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(共101张PPT)
高考英语非谓语动词精品课件
Nonfinite Verbs
1.谓语动词：
概述：
2. 非谓语词：
在句子中担任谓语的动词
是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分(通俗地说，就是不能作谓语的动词变形）
实义动词
系动词
助动词
情态动词
非谓语动词
动名词(doing)
分词
现在分词(doing)
过去分词(done)
动词不定式（to do）
判别用谓语动词或非谓语动词
1.___ the dog came over, our friend ran away. (see)
2.___ from the top of a hill, and you’ll find the city more beautiful. (see)
3.___ you____ the city from the top of a hill, you’ll find it more beautiful. (see)
4. ____more clearly, they came up and got close to it.
5. ____from the top of a hill, our house looks like a car.
Seeing
See
If
see
To see
根据句子结构判断是非谓语动词还是谓语动词
如果句子中没有谓语动词，填上谓语动词（注意时态和语态），
如果句子中已经有谓语动词，则考虑用非谓语动词（注意判别是动词不定式、现在分词、动名词还是过去分词）
Seen
1.She got off the bus, ________ (leave) her handbag on her seat.
2. She got off the bus, but ______ (leave) her handbag on her seat.
3._______ to the right, and you will find the building you want. (turn)
4. If you ______ to the right, you will find the building you want.
6._______ to the right, you will find the building you want.
left
leaving
Turn
turn
Turning
The man took out the key, _________ (open) the door
and entered the room.
2. The man sat there, _________ (read) a book.
3. _______ (work) hard, and you will succeed.
4. The question ___________ (discuss) at the meeting
yesterday is of great importance.
5. ___________(improve) his spoken English, Mr. Zhang
goes to the English corner every Saturday.
opened
reading
Work
discussed
To improve
Part 1
To-infinitive
动词不定式（The Infinitive）
一. 动词不定式的基本构成：
由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定式由not+不定式构成
肯定式：to do sth 否定式：not to do sth.
主动式 被动式
一般式 to do（同时） to be done
完成式 to have done （先于谓语动词） to have been done
进行式 to be doing（进行）
不定式的用法
1) He wanted ___________ (see) you.
2) I hope ___________(see) you again.
3.When I came in, he pretended (read) a book.
4. He is said to ___________ (write) a novel now.
5. He is said _________________ (write) a novel last year.
to see
to see
to be reading
to have written
be writing
It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here .
The book is said _________________________ (translate) into English.
Mr. Smith is going to attend the meeting _____________(hold) tomorrow.
I am very pleased _______________________(give) this opportunity.
She asked ______________ (send) to work in Tibet .
No one likes ____________________(laugh) at.
to be sent
to have been translated
to be held
她要求被派往西藏工作
to have been given
to be laughed
The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games ___ in Beijing in 2008.
A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held
--- Is Bob still performing
--- I’m afraid not. He is said __ the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have left B. to leave
C. to have been D. to be left
1.To see you is glad.
=It’s glad to see you.
2.I want to see you.
3.I want him to see you.
4.My hope is to see you.
5.He is the man to see you.
6.I’m glad to see you.
7.I went to see you.
8.He went so early as to see you.
（作主语）
(作宾语）
（作宾补）
(作表语）
（作定语）
（作原因状语）
（作目的状语）
（作结果状语）
Discussion: 说出不定式在句中的成分.
(1)作主语
不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。
To see is to believe．
Not to get there in time is your fault.
注：常用it做形式主语，将to do放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。
句型1：It + takes sb +some time + to do
It takes us an hour ___ get there by bus.
句型2：It +be + n. + to do
It’s our duty __ help the poor.
It is a great enjoyment __ spend our holiday in the mountains
to
to
to
句型2：It is adj. for/of sb. to do sth.
It is + adj + for sb to do sth
It is + adj + of sb to do sth
（是形容人的品质的 ）
（是形容事物的性质的 ）
It is easy ______ me to finish this work before ten.
It is honorable _______ us to be present at your
birthday party.
It is very kind ___ you to give me some help.
It's impolite ___ you to speak to the teacher like that.
＝You are very kind to give me some help.　
＝you are impolite to speak to the teacher like that.　
