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(共38张PPT)
Have you ever watched any TV programmes about environmental protection Can you share？
Unit 1
Grammar and usage
Ellipsis 省略
No smoking.
No Parking.
No photos.
No fishing.
Elliptical sentences
英语中,为了避免重复,常常省略句子中的一个或几个成分,这样的句子叫省略句。
运用省略手法，可以避免重复，使句子简练。常见的省略现象有以下几种：
一.在非正式场合，如果交谈双方都知道谈论的对象，语境清晰，常省略主语或主语+动词。
1.
1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略如：
(You) Open the door,please.请开一下门。
省略句的概念：
2) 其它省略主语多限于现成的说法 如：
a) (I) Thank you for your help. 谢谢你的帮助。
b) (It )Doesn’t matter.没关系。
2. 省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分
a) (There is) No smoking. 禁止抽烟。
b) (Is there)anything else 还有其他事吗
c) (You come)This way please.请这边走。
d) (Will you) Have a smoke 抽烟吗
e) (Are you) Ready
二 .在简短对话中，答句常保留主语和助动词，省略其后主要动词以及上句出现过的其他内容。例如：
—Did you go to the museum yesterday
—No, I didn’t (go to the museum yesterday)
三. 省略宾语
—Do you know Mr. Li 你认识李先生吗
— I don’t know (him) . 我不认识他。
四. 省略表语
—Are you thirty 你30岁了吗 　
Yes , I am (thirty). 是的，我是。
五. 同时省略几个成分
—Are you feeling better now 你觉得好些了吗
—(I am feeling ) Much better(now) 好多了。
(I wish) Good luck (to you) .祝你好运/祝你顺利。
六.在并列句结构中，常省略与前面相同的主语、谓语或其他成分。
(1) Peter entered the classroom and (Peter) sat at his desk.
(2) I like dancing but my brother (likes) singing.
(3) What I said made Jack happy but (what I said made)
Jane angry.
六 并列句中的省略
1. 省略主语

Mr. Smith picked up a coin in the road and (Mr. Smith) handed it to a policeman.

2. 省略谓语
Some called for the application of the modern technology, and others (called for) a change of lifestyle.

3. 省略部分谓语
I was born in winter in 1988 and Bob (was born in winter) in 1989.
Jack must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework.

4. 省略谓语及状语
七.从属连词when、where、if、than等后常用省略结构。例如：
(1) You should be careful when (you are) crossing the
road.
(2) You need to make improvements where (it is)
necessary.
(3) Please call me back if (it is) possible.
(4) I love English more than (I) ever (loved English).
一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：
1)由 when,while,as,before,after,till,until, once等引导的时间状语从句;
2)由whether,if,unless 等引导的条件状语从句;
3)由though , although ,even if,whatever等引导的让步状语从句;
4)由 as,than 等引导的比较状语从句;
5)由as,as if,as though 等引导的方式状语从句。
1. 状语从句的省略
七 复合句中的省略
上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则：当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时或者从句的主语是it，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be。
如：
a) Once (he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .
庞龙曾经是个工人，现在变成一位著名的歌手。
b) Work hard when (you are) young ,or you'll regret.
趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后悔的。
c) He looked everywhere as if (he was) in search of something .
他到处看似乎在找什么东西。
d) While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao , US President George W. Bush thanked China for it 's important role in the Six-Party Talks.
美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。
e) The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected .
这次展览比被预料的有趣的多。
f) Olympic gold medal list hurdler LiuXiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak.
奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。
g) If (it is) impossible, I will help you with your work.
2. 定语从句的省略
A. 在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词whom，which，that可省略。
The film star (whom/who/that)I like most is Bruce Lee.

B. 定语从句中的“主语(关系代词) + be”有时可以省略。
What's the language (that/which is) spoken in that country



注：关系代词引导非限制性定语从句，即使在从句中作宾语，也不可省略。“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句，关系代词不可省略。
This is the man, whom I spoke to yesterday.
I attended a lecture last week, from which I learnt a lot.
比较：
Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)
你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。
Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill.( whom不可以省)
汤姆病倒了，你昨天见到他了。
3. 宾语从句的省略
在say, know, think, believe, suppose, consider, find, decide等动词后面所接的一个宾语从句中，连词that可以省略；若后接多个宾语从句，只有第一个连词that可省略，其余的连词that不能省略。
There is no reason to suppose (that) she's lying.


Our Chinese teacher said (that) the text was very importan and that we should memomize it.
八.不定式作宾语或宾语补足语时，常省略to后面的内容。例如：
(1) You don’t have to do it if you don’t want to (do it).
(2) You’d better not take medicine unless your doctor
told you to (take medicine).
如果不定式后接be动词或动词的完成式，省略句中往往保留be或have。例如：
(1) I am busier now than I used to be (busy).
(2) —Has Mike finished his project
—He seems to have (finished his project).
八 不定式中的省略
1.保留不定式符号to的情况
A.不定式作某些动词的宾语时，常见动词如want ， like，love，care，hope，wish，expect，prefer，refuse, mean, agree, afford, forget，remember，try，manage等 。

I'm sorry I hurt your feelings. I didn't mean to.

