. It processes sensory information and generates emotional responses.
What can be concluded from paragraphs 4 and 5
A. Slow-wave activity usually lasts longer than fast-wave activity.
B. The brain prioritizes information before settling on a final choice.
C. Decision-making is difficult when slow-wave activity occurs first.
D. The brain needs as much information as possible to make a decision.
How does engaging in stimulating activities help the decision-making process
A. By preparing the brain to single out the most reasonable choice.
B. By helping the brain switch to slow-wave activity more quickly.
C. By getting the brain to focus on those most relevant alternatives.
D. By making the brain more aware of the factors and choices involved.
【答案】24．B 25．D 26．B 27．D
【知识点】科普知识 、说明文
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人们在做决定时，大脑中杏仁核的活动及其他部位的活动情况，因此在做决定之前可以做一些刺激身体或精神的事情，来帮助你的大脑产生最初的伽马波。
24．推理判断题。第一段最后两句提到“Brain imaging studies show that a person’s action can be predicted by their brain activity up to 10 seconds before they themselves become aware they are going to act. Multiple neuroscientific studies show that even those important decisions that feel worked out are just as automatic as knee-jerk reactions (膝跳反应) (although more complex).”(脑成像研究表明，一个人的行为可以在他们意识到自己将要采取行动之前10秒通过他们的大脑活动来预测。多项神经科学研究表明，即使是那些让人感觉已经做出的重要决定，也和膝跳反应一样是自动的(尽管更复杂)。)可知，膝跳反应是一种最简单的二元反射，几乎不需要时间就会有相应的反应，而文中将做决定这一大脑活动和膝跳反应作类比，说明大脑在做决定时也是下意识的反应。故选B。
25．细节理解题。第二段提到“Decision-making starts with the amygdala: a set of two almond-shaped nuclei buried deep within the brain, which generate emotion. The amygdala registers the information streaming in through our senses and responds to it in less than a second, sending signals throughout the brain. These produce an urge to run, fight, freeze or grab, according to how the amygdala values various stimuli.”(决策始于杏仁核：埋藏在大脑深处的一组两个杏仁状的核，产生情感。杏仁核记录了通过我们的感官流入的信息，并在不到一秒的时间内做出反应，将信号发送到整个大脑。根据杏仁核对各种刺激的评价，这些刺激会产生奔跑、战斗、冻结或抓取的冲动。)由此判断，杏仁核会产生情感，并针对感官接受的信息做出相对应的行为刺激。故选D。
26．推理判断题。第四段“Fast (gamma)waves, with frequencies of 25 to 100 Hz, produce a keen awareness of the multiple factors that need to be taken into account to arrive at a decision.”(频率在25到100赫兹之间的快速(伽马)波，能让人敏锐地意识到需要考虑的多种因素，从而做出决定。)大脑在做决定之前，会考虑各种信息，第五段“After this comparison stage, the brain switches to slow-wave activity (12 to 30 Hz). This extinguishes most of the gamma activity, leaving just a single ‘hotspot’ of gamma waves which marks the chosen option.”(在这个比较阶段之后，大脑切换到慢波活动(12到30赫兹)。这就消除了大部分的伽马活动，只留下一个伽马波的“热点”，它标志着被选中的选项。)在大脑经过快速伽马波对信息的处理后，会进入到慢伽马波活动，这时会留下一个“热点”，这就是人们所做好的决定。由此判断，大脑在做决定之前是会通过高速伽马波活动处理很多信息的，然后在慢速伽马波活动中作最终的决定。选B。
27．推理判断题。最后一段第二句提到“Although there is no ‘you’ outside your brain to direct what it’s doing, you can help it to make good decisions by placing yourself in a situation which is likely to make the process run more smoothly. Doing something that is physically or mentally stimulating before making a decision will help your brain produce the initial gamma waves that generate awareness of the competing options. ”(虽然在你的大脑之外没有“你”来指导它做什么，但你可以通过把自己放在一个可能使过程更顺利进行的环境中来帮助它做出正确的决定。在做决定之前做一些刺激身体或精神的事情会帮助你的大脑产生最初的伽马波，从而产生对抉择的意识。)可知，在做决定之前，把自己放在一个可能使过程更顺利进行的环境中可以帮助大脑做出正确的决定，刺激身体和精神可以产生最初产生的伽马波，从而产生抉择意识。因此推断通过让大脑更清楚地意识到所涉及的因素和选择有助于做出决策。故选D。
C
However much we learn from things going wrong, we will never become the best decision-makers. This finding comes from a mathematical game that simulates a large economy, and suggests we may need to rethink assumptions built into economic theories. In such theories, people are typically represented as reasonable agents who learn from past experiences to enhance their performance, eventually reaching a stable state in which they know how to maximize their earnings.
To test whether economists are correct to assume that learning from the past can help people avoid chaos rather than stability, Garnier-Brun and his colleagues invented a mathematical model for a game featuring hundreds of simulated players. Each player can choose between two actions, like buying or selling a stock. They also interact with each other.and the players’ decision-making is influenced by what they have done before — meaning they are able to learn from experience.
In different game scenarios, the researchers expected that the game would always result in chaos, with players unable to learn how to optimize their performance. Economic theory would also suggest that, given the right set of parameters, the players would settle into a stable state where they had mastered the game — but the researchers found this wasn’t really the case. The most likely outcome was a state that never settled.
Team member Jean-Philippe Bouchaud says that, in the absence of one centralized,god-like player who could coordinate everyone, regular players could only learn how to reach “satisficing” states. That is a level that satisfied minimum expectations but not much more.Players gained more than they would have done by playing at random, so learning wasn’t useless, but they still gained less than they would have if past experience had allowed them to truly optimize their performance.
Bouchaud says the game model is too simple to be immediately adopted for making real-world predictions, but he sees the study as a challenge to economists to drop many assumptions that currently go into theorizing processes, like merchants choosing suppliers or banks setting interest rates.
What effect of past experiences do economists suppose
A. Better decisions and higher income.
B. A state of confusion and disorder.
C. Ignorance of future opportunities.
D. Decreased interactions between people.
Why did Garnier-Brun and his colleagues create a mathematical model
A. To simulate a large economy.
B. To predict future economic trends.
C. To analyze interactions between players.
D. To assess the assumption of economists.
The underlined word “satisficing” in Paragraph 5 most probably means ______.
