2025年四川高职单招英语复习课件:2.2并列句(共58张PPT)

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2025年四川高职单招英语复习课件:2.2并列句(共58张PPT)

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(共58张PPT)
专题二 句 法
C
C
第二节 并列句
1. 【2021·四川省高职单招】请将下面的英语句子翻译成汉语。
It was noisy outside, but I had a good sleep.
.
【剖析】考查并列句。本句型为“陈述句+but+陈述句”。but表示转折关系,本句可译为“外面很吵,但我睡得很香”。
2. 【2018·四川省高职单招】请将下面的英语句子翻译成汉语。
Fish stay in water, or they will die.
.
【剖析】考查并列句。本句型为“祈使句+or+陈述句”。or表示转折关系,可译为“否则,要不然”。本句可译为“鱼离开水就会死”。
外面很吵,但我睡得很香
鱼离开水就会死
C
3. Ben was busy taking a training class, ______ we had to wait for him for nearly an hour.
A. so B. if C. or D. but
【剖析】考查并列句的连接词。句意为:“本正忙着上培训班,所以我们不得不等他将近一个小时。”前后表示因果关系,选项中只有so表因果。故选A。
4. ______ Amy likes to go to the cinema, but she doesn't like to see horror films.
A. Since B. As C. Though D. /
【剖析】句意为:“虽然艾米喜欢看电影,但是她不喜欢看恐怖片。”根据句意可知两个分句之间表转折关系。选项中though表转折,但是英语中though与but不能同时出现在同一个句子中。此句中已有but,故选D。
A
D
C
考点精讲
并列句由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
并列句中的各个简单句彼此独立,但它们表达的意思之间有一定的关系。并列连词之前可用逗号,也可不用逗号(但however, therefore, otherwise等并列连词前后都常有逗号)。
并列句主要考查的是并列连词。
考点一 表并列关系
表并列关系的连词主要有:and, not only…but (also), neither…nor, both…and, as well as等。
1. and
and常译为“和,并且”,也可不译出来。常用于“祈使句+and+简单句”句型。
I came here in 2016, and I have lived here ever since.
我2016年来到这里,并且从那以后一直住在这里。
Exercise more, and you'll be all right soon. 多锻炼身体,你很快就会好起来。
2. not only…but also…
not only…but also… 意为“不仅……而且……”。
Jack is not only good at English but he is also good at math. Jack不但擅长英语,还擅长数学。
3. neither…nor
neither…nor 意为“既不……也不……;两者都不……”。
Neither you nor he is right. 你和他都不是对的。
Neither does he smoke nor does he drink. 他既不抽烟也不喝酒。
4. both…and…
both…and… 意为“两者都……”,连接主语时谓语用复数。
Both he and I are from Sichuan. 他和我都是四川人。
考点二 表转折关系
表转折关系的连词主要有but, yet, while, however等。
1. but
but常译为“但是,可是”,不可与从属连词though或although一起使用。
It has a mouth, but it cannot talk. 虽然它有嘴巴,但是它不会说话。
2. yet
yet意为“可是”。
School is over, yet all the students are still studying.
学校放学了,可是学生们仍然在学习。
3. while
while意为“而,另一方面”。
Helen wants to be a teacher, while I want to be a doctor.
Helen想当老师,而我则想当医生。
4. however
however意为“然而,可是”。
He was feeling bad, however, he still went to work. 他感觉不舒服,然而他仍然去上班了。
考点三 表选择关系
表选择关系的连词主要有or, not…but…, either…or…, or else等。
1. or
(1) or 可译为“或者”,表示选择。
Now you can have a break or you can go for a walk. 现在你可以休息或者去散步。
(2) or 可译为“否则,要不然”,表示条件,常用于“祈使句+or+简单句”句型。
You must obey the rules, or you will be punished. 你必须遵守规则,否则你将会受到惩罚。
Study hard, or you will fail in the exam. 努力学习,否则你会考试不及格。
2. either…or…
either…or… 表示“不是……就是……,或者……或者……”。
Either my sister can cook or I can cook. 我姐姐可以做饭,或者我也可以做。
考点四 表因果关系
表因果关系的连词主要有for, because(从属连接词,引导原因状语从句), so, therefore等。
1. for
for可译为“因为;由于”,用于“简单句(表结果)+for+简单句(表原因)”结构。
I believe her, for she never lies to me. 我相信她的话,因为她从来不向我撒谎。
2. so
so意为“因此,所以”, 但不能与because同时出现在同一个句子中。用于“简单句(表原因)+so+简单句(表结果)”结构。
I still had a fever so I went to see a doctor. 我还在发烧,因此我去看了医生。
3. therefore
therefore意为“因此”,用法类似so。
My parents are not home today, therefore I will eat outside.
