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(共56张PPT)
专题一 词 法
C
第九节 非谓语动词
1. 【2024·四川省高职单招】Table tennis is played everywhere in China, ______ it the most popular sport there.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
【剖析】考查非谓语动词。句意为：“在中国，到处都有人打乒乓球，这使它成为那里最受欢迎的运动。”句子已有谓语动词is played，这里需要用非谓语动词。“ it the most popular sport there”在此处作结果状语，表示前面Table tennis is played everywhere in China这个情况所产生的自然结果，前面的情况与动词make之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。 故选A。
2. 【2023·四川省高职单招】Finally he found a chair .
A. to sit B. for sitting on
C. to sit on D. for sitting
【剖析】考查非谓语。句意为：“最后他找了一把椅子坐下。”此句中用不定式作定语，而sit是不及物动词，后面接宾语时需要加相应的介词。故选C。
A
C
C
3. 【2021·四川省高职单招】The doctor advised me ______ more rest.
A. to get B. get C. getting D. gotten
【剖析】考查非谓语。advise sb.to do sth.?意为“建议某人做某事”，是固定搭配，动词不定式作宾语补足语。故选A。
4. 【2020·四川省高职单招】The doctor has advised me ______ too much wine.
A. not to drink B. to drink not C. don't drink D. not drink
【剖析】考查非谓语。advise意为“建议”，advise sb. to do sth.的否定形式是advise sb. not to do sth.，意为“建议某人不要做某事”。句意为：“医生建议我不要喝太多的酒。”故选A。
A
A
C
5. 【2018·四川省高职单招】Look! There is a young man ______ a dress over his trousers.
A. wears B. wearing C. worn D. to wear
【剖析】考查非谓语动词的用法。句子中已经有了谓语动词is，空格处应该用非谓语形式。非谓语动词与它的逻辑主语a young man之间是主动关系，且与谓语动词的动作同时发生，应用doing形式，故选B。
6. 【2017·四川省高职单招】You look different. When did you have your hair ______ .
A. cuts B. to cut C. cut D. cutting
【剖析】考查非谓语。句中已有谓语have，空格处应填非谓语形式。have sth. done意为“让某事被做”，done与sth. 之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。cut的过去分词是它本身。故选C。
B
C
C
考点精讲
英语中的非谓语动词是指在句子中不能直接作谓语的动词。
英语中的非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。
非谓语动词虽然不能充当谓语动词，但仍然保持动词的特征：可带自己的宾语或状语等，称为非谓语动词短语，有时态和语态的变化。
非谓语动词也具有名词的特征，可充当句子的主语、宾语、表语和宾语补足语。
非谓语动词还具有形容词的特征，可充当句子的定语或状语。
C
考点一 动词不定式
（一） 动词不定式的构成
动词不定式的构成是在动词前加to，如to do, to work, to finish等，有时可不带to，动词不定式没人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。（以do为例）
C
（二） 动词不定式的否定式的构成
动词不定式的否定式是在不定式前加not，即not to do sth. 的表现形式。
Please remember not to talk in class. 请记住不要在课堂上讲话。
Tell him not to shut the window. 告诉他不要关窗户。
C
（三） 动词不定式和不定式短语的用法
1. 动词不定式作主语
(1) 动词不定式作主语表示没有发生的动作或具体的动作，当成第三人称单数处理。
To find a good job is my wish. 找份好工作是我的愿望。（没发生的动作）
To do housework this weekend is my task. 这个周末做家务是我的任务。（具体的动作）
(2) 动词不定式作主语时常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在后面，形成句型： It is(was)+adj. +(for/of+sb. ) to do sth. ，其中for/of用来引出不定式的逻辑主语（不定式动作的发出者）。
在这个句型中，如果前面的形容词（如hard, impossible, important等）是描述do sth. 的，就用for sb.。如果前面的形容词（如nice, kind, clever, foolish, smart等）是形容sb. 的，就用of sb.。
It's so kind of you to help us. （kind是形容人的）你能帮助我们真是太好了。
It's necessary for us to study English well. （necessary是描述study English的）我们学好英语是必须的。
(3) 动词不定式作主语的特殊句型：It takes（took） sb. some time/money to do sth.