非谓语动词讲解
for
for
of
of
I find/feel to work with him interesting ．
I find/feel it interesting to work with him．
注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。
句型：S+ find/think/feel/make/ consider/ believe…..+it +adj/n+ to do sth.
翻译：1.我们认为早点开始是有必要的。
2.我觉得保护环境是我们的责任。
3.我认为遵守法律是重要的。
4. 我发现在一天之内完成这么多家庭作业是不可能的。
1.We thought it necessary to start early.
2. I feel it our duty to protect the environment.
3.We think it important to obey the law.
5.I find it impossible to finish so much homework in a day.
2. 不定式作宾语，it作形式宾语
3）作宾补
She asked me to stay there.
1. 她叫我呆在这儿。
2.请允许我介绍Mr. White给你们。
Please allow me to introduce Mr. White to you.
通常这样的动词用在以下的结构里:
Verb +sb/sth + to do sth
(宾语与宾语补足语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系)
3. 他要求我与他一起工作。
He required me to work with him.
advise ,allow ,ask
beg, cause（促使） ,
expect ,encourage ,
force ，forbid
get, help, invite ,order,
promise ,permit , persuade
request, require, remind，tell, teach
wish, want, warn …
sb. to do
3.作宾补 Verb +sb/sth + to do sth
see
watch
look at
notice
observe
hear
listen to
feel
+
sb/sth
+
do
doing
done
make let
have
Verb +sb/sth + to do sth
吾看三室两厅一感觉半帮助
help+sb + (to) do sth
理解：
I saw someone come in.
I saw someone coming in.
He had his horse ________ (jump) over the fence.
The lady was watched ___________ (leave) her room silence.
He made the boy _________ (clean) room.
Did you notice anyone __________ (enter) my room
Though he had often made his little sister______ (cry), today he was made _______ (cry) by his little sister.
8. Last night the girls were heard ________ (sing) in the
classroom.
9. The local people were made __________ (leave).
10. Some children were observed _____________ (pick)
the flowers.
我看到有人进来了。（已进来）
我看到有人正往里来（正在走）
jump
to leave
clean
enter
cry
to cry
to sing
to leave
to pick up
括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使句子完整、正确。
1.Let me ______(help) you _____________ (water) the flowers.
2.Little Sandy would love ____________(take) to the cinema this evening.
3. Though he often made his sister ______(cry), today he was made _______(cry) by his sister.
4. I saw him _______ into the small store.
A. went　B. going　C. to go　D. has gone
5. Tell the boy _______ out of the window.
not to look B. to not look　
C. don‘t look　 D. not look
help
(to) water
cry
to cry
to be taken
1. 让，使
have sb. do sth.= get 让某人做某事
have sth. done 让某事被做
例： I have him ___________ (repair) my watch.
=I have my watch __________ (repair).
have sb./ sth. doing 让某人或某事一直进行某动作或保持某状态
例： I had my car waiting outside.
I won’t have you smoking.
比较 have的用法
repair
repaired
I had him __________ (repair) my bike.
= I got him __________ (repair) my bike.
2. It is too cold, so we have the fire ___________
（burn) all night long.
3. She has a meeting _______.(attend)
4. He had me _________ (wait) for a long time.
repair
to repair
burning
waiting
to attend
sb. to do sth.
2. 有 have sth. to do 有某事要做
4.作状语
表示目的、原因、结果
I came here to see you．
We were very excited to hear the news．
He hurried to the school only to find nobody there .
(目的)
(原因)
(结果)
1）不定式做目的状语，相当于用in order to，so as to引导的目的状语。
He got up early to catch the first bus.
我呆在那儿想看看发生了什么。
I stayed there to see what would happen.
为了得到一个好座位，她早早就到了。
To get/ In order to get a good seat, she arrived early.
掌握含有目的状语的几种句式：
He got up early to catch the first bus.
= He got up early ___ ____ ___ catch the first bus.
=______________________, he got up early.
=_______________ the first bus, he got up early.
=He got up early ___ _____ _____ he could catch the first bus.
= He got up early ___ ___ ____ catch the first bus.
=He got up __ _____ ___ ____ catch the first bus.
注：1、so as to do…结构不能放于句首；
2、in order to do 结构，可以与in order that 目的状语从句转换
To catch the first bus
In order to catch
so as to
so early as to
in order that
in order to
作结果状语
He bent down _________ (pick) the pen lying on the floor.
