高中英语名词性从句导学案(含答案)

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高中英语名词性从句导学案(含答案)

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名词性从句导学案
一、情境观察:感知名词性从句
请观察以下例句,思考划线部分的作用和特点,尝试总结名词性从句的基本特征:
主语从句:What he said surprised everyone.(他所说的话让所有人都很惊讶。)
宾语从句:I don’t know when she will arrive.(我不知道她什么时候到。)
表语从句:My dream is that I can enter a key university.(我的梦想是能考上一所重点大学。)
同位语从句:We got the news that our team had won the game.(我们得到了我们队获胜的消息。)
观察总结:划线部分均为从句,在句中分别充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语,功能等同于名词,这类从句即为名词性从句。其核心特征:①由连接词引导;②从句内部为陈述句语序;③在主句中承担名词的语法功能。
二、名词性从句概述
名词性从句是在句中起名词作用的从句,主要包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四类,其核心功能是“用从句替代名词”,在句中可充当主语、宾语、表语或解释说明抽象名词的内容。学习名词性从句的关键在于掌握连接词的选用,需结合从句成分和句意判断合适的连接词。
二、各类名词性从句连接词分类表(三列版)
(一)主语从句连接词表
不做成分(从属连词) 做成分(连接代词) 做成分(连接副词)
that(无实义,不可省略,表陈述语气)、whether(表“是否”,不可用if替换) what(什么;……的人/事/物)、who(谁,主格)、whom(谁,宾格)、whose(谁的,表所属)、which(哪一个/些,有选择范围)、whatever(无论什么)、whoever(无论谁)、whichever(无论哪一个/些)(作主语/宾语/表语/定语) when(什么时候;……的时候)、where(在哪里;……的地方)、why(为什么;……的原因)、how(如何;……的方式/程度)、whenever(无论什么时候)、wherever(无论在哪里)、however(无论如何)(作时间/地点/原因/方式状语)
(二)宾语从句连接词表
不做成分(从属连词) 做成分(连接代词) 做成分(连接副词)
that(无实义,可省略,表陈述语气)、whether/if(均表“是否”,有使用限制) what(什么;……的人/事/物)、who(谁,主格)、whom(谁,宾格)、whose(谁的,表所属)、which(哪一个/些,有选择范围)、whatever(无论什么)、whoever(无论谁)、whichever(无论哪一个/些)(作主语/宾语/表语/定语) when(什么时候;……的时候)、where(在哪里;……的地方)、why(为什么;……的原因)、how(如何;……的方式/程度)、whenever(无论什么时候)、wherever(无论在哪里)、however(无论如何)(作时间/地点/原因/方式状语)
(三)表语从句连接词表
不做成分(从属连词) 做成分(连接代词) 做成分(连接副词)
that(无实义,不可省略,表陈述语气)、whether(表“是否”,不可用if替换) what(什么;……的人/事/物)、who(谁,主格)、whom(谁,宾格)、whose(谁的,表所属)、which(哪一个/些,有选择范围)、whatever(无论什么)、whoever(无论谁)、whichever(无论哪一个/些)(作主语/宾语/表语/定语) when(什么时候;……的时候)、where(在哪里;……的地方)、why(为什么;……的原因)、how(如何;……的方式/程度)、whenever(无论什么时候)、wherever(无论在哪里)、however(无论如何)(作时间/地点/原因/方式状语)
(四)同位语从句连接词表
不做成分(从属连词) 做成分(连接代词) 做成分(连接副词)
that(无实义,不可省略,表陈述语气)、whether(表“是否”,不可用if替换) what(什么;……的人/事/物)、who(谁,主格)、whom(谁,宾格)、whose(谁的,表所属)、which(哪一个/些,有选择范围)、whatever(无论什么)、whoever(无论谁)、whichever(无论哪一个/些)(作主语/宾语/表语/定语,较少见) when(什么时候;……的时候)、where(在哪里;……的地方)、why(为什么;……的原因)、how(如何;……的方式/程度)、whenever(无论什么时候)、wherever(无论在哪里)、however(无论如何)(作时间/地点/原因/方式状语)
三、各类名词性从句特殊用法
(一)主语从句特殊用法
形式主语it的常用场景:当主语从句较长时,为避免句子头重脚轻,常用it作形式主语,将真正的主语从句后置。核心句型有三种:①It is + 形容词(necessary/important/obvious等)+ that从句;②It is + 名词(a fact/a pity/a secret等)+ that从句;③It is + 过去分词(said/reported/believed等)+ that从句。例1:It is obvious that he lied.(他撒谎了,这很明显。)例2:It is a pity that you didn’t attend the party.(你没参加派对,真遗憾。)例3:It is reported that a new hospital will be built here next year.(据报道,明年这里将建一座新医院。)例4:It is necessary that we should finish the work before Friday.(我们有必要在周五前完成工作。)