It takes me 2 dollars to buy the pen. 买这只钢笔花了我两美元。
It took them 10 months to build the bridge. 修建这座大桥花费了他们10个月时间。
C
2. 动词不定式作宾语
(1) 有些动词或动词短语后只用不定式作宾语。这类动词或动词短语有promise, plan, manage, refuse, seem, prepare, expect, wish, hope, afford, offer, choose, ask, agree, decide, demand, fail, happen, would like to do sth., be supposed to do sth., be sure to do sth., be about to do sth., be free to do sth. 等。
Some of people offered to help us. 一些人给我提供了帮助。
We expect to see each other next year. 我们希望来年再见。
(2) 谓语动词think, find, feel, make, suppose, believe 等后常用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语不定式后置。句型结构为：主+谓+it+宾语补足语（adj. /n. ）+to do sth.
She finds it difficult to learn English well. 她发现学好英语很困难。
I think it my duty to help others. 我认为帮助他人是我的责任。
C
3. 动词不定式作表语
不定式作表语常表明主语的内容，不定式表示具体的或一次性的动作。大部分情况下，主语和表语的位置可以互换。若主语和表语都是非谓语动词时，则形式须保持一致，即前后要么都是不定式，要么都是动名词。
Tom's job is to sell newspaper this summer holiday.
这个暑假，汤姆的工作是卖报。
My wish is to become a doctor. 我的愿望是当一名医生。
To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
C
4. 动词不定式作定语
(1) 动词不定式作定语需放在所修饰名词的后面。
I have something to do this afternoon. 今天下午我有一些事情要做。
(2) 当名词被first, last, second以及only等词修饰时，其后可用不定式作定语。
He is always the first person to come to school. 他总是第一个到校的人。
(3) 当不定式是不及物动词时，不定式的后面需有相应的介词。
You have three pairs of shoes to choose from. 你有三双鞋子可选择。
She had only a cold room to live in. 她只有一间寒冷的住房。
Please give me a piece of paper to write on. 请给我一张书写的纸。
(4) 常接动词不定式作定语的结构有the way to do, the chance/opportunity to do, the ability to do, the anxiety to do, the decision to do, the failure to do, the order to do, the wish to do等。
C
5. 动词不定式作宾语补足语
(1) 动词不定式作宾语补足语用来表达宾语所发出的动作（宾语为不定式动作的发出者），句型结构为：主+谓+宾+to do sth. 。
下列动词和动词短语后面常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语： advise, allow, ask, consider, decide, expect, feel, find, force, get, guess, have, hear, help, invite, know, leave, let, listen to, look at, make, need, notice, observe, order, permit, persuade, see, suppose, tell, think, want, warn, watch, would like等。
The boy asks me to buy him a gift. 这个男孩要我给他买一份礼物。
My parents advise me to set out at once. 我的父母建议我马上出发。
(2) 使役动词和感官动词接不定式作宾补时，常接省略to的不定式，但是这些句子变成被动结构时，就必须带to。这些使役动词和感官动词有：一感 feel；二听 hear，listen；三让 let，make，have；四看 see，watch，look，notice。另外，help后充当宾语补足语的不定式可带to，也可不带to。
I notice the man go into the building. 我注意到那个人走进大楼了。
The man was noticed to go into the building (by me). 那个人被注意到走进大楼了。
He let me clean the room after the dinner. 他让我餐后打扫房间。
I was let to clean the room after dinner (by him). 我被叫去餐后打扫房间。
He often helps me (to) study English after class. 课后他经常帮助我学习英语。
(3) 动词believe, consider, feel, find, imagine, know, prove, suppose, think等后常接“to be+adj.”作宾补，而且to be常常省去。
Someone believes him to be successful. = Someone believes him successful.
有人相信他是成功的。
They consider the boy to be a good student. = They consider the boy a good student.
他们认为这个男孩是个好学生。
C
6. 动词不定式作状语
(1) 作目的状语。
动词不定式作目的状语可放在句首或句尾，为了强调不定式的目的状语，可在不定式前加上 in order to 或 so as to （只用于句中） 的结构。
I must study hard to go to a good university.
= To go to a good university, I must study hard.
= I must study hard in order to go to a good university.
= In order to go to a good university, I must study hard.