He bent down and ________ (pick) the pen lying on the ground.
The teacher did what she could ______ me with my lessons.
A. help B. helps C. helped D. to help
4. The doctor did everything he could _______ (save) the patient.
5. Every minute is made full use of ________ (study) our lessons.
6. __________ the first bus, he got up early.
A. To keep up B. So as to keep up
C. Keep up D. In order keep up
to pick
picked
to save
to study
5）其他用法：不定式与疑问词who，which，what，how，when，where等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语或宾语等。
1.He didn’t know what to say.
2.How to solve the problem is very important.
3.When to hold the meeting is still unknown.
4.They told me what to do next.
5.My question is when to start.
6.They are considering where to go next.
（宾语）
（主语）
（宾语）
（宾语）
（表语）
1. 你能告诉我该如何解决这个问题吗？
Could you tell me ______________ the problem.
2. 我们想知道下周我们去哪里
We wonder _______________ next week.
3. We have no idea about what _________ (do) next.
4. She gave us some advice on ____________ (learn)
foreign language.（如何去学）
5. There isn’t any difference between the two. I really don’t
know ______________ (该选哪个).
how to solve
where to go
to do
how to learn
which to choose
Good-bye!
动名词（gerund）
一. 动名词的基本构成
主动语态 被动语态
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
二. 动名词的性质
动名词既具有动词的特点有具有名词的特点，具体表现为：
1.动名词可以被定冠词和物主代词修饰
I hope you don’t mind my saying it.
12.Swimming is his favourite sport.
13.He enjoys swimming.
14.I found him swimming in the river.
15.His favourite sport is swimming.
16.He is the man swimming in the river just now.
17. Swimming in Summer ,we can get cool.
(作主语）
(作宾语）
(作宾补）
(作表语）
(作状语）
(作定语）
2. 动名词可带有自己的宾语和状语
Are you for or against having the meeting.
I insisted on leaving at once.
三.动名词的功用
1.可作主语
①Seeing is believing
Reading newspapers can increase our knowledge.
no use
no good
no fun
② It`s + a shame + doing
a waste of time/money
useless
dangerous
③ There is no + doing...
①It is no use crying.
②It is no good objecting
③Looking after the patients is a nurse`s job.
④It`s dangerous playing with fire.
⑤It`s a waste of time copying other`s
homework.
⑥There is no joking about the matter.
2.可作宾语
① S. + vt.+ doing
Have you finished reading the book
I suggest doing it in a different way.
在某些动词后要求用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式，常见的这类动词有：
避免错过 (少) 延期 avoid miss delay/postpone
建议完成 (多) 练习 suggest / advise finish practise
喜欢想象 禁不住 enjoy/appreciate/ imagine/ resist/can`t help
承认 否定 (与) 嫉妒 admit deny envy
逃脱 冒险 (莫) 原谅 escape / envy /risk /pardon / excuse
忍受 保持 (不) 在意 stand keep / keep on mind
注：在动词advise, allow, forbid(禁止)，permit（允许）等后，如果没有人称宾语，后跟动名词；如果有人称宾语则后跟不定式。例如
We don’t allow people to fish here.
我们不准人们在这儿钓鱼。
People are not allowed to fish here.
人们不准在这儿钓鱼。
prefer…..to…..
look forward to
be used to
put off
give up
S. + keep on + doing
succeed in
can`t help
feel like
be busy
be worth
have difficulty/trouble/problem (in)
②作介词/短语动词的宾语:
S. + v. + prep. + doing
e.g.
①She sat there without (speak)
②I look forward to (see) him again.
③Are you used to (live) there alone
④When my father heard the news, he couldn't help (laugh).
⑤I don`t feel like (go) to see the film.
⑥He was busy (prepare) his lessons.
begin
start
continue
+
to do
doing
注意下列动词
①
②
like
love
hate
prefer
learn
+
to do
doing
③
remember
forget
regret
+
to do
doing
④
try
mean
stop
go on
+
to do
doing
1. Boys, don't forget _____ the windows before you leave the classroom.
A. closing　B. closed　C. to closing　D. to close
2.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _______ on a big rock.