whether与if的区别:主语从句位于句首表“是否”时,只能用whether,不能用if。例1:Whether he will come is uncertain.(√);If he will come is uncertain.(×)。例2:Whether the plan will be carried out depends on the boss’s decision.(√);If the plan will be carried out depends on the boss’s decision.(×)。
that的不可省略性:引导主语从句的that即使无实际意义,也不能省略,尤其是位于句首时。例1:That she left made us sad.(√);She left made us sad.(×)。例2:That he has made great progress surprises all his teachers.(√);He has made great progress surprises all his teachers.(×)。
(二)宾语从句特殊用法
if与whether的“分水岭”:二者均表“是否”,但以下情况只能用whether:①介词后;②与or not直接连用;③后接不定式;④作discuss/decide等动词的宾语;⑤从句中含or表选择。例1:I’m worried about whether I can pass the exam.(介词后用whether)例2:I don’t know whether or not to go.(与or not连用)例3:He hasn’t decided whether to accept the offer.(后接不定式)例4:We discussed whether we should change the plan.(discuss后用whether)例5:She didn’t know whether to stay or leave.(含or表选择)
否定转移:当主句主语为第一人称I/we,且谓语动词为think/believe/suppose/guess等时,否定词not常转移到主句中。例1:I don’t think he is right.(实际含义:I think he is not right.)例2:We don’t believe she will give up easily.(实际含义:We believe she will not give up easily.)例3:I don’t suppose he has finished the work yet.(实际含义:I suppose he has not finished the work yet.)
时态呼应规则:主句为现在时(一般现在、现在进行等),从句时态可根据实际情况确定;主句为过去时(一般过去、过去进行等),从句需用相应的过去时态;若从句陈述客观真理或事实,仍用一般现在时。例1:He says he will go to Beijing tomorrow.(主句一般现在时,从句一般将来时)例2:He said he would go to Beijing the next day.(主句一般过去时,从句过去将来时)例3:The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.(从句为客观真理,用一般现在时)例4:She is thinking about what she did yesterday.(主句现在进行时,从句一般过去时)
that的省略问题:引导单一宾语从句时,that可省略;但引导多个并列宾语从句时,第一个从句的that可省,后续从句的that不可省。例1:He said (that) he would come.(单一宾语从句,that可省)例2:He said (that) he would come and that he would bring a gift.(并列宾语从句,第二个that不可省)例3:She told me (that) she had seen the movie and that it was very interesting.(并列宾语从句,第二个that不可省)
(三)表语从句特殊用法
常见结构:多位于系动词(be/seem/become/appear等)后,核心结构为“主语 + 系动词 + that/whether/疑问词引导的表语从句”。例1:The problem is that we have no time.(问题是我们没有时间。)例2:It seems that he is not feeling well.(他好像不舒服。)例3:Her dream has become that she can travel around the world.(她的梦想已经变成能环游世界。)例4:It appears that they have known the truth.(他们似乎已经知道了真相。)
that的不可省略性:引导表语从句的that不能省略,即使无实际意义。例1:My idea is that we should start early.(√);My idea is we should start early.(×)例2:The fact is that he has broken his promise.(√);The fact is he has broken his promise.(×)例3:Our hope is that our team can win the game.(√);Our hope is our team can win the game.(×)