= I must study hard so as to go to a good university.
为了上一个好的大学，我必须努力学习。
C
(2) 作结果状语。
动词不定式作结果状语常放在句尾，逻辑主语常为全句的主语。
其中， only to结构中的不定式常表示出乎意料的结果。
另外，so/such…as to,…enough to do, too…to等结构中的不定式也常表示结果状语。
He awoke (only) to find his bag gone. 他醒来后发现他的包不见了。
I hurried to school (only) to find it was a Sunday. 我匆忙赶去学校结果却发现是个星期天。
He is too young to join the army. 他太小了不能参军。
The boy studies hard enough to catch up with others. 这个男孩学习足够努力以至于赶上了其他人。
C
(3) 作原因状语。
动词不定式作原因状语时，前面的谓语动词或者作表语的形容词一般是表示情绪变化的词。这种动词主要有jump, weep等；这种形容词主要有angry, anxious, ashamed, astonished, sorry, surprised, unhappy, upset等。
I am glad to see you. 我很高兴见到你。
The girl burst into tears to see the scene. 见到那一幕女孩哭了起来。
I'm sorry to hear your mother is ill. 听到你母亲生病的消息我很难过。
(4) 有些不定式属于固定搭配，可用作独立成分，常放在句首，其后用逗号隔开。
to tell the truth 说实话；to be brief 简而言之； to be exact 确切地说；to begin with 首先；
to be frank with you 坦白说； strange to say 说来奇怪；
to conclude 总而言之； to make a long story short 长话短说；
to make the matter worse 更糟的是
C
7. “特殊疑问词+to do sth. ”结构
“特殊疑问词+to do sth. ”结构在句子里可充当主语、宾语、表语，相当于对应的从句。
(1) “疑问词+不定式”作主语。
How to save the child is the most important. 怎样救那个孩子是最重要的。
(2) 及物动词ask, advise, decide, know, learn, teach, tell等词之后可接“疑问词+不定式”构成的不定式短语作宾语。
Do you know what to do next 你知道下一步做什么吗？
Can you tell me how to get to the National Library 你能告诉我怎样到达国家图书馆吗
I haven't decided which one to choose. 我还没有决定选择哪一个。
(3) “疑问词+不定式”作表语。
The problem is when to set out. 问题是什么时候出发。
C
8. 省略to的动词不定式
除了使役动词和感官动词后的宾语补足语需用省略to的动词不定式外，以下几种结构也需用省略to的动词不定式：
(1) Why not+do sth.
Why not go to the zoo 为什么不去动物园呢？
(2) had better (not) do sth.
You had better not go swimming this afternoon. 今天下午你最好不要去游泳。
(3) would rather (not) do sth.
I would rather go swimming with him. 我宁愿和他一起去游泳。
(4) Would/Will you please (not) do sth.
Would you please repeat what you said 能不能请您重复一下您刚刚说的话？
(5) than后常跟不带to的不定式。
prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. = would rather do sth. than do sth. 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
(6) 在介词but, except, besides前含行为动词do的某种形式时，其后的不定式不带to，反之则需要带上。
I have nothing to do but stay at home. 我没有什么可做的，只好待在家里。
He has no choice but to go away. 他别无选择只好离开。
What has the man done besides writing the paper 除了写那篇论文外那个人还做了什么？
C
考点二 动名词
（一） 动名词的构成
动名词的构成是在动词后加-ing，如doing, working, finishing等。动名词也有自己的时态和语态。（以do为例）
Would you mind smoking here 你介意在这里吸烟吗？
Mary doesn't like being seen while learning to swim. 在学习游泳时Mary不喜欢被人看见。
I am retired after having worked for 35 years. 在工作了35年后我退休了。
He still remembered having been taken to America when he was a child. 他仍然记得还是个孩子的时候被人带去过美国。
C
（二） 动名词的否定式的构成
动名词的否定式是在动名词前加not， 即not doing 的表现形式。
I apologize for not waiting for you yesterday. 我抱歉昨天没等你。
I suggest not waking him up when he is sleeping. 我建议在他睡觉时别打扰他。
C
（三） 动名词的用法
1. 动名词作主语
(1) 动名词作主语表示抽象或习惯性的动作，当作第三人称单数处理。（参看前面的不定式作主语，以示区别）
Walking is good for our health. 走路对我们的健康有好处。
Reading aloud in the reading room is a bad habit. 在阅览室大声读书是一种坏习惯。
