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第一讲　动词
第一节　动词的时态、语态和主谓一致　
考点一　动词的时态
1.3种热考时态
(1)一般现在时
①表示经常或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。常与频度副词(always、often、usually、sometimes、every day/week/month/year、frequently、once/twice a week等)或表示现在的时间状语连用。
A typhoon is an extremely strong wind which/that often happens(happen) in the Western Pacific Ocean.(人教必一U4)
台风是一种极强的风,经常发生在西太平洋。
Life throws (throw)many alternatives at us on a daily basis.(外研选四U1)
生活每天都会向我们抛出许多选择。
②表示客观事实、普遍真理或名言警句。
Distance tests (test)a horse’s strength.
路遥知马力。
[点拨]　在主从复合句中,当从句表达的是客观事实或普遍真理时,即使主句时态为一般过去时,从句时态仍用一般现在时。
Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea,which is the Pacific,and we met no storms.
几个月前,我们在太平洋这片开阔的海域航行了一万英里,没有遇到风暴。
③少数表示位置移动的动词,如come、go、leave、arrive、start、begin、take place、take off等,常用一般现在时代替一般将来时,表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。
The train leaves (leave) at six tomorrow morning.
火车明天早上六点出发。
④在时间、条件、让步以及方式状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
So far,it is still unknown what will happen to Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua as they grow (grow) up.(北师大选三U9)
到目前为止,还不知道“中中”和“华华”长大后会发生什么。
Jane is determined to live a fulfilling life whatever the future holds(hold).(外研选三U6)
无论未来如何,简下定决心都要过充实的生活。
(2)一般过去时
①表示在过去某一时刻、某一时间段内发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示过去的时间状语(yesterday、last year、last night、the other day、just now、then、two days ago、in 1999、at that time等)连用。
In fact,we stayed (stay)at the same campsite as we did ten years ago.(外研必一U3)
事实上,我们仍然待在和十年前一样的营地。
②表示过去经常、反复发生的动作,常与always、often、sometimes、as usual等连用。
I was (be)always tired and every workout had (have)a mental intensity that seemed too much for most to handle.(北师大选一U2)
我总是疲惫不堪,每次锻炼带来的心理压力对于大多数人来说都难以应对。
③在时间状语从句、条件状语从句或让步状语从句中,用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。
He had worked in England for some years and that he was fed up to the neck with this war and would be glad when it was (be) over.(北师大选四U11)
他在英国工作过几年,受够了这场战争,如果战争结束,他会很高兴。
④want、wonder、think、hope等少数几个动词可用一般过去时来表示“过去原本……”。
I thought (think) China would be very crowded,given its large population.(人教选二U4)
考虑到中国人口众多,我原以为中国会非常拥挤。
⑤一般过去时的常用固定句式
·It is (high/about)time that...意为“是……的时候了”,从句中可用一般过去时,也可用“should+动词原形”,且 should不可省略。
It is high time that we took/should take (take) action without delay.
现在是我们立即采取行动的时候了。
·since引导时间状语从句时,从句时态常用一般过去时。
Dunhuang has once again become a global crossroads since it hosted (host)hundreds of representatives from 51 countries for the Silk Road International Cultural Expo in 2017.(外研选四U3)
自2017年丝绸之路国际文化博览会接待了来自51个国家的数百名代表以来,敦煌再次成为全球的交汇点。
·It was+时间段+before...意为“过了多长时间后才……”,从句时态用一般过去时。
However,it was several months before her ankle recovered (recover)and she found walking easy again.(人教选二U5)
然而,几个月后,她的脚踝才恢复正常,她终于又能轻松走路了。
(3)现在完成时
①表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果,或说话时刚刚完成的动作。常与recently、lately、up to/till now、so far、in the past/last few months/years...等连用。
Recently,I have managed (manage)to become a more active learner.(北师大必三U9)
最近,我成功地成为一个更积极的学习者。
②表示从过去开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和“for...”“since...”等表述的时间状语连用。
Growing up in England with a British father and a Chinese mother,I have enjoyed (enjoy)food from both countries ever since I was able to hold a knife and fork—and chopsticks!(外研必二U1)
我在英国长大,父亲是英国人,母亲是中国人。自我能拿起刀叉还有筷子时,我就一直享受这两个国家的食物!
[点拨]　在条件和时间状语从句中,用现在完成时表示将来完成时。
③现在完成时的常用固定句式
·“This/It is the first/second...time+that...”句型中,从句用现在完成时。
This is the first time that I have spoken (speak) at the meeting.
这是我第一次在会上发言。
·“This/It is the+形容词最高级+名词+that...”句型中,从句用现在完成时。
This is the best song that I have ever heard (hear).
这是我听过的最好听的一首歌曲。
·“It is/has been+时间段+since...”句型中,since引导的从句用一般过去时(注意从句动词翻译)。
It is/has been (be) five years since he began to smoke.(从句谓语动词为非延续性动词或动词词组)
自从他开始吸烟已经5年了。
It is/has been (be) five years since he smoked.