我父母今天不在家,因此我要去外面吃饭。
C
第三节 复合句
1. 【2024·四川省高职单招】The man ______ is standing in front of the cinema is Robert's father.
A. who B. which C. whose D. whom
【剖析】考查定语从句。句意为:“站在电影院前面的那个男人是罗伯特的父亲。”“ is standing in front of the cinema”是定语从句,修饰先行词the man,且引导词在定语从句中作主语,应该用who引导。故选A。
2. 【2023·四川省高职单招】He plays table tennis well that everyone thinks he is professional.
A. very B. quite C. too D. so
【剖析】考查状语从句。句意为:“他乒乓球打得很好,大家都认为他很专业。” “so…that…”是固定搭配,意为“如此……以至于……”,引导结果状语从句。故选D。
A
D
C
3. 【2023·四川省高职单招】 she was invited to the party made her very happy.
A. When B. Because C. What D. That
【剖析】考查主语从句。句意为:“她被邀请参加聚会使她非常高兴。” 主语从句“she was invited to the party”中不缺少句子成分,所以该主语从句用连词that引导。故选D。
4. 【2022·四川省高职单招】Do you know that ______Tibet
A. does he go to B. has he gone to
C. he goes to D. he's gone to
【剖析】考查时态和宾语从句。句意为:“你知道他去西藏了吗?”宾语从句用陈述语序,排除A和B;“去”这一动作发生在过去,所以不能用一般现在时。“has gone to+地点名词”表示“去了某地(还没回来)”,符合此处语境。故选D。
D
D
C
5. 【2022·四川省高职单招】The baby cried the whole night, ______ made the young couple mad.
A. what B. that C. which D. whom
【剖析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意为:“婴儿哭了整个晚上,这让这对年轻夫妇发狂。”关系词指代整个主句,表示“婴儿哭了整个晚上”这件事,故用which。which在从句中充当主语。故选C。
6. 【2021·四川省高职单招】This is the art museum ______ we stayed a whole day.
A. when B. where C. which D. that
【剖析】考查定语从句。句意为:“这是我们待了一整天的那个美术馆。”先行词是the art museum,将先行词还原到从句中,即we stayed a whole day in the art museum,其中in the art museum作地点状语,应用表示地点的关系副词where代替。故选B。
C
B
C
7. 【2020·四川省高职单招】I will let you know ______it is solved.
A. as far as B. as soon as C. till D. while
【剖析】考查时间状语从句。as soon as意为“一……就”,引导时间状语从句,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。as far as意为“直到,就……而言”;till意为“直到”;while意为“在……期间”。故选B。
8. 【2018·四川省高职单招】I've read all the books ______ Dad bought for me.
A. which B. those C. that D. they
【剖析】考查定语从句引导词。当先行词为all, little, much, few, everything, none 等不定代词时,关系代词用that而不用which,故选C。
B
C
C
9. 【2018·四川省高职单招】You're my best friend. I never suspect ______ you say.
A. what B. that C. why D. how
【剖析】考查宾语从句引导词。引导宾语从句且宾语从句中缺少“say”的宾语,不可省略,应用what。故选A。
A
C
考点精讲
一、宾语从句
宾语从句只是英语复合句中非常重要的从句之一。复合句分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。名词性从句又包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。本节课重点要讲的是宾语从句。
从句在复合句中作宾语时就叫宾语从句。宾语从句放在及物动词、介词或形容词后。在单招考试中,有关宾语从句的考点主要集中在宾语从句的引导词、从句的语序以及从句的时态变化,这既是重点也是难点。
考点一 宾语从句的语序
宾语从句要用陈述语序。如果是特殊疑问句变化来的宾语从句,同样要用陈述语序。即:主句+连接词+从句(从句永远用陈述句语序)。
You may do what you like. (及物动词后的宾语从句)你可以做你喜欢的事。
I am glad that you have come. (“be+形容词”后的宾语从句)很高兴你能来。
He always thinks of how he can do more for the country. (介词后的宾语从句)他一直想怎样能为祖国做得更多。
考点二 宾语从句的引导词
1. that引导的宾语从句
在that引导的宾语从句中,that只起连接作用,本身没有意义,在口语或非正式文体中可以省略。一般由引语是陈述句的句子变化而来。
He said (that) he liked watching TV. 他说他喜欢看电视。
Kate said (that) it was very cold on Monday. 凯特说星期一那天非常冷。
2. if/whether引导的宾语从句
if/whether意为“是否,能否”。若在介词后或句中有or not 时只能用whether,不能用if。其他情况下if/whether可以互换。if/whether引导的宾语从句一般是由引语是一般疑问句的句子变化而来。
Tom asked if/whether I would go there with him. 汤姆问我是否能和他一起去那里。
We wonder whether our teacher will attend the party or not. 我们想知道我们的老师是否来参加聚会。
3. 疑问代词和疑问副词引导的宾语从句
疑问代词和疑问副词本身有自己的含义,既有连接从句的作用,又在从句中充当一定的句子成分,不可省略。
Do you know what he is doing now 你知道他现在在干什么吗?