(2) 有些形容词或名词充当表语时，常需用it 作形式主语，而把真实的动名词主语后置。此类形容词或名词有no use, no good, fun, funny, worth, tiring, a waste of time等。
It's no use talking with him about it. 和他谈这件事是没有用的。
It's a waste of time surfing the Internet all day. 整天上网是浪费时间。
It's worth reading a lot. 大量阅读是值得的。
C
(3) 一些由“No+doing”表禁止的否定祈使句。
No smoking! 禁止吸烟！
No parking! 禁止停车！
（4） 主表一致性。
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
C
2. 动名词作宾语
(1) 一些动词、动词词组和“be+形容词”的结构后面常跟动名词作宾语，常见的有mind, enjoy, practise, keep, finish, risk, avoid, advise, suggest, consider, imagine, delay, miss, resist, allow, permit, be worth, be busy, put off, can't help, can't stand, feel like等。
I enjoy listening to pop music. 我喜欢听流行音乐。
We can't imagine walking on the moon. 我们无法想象在月球上行走。
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
C
(2) 动名词作介词宾语。
① 动词+介词+doing。
succeed in doing; worry about doing; give up doing; admit to doing; agree on doing; apologize for doing; believe in doing; dream of doing; forget about doing; insist on doing; look forward to doing; object to doing; persist in doing; prefer doing to doing; stick to doing; think of doing; think about doing; turn to doing等。
If we have no knowledge, we cannot succeed in doing any work. 如果我们没有知识，就不能做成功任何事情。
C
② 动词+名词/代词+介词+doing。
常见的结构有thank sb. for doing, congratulate sb. on doing, devote oneself to doing, excuse sb. for doing, forgive sb. for doing, pay attention to doing等。
例如：
She devoted herself to helping homeless children. 她致力于帮助无家可归的儿童。
③ 可以省略介词，后面直接跟动名词作宾语的词组和句型主要有spend…(in) doing; prevent…(from) doing; stop…(from) doing; have difficulty/trouble/problem (in) doing; waste…(in) doing等。
She spent her spare time (in) shopping. 她把她的空闲时间花在了购物上。
④ 名词+介词+doing。
habit of doing; advice about/on doing; difficulty in doing; apology for doing; delay in doing; experience in/of doing; importance of doing; excuse for doing; hope of doing; idea of doing; interest in doing; possibility of doing; skill in doing; success in doing; method of doing等。
I have no habit of planning ahead. 我没有提前计划的习惯。
⑤ be+形容词/过去分词+介词+doing。
be good at doing; be good for doing; be busy in doing; be afraid of doing; be angry about doing; be aware of doing; be bad at doing; be bad for doing; be proud of doing; be confident of doing; be experienced in doing; be expert in doing; be fearful of doing; be fond of doing; be hopeful of doing; be interested in doing; be poor in doing; be responsible for doing; be successful in doing; be suitable for doing; be tired from/of doing; be unaware of doing; be unconfident of doing; be used to doing等。
I am not good at expressing myself. 我不是一个善于表达的人。
C
(3)有些动词或短语后既可跟不定式作宾语，也能跟动名词作宾语，但意思不同。
remember to do sth. 记住要做某事
remember doing（having done） sth. 记得曾经做过某事
forget to do sth. 忘记了要做某事
forget doing(having done) sth. 忘记曾经做过某事
regret to do sth. 遗憾/抱歉要做某事 regret doing(having done) sth. 后悔做过某事
stop to do sth. 停下来做某事 stop doing sth. 停止做某事
try to do sth. 尽力做某事 try doing sth. 试着做某事
mean to do sth. 打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
