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(共48张PPT)
外研版
Book 4 Unit 5 Revealing nature
Using language
Past perfect
Activity 1 Warm-up exercises
1．My friends _________ (give) me a surprise at my birthday party last week.
2．Jack__________(graduate) in physics from Standford University in 2002.
3．In the recent years, Chinese people____________ (witness) the rapid improvement in the new technology.
4．Their experiment so far______________ (attract) the attentions of experts in the field.
5．Darwin suspected that the finches ______________ (evolve) from a common ancestor.
6．By the end of last year, Henry________________ (collect) more than a thousand postcards.
Fill in the balnks with the right forms of the given verbs.
gave
graduated
have witnessed
has attracted
had evolved
had collected
Let’s watch a video and pay attention to the verb tenses in the dialogue.
Activity 2 Lead-in video
1. After I ___________ (brush) my teeth, I used some mouthwash to make sure my breath would be extra fresh.
2. Then I looked the bottle I ___________ (use).
3. I realized I _________ (rinse) my mouth with aftershave instead of mouthwash!
4. I went to get dressed and realized I ___________(leave) my best shirt in the washer!
5.After I __________(wait) for a few minutes, I realized I __________ (put) my shirt on inside out!
6. This _______________________ (never happen) to me before last night!
Complete the sentences from the video.
Activity 2 Lead-in
had brushed
had used
had rinsed
had left
had waited
had put
had never happened
Definition
The past perfect is a verb tense which is used to show that an action took place _______ another action / point in the past.
now
past
future
过去完成时
过去的过去
before
Activity 3 Grammar
past perfect
1) 表示在过去的某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即“过去的过去”。
过去完成时的基本用法：
a.我们到达火车站之前，火车就已经离开了。
Before we got to the train station, the train _______________.
b.我还没来得及说谢谢，他就跑开了。
Before I could say “thank you”, he _______________.
had run away
had already left
past perfect
Activity 3 Grammar
2) 表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一个时间的动
作，常用的时间状语有 by then, by the end of, by the time。
a.到上学期期末为止，我们已经学习了2000个英语单词了。
By the end of last term, we _________ 2000 English words.
b.到那时为止，他们已经在那里住了十年了。
They _________ there for ten years by then.
had lived
had learnt
past perfect
Activity 3 Grammar
3) 表示愿望、打算等的动词，如 hope, want, expect, think, mean, suppose, intend, plan 等后接从句时，一般用过去完成时表示本打算实现而未实现的愿望和计划。
a.我本打算去机场接他，但是我有个重要的会议要参加。
I ____________ to meet him at the airport, but I had an important
meeting to attend.
b.我原希望今年去度假，可是我离不开。
I _________ to take a holiday this year but I was not able to get away.
had intended
had hoped
past perfect
Activity 3 Grammar
4) 在句型 hardly... when 和 no sooner… than 中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，表示“一……就……”。
a.我刚离开就开始下雨了。
______________ when it began to rain.
b.他刚坐下，电话铃就响了。
No sooner ______________ than the telephone rang.
Hardly had I left
had he sat down
past perfect
Activity 3 Grammar
5) 在句型 It was＋一段时间＋since ... (从句用过去完成时), 表示“距离...已多长时间”。
a.从我离开北京到那时至少已经三个月了。
It was at least three months since I ____________Beijing.
b.那时距他入伍已3年。
It was three years since he ___________ the army.
past perfect
had left
had joined
Activity 3 Grammar
6) 在句型 It was the first/second/...time＋(that) 从句 (从句用过去完成时)， 表示“当时是第几次做某事”。
a.那是我第一次在网上用英语聊天。
It was the first time that I _______________ online in English.
b.那是我第一次参观长城。
It _________________ that I had visited the Great Wall.
past perfect
had chatted
was the first time
Activity 3 Grammar
7. 过去完成时用于虚拟语气中:在wish, as if/as though, if, if only, would rather sb. had done sth. 结构或从句中，常用过去完成时来表示与过去事实相反的假设。
a. 如果我早点起来，就能赶上早班车了。
I would have caught the first bus if I ___________ earlier.
b. 我多希望我在初中时努力学习了。
I wish I ___________ hard in the middle school.
had studied
had got up
past perfect
Activity 3 Grammar
Conclusion
Activity 3 Grammar
Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the question.