A. to have rested　B. resting　C. to rest　D. rest
4. Remember _______ the lights when you leave the office.
A. to turn off　B. turning off　C. turn off　D. to turning off
③主动表被动:
want (需要)
　　　 need (需要)
　　　　 require (需要)
Sth. + + doing
　　　 be worth (值得)
使用动名词作宾语时，用主动形式表达被动含义
to be done
使用不定式作宾语时，依然用被动形式表达被动含义
① The room wants (clean).
② The method needs (improve).
③ This pair of shoes require (mend).
④ The problem needs (work out).
⑤ The question is well worth (discuss)
d）动词 “like, love, hate, prefer”后接动名词表示“习惯性动作”，后接不定式表示“心理或一次具体动作”。当用在 should, would之后时，只跟不定式。例如：
I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.
我喜欢游泳，但今天我不愿去游泳。
What would you like to eat tonight
你今晚上想吃什么？
Stop；forget；try；
Mean；go on；
Others Examples
五.动名词的复合结构
动名词前可以加一个 物主代词或 名词所有格来表示 这个动名词逻辑上的主语 ，构成动名词的复合结构或动名词短语
1).物主代词 / 名词所有格 + 动名词
在句中作主语:
Mary`s coming late made her teacher angry.
Do you mind my smoking
Do you mind my reading your paper
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
Rose’s going won’t be of much help.
2).人称代词宾格 / 名词 + 动名词
在句中作宾语:
I`m sure of him coming on time.
He has never heard of a woman being a pilot.
I don’t mind Jack (him) going.
She hates young people (them) smoking.
口诀
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。
consider, suggest/ advise, look forward to, excuse/ pardon; admit, delay/ put off, fancy (想象，设想）；avoid, miss,keep/ keep on, practice; deny, finish,
enjoy/ appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; can’t help, mind, allow/ permit, escape.
此外be used to, lead to , devote to, pay attention to,
Can’t stand, give up, feel like, insist on, be busy ( in),
Have difficulty/ trouble (in) , spend time (in)
分词：Participles
一 分词的概述
1. 分词是“非谓语动词”的另一种形式，它有两种形式：现 在分词（Present Participle）和过去分词（Past Participle）。
2. 现在分词：doing
过去分词：规则动词 V+ed
不规则动词
3.分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。在句中 作表语、定语状语和宾语补足语。
现在分词与过去分词的区别：
1.语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动
Do you know the woman talking to Tom
The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.
2. 时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成
Developing country boiling water
Developed country boiled water
二、分词的作用
1、作定语
分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。
（1）前置定语
He is a promising young man.
Make less noise. There’s a sleeping child.
We only sell used books. 我们只卖用过的书。
（2）后置定语
The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper.
现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名词之后。
The bridge built last month needs repairing.
上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。
（3）分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后， 相当于一个定语从句。如：
Those who wish to join the club should sign here
(Those wishing to join this club should sign here.
)
想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。
The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.)
由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。
(The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.
（4）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和完成，只表完成。如：
the question discussed yesterday
昨天讨论的问题 （既表示被动也表示完成）
the fallen leaves
落下的树叶 (只表示完成，不表示被动)
2、作表语
分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如：
She was too frightened to move.
她被吓得一动不动。
What you said is really inspiring.
你所说的真令从鼓舞。
3、作宾语补足语
可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等词。
I saw him walking in the street.
我看见他在街上走。
I heard them singing in the classroom.
我听见他们在教室里唱歌。
We found the boy sleeping.
我们发现小孩睡着了。
A）I heard my brother ( singing , sung ) in the next room
B）I heard the song ( singing , sung ) in English .
现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别
四、作状语
现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成
1. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, we can see a beautiful factory.
(Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful.
2. (Hearing/heard) the bad news, they couldn’t help crying.
3. (Giving/Given) more time, we could do it better.
4.I stood by the door, not daring to say a word.
Hearing the bad news,
they couldn’t help crying.
When they
heard the
bad news
Given more attention,
the trees could have grown
better.
If they had
been given more
attention
不定式构成的时态语态
Being so angry,
he couldn’t go to sleep.
Because he was so angry
They came into the classroom,
singing and laughing.
and they were
singing laughing
To serve the people well,
I study hard.
In order
to serve the people
well
判断下列句子正误：
1. To learn English well, a lot
of practice must be done.
2. Seeing from the hill, the city
is more beautiful.