与定语从句的区分:表语从句无先行词,直接位于系动词后;定语从句有先行词,从句对先行词起修饰作用。例1:The fact is that he won the game.(表语从句,无先行词,从句解释fact的内容)例2:The fact that he told me is true.(定语从句,先行词为the fact,从句修饰fact)例3:My worry is that I may fail the exam.(表语从句,无先行词)例4:The worry that he expressed just now is reasonable.(定语从句,先行词为the worry,从句修饰worry)
(四)同位语从句特殊用法
先行词特征:多为抽象名词,如fact/news/idea/plan/suggestion/promise/truth等,从句用于解释说明先行词的具体内容。例1:We heard the news that our team won.(从句解释news的内容)例2:I have an idea that we can hold a party for her birthday.(从句解释idea的内容)例3:The suggestion that we should go hiking this weekend is great.(从句解释suggestion的内容)例4:He kept his promise that he would help me with my English.(从句解释promise的内容)
与定语从句的核心区分:①功能不同:同位语从句解释先行词内容,定语从句修饰先行词性质;②that的作用不同:同位语从句中的that不充当成分,不可省略;定语从句中的that可充当主语/宾语,作宾语时可省略。例1:The suggestion that we should go hiking is good.(同位语从句,that不充当成分)例2:The suggestion that he put forward is good.(定语从句,that作put forward的宾语)例3:The news that our country has made great achievements spread quickly.(同位语从句,that不充当成分)例4:The news that she told me yesterday is not true.(定语从句,that作told的宾语)
连接词的使用限制:表“是否”时只能用whether,不能用if;引导词需根据从句成分和句意选择,若从句完整且无“是否”含义,用that。例1:There is some doubt about the question whether we can solve it.(表“是否”,用whether)例2:I have no idea whether he will come or not.(表“是否”,用whether)例3:The fact that he is honest is known to everyone.(从句完整,用that)例4:The mystery whether there is life on other planets has not been solved.(表“是否”,用whether)
四、名词性从句连接词选用规律总结
连接词的选用可遵循“三步走”原则,核心逻辑是“先判从句类型→再析从句成分→最后匹配句意”,具体规律如下:
第一步:判断从句类型:明确从句在主句中充当主语、宾语、表语还是同位语,确定连接词的基本使用范围(如主语从句句首表“是否”用whether,不用if)。
第二步:分析从句内部成分:这是选用连接词的核心依据。①若从句主谓宾/主系表结构完整,且无“是否”含义→用不做成分的that;②若从句结构完整,但需表达“是否”含义→用不做成分的whether(主语/表语/同位语从句及特殊场景)或if(宾语从句一般场景);③若从句缺主语、宾语、表语或定语→用做成分的连接代词(what/who/whose等);④若从句缺时间、地点、原因或方式状语→用做成分的连接副词(when/where/why/how等)。
第三步:结合句意精准匹配:①连接代词的区分:表“事物”(无范围)用what,表“事物”(有选择范围)用which;表“人”(主格)用who,表“人”(宾格)用whom;表“所属关系”用whose;表“任何……的人/物”用whoever/whatever/whichever。②连接副词的区分:表“时间”用when,表“地点”用where,表“原因”用why,表“方式/程度”用how。
高频易错点提醒:①that与what的区别:that不充当成分、无实义;what必须充当成分(主/宾/表),表“……的东西/事情”。例:That he passed the exam is good news.(that不充当成分);What he said surprised us.(what作said的宾语)。②whether与if的核心限制:主语、表语、同位语从句及介词后、or not前、不定式前,只能用whether。
五、高考真题改编——单句语法填空
说明:以下题目改编自近十年高考真题,聚焦名词性从句连接词核心考点,需结合上述规律分析解答。
On a cool, starry night in mid-September 1870, four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in ______ is now northwestern Wyoming.(2024全国甲卷改编)
If most of their customers are happy to buy larger quantities, that’s ______ they’ll promote.(2024浙江1月卷改编)
They also need to be ready to give interviews in English with international journalists. This is ______ they need an English trainer.(2023新高考全国Ⅱ卷改编)