In sentence (a), which action happened first, “suspected” or “evolved from a common ancestor”
In sentence (a), "evolved from a common ancestor" happened first.
In sentence (b), which action happened first, "refused to believe" or "evolved from lower forms of life"
In sentence (b), "evolved from lower forms of life" happened first.
What does the structure had done indicate
It indicates the action happened before a certain past action.
1. It was a young man who _______ (left) medical school without completing his degree. What’s more, recently he _____________(receive) a letter from his father predicting that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your family”.
had left
had received
2. After Darwin _________ (spend) some time in South America, his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he ____________ (collect).
had spent
had collected
3. At that time, people believed that all species _______________ (appear) on Earth at the same time, and ___________________ (not change) since.
had appeared
had not changed
4. It seemed their beaks __________ (evolve) according to what food was available on that particular island.
had evolved
Activity 4 Grammar Exercises
Complete the sentences from the text.
5. Darwin ___________ (suspect) that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor.
6. Many people refused to believe that living things, including humans, ___________ (evolve) from lower forms of life.
suspected
had evolved
Complete the paragraphs with the information from the given sentences. The sentences are in the order in which they happened. They can help you to decide the use of tenses.(P70)
Activity 4 Grammar Exercises
Yuan Longping _________ to do research on hybrid rice because natural disasters __________ food shortages in the 1960s. In the end, he ___________ a better type of rice.
began
had led to
developed
1. a Natural disasters led to food shortages in the 1960s.
b Yuan Longping began to do research on hybrid rice.
c Yuan Longping developed a better type of rice.
Complete the paragraphs with the information from the given sentences. The sentences are in the order in which they happened. They can help you to decide the use of tenses.(P70)
Activity 4 Grammar Exercises
1. a Gregor Mendel chose to study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control.
b Gregor Mendel made important discoveries about genetics.
c Gregor Mendel died in 1884.
Gregor Mendel __________ study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control. By the time of his death in 1884, he _____________ important discoveries about genetics.
chose to
had made
Activity 4 Grammar Exercises
Complete the online encyclopedia entry with the correct form of the words in the box.
compete decline eat live introduce arrive
Lonesome George
Lonesome George was the last Pinta Island
tortoise. He died in 2012. After George’s death,
the Pinta Island tortoise was declared extinct.
The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed on humans. Before humans 1_______ on the island, the species 2___________ in isolation and 3__________ the plants that naturally grew there. George was discovered many years after their arrival, and by then humans
4 _______________new species that 5 for the food the tortoises ate. After goats in particular had been brought to the island, the Pinta Island tortoise population 6 . Eventually, only George remained.
arrived
had lived
eaten
had introduced
competed
declined
Act out a role-play about George using the information in Ex3.
One of you will play the keeper of Lonesome George, and the other will play the reporter asking about George.
Use the past perfect tense where appropriate.
Work in pairs
the keeper of Lonesome George
the reporter
Activity 5 Speaking
外研版
Book 4 Unit 5 Revealing nature
Using language
Biodiversity
What is biodiversity
Activity 1 Lead-in
Biodiversity is the existence of a wide variety of plant and animal species living in their natural environment.
March 3rd marks World Wildlife Day, a day dedicated by the United Nations to raise awareness for the protection of wildlife and biodiversity, which are essential to human survival.
1. Biodiversity is important.
2. Bacteria are always harmful to humans.
3. Some species of bacteria are used in food production.
4. Many species of bacteria recycle dead organic matter.
5. Our immune systems are able to fight off all germs.
Listen to the podcast and choose the statements that are made.(P71 ex5)
Activity 2 Listening
A podcast is like a radio show that can be downloaded or streamed on the internet and covers a wide range of topics.