He didn't tell me who had taken my dictionary away. 他没有告诉我是谁把我的字典拿走了。
We haven't decided when we will go hiking. 我们还没有决定什么时候去远足。
考点三 宾语从句的时态取决于主句
(1) 主句若是一般现在时、一般将来时或祈使句,宾语从句根据需要可以用任何时态。
I don't know what I will do next. 我不知道下一步做什么。
Are you sure that Tom has been here for five minutes 你能肯定汤姆已经来了5分钟吗?
(2) 主句若是过去时,宾语从句要用过去时态的某种形式。
She said that she would return to her hometown the next year. 她说明年她就回故乡。
My good friend asked me if I would go shopping with her after school that day.
那天我的好朋友问我放学后是否和她一起去购物。
(3) 当宾语从句是客观事实与真理时,无论主句是什么时态,从句都用一般现在时态。
The teacher told us that the earth runs around the sun. 老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
He asked little Tom how much three plus two is. 他问小汤姆三加二等于几。
考点四 否定转移
(1) 在“I/We(第一人称)+think/believe/suppose/…(that)+宾语从句”结构中,宾语从句的否定词要放在主句的谓语动词前。但在“非第一人称主语+think/believe/suppose/…(that)+宾语从句”结构中,不能否定转移。
I don't think it is going to rain. 我认为不会下雨。
They all think that English is not difficult to learn. 他们都认为英语不难学。
(2) “I/We(第一人称)+think/believe/suppose/…(that)+宾语从句”结构,在变反意疑问句时,反意疑问句的疑问部分要与从句一致。但“非第一人称主语+think/believe/suppose/…(that)+宾语从句” 结构,其反意疑问句的疑问部分要与主句一致。
We think that they are from Japan, aren't they 我们认为他们来自日本,是不是?
I don't think he is right, is he (否定前移,反意疑问句用肯定形式)
我认为他是不对的,对吗?
They all think that English is very useful, don't they 他们都认为英语很有用,不是吗?
考点五 宾语从句的特殊用法
(1) 主句+疑问词+从句 = 主句+疑问词+不定式(to do)。
Could you tell me how I can use the machine
= Could you tell me how to use the machine 你能告诉我怎样使用这台机器吗?
The teacher told the students how they should read the text.
= The teacher told the students how to read the text. 老师告诉学生怎样朗读课文。
I don't know which T-shirt I should buy.
= I don't know which T-shirt to buy. 我不知道要买哪件T恤。
(2) 当主句谓语动词是find, see, watch, hear等感官动词时,从句常简化为“宾语+宾补”结构,宾补为不带to的不定式、动词?ing形式或过去分词形式。
She found that the schoolbag was lying on the ground.
→ She found the schoolbag lying on the ground. 她发现书包在地上。
(3) 在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构中,宾语是从句时通常置于句尾,宾语位置用形式宾语it来代替。
I found it strange that she has not come yet. 我发现有点儿奇怪,现在她都还没有来。
(4) 主语+think/find that+it is+形容词(+for sb. )+to do+其他 = 主语+think/find+it+形容词(+for sb. )+to do+其他。
They found that it was very interesting to have a picnic in the open air.
= They found it very interesting to have a picnic in the open air.
