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必修第一册　Unit 5　Languages Around the World
Ⅰ.阅读理解
When Spanish meets English，new dialects emerge，giving us a real-time insight into language evolution，linguists say.
For instance，“Vamos de punches punches punches”，Yamilet Munoz texted her friends in Austin，Texas. It means “let’s go and party”，but it’s not a phrase you’ll find in any dictionary. It’s a remix of Spanish and English words seasoned with an in-joke about punching the air as you dance.
“Our language has always been a very big indicator of our cultural pride，” says Munoz，whose parents migrated from Mexico to San Antonio，Texas，in the 1990s. Around 66% of the city’s population identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino/Latina. Munoz and her friends there take pride in not only speaking Spanish，but also mixing the languages into the hybrid known as Spanglish.
The evolution of Spanglish has been documented for decades，with each generation adding its unique twist. Now a growing body of research，as well as the experiences of bilingual(双语的) speakers like Munoz，shows just how deeply English and Spanish are influencing each other in the United States，resulting in hybrid dialects like Spanglish，but also，transforming the underlying languages.
For the past decade，Carter and his colleagues have studied language change in Miami，a city where some 72% identify themselves as Latino or Hispanic and which is strongly shaped by historical migration from Cuba. Their research documents the emergence of a distinct “Miami English” dialect as a result of that Spanish-language heritage.
The Spanish influence has also shown up in ways people may not immediately notice，such as sounds like the “oo” in “boot” being pronounced in a more Spanish-style way in Miami，more like the Spanish “u” vowel，according to separate research by Carter，Lydda Lopez Valdez at the University of Miami and Nandi Sims at Ohio State University.
“This is the work of language change，this is the work of dialect formation，and this is how it happens. It happens in things that are really noticeable，like the phrase ‘get down from the car’，but it also happens in really slight ways，” he says.
(　　)1.Why is an example introduced in Paragraph 2
A.To illustrate the language innovation.
B.To explain the advantage of Spanish.
C.To highlight the mix of Spanish and English.
D.To prove the enrichment of English vocabulary.
(　　)2.What can be inferred from Munoz and her friends
A.Spanish and English are interrelating.
B.Mixing two languages is complicated.
C.Languages dominate cultural development.
D.Bilinguals tend to observe their own culture.
(　　)3.What does Carter intend to convey
A.Dialects evolve flexibly and frequently.
B.Spanish possesses more sounds than English.
C.Phrases are changing more slowly than before.
D.Language change is progressive and dynamic.
(　　)4.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.How Researchers Are Studying Languages
B.How Modern English Is Changing Globally
C.How a Generation Is Reinventing Spanglish
D.How Spanglish Is Influencing American Culture
Ⅱ.七选五
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
An essential writing skill is the ability to use plain language effectively to convey ideas clearly. Plain language involves using direct and accessible language with a straightforward structure. To write in plain language，it is important to follow certain guidelines.
1.________ The only details necessary are those necessary for understanding. For example，the sign “Wait behind the yellow line” at a train platform includes “yellow” so travellers know where to stand.
Plain language avoids using vocabulary that requires specialised knowledge. If you work in an IT company，you can comfortably use the word “latency” with your colleagues. 2.________ But when speaking with someone without an IT background，you might instead use “slow” to ensure that they know what you’re talking about.
Plain language is more than word choices，though. It also involves structuring writing to prioritise clarity. 3.________ For example，use clear headers for each section. Mention the topic early in a sentence or paragraph. Write directly to your reader. 4.________ Additionally，use the active voice whenever possible to enhance clarity.
It is important to note that not every guideline for plain writing will apply to every piece of writing. The ultimate goal is to create contents that are accessible and easily understood. By using plain language，you demonstrate respect for your readers’ time and intelligence. 5._______
A.That is because they know what it means.
B.This can be achieved in the following ways.
C.Thus，it develops positive relationships with them.
D.In many cases，this means writing in the second-person point of view.
E.One key aspect of plain writing is ensuring sentences are as short as possible.
F.This can be especially important for those who speak English as a second language.
G.Plain language reduces the risk of misunderstandings caused by confusing language choices.
Ⅲ.完形填空
When I first visited Mexico，I spoke Spanish well. So when I 　1　 an ice cream in a shop，and the local seller said “ahorita”，which directly translates as “right now”，I smiled and waited nearby，believing that its arrival was 　2　.
Half an hour passed and still no ice cream arrived，so I asked again about it. “Ahorita，” he　3　 again and his face was a mix of confusion and 　4　.