A. highly satisfying
B. constantly improving
C. minimally acceptable
D. completely unpredictable
Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Reevaluating Economic Assumptions through a Game Model
B. A Mathematical Game Model for Simulating Large Economies
C. Challenges in Predicting Economic Stability through Games
D. The Importance of Learning from Experience in Economics
【答案】28．A 29．D 30．C 31．A
【知识点】科普知识 、说明文
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一个由Garnier-Brun及其团队进行的数学模拟游戏，该游戏模拟了一个大型经济体中的决策过程。
28．细节理解题。根据第一段“In such theories, people are typically represented as reasonable agents who learn from past experiences to enhance their performance, eventually reaching a stable state in which they know how to maximize their earnings.(在这些理论中，人们通常被描述为理性的代理人，他们从过去的经验中学习，以提高他们的表现，最终达到一个稳定的状态，他们知道如何最大化他们的收入。)”可知，经济学家认为过去的经验会产生更好的决策和更高的收入。故选A。
29．细节理解题。根据第二段“To test whether economists are correct to assume that learning from the past can help people avoid chaos rather than stability, Garnier-Brun and his colleagues invented a mathematical model for a game featuring hundreds of simulated players.(为了检验经济学家是否正确地假设，从过去学习可以帮助人们避免混乱而不是稳定，Garnier-Brun和他的同事们为一个有数百名模拟玩家的游戏发明了一个数学模型)”可知，Garnier-Brun和他的同事创建了一个数学模型是为了验证评估经济学家的假设，故选D。
30．词句猜测题。根据第四段划线词后文“That is a level that satisfied minimum expectations but not much more.(这是一个满足最低预期的水平，但仅此而已。)”可知，这是一个满足最低可接受的预期水平，从而推知，划线处“satisficing”的意思是最低可接受的限度。故选C。
31．主旨大意题。根据第一段“However much we learn from things going wrong, we will never become the best decision-makers. This finding comes from a mathematical game that simulates (模拟) a large economy, and suggests we may need to rethink assumptions built into economic theories.(无论我们从失败中学到多少，我们都永远不会成为最好的决策者。这一发现来自一个模拟大型经济体的数学游戏，它表明我们可能需要重新思考建立在经济理论中的假设。)”以及最后一段“Bouchaud says the game model is too simple to be immediately adopted for making real-world predictions, but he sees the study as a challenge to economists to drop many assumptions that currently go into theorizing processes, like merchants choosing suppliers or banks setting interest rates.( Bouchaud说，游戏模型过于简单，无法立即用于现实世界的预测，但他认为这项研究是对经济学家的挑战，要求他们放弃目前理论化过程中的许多假设，比如商人选择供应商或银行设定利率。)”可知，本文主要讲述在失败中学到的经验，并不能使我们成为好的决策者，在作经济决策时不能依赖过往的经验，因此需要通过重新评估经济假设。所以文章最好的标题是A“通过博弈模型重新评估经济假设”。故选A。
D
Time, perceived by humans in days, contrasts with nature’s grander scales of centuries and millennia, referred to as “deep time.” While paleontologists are trained to think in deep time, conservationists are realizing the challenges it poses. Shortsightedness about time limits modern conservation, with efforts often overlooking past healthy conditions of ecosystems in the context of climate and biodiversity crises.
The shifting baseline syndrome, where standards in a place change gradually, makes conservation more complex. It involves evaluating ecosystems primarily on their recent past, often with negative consequences.
Recent shifts in California’s forest management practices, from stopping fires to embracing Indigenous knowledge of controlled burns, exemplify the importance of understanding historical ecosystem dynamics. To boost conservation, adopting a deep-time approach is crucial.
Modern mathematical modeling, combined with long-term data, offers a pathway for preserving ecosystems. In California’s kelp forest, researchers identified an overlooked keystone species — the extinct Seller’s Sea Cow. By examining past kelp forests, a deeper story impacting regeneration was revealed. The sea cow, a massive plant-cater, contributed to a diverse, vital under- growth by trimming kelp and letting light reach the area.
The researchers put forward a novel approach to kelp forest restoration: selectively harvesting kelp, imitating the sea cow’s impact. This strategy, considering historical dynamics, challenges assumptions about recent ecosystems and offers new conservation methods.
Rather than only focusing on removing urchins or reintroducing sea otters, the researchers suggest employing teams of humans to selectively harvest kelp, as the Steller’s sea cow once did, to encourage fresh growth. This sustainable harvest could benefit both the ecosystem and human consumption.
In short, assumptions based on the recent past may impede the understanding and protection of ecosystems. On the other hand, the application of controlled burns, similar modeling studies, and a deep-time perspective could significantly transform conservation efforts. Recognizing our role in an ongoing narrative spanning millions of years is essential, urging a comprehensive understanding of ecosystems through time. Embracing this role is crucial for shaping the future and establishing vital connections from the past to the future.
What is the “shifting baseline syndrome,” mentioned in the passage
A. A syndrome that affects human beings’ perception of time.
B. A phenomenon where ecological standards shift in a place.
C. A psychological disorder common among conservationists.
D. A condition where ecosystems change gradually over time.
What is the significance of deep-time perspectives in conservation
A. It promotes the prevention of wildfires.
B. It aids in mathematical modeling efforts.
C. It helps reveal historical ecosystem dynamics.
D. It enhances human consumption of ecosystems.
What does the underlined word “impede” most probably mean
A. Reform. B. Disrupt. C. Quicken. D. Deepen.
In terms of conservation, what can we learn from this passage
A. Shifting baseline syndrome has positive ecological changes.
B. Mathematical modeling with the latest data can be effective.
C. Deep-time perspective and historical dynamics are crucial.
D. Recent history is more preferred in ecosystem restoration.
【答案】32．B 33．C 34．B 35．C
【知识点】科普知识 、环境保护、说明文
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章指出，短视的保护观念常忽略了历史生态状况，提倡采用更深远的时间视角。举例说明了加州森林管理实践的转变和海藻森林的保护案例，强调了利用数学建模和长期数据进行生态保护的可行性，最后呼吁认识到人类在生态进程中的作用，以深刻理解生态系统的演变过程。
32．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The shifting baseline syndrome (综合症), where standards in a place change gradually, makes conservation more complex.(基线转移综合症，即一个地方的标准逐渐改变，使保护变得更加复杂)”可知，基线转移综合症指的是一个地方的生态标准发生变化的现象。故选B。
33．推理判断题。根据第一段“Shortsightedness about time limits modern conservation, with efforts often overlooking past healthy conditions of ecosystems in the context of climate and biodiversity crises.(对时间的短视限制了现代保护，在气候和生物多样性危机的背景下，人们的努力往往忽视了历史生态系统的健康状况)”和第三段“Recent shifts in California’s forest management practices, from stopping fires to embracing Indigenous knowledge of controlled burns, exemplify the importance of understanding historical ecosystem dynamics. To enhance conservation, adopting a deep-time approach is crucial.(最近加州森林管理实践的转变，从防火到采用土著控制燃烧的方法，例证了了解历史生态系统动态的重要性。为了加强保护，采用深度时间方法至关重要)”与短视的保护观念相比较，生态保护中的深度时间视角有助于揭示历史生态系统动态情况，至关重要。故选C。
34．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“In short, assumptions based on the recent past may impede the understanding and protection of ecosystems.(简而言之，基于最近过去的假设可能会impede对生态系统的理解和保护)”中“In short”可知，该句是对上文内容的总结。结合第四段中“This strategy, considering historical dynamics, challenges assumptions about recent ecosystems and offers new conservation methods.(考虑到历史动态的策略挑战了对近期生态系统的假设，并提供了新的保护方法)”和第五段“Rather than only focusing on removing urchins or reintroducing sea otters, the researchers suggest employing teams of humans to selectively harvest kelp, as the Steller’s sea cow once did, to encourage fresh growth. This sustainable harvest could benefit both the ecosystem and human consumption.(研究人员建议，与其只专注于清除海胆或重新引入海獭，不如雇佣人类团队有选择地收获海藻，就像斯特勒海牛曾经做过的那样，以促进新鲜生长。这种可持续的收获对生态系统和人类消费都有好处)”可知，考虑到历史动态的策略优于对近期生态系统的假设，即，对近期生态系统的假设可能会“防碍”对生态系统的理解和保护。划线词impede与disrupt同义，意为“妨碍，阻碍”。故选B。
35．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“On the other hand, the application of controlled burns, similar modeling studies, and a deep-time perspective could significantly transform conservation efforts. Recognizing our role in an ongoing narrative spanning millions of years is essential, urging a comprehensive understanding of ecosystems through time.(另一方面，控制燃烧、类似的建模研究和深度时间视角的应用可以显著改变保护工作。认识到我们在跨越数百万年的持续叙事中所扮演的角色是至关重要的，这促使人们全面了解生态系统)”可知，就保护而言，我们可以从这篇文章中了解到深度时间视角和历史动态至关重要。故选C项。
第二节 (共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Global Positioning System (GPS) is now a part of everyday driving in many countries. It is a space-based system that provides position and time information in all weather conditions. GPS can help people get to where they want to go. 36 When this happens, the driver is often to blame. Sometimes a GPS error is responsible. Most often, it is a combination of the two.