Cells
Every living thing is 1 __________________________.
They are like 2 _________________________________.
In the human body there are about 3 _________________ human
cells and around 4 ____________________ bacteria cells.
Bacteria
Most bacteria in the human body can 5 _____________________
In the food production process, bacteria can 6 ______________ dead
organic matter.
Listen again and complete the fact sheet. (P71 ex5)
made up of cells
bricks that are used to build houses
thirty trillion
thirty-nine trillion
help with digestion
break down
Activity 2 Listening
Jenny: Hello, and welcome to Science Under the Microscope,
a science programme for _________. I’m Jenny.
Josh: And I’m Josh.
Jenny: This week, as part of our series on biodiversity, we are discussing microorganisms.
They are the oldest ________ of life on Earth. Scientists believe they first emerged around three and a half billion years ago!
Josh: That’s ___________!
Jenny: But you can only see them with a microscope, ____ these living things are very very small. We’re talking about life at the _______ of the cell. Do you know about cells, Josh
Josh: Erm... I’m afraid not. What exactly is a cell
Jenny: Every living thing is made up of cells. They are like _______ that are used to build houses. By the way, most microorganisms are single-celled. This means that they consist of just one cell.
Josh: How strange!
Jenny: Actually, we’re the ones who are _______. The vast __________ of life on this planet is made up of single-celled microorganisms. They re everywhere! In the air, in water, there are even micooanis ... inside you. I’m talking about bacteria. Have you heard of bacteria, Josh
Josh: I have, Jenny. But bacteria, inside me Yuck!
Activity 2 Listening
teens
form
incredible
as
level
bricks
unusual
majority
Listen to the first part of the conversation and fill out the gaps.
Jenny: [laughs] That’s right. You have lots of them living in your body.
In fact, an __________ human body contains about thirty trillion
human cells, and around thirty-nine trillion bacteria cells.
Josh: Seriously Oh, this is making my __________ turn.
Jenny: Speaking of which, most of the bacteria in your body help with __________. And they help
make the food that goes into your stomach, too. Without bacteria, we wouldn’t be able to
make cheese, yoghurt, vinegar...
Josh: Really I didn’t know that!
Jenny: Oh, and bacteria are also useful at the other end of the food ___________ process. They
have an important role _________ with your waste and that of other organisms.
Josh: Euw! You mean what goes down the toilet
Jenny: Yes. Bacteria break down this waster and other dead, organic matter, like fallen leaves,
into ___________.
Josh: Oh I get it. And these nutrients go back into the soil where they can be used by plants!
Jenny: That’s it exactly.
Josh: All right. Although some of the bacteria may cause ____________ in humans, plants and
animals, they aren’t all bad...
Activity 2 Listening
Listen to the second part of the conversation and fill out the gaps.
average
stomach
digestion
production
dealing
nutrients
diseases
内皮细胞
胰腺细胞
Activity 3 Post-listening speaking
What do you know about cells and bacteria
Cell, in biology, the basic unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed. A single cell is often a complete organism in itself, such as a bacterium or yeast. Other cells acquire specialized functions as they mature. These cells cooperate with other specialized cells and become the building blocks of large multicellular organisms, such as humans and other animals.
Activity 3 Post-listening speaking
What do you know about cells and bacteria
bacteria
life-form bacteria, any of a group of microscopic single-celled organisms that live in enormous numbers in almost every environment on Earth, from deep-sea vents to deep below Earth’s surface to the digestive tracts of humans other animals.
① Do you know about… ② Have you heard of…
③ By the way, ... ④ In fact, ...
⑤ Actually, ... ⑥ Speaking of which, ...
Checking background knowledge
Adding information
1
2
4
5
6
3
Activity 4 Post-listening
Complete the boxes with the expressions from the podcast. (P72 Ex7)
Earth is home to millions of different species. Some can be very small, like bacteria and viruses, which are so small that we cannot see them with only our eyes. By contrast, the largest animal species so far found on our planet is the blue whale, which can grow up to almost 30 metres in length and weigh over 130,000 kilos.