(从句谓语动词为延续性动词或动词词组)
他不抽烟已经5年了。
一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
一般过去时 现在完成时
时间状语不同 可与表示过去的具体时间状语连用,如yesterday、an hour ago、two days ago、last week/month/year、in 2019。 可与笼统的表示过去的时间状语连用,如already、yet、recently、lately、never、ever、before、in the past/last few years。
侧重点不同 只限于表示过去的动作本身,与现在的结果无关。 They went to London last week. 他们上周去了伦敦。(强调去伦敦发生在上周) 表示过去发生并延续到现在的动作或状态,或过去发生且已结束的动作,但对现在造成了一定影响,强调现在的结果。 He’s always had a square jaw,but now he has grown a beard.(强调现在已经有胡子了) 他以前一直是方下巴,但现在留了胡子。
2.过去完成时和现在完成进行时
(1)过去完成时
①表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态,即过去的过去。
Pulitzer quickly became a successful journalist and by the age of 25,he had become (become)a publisher.(译林选二U1)
普利策很快成为一名成功的记者,25 岁时,他已成为一名出版商。
②在“hardly/scarcely...when...”“no sooner...than...”句型结构中,主句用过去完成时,且常用部分倒装,从句用一般过去时,意为“刚……就……”。
Hardly had we reached the top of the mountain when we enjoyed an awesome view of the whole city.
我们刚爬到山顶,就欣赏到了整个城市的壮丽景色。
③某些词用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法,意为“本来期望/认为/打算……”。这类动词主要有:expect、hope、plan、suppose、think、intend、mean、want等。
Failure taught me things about myself that I could have learnt no other way.I discovered that I had a strong will,and more discipline than I had expected(expect).
失败让我了解了自己,这是我无法从其他途径学到的。我发现自己有坚强的意志和超乎想象的自律。
④在“It/This was the first(second,etc.) time+that从句”句型中,从句谓语动词用过去完成时。
Though it was the first time many of the students had taken (take)part in a volunteer programme like this,they were eager to share various interesting topics with the residents,such as how to use mobile phones and go online on the computer.(译林选二U1)
虽然这是许多学生第一次参加这样的志愿者项目,但他们渴望与居民分享各种有趣的话题,例如如何使用手机和在电脑上上网。
一般过去时和过去完成时的区别
一般过去时 过去完成时
时间 状语 不同 有yesterday、the day before yesterday、an hour ago、last week/month/year、in 2018等。 通常是与by或before有关的短语,如by that time、by the end of yesterday、before then等。
针对 的时 间点 不同 针对现在而言,描述发生在过去的动作。 It was my mother’s birthday ten years ago,and I decided to surprise her with home-made scrambled eggs. (外研必一U3) 十年前我妈妈的生日的那天,我决定自己做一个炒蛋给她惊喜。(be和decide的动作发生在过去) 针对过去某一时刻而言,表示“过去的过去”。 By the time of his death in 1884,he had made important discoveries about genetics. (外研选一U5) 到1884年他去世时,他已经在遗传学方面有了重要的发现。 (make的动作发生在1884年之前,即过去的过去)
(2)现在完成进行时
①表示开始于过去某个时间,一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚完成,也可能继续进行下去。它所表示的动作具有持续性、暂时性和未完成性,多用于延续性动词。常与these days、recently、lately、in the past/last+时间段; since+时间点; for+时间段等连用。
The Brownlee brothers have been doing (do)triathlons since they were children.(外研必一U3)
布朗利兄弟从小就参加铁人三项。
②表示重复性动作,有时其所表示的动作并不是一直在进行,而是时断时续、反复发生,此时可用终止性动词。
Even if you have been studying(study) for a long time and feeling sleepy and bored,laughing can make you feel energised as if you had just had a nap!(北师大选二U4)
即使你学习了很长时间,感到困倦无聊,大笑也会让你感到精力充沛,就像刚睡了一觉一样!
现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较
用法 例句
区别1 现在完成时强调过去某个动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果 I have thought it over. 我已经仔细考虑过这件事了。
现在完成进行时强调动作的未完成性 I have been thinking it over.我一直在仔细考虑这件事。
区别2 现在完成时不表示动作的反复 Have you met him recently 你最近见过他吗
现在完成进行时表示动作的反复 Have you been meeting him recently 你最近经常见他吗
区别3 现在完成时往往只说明一个事实、一种影响或结果,不带有感彩 I have waited for you for three hours. 我已等了你三个小时。(说明一个事实)
现在完成进行时可以表示某种感彩 I have been waiting for you for three hours.我已经等了你三个小时了。(暗含不满的语气)
3.现在进行时、过去进行时和将来进行时
(1)现在进行时
①表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。
Grandfather and Father,seated at the table, are playing (play)chess.(外研必一U3)
爷爷和爸爸坐在桌子旁下棋。
②某些表示位置移动的动词,如go、come、leave、arrive、start、move等,可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。
I am travelling (travel)around Europe for two weeks with my aunt and uncle.(人教必一U2)
我要和我的婶婶叔叔去欧洲旅行两周。
[点拨]　
(2)过去进行时
①表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(这一过去时间需用时间状语表示)。与过去进行时相对应的时间状语有:while、then、at that time、at this time yesterday等。
Interestingly,Doyle wrote some of his early Holmes stories while he was waiting (wait)for patients in his medical practice in London.(外研选四U1)
有趣的是,道尔早期的一些福尔摩斯故事是他在伦敦行医等待病人时写的。
②表示过去计划或安排在将来会发生的动作(只限于plan、come、go、leave、arrive、start、move、sail、fly、travel、stay等)。
But I had not been informed that they were coming (come)for the weekend.
