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教师姓名 学生姓名 年 级 初一 上课时间
学 科 英语 课题名称 句子类型和成分
教学目标
【知识梳理】 句子类型 一）英语句子按照其用途可分四种 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before. 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating How old is he 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class. 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! 二）英语句子按照其结构分为简单句、并列句和复合句 1．简单句：简单句是指只有一套主、谓结构（或并列主语和并列谓语）并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成的独立句子。简单句由五种基本句型构成，如下： 1） Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓） 2） Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾） 3） Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 4） Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） 5） Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 1) 主语 + 谓语：此句式中的谓语动词为不及物动词（短语）, 如live, travel, work, lie, arrive, stay, agree, rise, fail, succeed, happen, get up，take place等。其后没有宾语。因为此句型中的动词表达的意思已经很明确，所以不需要跟宾语。 Poems don't translate easily. My recent book sells very well. The sun was shining. 2) 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语：此句式中的谓语动词为及物动词（短语）, 如spend, visit, reach, forget, explain, take, discover, waste, trust, do with, look forward to, look after等，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整、准确。 I look forward to hearing from you soon. You can put the dishes in the kitchen. They ate what was left over. →主谓宾结构的被动语态都属于主谓结构：Dishes can be put in the kitchen. 3) 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语：英语中有些及物动词能跟双宾语,即间接宾语(指人) 和直接宾语(指物) 。通常情况下间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。能跟双宾语的动词常见的有：give, offer, lend, teach, bring,take, return, send, hand, pass, buy, make, cook, get, sing, ask等。 The driver saved us a lot of trouble. \They have offered us ＄60,000 for the house. I told him that the bus was late. →主谓双宾结构的被动语态有2种: We are offered ＄60,000 for the house by them.（主谓宾） ＄60,000 is offered to us for the house by them.（主谓） 4) 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语：英语中,有些及物动词除能跟宾语外,有时还须加一个补足语,句意才能完整。宾语补足语的作用是说明宾语的动作或状态。作宾语补足语的主要是名词、形容词、动词不定式和分词,副词和介词短语等也可以用作宾语补足语。 本句型中的"宾语 + 宾语补足语",也可称之为复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有着逻辑上的主谓关系,因此,逻辑上的主谓关系乃是本句型的特点,它不同于第四基本句型中的"间接宾语 + 直接宾语", "间接宾语 + 直接宾语"之间并无逻辑上的主谓关系。例： 1) We elected Liu Lei monitor. 2) The news made him unhappy. 3) You shouldn't let him go there alone. 4) I had the bike repaired. 5) I feel it very pleasant to be with your family. 注意： （1）后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有call, name, make, choose, elect, appoint, think, consider, find等。（call, name, make, choose, elect, appoint后面跟表示职位的名词做宾语补足语时，职位名词前不要冠词）例： We call him Tom for short． I made painting the house the project for the summer. （2）后跟形容词做宾语补足语的动词有keep, make, find, get, think, believe, feel, leave等。例如： She thought him kind and generous. We’d better keep the windows open． （3）动词不定式做宾语补足语有以下三种情况： 1. 后跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词常有ask, tell, teach, warn, encourage, allow, advise, 等。例： He told us to keep quiet in the hospital． David taught his brother to use the computer. 2. 后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词可归纳为：“吾看三室两厅一感觉” 感官动词：五看(see, watch, notice, observe, look at)、 三个使役动词（make, let, have）、 两听(hear, listen to)、 一感觉（feel），变被动，to还原。例： Let me try again． I often hear her sing in the next room． She is often heard to sing in the next room. 感官动词hear, see, watch, feel, notice, observe等后既可接不带to的不定式作宾补，也可用v-ing形式作宾补。前者表示动作已结束，后者表示动作正在发生。试比较： a. He saw a girl get on the bus. b. He saw a girl getting on the bus. 3. help后跟不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式既可带to,也可不带to。例如： My father often helps me(to) study English． （4）后跟分词形式作宾语补足语的动词有find, feel, get, make, leave, keep, have, hear, notice, see, watch等。 We found a man lying on the ground． He saw a woman’s wallet stolen yesterday. She couldn’t make herself heard above the noise of the traffic. （5）后跟介词短语作宾语补足语的动词有keep, find, take等。例： I’ll keep the words in my mind． I often find him at work. （6）由 as 构成的短语作宾补:常用as构成的短语作宾补的动词有：consider…as, treat…as, regard…as, look on…as, think of…as等。例： They treat me as their daughter. →主谓宾宾补结构的被动语态都是主谓主补结构：The book was found interesting. The woman’s wallet was seen stolen yesterday. 6) there be 句型表示人或事物"存在"的概念,一般译作"有",本句型句首的 There只是一个引导词,本身并无任何词汇意义。句子的主语是处于动词 be 后的那个名词。动词 be 的人称和数应同其后的主语取得一致。动词 be 的时态随具体情况而变化。如果是单个的主语,动词 be则随这个主语的数和人称而变化。如果是并列的主语,动词be一般随最靠近be的那个主语的人称和数而变化。