37 Barry Brown, a GPS technologist, took an incident as an example. His friend once flew to an airport in the eastern United States. There he borrowed a GPS-equipped car to use. He wrongly plugged in the home address in the west. It wasn't until he was driving for thirty minutes that he realized it. Mr. Brown says this is a common human error. But he says, “One problem is that GPS has a very small screen and it can just tell you the next turn. 38 ”
“The Normal and Natural Troubles of Driving with GPS” lists several areas where GPS can cause difficulties. They include maps that are outdated, incorrect or difficult to understand. 39 GPS may fail due to these reasons and then lead to confusion for the drivers.
Although GPS sometimes causes difficulties when people are driving, the most attractive point of this system is its 100% coverage on the planet. It is important for you to have to know what you are doing when you use GPS. You need to have the “ability” to be able to use GPS because it sometimes goes wrong. 40
A. There are quite a few situations showing the problems of using GPS.
B. That means that it is not really telling you about going to the wrong place.
C. This space-based system is an important tool for civil and commercial users.
D. But sometimes it sends you to the wrong place or leaves you completely lost.
E. They also contain timing problems related to when GPS commands are given.
F. Advances in technology play an active role in modernizing GPS in many ways.
G. To make GPS well used, you need a good understanding of how drivers and GPS work.
【答案】36．D 37．A 38．B 39．E 20．G
【知识点】科普知识 、科学技术
【导语】本文是说明文。GPS能给驾驶者提供全天候覆盖全球的时间和位置信息，但也带来一些问题。
36．根据前文“GPS can help people get to where they want to go.”(GPS可以帮助人们到达他们想去的地方。)说到GPS的便利“When this happens, the driver is often to blame. Sometimes a GPS error is responsible. Most often, it is a combination of the two.”(当这种情况发生时，司机往往是罪魁祸首。有时是GPS的错误造成的。大多数情况下，它是两者的结合)可知，后面说到GPS出现的问题，可推断，文意反转，D项But表示转折。故选D。
37．本空位于句首，起到统领下文的作用。根据后文“Barry Brown, a GPS technologist, took an incident as an example. His friend once flew to an airport in the eastern United States. There he borrowed a GPS-equipped car to use. He wrongly plugged in the home address in the west. It wasn't until he was driving for thirty minutes that he realized it. Mr. Brown says this is a common human error.”(全球定位系统技术专家巴里·布朗举了一个例子。他的朋友曾经飞到美国东部的一个机场。在那里，他借了一辆装有GPS的车。他把家庭地址错插在西边了。直到开了三十分钟他才意识到这一点。布朗先生说，这是一个常见的人为错误。)此句是段落主题阐述有相当多的情况显示了使用GPS的问题。故选A。
38．根据前文“ But he says, “One problem is that GPS has a very small screen and it can just tell you the next turn.”(但他表示:“一个问题是，GPS的屏幕非常小，它只能告诉你下一个转弯。)GPS告诉你下一个拐弯，但是不等于告诉你去错误的地点，与B项吻合。故选B。
39．根据“‘The Normal and Natural Troubles of Driving with GPS’ lists several areas where GPS can cause difficulties. They include maps that are outdated, incorrect or difficult to understand. ”(《使用GPS驾驶的正常和自然的问题》列出了几个可能导致GPS困难的领域。它们包括过时、不正确或难以理解的地图。)。GPS出现的问题，选项E列举了另一个问题，文意连贯。故选E。
40．此句在段尾，是对本段的总结。根据空前“Although GPS sometimes causes difficulties when people are driving, the most attractive point of this system is its 300% coverage on the planet. It is important for you to have to know what you are doing when you use GPS. You need to have the “ability” to be able to use GPS because it sometimes goes wrong.”(虽然GPS有时会在人们开车时造成困难，但这个系统最吸引人的一点是它在地球上的300%覆盖。重要的是，当你使用GPS时，你必须知道你在做什么。你需要有“能力”能够使用GPS，因为它有时会出错。)可知，前面强调使用GPS要明白的地方，前面的you need to 和G项的you need 一致，选G。
第三部分 语言运用 (共两节，满分30分)
第一节 (共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Biology is making it clearer that a man’s health and well-being have a measurable impact on his future children’s health and happiness. This is not because a strong, responsible man has a greater 41 of being a good dad—or not only for that reason—or because he’s probably got good genes. Whether a good man’s genes are good or bad(and whatever “good” and “bad” mean in the context)，his children’s bodies and minds will reflect
42 choices he has made over the years, even if he made those choices 43 , he ever imagined himself strapping on a baby Bjorn.
Doctors have been telling men for years that smoking, drinking and recreational drugs can lower the 44 of the sperm. What doctors should probably add is that the health of unborn children can be affected by what and how much men eat; the toxins (poisonous substances) they
45 , the traumas (unpleasant experiences) they endure, their poverty or powerlessness; and their age at the time of conception. 46 , what a man needs to know is that his life experience leaves 47 traces on his children. Even more astonishingly, those children may pass those traces along to their children.
Lately scientists have been obsessed with a means of
48 that isn’t genetic but isn’t non-genetic either. It’s epigenetic,“Epi”,in Greek, means “above” or “beyond”. Think of epigenetics as the way our bodies modify their genetic makeup. Epigenetics describes 49 genes are turned on or off, in part through compounds that get on top of DNA—or else jump off it— 50 whether it makes the proteins that tell our bodies what to do.
In the past decade or so, the study of epigenetics has become so 51 that it is practically a craze. Psychologists and sociologists particularly like it because gene expression or suppression is 52 affected by the 53 and plays at least as large a role as genes do in the development of a person’s characteristics, body shape and tendency to disease. I’ve become obsessed with epigenetics because it 54 me as both game-changing and terrifying. Our genes can be switched on or off by three environmental factors, among other things: what we ingest(food, drink, air, toxins)，what we
55 (stress, trauma)，and how long we live.