I was 　5　. Waiting longer wasn’t pleasant，but it was impolite to walk away if the ice cream was now being delivered just for me. But finally，after waiting too long，I made a rush for the nearest bus to take me home. 　6　，it really wasn’t my fault. As I left，I 　7　 and shrugged (耸肩) to the ice cream seller，leaving him in 　8　 confusion.
This experience 　9　 in my memory until years later when I came back to live in Mexico. I discovered that understanding “ahorita” took not a 　10　 in the language，but rather a fluency in the 　11　. When someone from Mexico says “ahorita”，it should almost never be taken literally; its meaning 　12　 greatly with the context. As a linguist 　13　，“Ahorita could mean tomorrow，in an hour，within five years or never.” It is even used as a 　14　 way of saying “no，thanks” when refusing a(n) 　15　.
(　　)1. A.selected　　　 B.ordered
C.picked D.enjoyed
(　　)2. A.certain B.regular
C.fluent D.immediate
(　　)3. A.responded B.lied
C.refused D.exclaimed
(　　)4. A.relief B.comfort
C.panic D.embarrassment
(　　)5. A.torn B.ashamed
C.doubtful D.sure
(　　)6. A.Hopefully B.Luckily
C.Obviously D.Thankfully
(　　)7. A.stared B.signalled
C.shouted D.aimed
(　　)8. A.total B.modest
C.unexpected D.amazing
(　　)9. A.remained B.faded
C.shone D.appeared
(　　)10. A.time B.history
C.manner D.fluency
(　　)11. A.habit B.shopping
C.culture D.detail
(　　)12. A.varies B.grows
C.extends D.stays
(　　)13. A.questions B.expects
C.outlines D.illustrates
(　　)14. A.polite B.funny
C.curious D.popular
(　　)15. A.application B.design
C.offer D.request
Ⅳ.语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Thousands of years ago，Chinese characters appeared on animal bones and silk before they 1.________(write) on paper. But now many 2.________ character has a “new container” in the modern age.
A research team，drawing every little bit of 3.________(inspire) from Xun Zi，an outstanding Confucian philosopher during the late Warring States Period，rolled out Xunzi，a large language model (LLM) and XunziChat in association with a leading ancient Chinese text publisher. When 4.________(ask) why，the team leader explained，“Characters set in vertical layout(竖版)，the absence of pausing and punctuation are all holding readers back.” 5.________(create) Xunzi，the team first did a lot of research. Since 2013，they’ve sweated 6.________(heavy) to digitise Chinese classics like the Siku Quanshu. The hard work involved a large-scale pool of two billion Chinese characters，7.________ laid a solid foundation for the LLM. Their efforts seem to have paid off. Currently，Xunzi can translate，punctuate 8.________ understand some ancient Chinese texts. The model can help us mine for more information hidden in our cultural legacy and find unnoticed models and connections.
The team have shared the LLM on websites，9.________(allow) users to download and use it for free. They’re committed to the philosophy of making the data and model 10.________(access) globally.
必修第一册　Unit 5　Languages Around the World]
Ⅰ.阅读理解
【文本大意】文章主要介绍了Spanglish(西班牙语和英语的混合语)的形成和演变，特别是新一代人是如何重新创造Spanglish的。