反意问句的疑问句部分要用isn’t there 或aren’t there 在本句型中,还可将谓语动词be换成某些表示"来往,存在,发生"之类的不及物动词,如 arrive, come, go, exist, happen, live, remain, seem, stand 等。 a. There is a dictionary lying on the desk. b. There will be a sports meet next week. c. There stands a big tree in front of the classroom. e. There used to be a shop on the corner of the street. 注意： 1) 其他各种句子都可由以上基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。 2) 以上各种句型中都可以在名词前后加上定语，句首、句中、句末加上相应的状语。 2. 并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词或标点符号连接而成的句子叫并列句。 1）并列句的构成方式：用连接词连接，前面可加逗号。例： These flowers are white and those flowers are red. We fished all day, but we didn't catch a thing. We fished all day; we didn't catch a thing. Hurry up; it's getting late. I found a bucket, put it in the sink, and turned the tap on. I took off my coat, searched all my pockets, but couldn't find my key. 2）并列句的分类： （1）表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。 e. g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John. （2）表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。 e. g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train. （3）表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。 e. g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. （4）表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。 e. g. August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 注意：当几个分句并列时，如果它们之间都是并列关系，只在最后两个分句之间加并列连词and，其余分句用逗号隔开，即：“A, B, C and D”结构；如果分句之间关系各异，则需要分别加并列连词。例： The suit is new and I like its color and style but it doesn't fit me, so I can't buy it. 3. 复合句：复合句又称主从复合句，由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句。 状语从句——状语从句在句中起状语作用，修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词或副词。 定语从句——在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。 名词性从句 主语从句:作句子主语的从句叫主语从句 宾语从句:用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。 表语从句:用作表语的从句叫作表语从句，它位于主句中的连系动词之后。 同位语从句: 用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。 例：1）How the book sells depends on its author. （主语从句） 2）I want to know whether/if he can arrive on time. （宾语从句） 3）That's because he didn't understand me. （表语从句） 4）The question who should come with me has not been settled. （同位语从句） 5）He has a friend whose father is a doctor. （定语从句） 6）By the time I graduate next year, I will have lived here for 5 years. （状语从句） 句子成分 句子成分 英语句子由若干个词和短语组成，根据其在句中所起的作用被划分成若成分。 英语句子成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、补语、状语、同位语、独立成分。 根据英语语言的特征，这些成分可以由不同词性的词、动词非谓语形式或从句来充当。 1）主语 定义：被陈述或被说明的对象。主语是句子叙述的主体。 特点：经常由名词、代词、数次、不定式、动名词、或从句充当；一般表示谓语所说的是“谁”或“什么”。 The doctor looked after Mrs. Brown very carefully. （名词） China does not want to copy the USA’s example. （名词） I don’t know if it will grow well.（代词） It’s eight o’clock.（it代词，表时间） It’s going to be rainy.（it代词，表天气） One is not enough for me.（数词） To learn English is very important.（动词非谓语形式-不定式） It is necessary for us to work out the problem.（不定式，用it作形式主语） It is important that we learn English well.（从句，用it作形式主语） What we need is food. 2）谓语 定义：被陈述或被说明的对象的行为，说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。 特点：谓语由动词充当，一般位于主语之后，依据其在句中繁简程度可分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。凡由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都是简单谓语。 谓语有人称、数量、时态、语态、语气的变化。 I like walking. （一般现在时主动语态） I made you a birthday cake last night.（一般过去时主动语态） English is widely used by travellers and business people all over the world.（一般现在时被动语态） 复合谓语也可分为两种情况： 第一种是由情态动词、助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的复合谓语。 What does this word mean You’d better take a bus. 第二种是由连系动词+表语构成的复合谓语。 The weather gets warmer, and the days get longer. He looked worried. 宾语（简单宾语、直接宾语和间接宾语、复合宾语） 定义：表示或说明动作的对象或承受者。 特点：宾语位于及物动词或介词之后，一般同主语一样，可由名词、代词、数次、名词化的形容词、 不定式、动名词、宾语从句等充当。不同的是，构成宾语的代词必须是宾格形式，如：me, him, them 等。 宾语可分为简单宾语、双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）和复合宾语（宾语+补语。如：代词宾格 +名词，名词/代词宾格+形容词，名词/代词宾格+介词短语，名词/代词宾格+动词不定式，名词/ 代词宾格+分词）等。 The boy needs a pen.（名词作简单宾语） His mother looks after him every day.（代词作介词宾语） I want to go shopping.（不定式作简单宾语） He said he could be here.（从句作简单宾语） My father bought me a book.（双宾语） My father bought a book （直接宾语）for me（间接宾语). He gave me the rubber.（双宾语） He gave the rubber （直接宾语）to me.（间接宾语） We all call him Lao Wang.（双宾语） New methods make the job easy.（复合宾语） I often find him at work.（复合宾语） The teacher asked the students to close the windows.（复合宾语） I saw a cat running across the road.（复合宾语） I think it more comfortable to go there by ship.（复合宾语） I think that he will come tomorrow.（宾语从句） He wants to know when they will start.