can't help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事 can't help doing sth. 忍不住做某事
go on to do sth. 继续做不同的事 go on doing sth. 继续做同样的事
like/prefer/love/hate to do sth. 愿意/不愿意做某事（表示具体的一次性动作）
like/prefer/love/hate doing sth. 喜欢/不喜欢做某事（表示抽象的习惯性动作）
C
prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿做……不愿做某事
prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 宁愿做……不愿做某事
want/need/require to do sth. 想/需要/要求做某事（人作主语）
want/need/require doing需要被做（物作主语）
be afraid to do sth. 不敢做某事
be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事
Don't be afraid of losing face. 不要害怕丢面子。
The girl was afraid to go out alone at night. 这个女孩不敢晚上独自一人出去。
I forget seeing the man before. 我忘记了以前见过那个人。
I forgot to post the letter when I went to town. 当我进城时我忘了邮寄那封信。
C
3. 动名词作表语
动名词作表语是表示抽象的或习惯性的动作。（参看不定式作表语时的区别）
My hobby is collecting ancient coins. 我的爱好是收集古币。
Black's job is receiving newspapers. Black的工作是收报纸。
4. 动名词作定语
动名词作定语是用来说明被修饰名词的用途，一般放在被修饰名词的前面。常可用used for 来解释。
a washing machine = a machine used for washing 洗衣机
a reading room = a room used for reading 阅览室
drinking water = water used for drinking 饮用水
a writing desk = desk used for writing 写字台
C
考点三 分词
（一） 分词的构成
分词分为现在分词-ing形式和过去分词-ed形式，现在分词常表示动作正在进行，或表示主动意义，或表示主语的性质与特征；过去分词则表示动作已经完成，或表示被动意义，或表示主语的特点与状态。两者之间既有相同之处，又有区别。
C
1. 现在分词与动名词都是由“动词原形+ing”构成
现在分词具有动词性质，强调动作时可用“be+现在分词”表示进行时态；作定语、表语是现在分词的形容词性质；作状语是其副词性质。现在分词的具体时态与语态形式见下表(以do为例)。
I noticed him entering the house. 我注意到他正走进那个房子。
Having finished the work, they went home. 做完工作后他们就回家了。
C
2. 过去分词无时态与语态的变化形式，只有done这一种形式
过去分词具有动词、形容词与副词的特征。
强调动作时，可用“be+过去分词”表示被动语态；作定语、表语是其形容词性质；作状语是其副词性质。
The candles were lighted. 蜡烛都点着了。
He is holding a lighted candle. 他手里拿着一个点燃了的蜡烛。
The room is well lighted. 这屋子很亮堂。
C
（二） 分词的否定形式为“not+现在分词”“not+过去分词”
Not knowing him, I have to ask where he comes from.
我不认识他，得问下他从哪儿来的。
I haven't finished my homework yet.
我还没有完成我的家庭作业。
C
（三） 分词的用法
1. 现在分词与过去分词的区别
现在分词表示一个主动的、正在进行的动作或行为，或者表示事物的性质和特征；过去分词表示被动的、完成的动作或行为，或 者表示事物的状态。
boiling water 沸水（正在沸腾的水）
boiled water 开水（已烧开了的水，可能凉了）
a developing country 一个发展中国家（正在发展）
a developed country 一个发达国家（发展了的）
C
2. 分词作表语
现在分词和过去分词作表语具有形容词的特征，现在分词作表语常用来形容事物的性质和特征，而过去分词作表语常用来形容人或事物的特点和状态，有被动意义，与被动结构相似，但过去分词作表语通常只有一般现在时和过去时，而被动结构有各种时态，强调的是一个动作。
The party is exciting. 这次聚会激动人心。（形容事物的特征）
They are excited at the news. 听到这个消息，他们非常的激动。（形容人的状态）
The door was broken. 门是破的。（形容物的状态）
The door has been broken by the little boy. 那扇门被小男孩打破了。（过去分词表被动）
C
3. 分词作定语
(1) 单个分词作定语，一般放在被修饰名词的前面，分词短语作定语，一般放在被修饰名词的后面。分词作定语常常可转换成一个定语从句。
the changing world = the world which is changing 变化的世界
running water = water which is running 自来水
a broken cup = a cup which has been broken 打碎的杯子
a retired worker = a worker who is retired 退休工人
the meeting held last week = the meeting which is held last week 上星期举行的会议
the man sitting there = the man who is sitting there 坐在那里的男人
(2) 分词修饰something, anything, everything, nothing等不定代词或指示代词those, these等时，要放在这些词的后面。
There's nothing interesting in this story. 这个故事中没有什么有趣的东西。