但他们没有告知我要来过周末。(人教选二U3)
(3)将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作。常与at 8:00 am tomorrow、in the next two months等时间状语连用。
I’m going on a trip soon.I will be working(work) in the United States for three months.(北师大选二U4)
我很快就要出差了,要在美国工作三个月。
4.一般将来时和过去将来时
(1)一般将来时
①表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,常与tomorrow、in the future、before long、tomorrow evening、next week/month/year、in+时间段、after+时间点等连用。
This book is too long,so I will read (read) it tomorrow!
这本书太长了,所以我明天再读它!
②一般将来时的其他表达形式及含义
表达形式 意义 例句
be going to do 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做的事 He is going to watch this musical with his girlfriend on the weekend.(人教必三U5) 他打算周末和女朋友一起观看这部音乐剧。
表示有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生的事 There are dark clouds in the sky.It looks like it is going to rain.(译林选三U3) 天空中有乌云。看起来要下雨了。
be about to do 表示快要做某事,一般不与具体的时间状语连用 It seems that the workplace is about to witness massive changes.(译林选四U3) 工作场所似乎即将见证巨大的变化。
be to do 表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作 What I want to do this weekend is to prepare for the coming exam.(人教选三U1) 这个周末我想做的事情是为即将到来的考试做准备。
表示职责、义务、意图、可能性等 Their plan is to be a failure.他们的计划注定要失败。
现在进行时表将来 少数瞬间动词如go、come、leave、arrive、begin的现在进行时常与表将来的时间状语连用,表示预计即将发生的动作 We are arriving at 9:30 a.m.and will start sightseeing right away,so I hope we sleep well on the train!(人教必一U2) 我们将在上午9:30到达并立即开始观光,所以我希望我们能在火车上睡个好觉!
一般现在 时表将来 表示将来确定会发生的动作(已安排或计划好的动作) The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火车明天早上六点离开。
在条件、时间、让步状语从句中 When she comes,I will tell her the truth.当她到来时,我会把真相告诉她。
③一般将来时的常用固定句式
·It will be+一段时间+before...意为“要过多久才……”,从句用一般现在时。
It will be a long time before we meet them again.
我们还需要很长时间才能再次见到他们。
·祈使句+and/or/otherwise+陈述句(通常用一般将来时)
Close the door of fear behind you,and you will see the door of faith open before you.
关上你身后的恐惧之门,你就会看到信心之门在你面前打开。
(2)过去将来时
过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。这种时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。除了使用“would+动词原形”表示外,还可以用be going to do、be to do、be about to do等方式表示。
Yet,very few people knew that future avatars would have (have)such a wide variety of forms and uses.(北师大必二U4)
然而,很少有人知道,未来的虚拟形象会有如此多样的形式和用途。
考点二　动词的语态
1.各种时态中被动语态的构成
时态 一般式 进行式 完成式
现在时 am/is/are+过去分词 am/is/are+being+过去分词 have/has+been+过去分词
过去时 was/were+过去分词 was/were+being+过去分词 had+been+过去分词
将来时 shall/will be+过去分词
shall/will+have been+过去分词
2.被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者
A box of tissues will be needed (need)to get through this book!(外研选四U2)
读完这本书需要一盒纸巾!
(2)强调或突出动作的承受者
People’s lives have been changed (change)by online communities and social networks.(人教必二U3)
人们的生活被在线社区和社交网络所改变。
[点拨]　不能使用被动语态的几种情况
①不及物动词(短语)不用于被动语态,如happen、occur、fail、remain、spread、take place、break out、come true等。
The disease spreads easily.
这种疾病容易传播。
②某些动词(短语)不用于被动语态,如benefit、fit、lack、contain、join、last、arrive at/in、agree with、look like、consist of、suffer from、succeed in等。
This drink doesn’t contain any alcohol.
这种饮料不含任何酒精。
③表示归属的动词(短语)不用于被动语态,如have、own、belong to等。
The red pen belongs to me.
这支红色的钢笔属于我。
④宾语是反身代词或相互代词时,谓语动词用主动语态,不用被动语态。
We often help each other.