（宾语从句） She isn’t sure whether/if she can win the game.（宾语从句） 表语 定义：说明主语的状态、性质等。主语是什么，怎么样。 特点：在系动词后面与系动词一起构成复合谓语。表语可以由形容词、名词、代词、不定式、粉刺 充当。系动词一般是：be动词，become, turn, go, get, grow, 感官动词如look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem. Tom is a boy.（名词） He looks well.（形容词） The idea sounds great.（形容词） It gets warmer and warmer.（形容词） His job is to make the city safer.（动词不定式） 定语 定义：用于描述名词、代词、短语或从句的性质、特征、范围等情况。 特点：定语可以由名词、形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词、短语充当。如果定语是单个词，定语 放在被修饰词的前面，如果被修饰词是不定代词，定语放在其后面，如果是词组，句子作定语 放在被修饰词的后面。 That is a beautiful flower.（形容词） This is my book, not your book.（代词） I have a lot of things to do.（短语，不定式） Our country is a developing country.（分词） The TV set made in that factory is very good.（分词短语） The workers who work in that factory are very busy.（定语从句） The cars that are made in Germany are sold in China.（定语从句） 状语 特点：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，一般由副词充当，也可以用从句来说明方式、结果、 条件、时间、地点、让步、原因、目的等。 状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前， 表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时房子啊句首，一些表示不确定时间的 拼读副(如：often, usually, always, sometimes, never等）或程度副词(如：almost, hardly, seldom等） 通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，实意动词之前。 The boy likes the pen very much.（副词短语） The boy really needs a pen.（副词） The boys are playing basketball in the playground.（介词短语，表地点） Before two o’clock, Tom arrived at the station.（介词短语，表时间） They learn English hard to get good jobs.（不定式，表目的） He met his English teacher while he was walking in the street.（时间状语从句） Ben didn’t do his homework until his mother got home.（时间状语从句） The bread had been sold out before he got there.（时间状语从句） Betty doesn’t come to school today, because she is ill.（原因状语从句） The problem was so difficult that nobody worked it out.（结果状语从句） She is running as fast as possible so that she can catch the last bus.（目的状语从句） Though it is very late, he still keeps working.（让步状语从句） You will catch up with your classmates if you work harder.（条件状语从句） 同位语 同位语一般由名词、代词、数词、从句等充当，用来对先行词进行解释说明，与先行词处于同等低位，常放在先行词之后。 Henry,a rich New Yorker,died in 1919. 独立成分 通常是感叹词，呼语，插入语 Well，that’s good news. By the way,I don’t have many friends. 【例题解析】 Headsome Tom surprisingly found the cheese gone today. Well,I’m sorry,I’ve got bad news. Most students do an IQ test early in their school career. 【典型例题】 选择划线部分的句子成分 （ ）1. He practices running every morning to keep fit. （ ）2. Smoking does harm to the health. （ ）3. They made him their team leader （ ）4. You may keep the book for two weeks （ ）5. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder （ ）6. Mr. White, the book-seller, is a rich man. （ ）7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. （ ）8. I enjoy listening to popular music （ ）9. He is the only person in the room whom I want to see. （ ）10. I think（that）he is fit for his office work. （ ）11. My suggestion is that all of us attend the meeting. （ ）12.He has lived in the city for ten years （ ）13.The method proved impracticable. （ ）14. Students brave enough to take this course deserve to succeed. （ ）15. In spite of the fact that prices have risen rapidly, the number of tourists is greater than ever. 【Keys】1-5BAFBE 6-10 HACGC 11-15DEDGH 【基础练习】 一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English. 14. Do you have anything else to say 15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good. 16. Would you please tell me your address 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He noticed a man enter the room. 20. The apples tasted sweet. Keys: 1. 主语 2. 间接宾语 3. 谓语，时间状语 4. 定语 5. 宾语，时间状语 6. 定语，表语 7. 宾语，地点状语 8. 主语，谓语，表语 9. 谓语，状语 10. 主语，表语 11. 谓语，宾语 12. 目的状语 13. 形式宾语，真正的宾语 14. 宾语，定语 15. 状语，状语 16. 间接宾语+直接宾语 17. 地点状语，伴随状语 18. 形式主语，表语，宾语补足语 19. 宾语补足语 20. 表语 二、指出下面句子分别属于哪个句型 ①I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside. ②In the modern city, there are some problems, such as air pollution, crowdness and noise. ③In the countryside I can enjoy a comfortable and quiet life. ④There, the air is fresh and the water is clean. ⑤I can hear birds singing in the green trees. ⑥I can also go boating, fishing, and swimming in the lake. ⑦He wished me good luck. ⑧So I want to go to the countryside for a change. 1. ( S + V ) _______________ 2. ( S + V +O ) _________________ 3. ( S + V + P ) ____________________ 4. ( S + V + IO + DO ) _______________ 5. ( S + V + O + C ) __________________ 6. There be 句型 ______________

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