A. passion B. likelihood
C. opportunity D. value
A. lifestyle B. genetic
C. habitual D. parental
A. long before B. long after
C. as long as D. shortly after
A. quantity B. quality
C. value D. size
A. release B. produce
C. absorb D. consume
A. Moreover B. On the contrary
C. In other words D. On the other hand
A. vital B. potential
C. distinct D. biological
A. inheritance B. growth
C. development D. breeding
A. where B. why
C. when D. how
A. regulating B. determining
C. defining D. testing
A. serious B. popular
C. significant D. sensitive
A. at the most B. at the least
C. in general D. to some degree
A. intelligence B. culture
C. environment D. psychology
A. shocks B. strikes
C. discourages D. inspires
A. experience B. suffer
C. support D. comprehend
【答案】
41．B 42．A 43．A 44．B 45．C
46．C 47．D 48．A 49．D 50．B
51．B 52．D 53．C 54．B 55．A
【知识点】科普知识 、说明文
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了遗传学上的一种新的遗传方式，也就是表观遗传学。该遗传学描述了基因是如何开启或关闭的，在一定程度上通过物质依附在DNA上面，或脱离下来，来决定是否会制作出告诉我们身体该做什么的蛋白质。
41．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这并不是因为一个强壮、负责任的男人更有可能成为一个好爸爸，或者不仅仅因为这个原因，或者因为他可能有好的基因。A. passion激情；B. likelihood可能性；C. opportunity机会；D. value价值。根据下文“or not only for that reason—or because he’s probably got good genes”可知，一个人的健康和幸福对他未来孩子的健康和快乐有着可衡量的影响，这不是因为一个强壮、负责任的男人更有可能成为一个好爸爸，而可能是因为他有好的基因。故选B。
42．考查名词词义辨析。句意：无论一个好男人的基因是好是坏(无论“好”和“坏”在语境中是什么意思)，他的孩子的身体和思想都会反映出他多年来所做的生活方式的选择，即使他很久以前就做出了这些选择，他曾经想象过自己背着婴儿比约恩。A. lifestyle生活方式；B. genetic遗传；C. habitual习惯性；D. parental父母的。根据下文“Doctors have been telling men for years that smoking, drinking and recreational drugs”可知，父亲在成为父亲之间前所选择的生活方式都会影响自己的孩子。故选A。
43．考查介词短语辨析。句意：无论一个好男人的基因是好是坏(无论“好”和“坏”在语境中是什么意思)，他的孩子的身体和思想都会反映出他多年来所做的生活方式的选择，即使他很久以前就做出了这些选择，他曾经想象过自己背着婴儿比约恩(Bjorn)。A. long before早于；B. long after之后很久；C. as long as只要；D. shortly after不久之后。根据下文“Doctors have been telling men for years that smoking, drinking and recreational drugs”可知，父亲在成为父亲之前所选择的生活方式都会影响自己的孩子。故选A。
44．考查名词词义辨析。句意：多年来，医生一直告诉男性吸烟、饮酒和服用娱乐性药物会降低精子质量。A. quantity数量；B. quality质量；C. value价值；D. size大小。根据空前“Doctors have been telling men for years that smoking, drinking and recreational drugs can lower”可知，男性吸烟、饮酒和服用娱乐性药物会降低精子质量。故选B。
45．考查动词词义辨析。句意：医生可能应该补充的是，未出生的孩子的健康可能会受到男性吃什么和吃多少的影响；他们所吸收的毒素（有毒物质），他们所承受的创伤（不愉快的经历），他们的贫穷或无能为力；以及怀孕时的年龄。A. release释放；B. produce生产；C. absorb吸收；D. consume消费。根据上文“the toxins(poisonous substances)”可知，孩子的健康会受到男性吃什么，所吸收的毒素以及很多其他方面的影响。故选C。
46．考查介词短语辨析。句意：换句话说，一个男人需要知道的是，他的生活经历在他的孩子身上留下了生物痕迹。A. Moreover此外；B. On the contrary相反；C. In other words换句话说；D. On the other hand另一方面。根据下文“what a man needs to know is that his life experience leaves biological traces on his children”可知，空后的话是对上文的另一种解释，所以用短语in other words“换句话说”。故选C。
47．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：换句话说，一个男人需要知道的是，他的生活经历在他的孩子身上留下了生物痕迹。A. vital重要的；B. potential潜在的；C. distinct不同的；D. biological生物学的。根据上文“Biology is making it clearer that a man’s health and well-being have a measurable impact on his future children’s health and happiness.”可知，男人的生活经历都会在孩子身上留下生物痕迹。故选D。
48．考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近，科学家们痴迷于一种既不是基因，也不是非基因的遗传方式。A. inheritance继承，遗传；B. growth生长；C. development开发；D. breeding育种。根据下文“Epigenetics describes 　　9　　 genes are turned on or off, in part through compounds that get on top of DNA—or else jump off it—　　10　　 whether it makes the proteins that tell our bodies what to do.”可知，科学家们痴迷的是一种遗传方式，这种遗传方式既不是基因，也不是非基因的方式。故选A。
49．考查宾语从句。句意：表观遗传学描述了基因是如何开启或关闭的，在一定程度上通过物质依附在DNA上面，或脱离下来，来决定是否会制作出告诉我们身体该做什么的蛋白质。A. where在哪里；B. why为什么；C. when当…时候；D. how怎样。根据下文“in part through compounds that get on top of DNA—or else jump off it—　　10　　 whether it makes the proteins that tell our bodies what to do”可知，表观遗传学描述的是基因如何开启或关闭的。空处引导宾语从句，宾语从句中缺少方式状语。故选D。
50．考查动词词义辨析。句意：表观遗传学描述了基因是如何开启或关闭的，在一定程度上通过物质依附在DNA上面，或脱离下来，来决定是否会制作出告诉我们身体该做什么的蛋白质。A. regulating调节；B. determining确定；C. defining定义；D. testing测试。根据上文“in part through compounds that get on top of DNA—or else jump off it”可知，在一定程度上物质通过依附在DNA上面，或脱离下来，来决定是否会制作出告诉我们身体该做什么的蛋白质。故选B。
51．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在过去十年左右的时间里，表观遗传学的研究变得如此流行，以至于几乎成为一种热潮。A. serious严重的；B. popular流行的；C. significant显著的；D. sensitive敏感的。根据下文“that it is practically a craze”可知，表观遗传学在过去的十年里变得非常流行，以至于几乎成为一种热潮。故选B。
52．考查介词短语辨析。句意：心理学家和社会学家特别喜欢它，因为基因表达或抑制在一定程度上受环境的影响，并且在一个人的特征、体型和疾病倾向的发展中至少与基因起着同样大的作用。A. at the most最多；B. at the least至少；C. in general通常为；D. to some degree在某种程度上。根据下文“Our genes can be switched on or off by three environmental factors, among other things: what we ingest(food, drink, air, toxins)，what we 　　15　　(stress, trauma)，and how long we live.”可知，基因表达或抑制在一定程度上受环境的影响，并在一个人的特征、体型和疾病倾向的发展中至少与基因起着同样大的作用。故选D。
53．考查名词词义辨析。句意：心理学家和社会学家特别喜欢它，因为基因表达或抑制在一定程度上受环境的影响，并且在一个人的特征、体型和疾病倾向的发展中至少与基因起着同样大的作用。A. intelligence情报；B. culture文化；C. environment环境；D. psychology心理学。根据下文“Our genes can be switched on or off by three environmental factors”可知，基因表达或抑制在一定程度上受环境的影响。故选C。
54．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我痴迷于表观遗传学，因为它给我的印象是既改变游戏规则又令人恐惧。A. shocks冲击；B. strikes引起（强烈感情）；C. discourages劝阻；D. inspires激发。根据上文“I’ve become obsessed with epigenetics”可知，作者痴迷于表观遗传学是因为它令我印象深刻。strike sb. as“给某人某种印象”。故选B。
55．考查动词词义辨析。句意：除了其他因素外，我们的基因可以由三个环境因素打开或关闭：我们摄入什么（食物、饮料、空气、毒素）、我们经历什么（压力、创伤）以及我们活多久。A. experience经历；B. suffer遭受；C. support支持；D. comprehend理解。根据“(stress, trauma)”可知，我们的基因受我们摄入什么，我们经历 什么以及我们活多久这三个因素影响。故选A。
第二节 (共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
For you,the “Clear and Bright” day that falls in every April might be no more than just another holiday — the fact that it comes with three days off school matters to most students 56 more than the fact that it is part of the 24 solar terms.