The toughest species is probably the water bear. This tiny organism can survive temperatures from 150 ℃ to a below freezing -272 ℃. To best survive in their environment, each species has developed its own unique physical characteristics.
Each year, scientists identify around 15,000 new species.
However, diversity on our planet is such, that there are still
millions of species on Earth remaining to be discovered.
Read the passage and answer the questions (P72 Ex8).
Activity 5 Reading
1 What species are mentioned and what is special about them
2 What other unusual life forms do you know of
The moonfish (翻车鱼), which are about the size of a manhole cover, is now considered the first-known warm-blooded fish.
Turritopsis dohrnii (灯塔水母) is the only known animal to be immortal. Whenever it is injured or dying, it can turn its cells back into young cells and start anew.
Complete the paragraphs with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box.
ancestor scientific be native to primitive habitat appearance be home to ecosystem
The Galápagos Islands are renowned worldwide for their unique biodiversity. The Giant Tortoise Reserve on Santa Cruz 1___________ several species of giant tortoise that 2___________ the Galápagos Islands. The island is also home to the Charles Darwin Research Station, where 3___________ studies are carried out.
is home to
are native to
scientific
1
Activity 5 Reading
2
Mangroves are one of the coastal plants that grow on Isabela. They serve as the 4___________ for various birds and fish, and are very important to the 5_____________.
habitats
ecosystem
3
Iguanas can be found on San Cristóbal. They have a very special 6_____________, with comb-like spines on their back. There is evidence that all the different iguanas have developed from more 7___________ ones and share a common 8_____________.
appearance
primitive
ancestor
Look at the pictures of the species native to different regions of China.Talk about biodiversity in China using the words and expressions in this section. Do online research for more more information.
Activity 6 Speaking
Work in pairs
Supplementary information
The mammal yaks can live in the highest plateau, mainly in the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. Yaks, usually dark brown or black in color, have very long and thick fur covered all their bodies. Their limbs are short but strong. All these characteristics make yaks can live in the area of 3000-5000 metres above sea level and 30-40 degrees below zero. Nearly 85% of yaks in the world
are living in China.
Diversiform-leaved poplar trees (胡杨林) mainly grow in 20 countries, including Mongolia and some on the Mediterranean. Xinjiang grows 91 percent of diversiform-leaved poplar trees in China. The trees are estimated to have a history of three million years, according to its fossils found in 1935 in Xinjiang and neighboring Gansu province.
However, During the 1960-1970 period, large areas of diversiform-leaved poplar trees were felled (砍伐树木) in some areas in Xinjiang to make room for farming, greatly deteriorating the local ecological environment with desert incursion into oases (绿洲). Introduction of laws and policies, along with increasing protection awareness among the public, have kept the rare trees from destruction.
Peacocks are mainly found in Yunnan province, in the southwest of China. According to a survey by the Kunming Institute of Zoology, part of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, fewer than 500 of the green peacocks may still exist, and it has now become one of China’s most endangered wildlife species, even rarer than the giant panda.
Siberian tigers, otherwise known as Amur or Manchurian tigers, mainly live in eastern Russia, Northeast China and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. Forest and mountain areas in the eastern part of Jilin have long been the habitat for Siberian tigers, and a monitoring center has been established covering 500 square meters to keep
track of the animals.
In recent years, wild Siberian tigers have been sighted
frequently in the region thanks to its improving natural
environment. Official statistics show Jilin currently has
42 nature reserves covering 2.61 million hectares (公顷)
of land, and accounting for 13.9 percent of all land of Jilin.
Dawn redwood trees (水杉) are large fast-growing Chinese monoecious (雌雄同株的) tree having flat bright-green deciduous (树木每年落叶的) leaves and small globular cones.