我们经常互相帮助。
主动形式表示被动意义的4种情况
系动词,如:smell、taste、feel、look、sound、prove等后接形容词作表语,用主动形式表示被动意义。 This kind of wool shirt feels soft. 这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。
表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词,如:read、write、sell、wash、clean等,常与well、badly、easily、smoothly等副词连用,用主动形式表示被动意义。 Have you bought the book that sells well these days 你买了最近销售得很好的那本书了吗
某些与can’t、won’t等连用的不及物动词,如open、shut、move等,用主动形式表示被动意义。 The door won’t shut. 这扇门关不上。
少数不及物动词用于进行时,其主动形式表示被动意义,如burn、cook、fall、open、close等。 The meat is cooking.肉正在炖着。
考点三　主谓一致3原则
1.语法一致原则
(1)动词-ing形式(短语)、不定式(短语)、从句、不定代词作主语时,谓语动词常用单数。
Asking questions is (be)the easiest way to promote active learning.(北师大必三U9)
提问是促进主动学习的最容易的方法。
To keep the business going is (be)our short-term goal.(译林必二U1)
使生意继续下去是我们的短期目标。
What we see on the cinema screen is (be)just the tip of the huge iceberg of film-making.(译林必二U1)
我们在影院银幕上看到的也只是电影制作这座巨大冰山的一角而已。
(2)主语后跟with、together with、as well as、like、but、except、along with、rather than等连接的单词或短语时,谓语动词的数要与连接词前面的主语保持一致。
The football coach as well as his team members was interviewed (interview)for their performance shortly after the match.(译林必二U1)
比赛结束后不久,足球教练和他的队员们就他们的表现接受了采访。
(3)and、both...and...连接两个不同的主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时,谓语动词用单数形式。
The singer and dancer is (be)to attend our evening party.
那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。
(4)定语从句中关系代词作主语时,从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。
He who learns (learn)but does not think is lost.He who thinks (think)but does not learn is in great danger.(北师大必三U9)
学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆。
(5)“many a/more than one+单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。each、every、no所修饰的名词作主语时,即使由and连接,谓语动词仍用单数。
More than one generation of schoolchildren has been amazed (amaze)by his bravery and his scientific approach to looking for the truth.(外研必三U3)
数代学生都叹服于他的勇气与追寻真理时采用的科学手段。
According to the law,every man and woman enjoys (enjoy)equal rights.(译林必二U1)
根据法律,每个男人和女人都享有平等的权利。
(6)“the+形容词”表示一类人,在句中作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
The young are (be) determined to make a significant contribution to our nation.(译林必二U1)
年轻人决心为我们的国家做出重大贡献。
(7)表示时间、距离、重量、金额等的复数名词或短语通常作为一个整体看待,谓语动词通常用单数形式。
Two hours seems (seem)very short when you’re having so much fun!(译林必二U1)
当你沉浸其中时,两个小时似乎太短了!
2.意义一致原则
(1)集体名词作主语时,若被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式;若被看作构成集体的一个个成员,谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有:family、class、team、group、public、committee、government、audience、enemy等。
The enemy were hiding(hide),ready to attack the Allied soldiers even before they reached land.(外研选三U3)
敌人隐藏起来,准备在盟军登录前攻击他们。
(2)“分数/百分数/the majority+of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义;all、some、half、most、the rest等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。
About one third of the books were written(write) by him.(译林必二U1)
这些书中大约有三分之一是他写的。
3.就近一致原则
(1)由or、either...or...、neither...nor...、not only...but also...、not...but...等连接的名词(短语)或代词作主语时,谓语动词的数常与最邻近的主语保持一致。
Either you or one of your classmates is(be) to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
你或者你同学中的一位要去参加明天召开的会议。
Not only I but also David and Matt are(be) interested in robots.(译林必二U1)
不仅我而且大卫和马特都对机器人感兴趣。
(2)由there、here引起的主语不止一个时,谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are(be) three chairs,a desk and a computer in the room.
房间里有三把椅子、一张桌子和一台电脑。
【典例】　Later,Nelson 　　　　(award) the Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of his work.
答案　was awarded　[句意:后来纳尔逊被授予总统自由勋章,以表彰他的工作。句中的时间状语Later表明这里叙述的是过去的动作,应用一般过去时;Nelson与award为动宾关系,应用被动语态;主语为Nelson,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式,故填was awarded。]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.I was left (leave) with a huge smile on my face and happily went back to watching the sunset.(2025·八省联考)
2.Today,more than 70 countries have included (include) the Chinese language in their education systems.(2025·八省联考)
3.The Duan inkstone,one of the four most famous inkstones in China,originated(originate) in the mountains by the Duanxi River in Guangdong Province.(2025·宿迁高三三模)
4.An optional college course named “Appreciation of the Jiangxi Opera” has been taught (teach) in a packed house recently at Nanchang University.(2025·南昌高三三模)
5.The variety of sizes represents (represent) the demand for globes that still exists today.(2025·齐齐哈尔高三三模)
6.China’s high-speed railways are a successful example of independent innovation in our country,and the overall technological level of China’s railways has entered (enter) the forefront of the world so far.(2025·滨州高三二模)
7.This Spring Festival,a team of Yingge dancers from South China’s Guangdong Province was/were invited(invite) to the UK.(2025·新乡高三三模)
8.Near the Luding Bridge considered a historical landmark stands (stand) a museum.(2025·潍坊高三二模)
9.Tokushima government hopes that the DMV buses will become (become) a tourist draw in their own right.(2025·江淮十校高三三模)
10.He said the team had experimented (experiment) with different types of food products,but the models they got weren’t as successful.(2025·南昌高三二模)
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1.The following weeks saw me dashing home from school each day determined to earn a penny.