1.A　推理判断题。根据第一段“When Spanish meets English， new dialects emerge， giving us a real-time insight into language evolution， linguists say.(语言学家说，当西班牙语与英语相遇时，新的方言就会出现，让我们实时了解语言的演变。)”和第二段“For instance， ‘Vamos de punches punches punches’， Yamilet Munoz texted her friends in Austin， Texas. It means ‘let’s go and party’， but it’s not a phrase you’ll find in any dictionary. It’s a remix of Spanish and English words seasoned with an in-joke about punching the air as you dance.(例如，‘Vamos de punches punches punches’，Yamilet Munoz给她在得克萨斯州奥斯汀的朋友们发了这条短信。这句话的意思是‘让我们去派对’，但这不是你在任何词典里都能找到的短语。这是西班牙语和英语单词的混合体，并带有一个关于跳舞时挥拳的玩笑。)”可知，第二段中引入这个例子是为了说明语言的演变与创新。故选A。
2.A　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Munoz and her friends there take pride in not only speaking Spanish， but also mixing the languages into the hybrid known as Spanglish.(对于Munoz和她的朋友们来说，不仅说西班牙语是一件很骄傲的事，同时将两种语言混合成一种被称为西班牙式英语的混合语也是一件骄傲的事。)”和第四段中的“Now a growing body of research， as well as the experiences of bilingual(双语的) speakers like Munoz， shows just how deeply English and Spanish are influencing each other in the United States， resulting in hybrid dialects like Spanglish， but also， transforming the underlying languages.(现在，越来越多的研究，以及像Munoz这样的双语使用者的经历表明，英语和西班牙语在美国是多么深刻地相互影响，产生了像西班牙式英语这样的混合方言，同时也改变了基础语言。)”可推知，Munoz和她的朋友们在说话中混合使用西班牙语和英语，这表明两种语言是相互关联的。故选A。
3.D　推理判断题。根据最后一段中Carter说的话“This is the work of language change， this is the work of dialect formation， and this is how it happens. It happens in things that are really noticeable， like the phrase ‘get down from the car’， but it also happens in really slight ways(这是语言变化的成果，这是方言形成的成果，这就是它是如何发生的。它会发生在一些非常明显的事情中，比如‘从车里下来’，但它也会以非常轻微的方式发生)”可推知，Carter想要传达的是语言变化是渐进的和动态的。故选D。
4.C　主旨大意题。通读全文可知，当西班牙语遇到英语时，新的方言就会出现，这能让我们了解语言的演变。文章还通过Yamilet Munoz的例子，展示了Spanglish是如何在年轻人中流行的，并强调了这种语言混合现象在文化和身份认同中的重要性。因此，文章的最佳标题应该是C项“How a Generation Is Reinventing Spanglish”，即“一代人是如何重新创造Spanglish的”。故选C。
Ⅱ.七选五
【文本大意】本文主要介绍了使用通俗易懂的语言写作时应该遵循的指导原则。
1.E　根据下文“The only details necessary are those necessary for understanding. For example， the sign ‘Wait behind the yellow line’ at a train platform includes ‘yellow’ so travellers know where to stand.(必需的细节只是理解所必需的。例如：火车站台上，‘请在黄线后面等候’的标志包含‘黄色’，这样旅客就知道应该站在哪里。)”可知，火车站台的例子表明句子要简短。E项“One key aspect of plain writing is ensuring sentences are as short as possible.(简洁写作的一个关键方面是确保句子尽可能短。)”符合语境。故选E。
2.A　根据空前一句“If you work in an IT company， you can comfortably use the word ‘latency’ with your colleagues.(如果你在一家信息技术公司工作，那么可以轻松地与同事使用‘latency’这个词。)”可知，空处与为什么你在信息技术公司工作，你可以轻松地与同事使用这个词的原因有关，因此A项“That is because they know what it means.(那是因为他们知道那是什么意思。)”符合语境，该项中的“they”指代上文中的“your colleagues”。故选A。
3.B　根据上文“Plain language is more than word choices， though. It also involves structuring writing to prioritise clarity.(然而，通俗易懂的语言不仅仅是词语的选择。它还包括组织写作，优先考虑清晰。)”和下文“For example， use clear headers for each section.Mention the topic early in a sentence or paragraph. Write directly to your reader.(例如，每个部分使用清晰的标题。在句子或段落的开头提及主题。直接写给读者。)”可知，上文强调组织写作，优先考虑清晰，下文给出了具体的做法，因此B项“This can be achieved in the following ways.(这可以通过以下方式实现。)”符合语境，This指代的是“It also involves structuring writing to prioritise clarity.”，且该选项中的“in the following ways”呼应的是下文中的“For example， use clear headers for each section.Mention the topic early in a sentence or paragraph. Write directly to your reader.”。故选B。
4.D　根据空前一句 “Write directly to your reader.(直接写给读者。)”可知，D项“In many cases， this means writing in the second-person point of view.(在很多情况下，这意味着要运用第二人称来写作。)”符合语境，“this”指代的是“直接写给读者”这一方法，运用第二人称来写作呼应“直接写给读者”。故选D。