他们发现在户外野餐很有乐趣。
(5) not和so在宾语从句中的替代作用。
在“主语+think/suppose/believe/expect/guess/hope/…+not/so”结构中, not用来“否定”上文出现的内容,so用来“肯定”上文提到的内容。
—Do you think it will snow tomorrow 你认为明天会下雪吗
—I think so. /I don't think so. 我想会的/不会的。
—Will it rain later on 一会儿会下雨吗
—I hope so. /I hope not. 我希望如此/不会。
二、状语从句
状语从句在复合句中作状语,用来修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。状语从句与主句由从属连词连接,从属连词在句中不作成分,只起连接作用,从属连词后面的句子就是状语从句。状语从句可放在句首或句尾,当放在主句之前时,常用逗号与主句分开;当放在主句之后时,一般不用逗号分开。
状语从句按其意义和作用通常分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句以及方式状语从句。
在实际考试中,正确判断从句与主句的逻辑关系,恰当地使用连接词,理解各种状语从句的含义,掌握主从句时态的正确使用,都是得分的关键。
考点一 主将从现
在时间状语和条件状语从句中,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表示将来,即“主将从现”。
We will go hiking if it doesn't rain tomorrow. (条件状语从句)
如果明天不下雨,我们将去远足。
Mr. Brown will phone us as soon as he gets to Washington. (时间状语从句)
Brown先生一到华盛顿就会打电话给我们。
考点二 时间状语从句
时间状语从句常由when, while, as, till, until, not…until…, as soon as, after, before, since等从属连词引导。例如:
It was raining hard when he went to school yesterday.
昨天他去学校的时候天在下雨。
1. when, while和as的用法区别
(1) when引导的时间状语从句中,从句的谓语既可用延续性动词(此时when指“段时间”,可与while互换),也可用非延续性动词(此时when指“点时间”)。
The telephone rang when/while I was watching TV.
我在看电视时,电话响了。
When he came in, his mother was making dumplings.
他进来的时候,他母亲正在包饺子。
(2) while引导的时间状语从句中,从句的谓语动词只能用延续性动词。
While we were at school, we went to the library every day.
在学校的时候,我们每天都去图书馆。
(3) as表示“当……的时候”时,往往和when/while通用,它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事件同时或几乎同时发生,有“一边……一边……”之意。
He is singing as he is working.
他一边唱歌一边工作。
As he grew older, he lost interest in everything except gardening.
他年纪越来越大,除了喜欢园艺之外,对一切都失去了兴趣。
(4) 当主句和从句具有对比意义,从句的侧重点在于描述动作正在发生的状态,它的意思是“当某一事件正在发生的时候,另一事件如何”,此时只能用while引导。
While I played the piano, my sister did her homework.
我在弹钢琴,我妹妹在做作业。
I was watching TV, while my wife was reading the newspaper last night.
昨晚当妻子在看报纸的时候,我在看电视。
2. till, until和not…until…的用法区别
(1) till和until意义相同,till比较口语化,until比较正式。在肯定句中,它们可以互换;在否定句、强调句或位于句首时,一般用until。
I'll wait you until/till you come back. 我会一直等到你回来。
Until she spoke, we kept silence all the time. 直到她开口前,我们一直保持沉默。
(2) 在till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里,当主句为肯定句时,主句的谓语动词需用延续性动词,表示主句的动作延续到从句表示的时间点结束了,意为“做某事直到……时”。如果主句用否定式,也就是not…until…的结构,意为“直到……时才做某事”,主句的谓语动词可用瞬间性动词。
Let's wait until/till the traffic lights turn green. 让我们一直等到交通灯变绿。
I didn't go to bed until he came back last night. 昨晚直到他回来,我才睡觉。
3. before的用法
(1) before引导的时间状语从句,动作一般发生在主句动作之后。如果从句用一般过去时,主句谓语通常要用过去完成时;如果不强调动作的先后,主句和从句均可用一般过去时。若主句是一般将来时,从句用一般现在时,即主将从现。
She worked in Shanghai before she came here. 她来这之前在上海工作。
She had studied English for six years before she went to college.
在上大学之前,她已经学了六年的英语。
It won't be long before we meet again. 不久我们会再见面。
(2) “It was/will be+时间段+before…”意为“……之后才……”。
It will be two weeks before they come back. 他们要过两周才能回来。
4. since的用法
since意为“自从……以来”,since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性动词,也可以是瞬间性动词。
一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,主句谓语动词用现在完成时。但在句型“It is/has been+时间段+since从句”中,主句可用一般现在时。
Great changes have taken place since we graduated.