But the UNESCO has recognized the importance of the 24 solar terms. This ancient system that Chinese people have used to keep track of the time of year 57 (add) to the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity on Nov 30.
For starters, you may have heard your mom say: “The sanfu days are almost over. The heat won’t be here for long.” The sanfu days are a period of time that 58 (fall) in summer, somewhere 59 Minor Heat (in July) and Autumn Equinox (in September). The coldest days, or the sanjiu days, are similar. They cover the 27 days 60 (follow) Winter Solstice.
In some places, solar terms guide people’s lives through special foods, 61 (culture) events and healthy living tips. For example, people from northern China are in the habit of eating dumplings on the day of Winter Solstice. And on Start of Autumn, some people treat 62 to a big feast, especially of meat, something they call “putting on autumn weight”, or tieqiubiao.
But no matter 63 differently people celebrate the 24 solar terms, they have been here for a long time and could last forever.
According to Chinese writer and academic Yu Shicun, unlike many other examples of intangible cultural heritage – Peking Opera and Chinese Zhusuan, for example – the solar terms are neither regional nor a type of art or skill. Instead, the system is a philosophy of time, 64 applies to everything. And this means they are 65 (likely) to die out.
【答案】
56．much 57．was added 58．falls 59．between
60．following 61．cultural 62．themselves
63．how 64．which 65．unlikely
【知识点】中国文化与节日
【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国的二十四节气及相关习俗。
56．考查固定搭配，句意：对大多数学生来说，放三天假比二十四节气重要得多。much more than表示“远远超过”，故填much。
57．考查时态语态。句意：11月30日，这个中国人用来记录时间的古老系统被列入联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产名录。Nov 30表明为一般过去时，system与add之间是被动关系，所以用一般过去时的被动语态，故填was added。
58．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：三伏天是夏天的一段时间，介于小暑和秋分之间。讲述的是客观事实，主语是a period of time，谓语动词用第三人称单数，故填falls。
59．考查介词。句意参考上题解析，between A and B表示“在A和B之间”，故填between。
60．考查非谓语动词。句意：它们涵盖了冬至之后的27天。the 27 days与follow之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，表示主动，用现在分词作定语，故填following。
61．考查形容词。句意：在一些地方，节气通过特殊的食物、文化活动和健康的生活贴士来指导人们的生活。修饰名词events用形容词，故填cultural。
62．考查代词。句意：立秋时一些人会为自己准备一顿大餐，尤其是肉，他们称之为“秋膘”。treat oneself to a big meal(feast)表示“请某人自己吃顿大餐”，故填themselves。
63．考查状语从句。句意：但无论人们庆祝二十四节气的方式有多么不同，它们都已经存在了很长时间，而且可能会永远存在下去。no matter how表示“不管怎样、无论如何”，故填how。
64．考查非限定性定语从句。句意：相反，这个系统是一个时间哲学，它适用于一切。先行词为a philosophy of time，关系词在非限定性定语从句作主语，故填which。
65．考查形容词。句意：这意味着它们不可能灭绝。根据句意可知此处表示“不可能”，故填unlikely。
第四部分 写作 (共两节，满分40分)
第一节 (满分15分)
假定你是李华，下周你校将举办“中国节气·青春演绎”主题文化周，共有两个项目供你选择。学生会长Tommy提出“学习时代(Xi’s Moment)”和“与时俱进(Grow with China)”，内容需包括：
(1) 你的选择；
(2) 说明理由。
注意：(1) 写作词数应为80个左右；
(2) 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Dear Tommy,
I really like the idea of participating an activity to our culture week.____________________________________
【知识点】学校活动
【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生从“学习时代(Xi’s Moment)”和“与时俱进(Grow with China)”两个项目中选择一个创作，属于思辨类应用文。
[One Possible Version]
Dear Tommy,
I really like the idea of participating in an activity for our culture week. After careful consideration, I have decided to join the "Grow with China" project.
My choice stems from a strong belief that contemporary youth should engage with China's evolving narrative. While "Xi's Moment" offers valuable insights into current leadership, "Grow with China" better resonates with our generation's experience of witnessing national development firsthand. I plan to design an interactive display connecting traditional solar terms with modern achievements—for instance, pairing the Beginning of Spring with China's green energy initiatives. This approach not only honors cultural heritage but also demonstrates how ancient wisdom informs modern progress. Furthermore, this project encourages creative expression about our role in China's ongoing transformation, making cultural preservation a dynamic, forward-looking endeavor.
This exploration will undoubtedly deepen our appreciation of China's continuous growth.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
[Another Possible Version]
Dear Tommy,
I really like the idea of participating in an activity for our culture week. After thoughtful consideration, I have decided to join the "Xi's Moment" project.
My choice is driven by a desire to deeply understand the contemporary spirit of China. "Xi's Moment" provides a perfect platform to explore how traditional solar terms resonate with our current era's ethos. For instance, I plan to illustrate how the solar term of "Waking of Insects," symbolizing renewal and awakening, aligns with the current national call for innovation and revitalization. By studying the Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, we can better interpret our cultural heritage through a modern lens. This project will not only enhance our cultural confidence but also inspire us to contribute meaningfully to our nation's journey.
I believe comprehending guiding philosophy is vital for our generation to grasp China's developmental path.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
第二节 (满分25分)
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
As Hurricane Lan bore down on Florida, many residents who stayed put found themselves unable to leave even if they tried. For hours they were forced to fight heavy winds and attempt to escape flooding inside long-loved homes that had become frightening, deadly traps. Within days, around 100 deaths in the state would be attributed to the hurricane, many of them were older residents who drowned.
When the water slipped in under the door of their home, it was just a glimmer on the floor, a sign that it was time to go. It was Wednesday, Sept.28, around noon, and Bishop woke up her two brothers, who had been resting after lunch. She pulled the wheelchair up to the oldest, Russell, 67. Her other brother, Todd, 63, could manage with a walker.
Both men had been born with cerebral palsy, and their mental development was like that of a young child. About 10 years ago, they started showing signs of Parkinson’s disease. But they found joy in their surroundings. Todd liked collecting cans at the beach. Russell loved riding the bus and going to parks. Bishop, 61, was their lifeline, their little sister who had long felt an obligation to keep them safe.