He is one of those invited. 他是那些被邀请的人之一。
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. 大多数受邀参加聚会的人是著名的科学家。
(3) 现在分词作定语，表示主动或进行的意义，现在分词的动作不能发生在谓语动词之前；过去分词作定语，表示被动或完成的意义。
a falling leaf 一片飘落中的树叶a fallen leaf 一片落叶
a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping 正在睡觉的男孩
a repaired car = a car which was repaired 一辆修理过的车
C
4. 分词作宾语补足语
(1) 现在分词作宾语补足语是表示宾语正在（主动）做某事，过去分词作宾语补足语是表示宾语和宾语补足语之间属于被动关系。
I feel my heart beating fast. 我感到我的心脏跳得很快。
I hear Tom singing an English song. 我听见Tom正在唱一首英语歌。
The boss found his plan carried out successfully. 老板认为他的计划执行得很成功。
Have you heard the song sung in Japanese 你听过用日语演唱这首歌曲吗？
(2) 在英语里将含有宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，用来补充说明主语所发出的动作。
My heart is felt beating fast ( by me). 我感觉我的心脏跳得很快。
His plan was found carried out successfully (by the boss). 他发现他的计划被执行得很顺利。
C
(3) 感官动词catch, look at, notice, observe, see, watch, hear, listen to, feel, find, smell, taste等后加do, doing, done作宾补时，表示不同的含义。
C
(4) 使役动词have, let, make后加do, doing, done作宾补时，表示不同的含义。
C
5. 分词作状语
分词作状语可表示时间、条件、原因、结果、伴随、方式状语。现在分词的一般式作状语（常用“when/while+现在分词”或者“on+现在分词”），往往表示分词动作与句中谓语动作同时发生或相继发生；现在分词的完成式作状语（常用“having+过去分词”），往往表示分词动作先于句中谓语动作发生，即发生在句中谓语动作之前。
现在分词状语与句中主语为主动的逻辑上的主谓关系，而过去分词状语一般与句中主语存在动宾关系，先于谓语动词发生。分词作状语可改为相对应的状语从句。
C
(1) 分词作时间状语。
① 现在分词作时间状语。
Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy. (Hearing与they存在主谓关系，与jumped for joy同时进行)
= When they heard the news, they all jumped for joy.
听到这个消息，他们都高兴得跳了起来。
② 现在分词的完成式作时间状语。
Having finished his speech, he answered our questions. (Having finished his speech与he存在主谓关系，先于answered our questions发生)
= After he had finished his speech, he answered our questions.
结束演讲以后，他回答了我们的问题。
③ 过去分词作时间状语。
Asked why he was late, he went red. (Asked与he存在动宾关系，先于went red发生)
= When he was asked why he was late, he went red.
问他为什么迟到，他涨红了脸。
C
(2) 分词作原因状语。
① 现在分词作原因状语。
Not knowing the way, he stopped to ask an old man. (Not knowing与he存在主谓关系，与stopped to ask an old man同时进行)
= Because he didn't know the way, he stopped to ask an old man.
由于不识路，他停下来问一位老人。
② 现在分词的完成式作原因状语。
Not having received any letter from him, I gave him a call. (Not having received与I存在主谓关系，先于gave him a call发生)
= As I haven't received any letter from him, I gave him a call.
由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了个电话。
③ 过去分词作原因状语。
Inspired by what he said, we are determined to study harder. (Inspired与we存在动宾关系，先于are determined to study harder发生)
= Because we were inspired by what he said, we are determined to study harder.
在他的话语的鼓舞下，我们决心更加努力学习。
④ “being+表语”作状语，常表示原因。
Being poor, he couldn't afford a house. 因为穷，他买不起房子。
C
(3) 分词作结果状语。
The fire lasted a whole night, causing great damage.
= The fire lasted a whole night and caused great damage.
大火持续了整晚，造成了巨大的破坏。
(4) 分词作条件状语。
Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks more beautiful.
= If it is seen from the top of the hill, the park looks more beautiful.
从山顶上看，这个公园看起来更加美丽。
Working hard, you will surely succeed.