It’s easy to explain how we determine ______ smells are dangerous or not: we learn.(2022北京卷改编)
______ is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes.(2021新高考Ⅰ卷改编)
What puzzles Lily's friends is ________ she always has so many crazy ideas.(2021天津卷改编)
It seemed that I had become ________ my parents had wanted me to be.(2021天津卷改编)
It is not a problem __________ we can win the battle; it’s just a matter of time.(2020江苏卷改编)
The student completed this experiment to make come true __________ Professor Joseph had said.(2020天津卷改编)
Over thousands of years,they began to depend less on ______ could be hunted or gathered.(2020浙江卷改编)
______ he will attend the meeting tomorrow is still unknown.(2019全国Ⅰ卷改编)
She asked me ______ I had seen her keys somewhere.(2019浙江卷改编)
The question is ______ we can finish the task on time with such limited resources.(2018全国Ⅱ卷改编)
There is some doubt about ______ the new policy will be beneficial to small businesses.(2018北京卷改编)
______ makes the book so special is its unique writing style.(2017新高考卷改编)
I really don’t know ______ she got so angry with me just now.(2017天津卷改编)
His promise ______ he would help us out of trouble gave us great courage.(2016全国Ⅲ卷改编)
We haven’t decided ______ we will go for our summer vacation yet.(2016浙江卷改编)
It is believed ______ hard work can lead to success.(2015全国Ⅰ卷改编)
The reason why he was late is ______ his bike broke down on the way.(2015天津卷改编)
______ team will win the championship remains a mystery until the last minute.(2014全国Ⅱ卷改编)
Could you tell me ______ the nearest post office is located (2014浙江卷改编)
I have no idea ______ she will return from abroad.(2013全国Ⅰ卷改编)
The fact ______ he has already left for Shanghai surprised all of us.(2013天津卷改编)
______ you said at the meeting yesterday made a deep impression on everyone.(2012全国卷改编)
She didn’t know ______ to accept the invitation or refuse it.(2012浙江卷改编)
It’s a pity ______ you missed such a wonderful lecture.(2011全国卷改编)
The problem ______ we should choose as our monitor is being discussed.(2011天津卷改编)
I wonder ______ he will come back tonight. If he comes back, please call me.(2010全国卷改编)
______ is clear to everyone is that smoking is harmful to health.(2010浙江卷改编)
参考答案及解析
what 解析:考查宾语从句。介词in后接宾语从句,从句中缺主语,指“……的地方”,用what引导,what在从句中可指代“某个地方、事物等”,此处相当于the place that。
what 解析:考查表语从句。从句中缺promote的宾语,指“推广的东西”,用what引导,what在表语从句中作宾语,指代“具体的事物”。
why 解析:考查表语从句。从句结构完整,结合句意“这就是他们需要英语培训师的原因”,缺原因状语,用why引导,why在表语从句中表原因,对应前文的原因表述。
whether 解析:考查宾语从句。结合空后or not,表“是否”,用whether引导(or not前只能用whether,if不能与or not直接连用)。