“We’ve got to get going!” she shouted to them. She went to open the front door. It would not move. The weight of the water on the other side had made it shut. She rushed to try the door to the garage. It, too, was stuck. That’s when the house began to flood. It went from ankle-deep to knee-deep in less than five minutes. Bishop knew that there was no way out.
Now Bishop and her brothers were trapped. At 12:34 p.m., she called 911 but couldn’t get through. There was no one she could get in touch with. To try her fortune, she texted a neighbor, Walters, who was always there when neighbors were in need, “Water’s coming in.” Around her, she could hear the dining room hutch tipping and crashing, the china breaking, the refrigerator toppling over.
注意：(1) 续写词数应为150左右；
(2) 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Para 1: The only way to go was up, so Bishop guided her two bothers to the stairs. _____________
Para 2: Bishop sank into despair, but she noticed it seemed water stopped coming in. _________
【知识点】自然灾害与防范、生活故事
【详解】1.段落续写：①由第一段首句内容“唯一的出路就是上楼，所以Bishop带着她的两个哥哥上了楼梯。”可知，第一段可描写Bishop如何尝试带哥哥上楼梯。②由第二段首句内容“Bishop陷入了绝望，但她注意到水不再进来了。”可描写Bishop和哥哥们如何获救。
2.续写线索：帮助Todd上楼——帮助拉Russell上楼——Russell上不 了楼——风雨停了——Walters赶到——Walters指示朋友救人——Bishop和哥哥们得救
3.词汇激活
行为类：①帮助：help/assist；②拉：pull/draw；③指示：instruct/direct
情绪类：①感谢：thank/be grateful；②紧紧拥抱：hold...tightly in one’s arms/hug...tightly
【点睛】[高分句型1] First she helped Todd pull himself slowly up to the second floor, where he waited in a chair. (由关系副词where引导的非限制性定语从句)
[高分句型2] But stairs were impossible for Russell, who could not walk nor bend his stiff legs. (由关系代词who引导的非限制性定语从句)
【答案】
[One Possible Version]
The only way to go was up, so Bishop guided her two bothers to the stairs. First she helped Todd pull himself slowly up to the second floor, where he waited in a chair. But stairs were impossible for Russell, who could not walk nor bend his stiff legs. Bishop tried hard to pull him up the stairs, but Russell was too heavy for her. She tried every possible position, switching from pushing to pulling, but Russel was yelling “I can’t, I can’t” all the time and he was slipping and sliding.
Bishop sank into despair, but she noticed it seemed water stopped coming in. Looking outside, everywhere she saw it was water, and she could even see cars floating by. “Thank God, the wind and the rain stopped.” At around 6:30 p.m, Bishop heard a familiar voice calling outside, “Hello ! Hello ! Anyone in ” It was Walters. Standing in waist-deep water, Walters instructed two of his friends to paddle the canoes near. Bishop held her brothers tightly in her arms, crying “Thank God, Walters is coming to save us!”“肥东一中学生发展中心”大联考
英 语
注意事项：
答题前，请务必将自己的姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔分别填写在试题卷和答题卡上。将条形码横贴在答题卡右上角“条形码粘贴处”。
作答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑；如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案，答案不能答在试卷上。
非选择题必须使用0.5毫米黑色签字笔书写；答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内的相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案。不按以上要求作答的答案无效。
保持卡面清洁，不要折叠、不要弄破、弄皱，不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。
考试结束后，将试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第二部分 阅读 (共两节，满分50分)
第一节 (共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Expecting to travel abroad but lacking a loose budget Interested in meaningful volunteering programs but worried about issues like your security or working conditions Here comes a right place for you — Kindred Spirit Elephant Sanctuary.
Highlights
Volunteering with elephants and bringing them back into their natural habitat
Making a difference in the conservation efforts to save elephants living under awful conditions
Helping teach English to the communities and raising awareness about the captive elephant situation
Wandering the forests and observe elephant’s natural behaviors in their home environment
Our Sanctuary
Our sanctuary has rescued 5 elephants from the tourism industry and we have now brought them home to live out their lives in the forest, in semi-wild conditions. We need volunteers to help us keep these elephants happy and healthy in their natural habitat. With volunteer support, we hope to return more elephants to the forest soon.
Your tasks
Performing research on the natural elephant behaviors and the surrounding forest
Taking part in community projects such as teaching English at the school and to other locals
Carrying out litter pick-ups with the kids to educate on waste management
Your Rough Schedule:
Day 1: Pickup from Chiang Mai at 9 am. Travel through a national park and stunning mountains until you arrive in our unique village. Meet your homestay family and the other volunteers, and immerse yourself in hill tribe culture.
Day 2: Wake up early to hike in the forest and find our elephants. Spend the morning recording and learning about these amazing animals and their natural behaviors. Return to the village in the late afternoon and take part in our community & camp & teaching projects.
Day 3: Another early start to hike to observe our elephants one last time. Return to Chiang Mai in the afternoon.
Which of the following is a feature of volunteer work at the sanctuary
A. Looking after captive elephants with the locals.
B. Seeking and observing elephants in natural forests.
C. Helping rescue elephants living in the poor environment.
D. Teaching people to conserve elephants’ natural habitat.
What should you do as a volunteer there
A. You should participate in anti-poverty projects.
B. You should have the great ability to go hiking for days.
C. You should master local languages and know about tribe culture.
D. You should undertake research into wild elephants independently.
Where does this text most probably come from
A. A holiday brochure. B. A travel journal.
C. A geographical essay. D. An educational website.
B
Every decision we make is arrived at through hugely complex neurological processing. Although it feels as though you have a choice, the action that you ‘decide’ to take is entirely directed by automatic neural activity. Brain imaging studies show that a person’s action can be predicted by their brain activity up to 10 seconds before they themselves become aware they are going to act. Multiple neuroscientific studies show that even those important decisions that feel worked out are just as automatic as knee-jerk reactions (although more complex).
Decision-making starts with the amygdala: a set of two almond-shaped nuclei buried deep within the brain, which generate emotion. The amygdala registers the information streaming in through our senses and responds to it in less than a second, sending signals throughout the brain. These produce an urge to run, fight, freeze or grab, according to how the amygdala values various stimuli.
Before we act on the amygdala’s signals, however, the information is usually processed by other brain areas, including some that produce conscious thoughts and emotions. Areas concerned with recognition work out what’s going on, those concerned with memory compare it with previous experiences, and those concerned with reasoning, judging and planning get to work on constructing various action plans. The best plan—if we are lucky—is then selected and carried out. If any of this process goes wrong, we are likely to hesitate, or do something silly.
The various stages of decision-making are marked by different types of brain activity. Fast (gamma) waves, with frequencies of 25 to 100 Hz, produce a keen awareness of the multiple factors that need to be taken into account to arrive at a decision. If you are trying to choose a sandwich, for instance, gamma waves generated in various cells within the ‘taste’ area of the brain bring to mind and compare the taste of ham, hummus, wholemeal, sourdough, and so on. Although it may seem useful to be aware of the full range of choice, too much information makes decision-making more difficult, so irrelevant factors get dismissed quickly and unconsciously.