= If you work hard, you will surely succeed. 如果努力工作，你就一定会成功。
(5) 分词作伴随状语。
He sat on the sofa, watching TV. 他坐在沙发上看电视。
An old man entered, supported by a girl. 一位老人在一个女孩的搀扶下走了进来。
C
(6) 分词的独立主格结构。
① 分词在句中作状语，可以有自己的逻辑主语，并且和句子的主语不一致，其逻辑主语可由名词或主格代词充当，置于分词前，称为分词的独立主格结构。它不是句子，因为没有实际的主语和谓语，可以放句首或句尾，作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语和方式状语等。
The movie being over, they went home. (时间)
电影一结束， 他们就回家了。
Her mother being ill in bed, she couldn't go to school. (原因)
母亲卧病在床，所以她不能去上学。
Time permitting, I shall go to Shanghai to stay for one week. (条件)
如果时间允许，我将去上海待一周。
She lay against the wall, the sun shining upon her face. (伴随情况)
她靠墙躺着，太阳照在她脸上。
② 表示伴随情况、原因等的分词独立主格结构前有时可以加上without或with，构成“with/without+名词/代词+分词”结构。
She lay still in the bed, with her eyes closed. 她一动不动地躺在床上，双眼紧闭。
He went out of the meeting room, without saying a word. 他走出了会议室，没说一句话。
C
(7) 现在分词短语作独立成分。
英语中，有一部分分词短语独立存在，没有自己的逻辑主语，这些分词短语已成为固定的习惯用语，常被看作句子的插入语。
frankly speaking 坦白地说 honestly speaking 诚实地说
generally speaking 一般说来 talking of/about 谈到
judging from/by 根据……判断 considering… 考虑到……
Talking of travel, have you ever been to Hongkong 谈到旅游，你去过香港吗
Considering his age, he can't go to school himself. 鉴于他的年龄，他不能独自去上学。
Judging from his look, he didn't like the food. 从他的神情判断，他不喜欢这些食物。
C
考点四 非谓语用法比较及注意事项
1. 动词不定式和现在分词作结果状语时的用法比较
动词不定式作结果状语，常常表示出乎意料的结果；而现在分词作结果状语表示自然的结果。
此外，充当结果状语的现在分词的逻辑主语有时并不是句子的主语，而是句子的内容或部分内容。
He hurried to the station only to find the train gone.
他匆匆赶往火车站，发现火车已经走了。
A lot of good land has gone with them, leaving only sand.
许多好的土地也随之流失了，留下来的只是沙漠。
C
2. 不定式、现在分词和过去分词作宾补的用法比较
不定式作宾补主要强调动作的全过程或一次性动作；
现在分词作宾补是一个正在进行和发生的动作，宾语与现在分词在逻辑上是主动关系；
过去分词作宾补时，表动作已经完成，宾语与过去分词在逻辑上是被动关系。
I saw him clean the windows. 我看见他擦了窗户。(不定式作宾补，强调动作的全过程)
I found them cleaning the windows. 我发现他们正在擦窗户。(主动关系，动作在进行)
I found the windows cleaned. 我发现窗户被擦了。(被动关系，动作已经完成)
C
3. 主动式代替被动式的情况
(1) 当不定式与最近的名词或代词有动宾关系，且与句中另一名词有主谓关系时，用主动语态。若为不及物动词时，介词不可省略。
He has nothing to drink. 他没有喝的东西。
He has nothing to worry about. 他没有什么担心的。
I have no one to talk with. 我没有可以说话的人。
(2) 某些形容词后作状语的不定式要用主动形式表示被动意义。这类形容词主要有easy, heavy, light, difficult, interesting, comfortable等。
This question is difficult to answer. 这个问题很难回答。
The box seems heavy to carry. 那个箱子似乎搬起来很重。
(3) need, want, require等表示“需要”的动词后，接不定式和动名词均可，且含义相同，接动名词时用主动式表示被动含义，接不定式时则要用被动式表示。
My T-shirt needs mending/to be mended. 我的T恤需要缝补一下。
Your shoes want brushing/to be brushed. 你的鞋需要刷一刷。
(4) there be句型中修饰主语时， 用主动式或被动式均可。
There's a lot of homework to do/to be done. 有很多作业要做。
There're six pairs of shoes to brush/to be brushed today. 今天有六双鞋要刷。

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