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专题十四　构词法
脉络构建 明考向
考点解读 释疑难
考点一　转化法
把一个词从一种词类转化为另一种而词形不变的方法称作转化法。
转化 例词
名词 动词 care n.照顾;小心 v.关心;担忧;在意　cook n.厨师 v.烹调
water n.水 v.浇水 hand n.手 v.传递
love n.爱 v.爱;热爱;喜欢 dress n.连衣裙;衣服 v.
(给某人)穿衣服;打扮
smell n.气味 v.闻;闻起来 fish n.鱼(肉) v.钓鱼
heat n.热;高温 v.加热 light n.光;灯 v.点燃
record n.记录;唱片 v.录制;录(音)
形容词 动词 free adj.免费的;自由的;空闲的 v.释放;使摆脱　　　empty adj.空的 v.清空
slow adj.慢的 v.(使)放慢速度 dry adj.干(燥)的;干旱的 v.(使)变干
clean adj.干净的;清新的 v.清洗;打扫 close adj.(在空间、时间上)接近 v.关闭
open adj.开放的;张开的;开阔的;裸露的 v.打开;开启;张开
last adj.最后的 v.持续 complete adj.完全的;完整的 v.完成
形容词 副词 fast adj.快的;迅速的 adv.快速　　　　　hard adj.困难的;坚硬的;努力的 adv.努力地
enough adj.足够的 adv.充分地 weekly adj.每周的 adv.每周
形容词 名词 light adj.浅色的;轻的;轻柔的 n.光;灯
考点二　合成法
两个或两个以上的词结合成一个新词的方法称作合成法。用这种方法构成的词叫合成词。
合成词 例词
合成 名词 名词+名词 basketball篮球　　 birthday生日　　　　football足球
baseball棒球 homework家庭作业 newspaper报纸
policeman(男)警察 fisherman渔民　 housework家务
hometown故乡;家乡 friendship友谊;友情
airport机场　 keyboard键盘
合成 名词 形容词+名词 blackboard黑板　　　 supermarket超市　　　　　superhero超级英雄
greenhouse温室 background背景
backpack背包
动词+ 名词 playground操场　　　　　bathroom浴室;洗手间　　　　　postman邮递员
postcard明信片 rainstorm暴风雨
passport 护照
名词+ 动词 headache头疼　　　　 toothache牙疼
stomachache胃痛;腹痛 backache 背痛,腰痛
合成 形容词 形容词+ 名词+-(e)d near-sighted近视的　　　　　　　
warm-hearted热心肠的;富有同情心的
middle-aged中年的
形容词+现在分词 hard-working辛勤的;努力的　　　　
good-looking 好看的;美貌的
名词+过去分词 man-made人造的
副词+过去分词 well-known著名的;众所周知的
名词+形容词 lifelong毕生的;终身的
名词+名词 part-time兼职的
基数词+单数名 词(+形容词) a two-month-old baby一个两个月大的婴儿
a three-meter tree一棵三米高的树
合成代词 everybody每个人　　　　　everyone每个人　　　　　everything一切事物
anyone任何人 anybody任何人
anything 任何事物
whoever无论谁 whatever任何;每一;无论什么
合成动词 oversleep睡过头　　　　 overcome克服
understand理解;领会 underline在……下划线
合成介词 outside在……外面　　　 inside在……里边　　　　within在……范围之内
without没有;不(做某事) beside在……旁边
below在……下面 above 在……上面
合成副词 anywhere在任何地方　　　　　　　　　somewhere在某处
however然而 maybe可能
outdoors在户外 otherwise否则
考点三　派生法
在一个词上附加前缀或后缀构成新词的方法,称作派生法。前缀附加在单词或词根的前面,一般不改变原词的词类,但会引起词义的变化;后缀附加在单词或词根的后面,一般不改变原词的基本含义,只改变其词类。
词缀 例词
前缀 dis- disadvantage缺点;不利条件　　　　　　disagree不同意;不一致
disappear消失;不见 discover发现
dislike不喜欢
a- ahead在前面　　　　　awake醒着的　　　　　alive活着的;有活力的
un- unbelievable难以置信的　　　　　　　uncomfortable不舒服的
uncrowded不拥挤的 unfair不公正的
unlucky不幸的 unusual特别的;不寻常的
unsure不确定的;无把握的
im-/in- impossible不可能的　　　　　　　　
impolite不礼貌的;粗鲁的
inexpensive不昂贵的 indirect间接的
mis- mistake错误　　　　　misunderstand误解
re- reusable可重复使用的　　　　
recycle回收利用;重新使用　　　　
review复习;回顾
en- encourage鼓励　　　　enable使能够
inter- Internet互联网;因特网　　　　　　　　international国际的