自从我们毕业之后,学校发生了很大的变化。
It is five years since we left our school. 我们离开学校五年了。
5. as soon as的用法
as soon as表示“一……就……”,时态也适用于“主将从现”,即:当主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时;当主句用过去将来时,从句用一般过去时表示过去将来时。
I'll tell him the news as soon as he comes back. 他一回来我就告诉他这个消息。
As soon as he got there he couldn't wait turning on the computer.
他一到那儿就迫不及待地打开电脑。
考点三 地点状语从句
地点状语从句表示主句动作发生的地点,常由where和wherever引导,也可以由anywhere和everywhere引导。
Keep it where you can see it. 把它放在你看得见的地方。
You can sit wherever you like. 你喜欢坐哪儿都可以。
You can go anywhere you like. 你可以去你喜欢的任何地方。
The dog followed me everywhere I went. 我去哪里这只狗都跟着我。
考点四 条件状语从句
(1) 条件状语从句用来表示谓语动词发生的条件。引导条件状语从句的连词有if(如果)、unless(除非,如果不)、as/so long as(只要)和in case(如果,万一)等。
What shall we do if it rains tomorrow 如果明天下雨,我们将做什么?
You won't pass the exam unless you work hard.
= You won't pass the exam if you don't work hard. 除非你努力学习,否则你不能通过考试。
You can take my car as/so long as you drive carefully. 你可以用我的车,只要你小心点儿开。
(2) 在条件状语从句中,主句用一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
I will help you with your English if I am free tomorrow. 如果明天有空,我将帮助你学英语。
(3) 条件状语从句可以和“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”互换。
Stand on a high mountain, and you will see farther scenery. = If you stand on a high mountain, you will see farther scenery. 站在一座高山上,你将会看到更远的风景。
Study hard,or you'll fail in the test. = If you don't study hard, you will fail in the test.
要努力学习,否则你会考试不及格。
考点五 原因状语从句
原因状语从句通常由because, since, as, now that等引导。
(1) because, since, as引导原因状语从句时的区别。
because表直接原因,语气最强,because 引导原因状语从句多放在主句之后,一般用来回答why的提问;since一般表示对方已知的、显而易见的、无须加以说明的既成事实的理由,全句中心在主句,语气比because弱,常译为“既然”,since 引导的原因状语从句一般放在句首;as引导的原因状语从句往往位于句首,表示十分明显的原因,一般说明因果关系,着重点在主句,语气较弱,常译为“由于”。
He is absent today because he is ill. 他因为生病今天缺席了。
Since you are ill, I will go alone. 既然你病了,我就一个人去。
As it is snowing, we shall not go to the park. 由于下雪,我们不去公园了。
(2) because, since, as作“因为”讲时是从属连词,不能与并列连词so连用,但可用其一。
Because/As it rained yesterday, we stayed at home. 昨天因为下雨,我们只好待在家里。
It rained yesterday, so we stayed at home. 昨天下雨了,所以我们只好待在家里。
(3) because+状语从句 = because of+名词词组
He didn't go to school because he was ill. = He didn't go to school because of his illness.
他没有去上学,因为他生病了。
(4) 并列连词for也可表示原因,但它引出的分句总在主句之后,是对主句的补充说明,不是直接原因。
It is getting dark, for the sheep are going home. 天黑了,因为羊群都回家了。
(只能用for,“羊群回家”这一个原因,并不能导致“天黑”这个结果。)
考点六 结果状语从句
结果状语从句通常由so, so…that…, so that, such…that… 引导。
(1) 如果名词前有many, much, little, few等词修饰,只能用so,不能用such。
There are so many people in the market that I can't go in.
市场里有如此多的人,以至于我进不去。
(2) 主语+谓语+so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+that从句
= 主语+谓语+such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+that从句。
She is so lovely a girl that everyone likes her. = She is such a lovely girl that everyone likes her。她是一个如此可爱的女孩,以至于每个人都喜欢她。
(3) 主语+谓语+such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词+that从句
It is such fine weather that I want to have a walk. 天气如此好,我想出去走走。
They are such lovely girls that everyone likes them. 她们是如此可爱的女孩,以至于每个人都喜欢她们。
(4) 主语+谓语+so+形容词/副词+that从句(否定句)
= 主语+谓语+too+形容词/副词+to do sth.
= 主语+谓语+not+形容词/副词(反义词)+enough+to do sth.