After this comparison stage, the brain switches to slow-wave activity (12 to 30 Hz). This extinguishes most of the gamma activity, leaving just a single ‘hotspot’ of gamma waves which marks the chosen option.
Although there is no ‘you’ outside your brain to direct what it’s doing, you can help it to make good decisions by placing yourself in a situation which is likely to make the process run more smoothly. Doing something that is physically or mentally stimulating before making a decision will help your brain produce the initial gamma waves that generate awareness of the competing options. Getting over-excited, on the other hand, will prevent the switch to the slow brainwaves, making it much harder to single out a choice.
Why does the writer mention “knee-jerk reactions” in the first paragraph
A. To introduce the finding of the latest brain imaging studies.
B. To illustrate that decisions are not consciously thought out.
C. To call attention to a kind of neural reaction that is not very complex.
D. To show the difference between decision-making and other brain activity.
What does the amygdala do according to the passage
A. It works out conscious thoughts and emotions.
B. It selects the best action plan for a given situation.
C. It dismisses factors that are irrelevant to the decision to be made.
D. It processes sensory information and generates emotional responses.
What can be concluded from paragraphs 4 and 5
A. Slow-wave activity usually lasts longer than fast-wave activity.
B. The brain prioritizes information before settling on a final choice.
C. Decision-making is difficult when slow-wave activity occurs first.
D. The brain needs as much information as possible to make a decision.
How does engaging in stimulating activities help the decision-making process
A. By preparing the brain to single out the most reasonable choice.
B. By helping the brain switch to slow-wave activity more quickly.
C. By getting the brain to focus on those most relevant alternatives.
D. By making the brain more aware of the factors and choices involved.
C
However much we learn from things going wrong, we will never become the best decision-makers. This finding comes from a mathematical game that simulates a large economy, and suggests we may need to rethink assumptions built into economic theories. In such theories, people are typically represented as reasonable agents who learn from past experiences to enhance their performance, eventually reaching a stable state in which they know how to maximize their earnings.
To test whether economists are correct to assume that learning from the past can help people avoid chaos rather than stability, Garnier-Brun and his colleagues invented a mathematical model for a game featuring hundreds of simulated players. Each player can choose between two actions, like buying or selling a stock. They also interact with each other.and the players’ decision-making is influenced by what they have done before — meaning they are able to learn from experience.
In different game scenarios, the researchers expected that the game would always result in chaos, with players unable to learn how to optimize their performance. Economic theory would also suggest that, given the right set of parameters, the players would settle into a stable state where they had mastered the game — but the researchers found this wasn’t really the case. The most likely outcome was a state that never settled.
Team member Jean-Philippe Bouchaud says that, in the absence of one centralized,god-like player who could coordinate everyone, regular players could only learn how to reach “satisficing” states. That is a level that satisfied minimum expectations but not much more.Players gained more than they would have done by playing at random, so learning wasn’t useless, but they still gained less than they would have if past experience had allowed them to truly optimize their performance.
Bouchaud says the game model is too simple to be immediately adopted for making real-world predictions, but he sees the study as a challenge to economists to drop many assumptions that currently go into theorizing processes, like merchants choosing suppliers or banks setting interest rates.
What effect of past experiences do economists suppose
A. Better decisions and higher income.
B. A state of confusion and disorder.
C. Ignorance of future opportunities.
D. Decreased interactions between people.
Why did Garnier-Brun and his colleagues create a mathematical model
A. To simulate a large economy.
B. To predict future economic trends.
C. To analyze interactions between players.
D. To assess the assumption of economists.
The underlined word “satisficing” in Paragraph 5 most probably means ______.
A. highly satisfying
B. constantly improving
C. minimally acceptable
D. completely unpredictable
Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Reevaluating Economic Assumptions through a Game Model
B. A Mathematical Game Model for Simulating Large Economies
C. Challenges in Predicting Economic Stability through Games
D. The Importance of Learning from Experience in Economics
D
Time, perceived by humans in days, contrasts with nature’s grander scales of centuries and millennia, referred to as “deep time.” While paleontologists are trained to think in deep time, conservationists are realizing the challenges it poses. Shortsightedness about time limits modern conservation, with efforts often overlooking past healthy conditions of ecosystems in the context of climate and biodiversity crises.
The shifting baseline syndrome, where standards in a place change gradually, makes conservation more complex. It involves evaluating ecosystems primarily on their recent past, often with negative consequences.
Recent shifts in California’s forest management practices, from stopping fires to embracing Indigenous knowledge of controlled burns, exemplify the importance of understanding historical ecosystem dynamics. To boost conservation, adopting a deep-time approach is crucial.
Modern mathematical modeling, combined with long-term data, offers a pathway for preserving ecosystems. In California’s kelp forest, researchers identified an overlooked keystone species — the extinct Seller’s Sea Cow. By examining past kelp forests, a deeper story impacting regeneration was revealed. The sea cow, a massive plant-cater, contributed to a diverse, vital under- growth by trimming kelp and letting light reach the area.
The researchers put forward a novel approach to kelp forest restoration: selectively harvesting kelp, imitating the sea cow’s impact. This strategy, considering historical dynamics, challenges assumptions about recent ecosystems and offers new conservation methods.
Rather than only focusing on removing urchins or reintroducing sea otters, the researchers suggest employing teams of humans to selectively harvest kelp, as the Steller’s sea cow once did, to encourage fresh growth. This sustainable harvest could benefit both the ecosystem and human consumption.
In short, assumptions based on the recent past may impede the understanding and protection of ecosystems. On the other hand, the application of controlled burns, similar modeling studies, and a deep-time perspective could significantly transform conservation efforts. Recognizing our role in an ongoing narrative spanning millions of years is essential, urging a comprehensive understanding of ecosystems through time. Embracing this role is crucial for shaping the future and establishing vital connections from the past to the future.
What is the “shifting baseline syndrome,” mentioned in the passage
A. A syndrome that affects human beings’ perception of time.
B. A phenomenon where ecological standards shift in a place.
C. A psychological disorder common among conservationists.
D. A condition where ecosystems change gradually over time.
What is the significance of deep-time perspectives in conservation
A. It promotes the prevention of wildfires.
B. It aids in mathematical modeling efforts.
C. It helps reveal historical ecosystem dynamics.
D. It enhances human consumption of ecosystems.
What does the underlined word “impede” most probably mean
A. Reform. B. Disrupt. C. Quicken. D. Deepen.
In terms of conservation, what can we learn from this passage
A. Shifting baseline syndrome has positive ecological changes.
B. Mathematical modeling with the latest data can be effective.
C. Deep-time perspective and historical dynamics are crucial.
D. Recent history is more preferred in ecosystem restoration.
第二节 (共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Global Positioning System (GPS) is now a part of everyday driving in many countries. It is a space-based system that provides position and time information in all weather conditions. GPS can help people get to where they want to go. 36 When this happens, the driver is often to blame. Sometimes a GPS error is responsible. Most often, it is a combination of the two.
37 Barry Brown, a GPS technologist, took an incident as an example. His friend once flew to an airport in the eastern United States. There he borrowed a GPS-equipped car to use. He wrongly plugged in the home address in the west. It wasn't until he was driving for thirty minutes that he realized it. Mr. Brown says this is a common human error. But he says, “One problem is that GPS has a very small screen and it can just tell you the next turn. 38 ”
“The Normal and Natural Troubles of Driving with GPS” lists several areas where GPS can cause difficulties. They include maps that are outdated, incorrect or difficult to understand. 39 GPS may fail due to these reasons and then lead to confusion for the drivers.