3. Heating , water will boil.
4. Getting there, the door was
found opened.
判断句子正误并改正：
1, Being ill, his classmate sent
him to hospital.
2. To get there in time, he told
me to get up early.
3, Broken by Jim, I can’t use
the cup.
将下列状语从句改为非谓语
短语作状语：
1. Because she was moved by
the hero, she decided to
study harder.
Moved by the hero,
2. When he found the door
locked, he went home.
Finding the door locked,
He started early in order that
he could get there on time.
to get there on time
将下列非谓语短语改写为状语从句
1. Not knowing her address,
I can’t write to her.
2. Entering the room,
I saw a strange sight.
3, Scolded by the teacher,
he was very sad.
4.Not knowing where to go,
he asked a policeman .
5. Hearing her friend was bad-
ly hurt, she burst into tears.
6. Knowing his team had
won, he became happy at once.
不定式时态、语态的用法
1. 不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生时，用一般时态
He wanted to see you
2. 强调不定式的动作正在进行时，用进行时态
When I came in ,he pretended to be reading a book
He is said to be writing a novel
3. 强调 不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生时，用不定式完成时
He is said to have written a novel . I’m so glad to have seen you .
The ground is so wet ,It must have rained last night
不定式被动语态的用法.
A, 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式的承受者时，用被动语态
She asked to be sent to work in Tibet (宾语)
The book is said to have been translated into English ( 或叫合
It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here (主 语)
句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，尽管不定式与被修饰词是被
动关系，也还要用主动语态
1, Give him some book to read \Do you have any clothes to wash
“Do you have any clothes to be washed ” asked the maid
2, S +be+easy \difficult \hard \pleasant \interesting \exciting \
comfortable +to do
This question is easy to answer The boy is difficult to teach
3, The house is to let \The manager is to blame .\The reason is
not far to seek .
4There be句型中，主动形式或被动形式均可但有时含意不同
There is nothing to do now (we have nothing to do now )现在没事干
There is nothing to be done now (we can do nothing now )现在没什
么办法
There is nothing to see (nothing is worth seeing )没有东西值得看
There is nothing to be seen 看不见有什么东西
分词时态、语态的用法
如果强调分词表示的动作 发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成形式。
Not having finished his homework ,Tom was made to stay at school .
Having closed all the windows ,I went home
Having been invited to the party ,Tom was very happy .
分词所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。分词与其逻辑主语的关
系时被动的，要用被动语态
1.Looking out of the window, I can see many cars and buses.
2.Seen from the top of Dragon Tower, Harbin looks more beautiful.
3.The teacher came in, _______many students.(follow)
4.The teacher came in, _______by many students.(follow)
following
followed
如果强调分词表示的动作正在进行时，要用分词的进行时态。
1. Being repaired, the building is forbidden to enter.
2. The house being built now is a Hope Project School.
3. Passing by the accident scene, I saw the man badly hurt being
carried onto an ambulance.
Task: complete the following sentences
1.“＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（你有衣服要洗吗） the maid asked.
2.________________(没有完成作业),Tom was forbidden to watch TV.
3.________________(正在刷油漆), the house was not allowed to enter.
4.________________(被邀请参加舞会), Mary felt excited.
5.The difficult maths problem ____________________(很难算出）.
6.She was angry for __________________(没有被邀请）to the ball.
7.The thief stole into the store_________________(没人看到）
8.The flat _________________(出租）
9.The man who was on duty that day _________________(应受谴责）
10.They were proud of ____________________(被派往西藏去工作）
11.When the teacher came in, Tom _________________(假装再看书）
12.Ni Ping is said ____________________(写了一本名叫“日子”的书）
13.Song Dandan is said _______________(在写一本叫“月子”的书）
14._________________(从窗户往外看), I can see many tall buildings.
15._________________(从山顶往下看), the city looks more beautiful.
16._________________(他有很多活要干）.Don’t bother him.
17._________________(他有很多活要干) and you can go ,too.