在接下来的几个星期里,我每天从学校飞奔(dash)回家,决心挣一个便士。
2.I was sobbing terribly all the way home,ashamed of my neglect.Maybe they were suffering from the same scene as my neighbors.
回家的路上我哭(sob)得很厉害,为自己的疏忽感到羞愧。也许他们和我的邻居有同样的遭遇。
3.Without any preparation,I was hugged by Anna tightly.
在没有任何准备的情况下,我被安娜紧紧地抱住了。
4.I’ve conducted a survey among my classmates to gather insights on the challenges that we face in English learning.
我对我的同学进行了一项调查,以收集我们在英语学习中面临的挑战的见解。
5.A wave of embarrassment swept over me and I was even at a loss at that moment.
一阵尴尬席卷而来,在那一刻,我甚至不知所措。
6.On spotting the wolf swallowed by the road,Mac,bathed in perspiration,sighed with relief and sank down to the back seat.
马克看见狼消失在路上,浑身是汗,松了口气,坐到后座上。
Ⅲ.语篇提能练
The first zoo 1.was established(establish) around 3,500 years ago by an Egyptian queen for her personal enjoyment.Five hundred years later,a Chinese emperor 2.built (build) a huge zoo to show his power and wealth.Later zoos were set up for the purpose of studying animals.
Some of the early European zoos 3.consisted(consist) of dark holes or dirty cages,the bad conditions of which made people disgusted.Later the zoos 4.were replaced(replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and 5.(were) kept(keep) in good condition.These places became the first modern zoos.As early as the 1940s,scientists 6.understood(understand) that many kinds of wild animals faced extinction.Since then,zoos 7.have tried/have been trying(try) to save many endangered species,but relying on zoos 8.to save(save) species is not enough.The best method of protection is to leave them in their natural habitat.
Today,animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and 9.(are) watched(watch) carefully for any signs of disease with specially trained keepers looking after them and some hospitals where they can be treated when ill,and all the animals there live a comfortable life.Anyway,it is true that zoo breeding programs 10.are playing(play) an important role in protecting many species of wildlife now. 第二节　非谓语动词　
考点一　非谓语动词的形式及句法功能
种类 主动 被动
to do to be done √ √ √ √ √ √
to be doing -
to have done to have been done
doing being done √ √ × √ √ ×
having done having been done
分 词 doing being done × × √ √ √ √
having done having been done × × √ √ √ √
- done × × √ √ √ √
1.主动形式与被动形式
非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间往往存在主谓或动宾关系:与逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系时,用主动形式;与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系时,用被动形式。
Poems focusing(focus) on nature often stress the moment of inspiration.(译林选一U4)
以自然为主题的诗歌往往强调灵感的瞬间。
Filled(fill) with descriptions of magic and ancient themes,many Romantic poems contain rich sensory details.(译林选一U4)
许多浪漫主义诗歌充满了对魔法和古代主题的描述,包含了丰富的感官细节。
2.时间先后关系
根据它与谓语动词表示的动作之间的时间先后关系定时态。
(1)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生,用非谓语动词的一般式。
Growing(grow) up in the beautiful Lake District,Wordsworth had a childhood that was perfect for a developing poet.(译林选一U4)
华兹华斯在美丽的湖区长大,他的童年对于一个成长中的诗人来说是完美的。
(2)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,用非谓语动词的完成式。
Having been bitten(bite) by mosquitoes,she applied some medicine to her skin.(人教选二U5)
被蚊子叮咬后,她在皮肤上涂了一些药。
考点二　非谓语动词作状语
非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。
1.动词-ing形式作状语
动词-ing形式作状语,常表原因、伴随、时间、结果等,与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
Lying(lie) still in the grass,waiting(wait),he heard the sound of the wild.
他静静地躺在草丛里,等待着,天籁之音不绝于耳。
During his travels,he visited famous mountains and great rivers,encountering (encounter) different customs and practices.(译林选一U4)
在他的旅行中,他参观了名山大川,遇见了不同的风俗习惯。
2.过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语,分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
Educated(educate) at Cambridge,Wordsworth received his degree in 1791.(译林选一U4)
华兹华斯在剑桥接受教育,于1791年获得学位。
[点拨]　部分过去分词作状语时不表示被动,也不表示完成,而表示一种状态。常见的词和短语有:located、seated、hidden、lost/absorbed/buried in、dressed in、tired of、faced with。
Tired of keeping up with her sister,Kelly was ready to carve her own path.
凯利厌倦了总是跟着姐姐的步伐,准备开辟自己的道路。
3.不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语,意为“为了;以便”。
To enjoy(enjoy) a grander sight,you must climb to a greater height.
欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。
(2)作结果状语,常用于only to do结构中。
I overslept and rushed to the airport,only to find (find)that the check-in counter had closed.(人教选四U3)
我睡过头了,赶到机场,却发现值机柜台已经关闭了。
[点拨]　动词不定式作结果状语时,常表示意想不到的结果;而动词-ing形式作结果状语时,常表示自然而然的结果。
(3)作原因状语,常用于“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”结构中。这类形容词有:happy、lucky、glad、sorry、anxious、proud、disappointed、desperate、angry、surprised、ready、delighted、clever、foolish、pleased、fortunate、right等。
She was happy to learn(learn) the good news.
听到这个好消息,她很高兴。
[点拨]　在“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”结构中,句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的被动关系,而不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。在此结构中,不定式中的动词必须是及物动词;若为不及物动词,则要在其后加上适当的介词,使之构成及物动词短语。
考点三　非谓语动词作定语
1.动词-ing形式作定语,表主动、正在进行;若表示被动且正在发生的动作用being done结构。
Families celebrating (celebrate)the Lunar New Year can enjoy exciting dragon dances and carnivals together.(人教必三U1)
庆祝农历新年的家庭可以一起欣赏精彩的舞龙表演和狂欢活动。
2.过去分词作定语,表示被动、完成。
Loch Ness surrounded(surround) by beautiful natural landscape was made to look amazing.(人教必二U4)
尼斯湖四周环绕着美丽的自然景观,令人叹为观止。
Rosemary shares her packed(pack) lunch with two friends every day.(人教必二U4)
罗斯玛丽每天与两个朋友分享她的盒饭。
[点拨]　作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有doing和done两种。doing 表示正在进行;done 表示已经完成。
3.不定式作定语,表示动作尚未发生。
Many countries have plans to study (study) planets like Mars and Jupiter.
许多国家都计划进一步研究火星和木星等行星。
4.动词-ing形式作定语,表示被修饰词的某种用途,在意义上相当于“名词+for+doing”,此时动词-ing形式常置于被修饰词的前面。
No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading(read) room.
阅览室里不准大声说话。
5.由序数词,the only、the last、the next或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作后置定语。
In 2003 Yuri Malenchenko became the first person to get(get) married in space.(人教必三U4)
2003年,尤里·马连琴科成为第一个在太空结婚的人。
6.被修饰词是抽象名词时,常用不定式作定语。
常见的这类名词有:ability、chance、idea、hope、wish、fact、excuse、promise、attempt、way等。
What impressed people most about Yuan Longping was his ongoing ability to fulfil(fulfil) his dreams.(人教选一U5)
袁隆平给人留下的最深刻的印象是他不断实现梦想的能力。
考点四　非谓语动词作宾语
1.只能跟不定式作宾语的动词(短语)
(1)三个希望两答应(hope、wish、expect、agree、promise)
(2)两个要求莫拒绝(demand、ask、refuse)
(3)设法学会做决定(manage、learn、decide/determine)
(4)不要假装在选择(pretend、choose/select)
(5)打算提出俩计划(intend、offer、plan、mean)
(6)申请失败负担起(apply、fail、afford)
此外,happen、threaten、can’t wait等也要用不定式作宾语
Jason Harley decided to drop(drop) out of this kind of lifestyle,and he discovered that having only a little money made him free.(北师大选一U2)
詹森·哈利决定放弃这种生活方式,他发现只拥有少量金钱使他获得了自由。
Although he had only intended to stay(stay) for one year,he now feels ready to stay for another year.(北师大必一U1)
虽然他原先只打算待一年,但现在他准备再待一年。
[点拨]　allow、permit、advise后需跟动词-ing形式作宾语,但如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,则用不定式作宾补,即allow/permit/advise doing/sb to do sth。
2.只能跟动词-ing形式作宾语的动词(短语)
(1)喜欢考虑不避免(enjoy、consider、escape、avoid)
(2)不禁放弃太冒险(cannot help、give up、risk)
(3)感激承认不否认(appreciate、admit、deny)
(4)介意想象莫推延(mind、imagine、delay、put off)
(5)允许完成是期望(allow/permit、finish、look forward to)
(6)建议继续勤操练(suggest、go on、practise)
(7)致力原谅要坚持(be devoted to、excuse、insist on)
(8)继续成功不错过(keep on、succeed in、miss)
I usually find history a little boring,but I enjoyed reading(read) about the history of film.(北师大必一U1)
我通常觉得历史有点无聊,但我喜欢读有关电影史的书。
I kept telling him that I knew the way myself,but he insisted on taking(take) me there.(北师大必三U9)
我一直告诉他我知道路,但他坚持要带我去那里。
[点拨]　动词want、need、require作“需要”讲时,其后要用动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)、demand(要求)、expect(期待)、permit(允许)等。
3.下列动词(短语)既可以接动词-ing形式作宾语,也可以接动词不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别:
I meant to give(give) you this book today,but I forgot.