You can watch it online if you want to.
B.不定式在句中作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时，常见动词如ask，advise，persuade, tell, wish, allow, permit, force等 。

At last they did as I told them to. (宾补)

He would not have married her if he had not been forced to. (主补)
2.不定式符号可省略的情况
A. 主语部分或修饰主语的定语部分有实义动词do的各种形式，作表语的不定式可省略to，也可保留to。

The most important thing I should do is (to) give you some advice on how to learn a foreign language.
B.不定式作介词but，except等的宾语，且前面有实义动词do的各种形式时，须省略不定式符号to 。
They did nothing but watch TV last night.

I don't want to do anything except help you.


He had no choice but to tell her the truth.
C.在see, look at, hear, listen to, watch, notice，observe，feel，have，make，let等词后作宾语补足语时，须省略不定式符号to 。
Yesterday I listened to Mary speak movingly about her love story once again.

注:以上动词若用于被动语态,则不定式符号to不可省略
Any child caught misbehaving was made to stand at the front of the class.

Find the words that can be left out.
I have done more than what is required.
You open the window and the door for me, please.
—Will you go to the cinema with me
—Well, I’d like to go with you.
I know you can do better than I can do.
You shouldn’t come to this party unless you were invited.
The man whom I saw is called David.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Although ________ (order) to stop, the driver kept on driving as fast as he could.
2．He succeeded in solving all the problems as ________ (expect).
3．The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not ________ (make) it more difficult.
4．He had a wonderful childhood when ________ (travel) with his mother to all corners of the world.
5．When ________ (offer) an important role in a new movie, Andy got a chance to become famous.
6．Though ________ (tire), they went on working in order to finish the task on time.
ordered
expected
to make
travelling
offered
tired
7．Some diseases are not at all dangerous if ________ (treat) in time.
8．________ (be) I a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
9．First degree burns turn white when ________ (press).
10．What I want to do is ________ (have) a good rest.
11．When ________ (offer) help, one should say “Thank you.” or “It's kind of you.”
12．It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine. If ________， we'd better take it to the garage immediately.
13．Video games can be a poor influence if ________ (leave) in the wrong hands.
14．Anyone, once ________ (test) positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.
15．The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police not ________．
treated
Were
pressed
have
offered
so
left
tested
to
Working out the rules
We sometimes use ellipisis to avoid (1)
(stressing/repeating) one or more words when the meaning
is clear.
We can use ellipsis:
in short responses;
in infinitives;
after some conjunctions like if, when and while;
in clauses with the same pattern and the same verb;
at the beginning of a sentence in (2)
(informal/formal) speech.
repeating
informal
1. I cannot watch the documentary this weekend, though I would like to.
2. Cows live on land, and fish in the water.
3. The Amazon rainforest is smaller now than 50 years ago.
4. He had planned to borrow a book on environmental protection, but he didn’t.
5. When taking photos of wildlife, we should make every effort to ensure that we keep away from the animals.
Applying the rules
Finish B1 on Page 7. Correct the mistakes and rewrite the sentences using ellipsis.
Applying the rules
Read the short passage in B2 on Page 7 and put brackets around the words that can be left out.
Applying the rules
Last weekend, I took part in a forest clean-up activity. It was organized by GreenHope, an organization devoted to protecting forests. At first I didn’t want to (take part in the forest clean-up activity), but then I thought, “What if nobody goes ” Our team leader, Joe, took us to a forest outside the city. I was sad to see litter everywhere. There was a “No littering (is allowed here)” sign at the entrance to the forest, but that didn’t stop people from throwing their rubbish on the ground. Joe divided us into two groups: one group cleaned up the north side of the forest, and the other (group) (cleaned up)
Applying the rules
the south side (of the forest). We worked for several hours and (we) were happy to see (that) the forest looked cleaner than (it had looked) before. It was absolutely worth our effort! There’ll be another clean-up activity in the green belt next Saturday. You can find Joe and sign up if (you’re) willing to help. Everyone who takes part in the activity will receive a medal. I’ll join you too if I have time.
P58
谢谢
Applying the rules
Continue Jack and Henry’s conversation on designing a brochure about protecting the environment by using ellipsis where possible.
Jack: Hi, Henry! Got any good ideas about the brochure
Henry: Yes. How about using some pictures and slogans
Jack: Sounds great! I can download some while surfing the Internet after school.
Henry: OK. E-mail me if you find any and let me take charge of the rest.
Jack: Got it! Let’s meet tomorrow afternoon to put it together.
Consolidation 3
用省略的方式改写下列句子
1.Whenever it is possible, he will come to my help.
________________________________________________.
2.Don’t go till I tell you to go.
________________________________________________.
3.John worked hard but his brother did not work hard.
________________________________________________.
4.When you are crossing the street, you should be careful.
________________________________________________.
4. When crossing the street,you should be careful.
1. Whenever possible, he will come to my help.
2. Don’t go till I tell you to.
3. John worked hard but his brother didn’t

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