Do you have any clothes to be washed
Not having finished his homework,
Being painted
Not having been invited to the ball,
is difficult to work out
not having been invited
without being seen
is to let
is to blame
having been sent to work in Tibet
pretended to be reading
to have written a book called “The Days”
to be writing a book named “ The Months”
Looking out of the window,
Seen from top of the hill,
He has a lot of work to do
He has a lot of work to be done
分词的时态和语态
构成（以study和go为例）
及物与不及物动词 语态 时态 类别 及 物 动 词 不及物动词
主动语态 被动语态 主动语态
现在分词 一般式 studying being studied going
完成式 having studied having been studied having going
过去分词 一般式 studied gone
被动式： being done 表示一个现在进行的完成动作。
1.The building being repaired is our library.
2.The question being discussed is very important.
3. As we approached the village, we saw new houses being put up.
完成式：having done 所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。
Having turned off the radio, he began to go over his lessons.
2. Not having received his father’s letter, he decided to make a call to him.
独立主格结构
一般来说，分词或分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。但有时候，分词的动作不是由句子的主语发出来的，它有自己的逻辑主语。
独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
　　独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
Given more time, we could do it better.
Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.
1．独立主格结构的形式：
（1）名词 / 代词 + -ing分词及其短语
The moon appearing, they decided to go on with their journey.
The pupils are walking slowly, their teacher following.
（2）名词 / 代词 + -ed分词及其短语
Good-bye said, we went home.
All things considered, it is a good plan.
（3）名词 / 代词 + 形容词及其短语
The weather (being) hot, we all went swimming.
Dinner ready, the hostess asked her guests to be seated.
（4）名词 / 代词 + 不定式及其短语
The money to be paid by the driver, the police went away.
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.
（5）名词 / 代词 + 副词及其短语
The meeting (being) over, we left the room.
（6）名词 / 代词 + 介词及其短语
She stood there, book in hand.
Everybody at home, we sat down to dinner.
2．with + 复合宾语结构
这种结构也可以看成是一种独立主格结构。这种结构有较鲜明的特色。在这种结构中，with后的宾语相当于该结构中的逻辑主语，其后面的词相当于这个结构中的逻辑谓语。这个结构很像一个用来说明附带情况或细节的，可以起状语作用的句子。翻译时，with原有的含意往往不翻译出来。
（1）with + 名词 / 代词 + 名词
The brave man fought the tiger with a stick his only weapon.
He was carried into the hospital, with his face a mass of bleeding flesh.
（2）with + 名词 / 代词 + 介词
The teacher came into the classroom with a book in his hand.
He was asleep with his head on his arms.
Family dependants, when ill, enjoy free medical treatment, with medicines at half price.
（3）with + 名词 / 代词 + 副词
He went out with his hat on.
The square looks more beautiful than ever with her lights on.
4）with + 名词 / 代词 + 形容词
Don’t speak with your mouth full.
The once lowly serfs now walk with heads high.
5）with + 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词
With the old man leading, the two started toward the mountains.
With everyone surrounding us we can certainly succeed.
She felt very nervous with so many people looking at her.
（6）with + 名词 / 代词 + -en分词
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.
He died with his life’s work still unfinished.
With his matter settled, we left the room.
（7）with + 名词 / 代词 + 不定式
They are highly mechanized farms, with machinery to do most of the work.
This was a severe test, with innumerable difficulties to be overcome.
With five minutes to go before the last train left, we arrived here.
3.由There being +主语
这种结构多表示原因。例如：
There being a lot of books to read, he often studied till midnight.
因为有许多书要读，他经常学习到深夜。
不定式与动名词作主语的区别：
不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作： It’s no good eating too much fat.
It’s not good for you to eat so much fat.
关于逻辑主语的问题动名词复合结构的一般规则是：
1.逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。
Tom’s (His) coming is what we have expe
2. 逻辑主语是无生命的名词：Is there any hope of our team winning the match
She didn’t mind Jack/ Jack’s (him/ his) coming here.
1. ______to the meeting surprised all of the boards.
A. Mike coming B. Mike came
C. Mike comes D. Mike’s coming
2. It’s no use _______ that you didn’t know the rules.
A. you pretend B. you pretending
C. your pretending D. your pretend
Change the following into the simple sentences.
That Peter didn’t attend the meeting made it put off.
Thanks a lot!
不定式与动名词作主语的区别：
不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作： It’s no good eating too much fat.
It’s not good for you to eat so much fat.