He is so young that he can't go to school. 他是如此小,以至于不能去上学。
= He is too young to go to school. 他太小了而不能去上学。
= He is not old enough to go to school. 他年龄不够大,不能去上学。
(5) 主语+谓语+so+形容词/副词+that+从句(肯定句)
= 主语+谓语+形容词/副词+enough+to do sth.
The room is so big that it can hold 80 students. 这个房间如此大,以至于可容纳80名学生。
= The room is big enough to hold 80 students. 这个房间足够大,可容纳80名学生。
考点七 目的状语从句
目的状语从句通常由从属连词so that, in order that等引导。
主语+谓语+其他+so that+从句
= 主语+谓语+其他+in order that+从句
= 主语+谓语+其他+(so as ) to do sth.
= 主语+谓语+其他+in order to do sth.
He gets up early so that he can catch up with the first bus.
= He gets up early in order that he can catch up with the first bus.
= He gets up early (so as) to catch up with the first bus.
= He gets up early in order to catch up with the first bus. 他起得早是为了能赶上第一班车。
考点八 让步状语从句
让步状语从句通常由从属连词although/though/as, even though, even if, whatever, wherever, whenever等引导。
(1) although,though不能与but同时出现在一个句子里,但still, yet可以。
Although he is poor, he is still happy. 虽然他很穷,但他很快乐。
Although/Though he was tired, he kept on working. 虽然已经很累了,但他仍然继续工作。
(2) as引导让步状语从句时要倒装,即把表语、状语或动词原形提到as之前,表语是名词时, 前面不用冠词;though也可用于这样的结构中,但although不可以这样用。
Successful as/though he is, he is not proud.
= Though he is successful, he is not proud. 他虽然成功,但不骄傲。
Child as/though he is, he knows to help others.
= Though he is a child, he knows to help others. 虽然他是一个孩子,却知道帮助别人。
(3) even if/though意为“纵然,即使”, 含有一种假设。这两个复合连词的意思基本相同,常互换使用。
Even if it rains tomorrow, we won't change our plan. 即使明天下雨,我们也不会改变计划。
(4) whatever, whoever, however, whenever, wherever等引导的让步状语从句,通常可换成No matter…结构。
Whatever you say, I believe you. = No matter what you say, I believe you.
无论你说什么,我都相信你。
考点九 比较状语从句
比较状语从句通常由从属连词as…as…, not so/as…as, 比较级+than+…等引导。
This classroom is as big as that one. 这间教室和那间教室一样大。
This classroom is not so/as big as that one. 这间教室不如那间教室大。
The weather in Chongqing is hotter than that in Yunnan. 重庆的天气比云南的天气热。
This ruler is three times as long as that one. = This ruler is twice longer than that one.
这把尺子是那把尺子的三倍长。/这把尺子比那把尺子长两倍。
考点十 方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though等引导。
(1) as, (just) as…so…。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep bad ideas from our minds.
正如打扫房屋一样,我们也要扫除我们头脑中不好的想法。
(2) as if, as though。
两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。常译作“仿佛……似的,好像……似的”。另外,as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或介词短语等。
It looks as if the weather may turn fine very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。)
She loves the boy as if she were his mother. 她爱这男孩,就好像她是他的妈妈一样。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)
He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子,像要说什么似的。
三、定语从句
在主从复合句中充当定语的句子就叫定语从句。定语从句用来修饰某一名词、代词、短语或句子,被修饰的对象叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who, whom, whose等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。
关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。
在复习时,我们要重点掌握关系词的词义,还要根据句中结构正确理解句意,从而选择正确的关系词。
考点一 关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose引导的定语从句
(1) who和whom作为先行词,指人,who在定语从句中作主语,whom在定语从句中作及物动词或介词的宾语,常可省略。
Do you know the man who is talking to Mr. Wu 你认识正和吴先生说话的那个人吗?
The woman whom I wanted to see had already left. 我想见的那位女士已经离开了。
(2) which作为先行词,指物或事,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略。
The shop which sells flowers is at the end of the street. 卖花的那个商店在街道的尽头。
This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的那支钢笔。
(3) that作为先行词,指人时,相当于who或whom;先行词指物时,相当于which。that在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语时常可省略。
The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
每年来这个城市参观的人的数量增加了100万。
The bag that/which lies on the ground is hers. 地上的那个包是她的。
(4) whose作为先行词,指人也可指物,在定语从句中作定语。若指物,等于of which的结构。
He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个父亲是医生的朋友。
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
= The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
这个门坏了的教室很快就会被修好。
考点二 关系副词where, when, why引导的定语从句
(1) when作为先行词,指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,相当于“适当的介词(in, at, during…)+which”结构。
I still remember the time when (at which) I first became a college student.