Also known as the metasequoia, the tree is native to Hubei, Hunan and Sichuan provinces and widely regarded as a living fossil since its existence dates back to the Cretaceous (白垩纪的) period, but has been planted in a vast regions across China that are south of Beijing in recent years to be used for harvesting and for ornament.
It has high academic value as one precious relic plant.
Write an article based on your talk about biodiversity in
China during the Pair Work part. Use the words and
expressions you’ve learnt today.
Activity 7 Assignment
1
-- To be continued
1. n.短缺;缺少→ 　　 adj.短的;矮的
→ v.(使)变短，缩短
2. v.总结;概括→ n.总结;概要;概括
3. v.声明;宣布→ n.宣言;声明(书)
4. n.隔离,分离;孤独→ v. 隔离;使分离
5. v. 死亡;消失→ adj.死的→ adj.垂死的;渴望的→ adj.致命的→ n.死亡
6. n.长度→ 　　 adj.长的
→ n.加长
7. v.比较→ n.比较;对比
8. adj.有害的→ n./v.伤害;损害
9. n.大多数;大半→ adj. 主要的;主修的
10. v.为…工作, 服务→ n. 仆人; 雇员
→ n.服务；接待
shortage
short
summarise
summary
declare
declaration
isolation
isolate
die
dead
shorten
dying
deadly
death
Activity 8 Revision
词汇拓展
length
long
compare
comparison
harmful
harm
majority
major
serve
servant
lengthen
service
(1)用自己的话 .
(2)在...方面进行研究 .
(3)宣布灭绝 .
(4)归咎于某人 .
(5)生活在与世隔绝的环境里 .
(6)尤其,特别 .
(7)对...有害 .
(8)免疫系统 .
(9)击退;抵抗 .
(10)大多数... .
(11)听说... .
(12)使某人感到恶心 .
in one’s own words
do research on...
declare extinct
be blamed on sb.
live in isolation
in particular
be harmful to
immune system
fight off
the majority of...
Activity 8 Revision
短语
hear of
make one’s stomach turn
(13)说到,谈及 .
(14)处理,应付 .
(15)分解 .
(16)是...的家 .
(17)把...与...作比较 .
(18)相比之下 .
(19)到目前为止 .
(20)长度上 .
(21)有待于被... .
(22)原产于...,源于...的 .
(23)执行,实行 .
(24)充当...;起...的作用 .
speaking of
deal with
break down
be home to
by contrast
so far
in length
Activity 8 Revision
短语
remain to be done
be native to
carry out
serve as
compare... with...
shortage
n. 短缺；不足；缺乏
short adj. 短的；短暂的 ；简略的；矮的
a shortage of... ...的短缺；缺乏...
be short for 是......的简称/缩写
be in short supply 供应不足；短缺
a serious/severe shortage 严重不足
a food/water/housing shortage 水资源/食物/住房的短缺
Vocabulary
1. There was shortage of oxygen at the top of the mountain.
2. UN is short United Nations.
3. Food and housing are short supply in the disaster area.
a
for
in
blame v. 责怪, 指责; 把...归咎于... n. 指责, 责备
blame sb. ______ sth. 把某事归咎于某人/某物
blame sth. _____ sb. 把某事归咎于某人
______________________ the blame ( for sth.) 承担(某事的)责任
______________________ the blame on sb. 把责任归于某人
I ___________________. 怪我咯！
Vocabulary
for
on
take/accept
put/lay/place
am to blame
charge sb _____ sth 指控某人
accuse sb _____ sth 指责某人；起诉某人
with
of
decline v. 下降;减少;衰退;委婉拒绝
n. 减少，下降，衰落，衰退
decline ______ ... 减少了…
decline ______ ... 减少到…
decline ___________ sth. 拒绝做某事
be ______ decline=be ______ the decline 正在减少; 正在下降
by
Vocabulary
to
to do
in
on
Iguanas [ 'gwa nez] are cold-blooded, egg-laying animals and are some of the largest lizards found in the Americas. Their size, color, behavior, and unique adaptations vary depending on the species.
mangroves
红树林

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