5.C　根据空前一句“By using plain language， you demonstrate respect for your readers’ time and intelligence.(通过使用通俗易懂的语言，你表现出对读者时间和智慧的尊重。)”可知，C项“Thus， it develops positive relationships with them.(因此，它与他们发展了积极的关系。)”符合语境，该选项中的them指代上文中的“readers”。故选C。
Ⅲ.完形填空
【文本大意】作者第一次游览墨西哥，在购买冰激凌时没有理解小贩说的“ahorita”的意思，等了很久也没等到。多年后作者意识到“ahorita”的意思会跟随语境发生变化，可能意味着明天、一个小时后、五年内或永远不会。
1.B　根据第5个空后的关键信息“delivered”可知，此处指作者在一家商店点了一份冰激凌。A. select选择；B. order点，要(食物或饮料)；C. pick捡起；D. enjoy喜欢，享受。故选B。
2.D　根据第二段第一句“Half an hour passed and still no ice cream arrived”可知，作者点冰激凌的时候以为冰激凌会马上就好。A. certain必然的；B. regular定期的；C. fluent熟练的，流利的；D. immediate立刻的。故选D。
3.A　根据第一段中的“the local seller said ‘ahorita’”可知，此处指这个小贩又回答了一遍。A. respond回答，回复；B. lie撒谎；C. refuse拒绝；D. exclaim呼喊。故选A。
4.D　当这个小贩又回答了一遍时，他的脸上混杂着困惑和尴尬。A. relief宽慰；B. comfort安慰；C. panic恐慌；D. embarrassment尴尬。故选D。
5.A　根据空后一句可知，作者觉得等久了不开心，但如果正在为他递送冰激凌，走掉又不礼貌，因此可以推断出，作者左右为难，难以取舍。A. torn 难以做出抉择的，常与be连用，表示“左右为难，难以取舍”，符合语境；B. ashamed羞愧的；C. doubtful感到怀疑的；D. sure确信的。故选A。
6.C　作者等了很久，不得不匆忙上了回家的公交车，对作者来说，这显然不是他的错。A. hopefully有希望地；B. luckily幸运地；C. obviously 显然；
D. thankfully感谢地。故选C。
7.B　当作者离开时，他向卖冰激凌的人示意了一下，表示自己不要冰激凌了。A. stare凝视；B. signal示意；C. shout大声说；D. aim力求达到。故选B。
8.A　根据语境可知，作者的一番操作让卖冰激凌的小贩彻底困惑。A. total彻底的，完全的；B. modest谦虚的；C. unexpected意外的；D. amazing惊人的。故选A。
9.B　这段经历在作者的记忆中逐渐淡去，直到多年后他回到墨西哥生活。
A. remain保持；B. fade逐渐消失；C. shine闪耀；D. appear出现。故选B。
10.D　根据语境可知，在墨西哥生活后，作者发现理解“ahorita”并不需要你对语言掌握的多么流利，空后的fluency为提示信息。A. time时间；B. history历史；C. manner方式；D. fluency流畅，流利。故选D。
11.C　根据下文对墨西哥人对这个词的使用，作者认为理解“ahorita”需要精通文化。A. habit习惯；B. shopping购物；C. culture文化；D. detail细节。故选C。
12.A　当墨西哥人说“ahorita”时，几乎不应该从字面上理解；它的意思随语境而有很大的变化。A. vary变化；B. grow生长；C. extend扩大，延长；D. stay停留。故选A。
13.D　正如一位语言学家所阐明的那样：“Ahorita可能意味着明天、一个小时后，五年内或永远不会。” A. question质疑；B. expect期待；C. outline 概括；D. illustrate说明，阐明。故选D。
14.A　它甚至被用来礼貌地说“不，谢谢”。A. polite礼貌的；B. funny有趣的；C. curious好奇的；D. popular受欢迎的。故选A。
15.C　在别人给出提议时，才会礼貌地说“不，谢谢”。A. application应用；
B. design设计；C. offer主动提议；建议；D. request要求。故选C。
Ⅳ. 语法填空
【文本大意】一个研究团队近期推出的一项结合古代哲学思想与现代技术的创新项目——古籍大语言模型“荀子”，这是国内首个专门应用于古籍处理与研究的智能工具。
1.were written　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。根据本句的时间状语Thousands of years ago可知，本句时态用一般过去时；Chinese characters是被写，因此用被动语态；主语为复数名词Chinese characters，因此谓语动词用复数形式。故填were written。
2.a　考查冠词。此处表示“但在现代社会，许多汉字有了一个‘新容器’”。many a意为“许多”，为固定短语。故填a。
3.inspiration　考查名词。空处作动词draw的宾语，且表示“灵感”，根据空前的修饰语可知，此处用单数形式。故填inspiration。
4.asked　考查状语从句的省略。当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致且从句谓语动词含有be动词时，可省略从句的主语和be动词，本从句完整形式为“When the team leader was asked”，省略后保留过去分词asked。故填asked。
5.To create　考查非谓语动词。此处需用不定式，作目的状语，位于句首，to的首字母需大写。故填To create。
6.heavily　考查副词。修饰动词sweated，应用副词heavily，意为“大量地”，作状语。故填heavily。
7.which　考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子，且在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which。故填which。
8.and　考查连词。translate、punctuate和understand是并列关系，应用连词and连接。故填and。
9.allowing　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，逗号前为完整的句子，谓语动词为have shared，此处用非谓语动词形式，且allow“允许”与其逻辑主语The team之间是主动关系，应用现在分词形式，作状语。故填allowing。
10.accessible　考查形容词。空处用access的形容词accessible，意为“可访问的”，作make的宾语补足语。故填accessible。

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