What 解析:考查主语从句。从句中缺主语,指“这段经历中令人惊叹的事情”,用what引导,且位于句首首字母大写,what在主语从句中作主语,指代“事物、内容”。
why 解析:考查表语从句。从句结构完整,结合句意“令莉莉朋友困惑的是她为什么总有这么多疯狂的想法”,缺原因状语,用why引导,why此处解释前文“puzzles”的原因。
what 解析:考查宾语从句。从句中be动词后缺表语,指“父母希望我成为的人/样子”,用what引导,what在宾语从句中作表语,指代“某种身份、样子”。
whether 解析:考查主语从句。it为形式主语,真正主语是从句,结合句意“我们能否打赢这场战斗不是问题”,表“是否”,用whether引导(主语从句表“是否”不用if,if不能引导位于句首或形式主语后的主语从句)。
what 解析:考查宾语从句。从句中said后缺宾语,指“约瑟夫教授所说的话”,用what引导,what指代“所说的内容”,作said的宾语。
what 解析:考查宾语从句。介词on后接宾语从句,从句中缺主语,指“能捕猎或采集到的东西”,用what引导,what在从句中作主语,指代“猎物、采集的物品等”。
Whether 解析:考查主语从句。从句结构完整,结合句意“他明天是否参加会议还不清楚”,表“是否”,且位于句首,用Whether引导(主语从句句首表“是否”只能用Whether,不能用If)。
if/whether 解析:考查宾语从句。从句结构完整,结合句意“她问我是否在什么地方见过她的钥匙”,表“是否”,此处为及物动词asked后的宾语从句,无特殊限制,if和whether均可。
whether 解析:考查表语从句。从句结构完整,结合句意“问题是我们凭借如此有限的资源能否按时完成任务”,表“是否”,表语从句中表“是否”只能用whether,不能用if。
whether 解析:考查宾语从句。介词about后接宾语从句,表“是否”,介词后只能用whether引导表“是否”的宾语从句,不能用if。
What 解析:考查主语从句。从句中缺主语,指“让这本书如此特别的东西”,用what引导,what在主语从句中作主语,指代“事物、原因”等。
why 解析:考查宾语从句。从句结构完整,结合句意“我真不知道她刚才为什么对我这么生气”,缺原因状语,用why引导,why对应后文“got so angry”的原因。
that 解析:考查同位语从句。先行词为promise,从句“he would help us out of trouble”解释promise的具体内容,从句结构完整且无“是否”含义,用that引导,同位语从句中that不充当成分。
where 解析:考查宾语从句。从句中缺地点状语,结合句意“我们还没决定暑假去哪里”,用where引导,where在宾语从句中表地点。
that 解析:考查主语从句。it为形式主语,真正主语是that引导的从句“hard work can lead to success”,从句结构完整、语义明确,用that引导,形式主语结构中that不可省略。
that 解析:考查表语从句。先行词为reason,表语从句“his bike broke down on the way”解释reason的具体内容,reason后接表语从句常用that引导,不用because。
Which 解析:考查主语从句。从句中缺定语,结合句意“哪支队伍会赢得冠军要到最后一刻才知晓”,有明确的选择范围(参赛队伍),用which引导,which在从句中作定语修饰team。
where 解析:考查宾语从句。从句中缺地点状语,结合句意“你能告诉我最近的邮局在哪里吗”,用where引导,where在宾语从句中表地点,对应“is located”的位置表述。
when 解析:考查同位语从句。先行词为idea,从句“she will return from abroad”解释idea的内容,从句中缺时间状语,用when引导,when表“何时”。
that 解析:考查同位语从句。先行词为fact,从句“he has already left for Shanghai”解释fact的具体内容,从句结构完整,用that引导,that不充当成分、不可省略。
What 解析:考查主语从句。从句中缺宾语,指“你昨天在会议上说的话”,用what引导,what指代“所说的内容”,作said的宾语。
whether 解析:考查宾语从句。结合空后or,表“是……还是……”,表选择含义,用whether引导,whether可与or搭配表选择,if不能。
that 解析:考查主语从句。it为形式主语,真正主语是that引导的从句“you missed such a wonderful lecture”,此处为“It’s a pity that...”固定句型,that不可省略。
who 解析:考查宾语从句。从句中缺宾语,结合句意“我们应该选谁当班长这个问题正在讨论中”,指人且作choose的宾语,用who引导(此处who可替代whom,口语中更常用)。
if/whether 解析:考查宾语从句。从句结构完整,结合句意“我想知道他今晚是否会回来”,表“是否”,及物动词wonder后接宾语从句,if和whether均可。
What 解析:考查主语从句。第一个从句“______ is clear to everyone”中缺主语,指“每个人都清楚的事情”,用what引导,what在主语从句中作主语,后续is that引导表语从句,构成“主语从句+表语从句”的复合句结构。
what 解析:考查宾语从句。介词in后接宾语从句,从句中缺主语,指“……的地方”,用what引导,what在从句中可指代“某个地方、事物等”,此处相当于the place that。
what 解析:考查表语从句。从句中缺promote的宾语,指“推广的东西”,用what引导,what在表语从句中作宾语,指代“具体的事物”。
why 解析:考查表语从句。从句结构完整,结合句意“这就是他们需要英语培训师的原因”,缺原因状语,用why引导,why在表语从句中表原因,对应前文的原因表述。