关于逻辑主语的问题动名词复合结构的一般规则是：
1.逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。
Tom’s (His) coming is what we have expe
2. 逻辑主语是无生命的名词：Is there any hope of our team winning the match
She didn’t mind Jack/ Jack’s (him/ his) coming here.
1. ______to the meeting surprised all of the boards.
A. Mike coming B. Mike came
C. Mike comes D. Mike’s coming
2. It’s no use _______ that you didn’t know the rules.
A. you pretend B. you pretending
C. your pretending D. your pretend
Change the following into the simple sentences.
That Peter didn’t attend the meeting made it put off.
不定式、动名词用作主语
1。直接作主语
（1）眼见为实
（2）今天早晨做早操对身体 无益
（3）在这里吸烟很危险
1.To see is to believe
2.To do morning exercises today is not good for health.
3.To smoke here is dangerous
（1）眼见为实。
（2）天天做早操有益于健康。
（3）吸烟不是好习惯。
1.Seeing is believing.
2.Doing morning exercises every day is good for health
3.Smoking is not a good habit
不定式与动名词作主语的区别：
不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作
A: 如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，
可以在不定式前加一个由 for 引起的短语。
It is easy for the students to read.
It will be a mistake for us to help you.
B: 下列形容词作表语时，不定式前常加一个 of 引起的短语，这些形容词是：
(表评价性的，来说明逻辑主语的性质，特征，属性）
kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, stupid, foolish, wrong, right, careless, rude, polite,naughty etc.
It’s kind of you to think so much of us.
It’s unwise of him to leave home at once.
It ‘s wrong of him to speak bad behind others.
It’s wrong of the south to break away from the Union.
动名词作主语用it作形式主语，有自己特定的句型
（1）广说不做没用
（2）做无益的后悔没用
（3）吸烟太多无益
（4）学好英语是值得做的
4.It’s worthwhile learning English well.
2.用it作形式主语，常与no use,no good,useless, worthwhile连用
1.It’s no use talking too much without doing anything
2.It’s useless crying over the spilt milk
3.It’s no good smoking too much
1. It’s no use ______( sit ) here waiting.
2. There is no ______( say )what will happen next.
3. Is it any good ______( tell ) him the truth
4. It is great fun _____ (play) golf.
小结：动名词与不等式作主语时的区别
一、对称原则
二、特殊表达
三、固定句型
四、习惯用法
主语和表语对称
动名词表示经常性、反复发生的动作
不等式表示具体的、某一次的动作
It takes sb some time to do sth
It’s no use/no good /useless/worthwhile + doing …
It’s kind/wise/clever… of sb to do sth
It’s important/necessary/hard …for sb to do sth
to do 表示具体的动作，-ing form表示泛指的动作，通常
1. Her work is ______( look ) after the
children.
2. My aim is ______( go ) to TsingHua
University.
3. One of my bad habits is ______(bite )
nails（指甲）.
作表语
（3）做表语：主语+系动词+不定式
1). 其主语多为抽象名词(wish, need)
My wish is to be a scientist.
The main thing is to keep our room clean.
2).
be to do可构成将来时态,表 “准备/打算/计划/需要”;
She is to return next week.
It was about to leave when it started to rain.
2。不定式作主语用it作形式主语，有自己特定的句型
（1）你这么说真是太好了
（2）他说出这样的话太愚蠢了
（3）我们学好英语是必要的
（4）你们学好英语语法并不难
3.固定句型
1.It is very kind of you to say so.
2.It’s very foolish of him to say such things
3.It is necessary for us to learn English well
4.It’s not difficult for you to learn well English grammar
（1）李垒每天花两个半小时完成作业
（2）你昨晚用多长时间写完的作文？
1.It takes LiLei two and a half hours to complete his homework.
2.How long did it take you to finish writing your composition
不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。
She could do nothing but cry．
What do you like to do besides swim
I have no choice but to go．
(4)作定语
不定式作定语时， 通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常和它所修饰的词有动宾关系。如：
I have a lot of work to do. Here are some books for you to read.
She was the first person to think of the idea.
They made a plan to study English .
He expressed his wish to visit the Great Wall.
不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。
She could do nothing but cry．
What do you like to do besides swim
I have no choice but to go．
(4)作定语
不定式作定语时， 通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常和它所修饰的词有动宾关系。如：
I have a lot of work to do. Here are some books for you to read.