Although GPS sometimes causes difficulties when people are driving, the most attractive point of this system is its 100% coverage on the planet. It is important for you to have to know what you are doing when you use GPS. You need to have the “ability” to be able to use GPS because it sometimes goes wrong. 40
A. There are quite a few situations showing the problems of using GPS.
B. That means that it is not really telling you about going to the wrong place.
C. This space-based system is an important tool for civil and commercial users.
D. But sometimes it sends you to the wrong place or leaves you completely lost.
E. They also contain timing problems related to when GPS commands are given.
F. Advances in technology play an active role in modernizing GPS in many ways.
G. To make GPS well used, you need a good understanding of how drivers and GPS work.
第三部分 语言运用 (共两节，满分30分)
第一节 (共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Biology is making it clearer that a man’s health and well-being have a measurable impact on his future children’s health and happiness. This is not because a strong, responsible man has a greater 41 of being a good dad—or not only for that reason—or because he’s probably got good genes. Whether a good man’s genes are good or bad(and whatever “good” and “bad” mean in the context)，his children’s bodies and minds will reflect
42 choices he has made over the years, even if he made those choices 43 , he ever imagined himself strapping on a baby Bjorn.
Doctors have been telling men for years that smoking, drinking and recreational drugs can lower the 44 of the sperm. What doctors should probably add is that the health of unborn children can be affected by what and how much men eat; the toxins (poisonous substances) they
45 , the traumas (unpleasant experiences) they endure, their poverty or powerlessness; and their age at the time of conception. 46 , what a man needs to know is that his life experience leaves 47 traces on his children. Even more astonishingly, those children may pass those traces along to their children.
Lately scientists have been obsessed with a means of
48 that isn’t genetic but isn’t non-genetic either. It’s epigenetic,“Epi”,in Greek, means “above” or “beyond”. Think of epigenetics as the way our bodies modify their genetic makeup. Epigenetics describes 49 genes are turned on or off, in part through compounds that get on top of DNA—or else jump off it— 50 whether it makes the proteins that tell our bodies what to do.
In the past decade or so, the study of epigenetics has become so 51 that it is practically a craze. Psychologists and sociologists particularly like it because gene expression or suppression is 52 affected by the 53 and plays at least as large a role as genes do in the development of a person’s characteristics, body shape and tendency to disease. I’ve become obsessed with epigenetics because it 54 me as both game-changing and terrifying. Our genes can be switched on or off by three environmental factors, among other things: what we ingest(food, drink, air, toxins)，what we
55 (stress, trauma)，and how long we live.
A. passion B. likelihood
C. opportunity D. value
A. lifestyle B. genetic
C. habitual D. parental
A. long before B. long after
C. as long as D. shortly after
A. quantity B. quality
C. value D. size
A. release B. produce
C. absorb D. consume
A. Moreover B. On the contrary
C. In other words D. On the other hand
A. vital B. potential
C. distinct D. biological
A. inheritance B. growth
C. development D. breeding
A. where B. why
C. when D. how
A. regulating B. determining
C. defining D. testing
A. serious B. popular
C. significant D. sensitive
A. at the most B. at the least
C. in general D. to some degree
A. intelligence B. culture
C. environment D. psychology
A. shocks B. strikes
C. discourages D. inspires
A. experience B. suffer
C. support D. comprehend
第二节 (共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
For you,the “Clear and Bright” day that falls in every April might be no more than just another holiday — the fact that it comes with three days off school matters to most students 56 more than the fact that it is part of the 24 solar terms.
But the UNESCO has recognized the importance of the 24 solar terms. This ancient system that Chinese people have used to keep track of the time of year 57 (add) to the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity on Nov 50.
For starters, you may have heard your mom say: “The sanfu days are almost over. The heat won’t be here for long.” The sanfu days are a period of time that 58 (fall) in summer, somewhere 59 Minor Heat (in July) and Autumn Equinox (in September). The coldest days, or the sanjiu days, are similar. They cover the 27 days 60 (follow) Winter Solstice.
In some places, solar terms guide people’s lives through special foods, 61 (culture) events and healthy living tips. For example, people from northern China are in the habit of eating dumplings on the day of Winter Solstice. And on Start of Autumn, some people treat 62 to a big feast, especially of meat, something they call “putting on autumn weight”, or tieqiubiao.
But no matter 63 differently people celebrate the 24 solar terms, they have been here for a long time and could last forever.
According to Chinese writer and academic Yu Shicun, unlike many other examples of intangible cultural heritage – Peking Opera and Chinese Zhusuan, for example – the solar terms are neither regional nor a type of art or skill. Instead, the system is a philosophy of time, 64 applies to everything. And this means they are 65 (likely) to die out.
第四部分 写作 (共两节，满分40分)
第一节 (满分15分)
假定你是李华，下周你校将举办“中国节气·青春演绎”主题文化周，共有两个项目供你选择。学生会长Tommy提出“学习时代(Xi’s Moment)”和“与时俱进(Grow with China)”，内容需包括：
(1) 你的选择；
(2) 说明理由。
注意：(1) 写作词数应为80个左右；
(2) 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Dear Tommy,
I really like the idea of participating an activity to our culture week.____________________________________
第二节 (满分25分)
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
As Hurricane Lan bore down on Florida, many residents who stayed put found themselves unable to leave even if they tried. For hours they were forced to fight heavy winds and attempt to escape flooding inside long-loved homes that had become frightening, deadly traps. Within days, around 100 deaths in the state would be attributed to the hurricane, many of them were older residents who drowned.
When the water slipped in under the door of their home, it was just a glimmer on the floor, a sign that it was time to go. It was Wednesday, Sept.28, around noon, and Bishop woke up her two brothers, who had been resting after lunch. She pulled the wheelchair up to the oldest, Russell, 67. Her other brother, Todd, 63, could manage with a walker.
Both men had been born with cerebral palsy, and their mental development was like that of a young child. About 10 years ago, they started showing signs of Parkinson’s disease. But they found joy in their surroundings. Todd liked collecting cans at the beach. Russell loved riding the bus and going to parks. Bishop, 61, was their lifeline, their little sister who had long felt an obligation to keep them safe.
“We’ve got to get going!” she shouted to them. She went to open the front door. It would not move. The weight of the water on the other side had made it shut. She rushed to try the door to the garage. It, too, was stuck. That’s when the house began to flood. It went from ankle-deep to knee-deep in less than five minutes. Bishop knew that there was no way out.
Now Bishop and her brothers were trapped. At 12:34 p.m., she called 911 but couldn’t get through. There was no one she could get in touch with. To try her fortune, she texted a neighbor, Walters, who was always there when neighbors were in need, “Water’s coming in.” Around her, she could hear the dining room hutch tipping and crashing, the china breaking, the refrigerator toppling over.
注意：(1) 续写词数应为150左右；
(2) 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Para 1: The only way to go was up, so Bishop guided her two bothers to the stairs. _____________
Para 2: Bishop sank into despair, but she noticed it seemed water stopped coming in. _________

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