whether 解析:考查宾语从句。结合空后or not,表“是否”,用whether引导(or not前只能用whether,if不能与or not直接连用)。
What 解析:考查主语从句。从句中缺主语,指“这段经历中令人惊叹的事情”,用what引导,且位于句首首字母大写,what在主语从句中作主语,指代“事物、内容”。
why 解析:考查表语从句。从句结构完整,结合句意“令莉莉朋友困惑的是她为什么总有这么多疯狂的想法”,缺原因状语,用why引导,why此处解释前文“puzzles”的原因。
what 解析:考查宾语从句。从句中be动词后缺表语,指“父母希望我成为的人/样子”,用what引导,what在宾语从句中作表语,指代“某种身份、样子”。
whether 解析:考查主语从句。it为形式主语,真正主语是从句,结合句意“我们能否打赢这场战斗不是问题”,表“是否”,用whether引导(主语从句表“是否”不用if,if不能引导位于句首或形式主语后的主语从句)。
what 解析:考查宾语从句。从句中said后缺宾语,指“约瑟夫教授所说的话”,用what引导,what指代“所说的内容”,作said的宾语。
what 解析:考查宾语从句。介词on后接宾语从句,从句中缺主语,指“能捕猎或采集到的东西”,用what引导,what在从句中作主语,指代“猎物、采集的物品等”。
Whether 解析:考查主语从句。从句结构完整,结合句意“他明天是否参加会议还不清楚”,表“是否”,且位于句首,用Whether引导(主语从句句首表“是否”只能用Whether,不能用If)。
if/whether 解析:考查宾语从句。从句结构完整,结合句意“她问我是否在什么地方见过她的钥匙”,表“是否”,此处为及物动词asked后的宾语从句,无特殊限制,if和whether均可。
whether 解析:考查表语从句。从句结构完整,结合句意“问题是我们凭借如此有限的资源能否按时完成任务”,表“是否”,表语从句中表“是否”只能用whether,不能用if。
whether 解析:考查宾语从句。介词about后接宾语从句,表“是否”,介词后只能用whether引导表“是否”的宾语从句,不能用if。
What 解析:考查主语从句。从句中缺主语,指“让这本书如此特别的东西”,用what引导,what在主语从句中作主语,指代“事物、原因”等。
why 解析:考查宾语从句。从句结构完整,结合句意“我真不知道她刚才为什么对我这么生气”,缺原因状语,用why引导,why对应后文“got so angry”的原因。
that 解析:考查同位语从句。先行词为promise,从句“he would help us out of trouble”解释promise的具体内容,从句结构完整且无“是否”含义,用that引导,同位语从句中that不充当成分。
where 解析:考查宾语从句。从句中缺地点状语,结合句意“我们还没决定暑假去哪里”,用where引导,where在宾语从句中表地点。
that 解析:考查主语从句。it为形式主语,真正主语是that引导的从句“hard work can lead to success”,从句结构完整、语义明确,用that引导,形式主语结构中that不可省略。
that 解析:考查表语从句。先行词为reason,表语从句“his bike broke down on the way”解释reason的具体内容,reason后接表语从句常用that引导,不用because。
Which 解析:考查主语从句。从句中缺定语,结合句意“哪支队伍会赢得冠军要到最后一刻才知晓”,有明确的选择范围(参赛队伍),用which引导,which在从句中作定语修饰team。
where 解析:考查宾语从句。从句中缺地点状语,结合句意“你能告诉我最近的邮局在哪里吗”,用where引导,where在宾语从句中表地点,对应“is located”的位置表述。
when 解析:考查同位语从句。先行词为idea,从句“she will return from abroad”解释idea的内容,从句中缺时间状语,用when引导,when表“何时”。
that 解析:考查同位语从句。先行词为fact,从句“he has already left for Shanghai”解释fact的具体内容,从句结构完整,用that引导,that不充当成分、不可省略。
What 解析:考查主语从句。从句中缺宾语,指“你昨天在会议上说的话”,用what引导,what指代“所说的内容”,作said的宾语。
whether 解析:考查宾语从句。结合空后or,表“是……还是……”,表选择含义,用whether引导,whether可与or搭配表选择,if不能。
that 解析:考查主语从句。it为形式主语,真正主语是that引导的从句“you missed such a wonderful lecture”,此处为“It’s a pity that...”固定句型,that不可省略。
who 解析:考查宾语从句。从句中缺宾语,结合句意“我们应该选谁当班长这个问题正在讨论中”,指人且作choose的宾语,用who引导(此处who可替代whom,口语中更常用)。
if/whether 解析:考查宾语从句。从句结构完整,结合句意“我想知道他今晚是否会回来”,表“是否”,及物动词wonder后接宾语从句,if和whether均可。
What 解析:考查主语从句。第一个从句“______ is clear to everyone”中缺主语,指“每个人都清楚的事情”,用what引导,what在主语从句中作主语,后续is that引导表语从句,构成“主语从句+表语从句”的复合句结构。
六、综合语法练习
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入适当的连接词(that/if/whether/what/who/which/why/when/where/how等),使短文完整通顺,并完成文后题目。