我本来打算今天给你这本书的,可是我忘了。
Missing this train means waiting(wait) for another hour.
错过这辆火车意味着再等一个小时。
考点五　非谓语动词作宾语补足语
1.不定式作宾语补足语
(1)有些动词之后常用带to的不定式作宾语补足语
常见的有:ask、invite、want、encourage、wish、expect、beg、request、require、advise、order、force、cause、allow、permit、forbid、warn、remind、teach、send、call on、wait for、would like/love/prefer等表示劝告、建议、要求类动词。
An impressive and expensive ad may signal to the investors that the ad agency is successful and they may then be encouraged to invest(invest) in it.(北师大选二U6)
一个令人印象深刻、价格昂贵的广告可能会向投资者传达出该广告公司很成功的信号,进而可能鼓励他们进行投资。
With exams being adapted into Braille,a blind senior high school student scored 630 points out of 650 in the College Entrance Examination.He is expected to be admitted(admit) to a top university.(人教选四U1)
随着考试适用于盲文,一名盲人高中生在高考中获得了630分(满分650分)的好成绩。他有望被一流大学录取。
(2)有些动词之后常用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语
常用动词(主动语态中)有:使役动词(make、let、have);感官动词(see、watch、observe、hear、notice)。
Jeff’s hand touched the hot burner and he gave a cry of pain.Jenna made him put(put) his hand in cold water.
杰夫的手碰到了滚烫的火炉,他痛苦地叫了一声。珍娜让他把手放在冷水里。
2.动词-ing形式作宾语补足语
表示主动、进行。常用动词-ing形式作宾语补足语的单词有:feel、find、hear、notice、observe、see、watch、get、have、keep、leave、send、set、listen to、look at等。
I heard the clock striking(strike) eight when I woke up this morning.
今天早上醒来时,我听见钟敲响八点。
We see a woman swimming(swim) at night in a dark sea.(外研必二U6)
晚上,我们看到一个女人在漆黑的海水里游泳。
3.过去分词作宾语补足语
表示被动、完成。常用过去分词作宾语补足语的单词有:have、make、get、find、see、notice、watch、hear、feel、want、like等。
We found ourselves very surprised (surprise) by the large number of visitors and the amount of noise at the entrance of the National Gallery.(人教必二U4)
我们对国家美术馆入口处的大量游客和嘈杂声音感到非常惊讶。
[点拨]　
1.with+宾语+doing(表示主动且进行)/done(表示被动且完成)/to do(表示将来)。
The melting of the polar ice caps will have dire consequences,with sea levels rising,causing flooding in low lying areas,such as islands and coastal cities.(北师大版必三U8)
极地冰盖的融化将带来严重后果,海平面上升,导致低洼地区(如岛屿和沿海城市)发生洪水。
With his mind concentrated on his work,he didn’t notice my appearance.
他专心于工作,没有注意到我的出现。
2.在sb be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought+to do/to have done结构中,用不定式作主语补足语。
They are all believed to have made important contributions to computer science.(人教选四U3)
他们都被认为对计算机科学做出了重要贡献。
Chinese people are considered to be the most hard-working people in the world.
中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人民。
考点六　非谓语动词作主语和表语
1.不定式作主语和表语
(1)不定式作主语时,可以直接放在句首,谓语动词常用单数。
To use(use) biomimicry is to create structures based on natural forms and processes.(外研选三U5)
利用仿生技术就是根据自然形态及进程来创造建筑结构。
(2)不定式作主语时常置于句末,用it作形式主语放在句首。
It’s so convenient to be(be) able to compare the quality and prices from different online shops before I buy.(北师大必一U1)
在我购买前,能够比较不同网络商店的质量和价格,真是太方便了。
(3)不定式作表语,主语往往是dream、goal、aim、purpose、plan 等表示意向、打算、计划的词。
During the Middle Ages,the purpose of Western art was to teach(teach) people about Christianity.(人教选三U1)
在中世纪,西方艺术的目的是向人们传授基督教。
2.动词-ing形式作主语和表语
(1)动词-ing形式(短语)作主语时,可以直接放在句首,谓语动词常用单数。
Creating(create) buildings such as these enables us to live in closer harmony with our environment.(外研选三U5)
创造这样的建筑使我们能够与我们的环境更加和谐地相处。
(2)有时用it作形式主语,常用于It is/was a waste (of...)/no use/no good doing sth结构中。
After he finished playing the piece,he destroyed the qin and said,“Since the only person that understands my music is gone,it’s no use keeping(keep) the qin.”(译林选一U2)
演奏完后,他毁了琴,说:“既然唯一能听懂我音乐的人已经不在了,琴也就没有意义了。”
(3)动词-ing形式作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态,此时动词-ing形式已经具有形容词的性质,意为“令人……的”。
It’ll be too tiring(tire) to walk or dance for a long time in those shoes.(人教必三U1)
穿这双鞋长时间走路或跳舞太累了。
(4)动词-ing形式作表语时相当于名词,用于解释主语的内容,表语和主语常常可以互换位置。
People whose interest is exploring(explore) the relationship between art and science will enjoy Singapore’s Art Science Museum.(外研选三U5)
对探索艺术与科学之间关系感兴趣的人会喜欢新加坡的艺术科学博物馆。
3.过去分词作表语
过去分词作表语时表示主语的某种情况或状态,此时过去分词已经具有形容词的性质,意为“感到……的”。
Visitors are often amazed(amaze) to find themselves in an urban building that so truly captures the beauty of natural forms.(外研选三U5)
当发现自己置身于一座如此真实地捕捉了自然形态之美的城市建筑中时,参观者常常叹为观止。
形容词化的过去分词与动词-ing形式的比较
过去分词 动词-ing形式
多修饰人,意为“感到……的” 多修饰物,意为“令人……的”
interested感到有趣的 bored感到无聊的 moved被感动的 puzzled感到困惑的 satisfied感到满意的 interesting有趣的 boring无聊的 moving令人感动的 puzzling令人迷惑的 satisfying令人满意的
【典例1】　During the Mid-Autumn Festival,family members often gather together 　　　　(share) a meal,admire the moon and enjoy mooncakes.