She was the first person to think of the idea.
They made a plan to study English .
He expressed his wish to visit the Great Wall.
1). 目的状语: 可放于句首,也可放于句末, 前面可加in order/so as/so…as to表强调.
He went to see the artist himself.
He stopped to have a look.
He ran so fast as to get to school in time
2). 结果状语:主要用在enough to/too…to…/only to结构中。
The question is too difficult to answer.
They worked hard enough to finish their work.
3). 原因状语: 主语+系动词+adj.+ to do
表感情的adj.有: happy, surprised, pleased, glad, sorry, anxious(忧虑), disappointed, careful, afraid, wrong.
I’m very sorry to see you.
He was afraid to leave him home
1. The man insisted________ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.
A. find B. to find
C. on finding D. in finding
2. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _______ the answers ready will be of great help.
A. To have had B. Having had
C. Have D. Having
3. I really can't understand ______ her like that.
A. you treat B. you to treat
C. why treat D. you treating
4. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk _______ the good opportunity.
A. to lose B. losing
C. to be lost D. being lost
动词不定式的时态和语态
动词不定式保留了动词的一些特征，具有时态和语态的变化，但是它的时态和语态只有以下几种，见下表。
语态时态 主 动 语 态 被 动 语 态
一般时 to make to be made
进行时 to be making
完成时 to have made to have been made
完成进行时 to have been making
When I got home, my son happened to be watching TV.
如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成式。
She is said to have read thirty novels this year.
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting so long．
After graduation, he asked to be sent to work in the
countryside.
This novel is said to have been translated into
French.
选出下面习题正确答案
1 -I’m hungry, and I want to eat the cake.
-What! it is not good_______
A. for eating B. to be eaten C. to eat D.at eating
2 It’s important_____ and helpful.
A. to kind B. be kind C. kind D.to be kind
3.It took Alice and me an hour ______out the problem.
A. to work B. working C.work D.for working.
4.I found it very important ______ English well.
A. learning B. learn C. to learn D.learned
5.It’s very nice _____you to ______me about it.
A. for; tell B. of; say C. to; speak D.of; tell
怎样区分动名词和现在分词
My job is teaching.
换位法
Her job is getting everything in order in the office
The play is exciting.
≠ Exciting is the play
The story he told us was very interesting
≠Interesting was the story he told us.
作表语
作定语
⑴动名词作定语表示性质或用途。
a washing machine
＝ a machine for washing
四.动名词的时态和语态
完成式：动名词完成式表示其动作在谓语动词表示的动
作之前发生。例如
I regret not having taken your advice.
He didin’t mention having met you before
2. 被动式：当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作对
象时，该动名词要求用被动形式。例如：
She didn’t mind being called a housewife
找出下列句子中的非谓语动词（含短语）
He stood there, tired from a whole day of work, thinking of a way to escape from the construction site.
2. The news conference, to be held in that hall, has already been crowded with reporters.
3. Having reached the very peak of the Everest, the climbers cheered against the fierce north wind.
4. He keeps buying expensive maps. He must have more
than 200 by now.
5. I heard the girl singing in the classroom.
6. The man talking with my father is Mr. Wang.
状语
定语
状语
宾语
(宾语)补语
定语
3）作表语:
S. + be + doing
My job is teaching you English.
His hobby is collecting stamps.
My greatest happiness is serving the people.
4）作定语:
S. + v. + doing + n.
Does he work in the reading-room
Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.
His grandfather has a bamboo walking stick.
主谓宾定状补2Thefamousdoctorgivebirth to a babyhelpedthepregnantwomanlast Friday.toThepregnantwomanto givebirth to a babywas helpedlast Friday.定状补主(4)某些动词或形容词后可接不定式时，它相应的同根名词也常用不定式做定语。
如：1.He made an attempt to learn English well.他试图学好英语。(attempt to do sth)
2.His ability to get on with people is his chief advantage.他能和人相处是他的主要优势。(be able to do sth)
3.I don't trust his promise to come for a visit.我不相信他来访的诺言。(promise to do sth)
动词不定式
To do that sort of thing is foolish。
I want to see you this evening
All you have to do is to finish it quickly.
We found a house to live in.
She came here to study English.
I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation.
主语
宾语
表语
定语
状语
宾补

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