______ (1) makes a good student This is a question ______ (2) many teachers and parents often think about. Some people hold the view ______ (3) a good student should have excellent grades. But I don’t agree with ______ (4) they say. In my opinion, the most important thing is ______ (5) a good student should have a positive attitude towards study. They should know ______ (6) to face difficulties bravely and ______ (7) they can improve themselves continuously.
I still remember ______ (8) I first met my middle school teacher. She told me ______ (9) perseverance is the key to success and ______ (10) I should never give up when I meet challenges. Her words made me realize ______ (11) I was wrong before—I used to think ______ (12) my grades were not good, I was a failure. Now I understand ______ (13) grades are not everything. What matters is ______ (14) we can learn from our mistakes and become better.
Another thing that a good student should have is a sense of responsibility. They should know ______ (15) they need to do for their class and ______ (16) they can help others. For example, when there is a problem in the class, they should think about ______ (17) they can solve it instead of waiting for others to do it.
Finally, a good student should be curious about the world around them. They should often ask ______ (18) things happen and ______ (19) they can find the answers. It is not surprising ______ (20) such students can always make great progress.
文后题目:
1. 指出短文中第3、5、10空所填连接词引导的从句类型及在句中的作用。
2. 分析第4空和第14空所填连接词的用法区别。
3. 将短文中“I used to think ______ (12) my grades were not good, I was a failure.”改为含否定转移的句子,并说明否定转移的条件。
参考答案及解析:
一、短文填空答案:1. What 2. that/which 3. that 4. what 5. that 6. how 7. how 8. when 9. that 10. that 11. that 12. if/whether 13. that 14. that 15. what 16. how 17. how 18. why 19. where 20. that
二、文后题目解析:
1. 第3空:that引导同位语从句,先行词为view,从句“a good student should have excellent grades”解释view的具体内容,that不充当成分、不可省略;第5空:that引导表语从句,位于系动词is后,从句“a good student should have a positive attitude towards study”解释主语the most important thing的内容,that不充当成分、不可省略;第10空:that引导宾语从句,作told的并列宾语之一,从句“I should never give up when I meet challenges”表陈述含义,that可省略但此处与前文that并列,保留更规范。
2. 第4空:what引导宾语从句,作agree with的宾语,what在从句中作said的宾语,指代“他们所说的话”,表“……的内容”;第14空:that引导表语从句,位于系动词is后,从句“we can learn from our mistakes and become better”结构完整、语义明确,that不充当成分、无实义,仅起连接作用。二者核心区别:what在从句中必须充当成分(主/宾/表),有实际指代含义;that在从句中不充当成分,无实义,仅起连接作用。
3. 改写句子:I didn’t use to think that if my grades were not good, I was a failure. 否定转移的条件:①主句主语为第一人称(I/we);②主句谓语动词为think/believe/suppose/guess等表观点、看法的动词;③否定词not需转移到主句谓语动词前,从句用肯定形式,实际否定含义在从句中。

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