答案　to share　[句意:在中秋节期间,家庭成员常常欢聚一堂,享受大餐、赏月并品尝月饼。分析句子结构可知,句子为简单句,且谓语动词为gather,空处应填非谓语动词;再根据句意可知,此处应用不定式作目的状语。]
【典例2】　Jim has retired,but he still remembers the happy time 　　　　(spend) with his students.
答案　spent　[句意:吉姆已经退休,但他仍记得与学生们一起度过的快乐时光。根据句意并分析句子结构可知,the happy time与spend是逻辑上的动宾关系,且此处表示一个已完成的动作,所以用过去分词作后置定语。]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.The streets in which people live should be a tight pattern of crossed sidewalks,which allow people to meet (meet),talk,and get to know one another.(2025·八省联考)
2.Shuttlecock (毽子) kicking is a traditional popular folk game,dating (date) as far back as the Han Dynasty.(2025·德州高三二模)
3.A train traveling (travel) at 400 km/h would shorten the journey from Beijing to Shanghai to 2.5 hours.(2025·滨州高三二模)
4.Among the over 5,000 precious relics excavated(excavate)from the ruins,the most eye-catching is the Golden Sun Bird.(2025·九江高三二模)
5.They recorded the performances and posted the video clips of the class on social media platforms,receiving (receive) millions of views and likes from netizens.(2025·南昌高三三模)
6.In the north,with large fields done (do) for the season,farmers can take a break.(2025·太原高三一模)
7.During his 30-minute speech titled (title) A Zoo’s Pursuit,Shen showcased the successful changes that he had performed.(2025·济宁高三二模)
8.Later,both Lijiang and Huaping governments having sponsored (sponsor) her with much money for many years,Zhang’s school was completed,becoming the first free all-girls high school in China.(2025·鹰潭高三二模)
9.She gets up at 5:00 am and is always the first one among all the stuff to arrive (arrive) at school.She also checks how the classes are going three times a day.(2025·鹰潭高三二模)
10.Struck(strike) by the beauty of the moment we sat there,feeling proud to have witnessed such a magical sight.(2025·广东大湾区高三二模)
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1.Hearing the voice they were familiar with,they got up immediately and rushed to the mouth of the cave,without putting on their shoes.
听到熟悉的声音,他们立即起身,没有穿鞋就冲到洞口。
2.I explained the situation,feeling embarrassed and frightened by the unexpected outcome.
我解释了情况,对意外的结果感到尴尬和害怕。
3.Ruby immediately got the other girls to help her lift the tree trunk from Lily’s leg,only to find her leg was broken.
鲁比立刻让其他女孩帮她把树干从莉莉腿上抬起来,却发现她的腿断了。
4.With my trembling hands,I fingered the letter and read it word for word.
用颤抖的双手抚摸着那封信,我逐字逐句地读着。
5.Finally,during the afternoon break,some excellent sample essays published by students can be played.
最后,在下午的休息时间,可以播放一些学生发表的优秀文章。
Ⅲ.语篇提能练
Let children learn 1.to judge (judge) their own work.A child 2.learning(learn) to talk does not learn by 3.being corrected (correct) all the time.If 4.corrected(correct) too much,he will stop talking.He notices a thousand times a day the difference between his language and others’ language.Bit by bit,he makes the right changes 5.to make(make) his language like other people’s.In the same way,children learn to do all the other things.They learn to talk,run,climb,ride a bicycle by comparing their own behaviors with those of more 6.skilled (skill) people,and slowly make the 7.needed (need) changes.But in school,teachers never give a child a chance 8.to find (find) out his mistakes for himself,even fewer chances for him to correct himself.They do it all for him.Teachers act as if the student would fail 9.to notice (notice) a mistake if they did not point it out to him.They act as if the student would never correct it unless 10.made (make) to.Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher.Let the student do it himself.Let him work out,with the help of other children if he wants it,what this word means and what the answer is to that problem.

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