名词 后缀 -er/ -or/ -ess leader领导　　　　manager经理　　　　　worker 工人
stranger陌生人 teenager(13至19岁之间的)青少年
banker银行家 officer军官;官员 villager村民
actor男演员　　　　　　　　　director导演
actress女演员　　　　　　　　waitress女服务员
-ist tourist游客　　　violinist小提琴手　　　artist艺术家　　　pianist钢琴家
-ion action行为;行动　　　　　communication交流;沟通　　　　　decision决定;抉择
discussion讨论;商量 expression表情;表示;表达方式
-ment achievement成绩;成就　　　　　　　　　agreement同意
development发展 excitement激动;兴奋
名词 后缀 -ing building建筑物　　　feeling感觉;感情　　　meaning意义　　　greeting问候
-ity/-y activity活动　　　　difficulty难题;困难　　　　similarity相似点
-ness shyness害羞　　　sadness悲哀　　　illness疾病　　　fairness公正性;合理性
-ship friendship友谊;友情　　　relationship关系;联系
-ian Asian亚洲人　　　　　　　　　　magician魔术师
historian史学工作者 musician 音乐家
-hood childhood童年　　　　　neighborhood街区;街坊
-th truth事实;实情　　　　　　　　　warmth温暖;暖和
形容词 后缀 -y cloudy多云的　　　　　　　　　funny滑稽有趣的
lucky幸运的 noisy吵闹的
-ful meaningful有意义的　　　　　careful小心的;细致的;慎重的
harmful有害的
-al musical音乐的　　　　　　　　　national国家的;民族的
traditional传统的;惯例的
educational教育的;有教育意义的 medical医学的;医疗的
-ly friendly友好的　　　　　daily每日的;日常的　　　　　lively生机勃勃的;色彩鲜艳的
-ish selfish自私的;自利的　　　　　　　foolish愚蠢的;鲁莽的
-ous dangerous危险的　　　　　　　　　humorous幽默的;滑稽的
-able believable可信任的　　　enjoyable有乐趣的;令人愉快的
valuable有价值的;宝贵的;贵重的
-ive active积极的;活跃的　　　　　　　　creative有创造力的
-less careless粗心的　　　　meaningless毫无意义的　　　　homeless无家可归的
-ern southern南方的　　　　　　　　　　　northern北方的
eastern东方的 western西方的
-en wooden木制的　golden金色的
-ing amazing令人大为惊奇的　　　exciting令人激动的;使人兴奋的
understanding善解人意的 fascinating极有吸引力的
tiring 累人的;使人疲劳的
-ed polluted受污染的　　　　　　　　bored感到厌倦的;烦闷的
crowded拥挤的 talented有才能的;有才干的
relaxed轻松的;自在的
副词 后缀 -ly badly严重地　　　　 cheaply便宜地;低廉地
comfortably舒服地 easily容易地
heavily大量地 mainly主要地
politely有礼貌地
数词 后缀 -teen thirteen十三　　　　fourteen十四　　　　fifteen十五
sixteen十六 seventeen 十七 eighteen十八
nineteen十九
-ty twenty二十　　thirty三十　　 forty四十　　 fifty五十
sixty六十 seventy七十 eighty八十 ninety九十
-th fourth第四　　　fifth第五　　　sixth第六　　　seventh第七
eighth第八 ninth第九 twentieth第二十
对点训练　
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1.Everyone should understand the 　 　(different) between right and wrong.
2.—What did you do in class this morning,Sally
—We had a 　 　(discuss) about Chinese culture.
3.The Huangguoshu Waterfall is 　 　(wide) known to people from home and abroad.
difference
discussion
widely
4.Eddie,look at your 　 　(tidy) room.You’d better keep everything in order.
5.I hope this excellent report will be 　 　(help) in answering your question.
6.Sometimes he and his friends 　 　(agree) with each other and begin to argue.