我仍然记得我成为大学生的那个时刻。
(2) where作为先行词,指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。相当于“适当的介词(in, at, on…)+which”结构。
Shanghai is the city where I was born. 我是在上海出生的。
I forget the house where (in which) the Smiths lived. 我忘记史密斯一家住过的房子了。
(3) why作为先行词,指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,相当于“for+which”结构。
That is the reason why (for which) he is leaving soon. 那就是他要离开的原因。
I don't know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天看起来不高兴的原因。
考点三 易混关系代词辨析
1. 先行词指物,关系代词只用that不用which的情况
(1) 当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。
This is the second book that I have ever written. 这是我写的第二本书。
(2) 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
(3) 当先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much等不定代词时。
All that we have to do for our students is to tell them how to speak English in class.
我们能做的事情是告诉学生上课如何说英语。
(4) 当先行词被the last, the very, the only等修饰时。
This is the very pen that I am looking for. 这正是我要找的笔。
The only book I want to read is missing. 我唯一想看的书不见了。
(5) 当先行词既指人又指物时。
Let's talk about the persons and the things that we can remember.
咱们谈论一下能够想起的人和事。
(6) 当先行词为way时,在限制性定语从句中,如果关系词作方式状语,可用that/in which或省略关系词。
I don't like the way (that) you speak to your parents. 我不喜欢你对你父母说话的方式。
The way (in which) he spoke to us was impolite. 他跟我们说话的方式是不礼貌的。
2. 先行词指物,关系代词只用which不用that的情况
(1) 非限制性定语从句中。
The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
那棵树,活四百年了,在这儿很出名。
(2) 介词后。
We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖于我们从中获取粮食的土地。
3. 先行词指人,用who不用that的情况
(1) 先行词是one, ones, anyone时,宜用who。
Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 任何触犯法律的人都应该受到惩罚。
(2) 先行词为those时,宜用who。
Those who want to see the film sign up here. 想看电影的人在这儿签名。
4. 关系代词as和which引导的定语从句
(1) as引导的定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外,as有“正如,正像……”的意思。
John, as you know, is a famous writer. 你知道的,约翰是一位著名的作家。
He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don't believe.
我不相信他已经去巴黎好几次了。
(2) 当先行词有such, the same修饰时,常用as。
I've never heard such stories as he tells. 我从来没有听过他讲的这样的故事。
This is the same book as I lost last week. 这和我上周丢的那本书相同。
考点四 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
(1) 关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,从句常由“介词+关系代词”引出。
The school that he once studied in is very famous.
→ The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经学习的那个学校非常著名。
(2) 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开,介词仍放在动词的后面。如look for, look after, take care of等。
This is the watch which I am looking for. 这正是我正在寻找的那块手表。
(3) 若介词放在关系代词前面,关系代词指人时只用whom,不用who/that;关系代词指物时只可用which,不用that;关系代词是所有格形式时用whose。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbor.
刚才和你聊天的那位男士是我的邻居。
The house in which we live is very large.
我们住的房子非常大。
(4) 代词/数词+介词+关系代词。
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
他很爱他的父母,两个人对他都非常好。
His father bought him two books, neither of which he liked.
他父亲给他买了两本书,两本他都不喜欢。
考点五 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
(1) 限制性定语从句:这种从句紧跟先行词,与所修饰的先行词关系密切,限制性定语从句不能去掉,如果去掉,句子意思就不清楚,书写时主句和从句不能用逗号隔开。关系代词作宾语有时可以省略。
This is the girl (whom) I met yesterday. 这是我昨天遇见的那个女孩。
The flowers which you bought yesterday were placed in the bedroom.
你昨天买的那些花放在了卧室。
(2) 非限制性定语从句:主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。这种从句不能用关系代词that引导,关系代词在句中作宾语也不能省略。
This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago. 这是汤姆一刻钟前留在这儿的便条。
She sang a song, which we liked very much. 她唱了一首歌,我们非常喜欢它。
The English party, which was held in our school, was good.
在我们学校举行的那个英语聚会很不错。

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