7.A 　 　(health) competitive spirit can push people to try to be better.
untidy
helpful
disagree
healthy
8.The Laba Festival falls on the 　 　(eight) day of the
　 　(twelve) lunar month.
9.David is a 　 　(work) at a car factory.He loves his job.
10.Hiking is a great way to experience the 　 　(nature) beauty.
eighth
twelfth
worker
natural
追踪评价 提能力
一、用方框中所给词的适当形式填空,有两词多余
　interest　　　　communicate　　　 possible　　harm
　enjoy rain agree comfortable
　peace simple crowd wind
1.The bus was so 　 　 that they had to wait for the next one.
2.I like traveling because I can meet some 　 　 people and things along the way.
crowded
interesting
3.It’s sunny and 　 　 today.Let’s go outside and fly kites.
4.In our 　 　 with others,the final purpose is to let both sides know each other’s ideas clearly.
5.After a two-hour discussion,they finally came to a(n)
　 　.
6.The zoo is getting ready to provide the pandas with a larger living environment so that they can live 　 　.
windy
communication
agreement
comfortably
7.Rick’s mother warned him that it was 　 　 to his eyes if he played video games too much.
8.I like playing table tennis.Though I’m not good at it,I think nothing is more 　 　 than playing it.
9.In the face of disasters,it’s 　 　 to bring back the lives of people’s family members they have lost.
10.Cooking this dish requires 28 steps,but we have tried to
　 　 it to 10 steps so that more people can cook it easily at home.　　　
harmful
enjoyable
impossible
simplify
二、语法选择
　　Between January 1,2019 and January 1,2024,there were 11,180 home fire deaths in the US.The best time to get away from a fire is just three minutes or less.So everyone should pay attention to fire 　1　 at home.
　　To avoid starting a fire,first,be especially 　2　 when using cooking tools.Never leave the kitchen while cooking,and make sure the tools are 　3　 turned off after cooking.Second, check electrical appliances(电器) often to make sure they are working properly.Finally,don’t forget little kids.They usually find fire 　4　 and think of fire as a toy.
　　So keep them away from fire and teach them about dangers of fire.Remember these and take 　5　 to avoid home fire. Always take the use of fire seriously at home.
( )1.A.safe　　　B.safely　　　 C.safety
( )2.A.care B.careful C.carefully
( )3.A.complete B.completion C.completely
( )4.A.excite B.exciting C.excitingly
( )5.A.act B.active C.action
C
B
C
B
C
三、短文填空
　　请从方框内选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空,使文章完整连贯。注意每空一词,每词仅用一次,有两词为多余项。
语篇类型:记叙文　　难度: 　　建议用时:7 min　　正确率:　　/10
【文章大意】文章主要讲述了家庭聚餐这一传统,作者小时候觉得它很傻,如今却理解了母亲坚持的原因,认识到家庭聚餐的意义在于家人间的彼此关怀与情感联结。
rain　 nature　　　　 true　　　　weigh
able excite relax feel
slow forgettable help success
　　Photography is my hobby.As a nature photographer,I have to face the windy and 1.　 　 days,but I still enjoy working outside.I feel peaceful and 2.　 　 when watching animals in the wild.My favorite place to take photos is Yellowstone National Park.It is 3.　 　 best known for its bears.These huge,strong animals can live for 30 years.
　　Despite(尽管) a(n) 4.　 　 of up to 320 kilograms,they can run very fast.They have an excellent 5.　 　 of running at a speed of around 64 kilometers per hour.
rainy
relaxed
truly
weight
C
ability
　　Last spring in Yellowstone,I followed a path that took me through a dark forest.Suddenly,I saw an eagle fly over the snow-covered mountains.With 6.　 　,I took out my camera and held it up to my eyes.
　　While I was photographing this beautiful 7.　 　 view,
something strange happened.I had a(n) 8.　 　 that I was being watched.With the camera still held to my eyes,I turned
9.　 　 and then froze.It was a bear.I was scared but forced my finger to press the button(按钮).A second later,it ran back into the forest.
excitement
natural
feeling
slowly
　　My most scary,exciting and 10.　 　 experience was captured(捕捉) forever in a single image.
　　From time to time I look at the photo as a reminder to show respect to all animals.After all,we are the visitors to their world.
unforgettable
谢谢观赏！

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