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新人教版选择性必修第三册Unit 1-2知识清单
重 点 单 词 Unit 1 1.decline n. (数量、价格、质量等的)减少;下降;衰落　vi.&vt. 减少;下降;衰落;谢绝 2.guarantee vt. 保证;确保;肯定……必然发生　n. 保证;保修单;担保物 3.convey vt. 表达;传递(思想、感情等);传送 4.worthy adj. 值得……的,有价值的 5.rank n. 地位;级别;行列　vt.&vi. 把……分等级;使排成行 6.purchase vt. 购买;采购　n. 购买;购买的东西 7.fond adj. 喜爱 8.emerge vi.&vt. 出现;浮现;暴露 9.reputation n. 名誉;名声 10.bride n. 新娘 11.humble adj. 谦逊的;虚心的;卑微的 12.vase n. 花瓶;装饰瓶 13.entry n. 加入;进入;参与 14.civil adj. 国民的;民用的;民事的 15.symphony n. 交响乐;交响曲 16.subjective adj. 主观的 17.contemporary adj. 当代的;现代的;属同时期的　n. 同代人;同辈人 18.client 　　n. 委托人;当事人;客户 19.primitive adj. 发展水平低的;原始的;远古的　n. 文艺复兴前的艺术家(或作品) 20.dimension n. 维;规模;范围 21.noble n. 贵族成员;出身高贵的人　adj. 崇高的;宏伟的;高贵的 22.outer adj. 外表的;外边的;外围的 23.frame n. 画面;框架 vt. 给……镶框;陷害 24.sunrise n. 日出 25.permanent adj. 永久的;永恒的;长久的 Unit 2 1.skip vt. 跳过;不参加;悄悄溜走　vi. 蹦蹦跳跳地走;跳绳　n. 蹦跳→skipped/skipped/skipping (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 2.stimulate vt. 激发;促进;刺激 3.abuse n. 滥用;虐待;辱骂　vt. 滥用;虐待;辱骂 4.discipline n. 自制力;纪律;学科　vt. 自我控制;管教;处罚 5.pessimistic adj. 悲观的;悲观主义的 6.negative adj. 消极的;有害的;否定的 7.delete v. 删去;删除 8.monthly adv.&adj. 每月;每月一次的　n. 月刊 9.facilitate vt. 促进;促使;使便利 10.shave vi.,vt.&n. 剃(须发);刮脸 11.dizzy adj. 头晕目眩的 12.enhance 　vt. 提高;增强;增进 13.beard n. 胡须;络腮胡子 14.surgeon n. 外科医生 15.surgery n. 外科手术;外科学 16.dentist n. 牙科医生 17.skateboard n. 滑板 vi. 滑滑板 edy n. 喜剧;喜剧片;滑稽节目 19.psychology n. 心理学;心理;心理影响
词 汇 拓 展 Unit 1 1.representative adj. 典型的;有代表性的　n. 代表→represent vt.代表;象征;描绘 2.recognition n. 承认;认出;赞誉→recognise v. 识别;辨认出 3.expansion n. 扩张;扩展;扩大→expand v. 膨胀;扩大 4.precise adj. 准确的;精确的→precisely adv. 准确地;精确地;的确如此 5.influential adj. 有很大影响力的;有支配力的→influence n.&v. 影响 6.realistic adj. 现实的;逼真的→realism n. 逼真;现实主义;务实作风→realist n. 现实主义画家(或作家等);现实主义者→real adj. 真实的,实际的→really adv. 真正地;事实上地 7.visual adj. 视觉的;视力的→visually adv. 视觉上 8.exhibition n. 展览;(技能、感情或行为的)表演→exhibit v.展示;展览;表现　n. 展览品 9.investment n. 投资额;投资;(时间、精力的)投入→invest v. 投资→investor n. 投资人 10.memorial n. 纪念碑(或像等);纪念物;纪念品　adj. 纪念的;悼念的→memory n. 记忆;记忆力→memorize v. 记忆 11.criticise (NAmE　 ize) vi.& vt. 批评;指责;评价→criticism n. 批评;指责;评论 12.artistic adj. 艺术的;艺术家的→art n. 艺术→artist n. 艺术家 13.sculpture n. 雕像;雕刻品;雕刻术→sculptor n. 雕刻家;雕塑家 14.subsequent adj. 随后的;后来的;之后的→subsequently adv. 随后;后来;接着 Unit 2 1.reward n. 回报;奖励;报酬　vt. 奖励;奖赏;给以报酬→rewarding adj. 有益的;有意义的;报酬高的 2.rely vi. 依赖;依靠;信赖→reliable adj. 可靠的;可信赖的 3.absorb vt. 吸引全部注意力;吸收→absorbed adj. 专心致志的;全神贯注的 4.examine vt. (仔细)检查;审查;测验→examination n. 检查;测试 5.dominate vt.&vi. 支配;控制;占有优势→domination n. 支配;控制 6.dynamic adj. 充满活力的;精力充沛的;动态的→dynamically adv. 充满活力地;精力充沛地 7.physical adj. 身体的;客观存在的;物理学的→physically adv. 身体上→physicist n. 物理学家 8.consultant n. 顾问;高级顾问医师→consult v. 咨询;请教 9.disturb vt. 打扰;搅乱;使烦恼→disturbing adj. 引起烦恼的;令人不安的→disturbed adj. 烦恼的;不安的 pose vt.&vi. 组成;作曲;撰写→composer n. 作曲家→composition n. 作品;作曲;创作 11.repeatedly adv. 重复地→repeated adj. 重复的→repetition n. 重复→repeat v. 重复 12.liberation n. 解放;摆脱→liberate v. 解放;使自由 13.refresh vt. 使恢复精力;使凉爽;刷新→refreshing adj. 令人耳目一新的;使人精力充沛的;使人凉爽的→refreshed adj. 精神振作的 14.sugary adj. 含糖的;甜的→sugar n. 糖 15.specialist n. 专科医生;专家→special adj. 特殊的→specially adv. 特殊地
重 点 短 语 Unit 1 1．in particular尤其；特别 2．set apart from使与众不同；使突出；使优于…… 3．be fond of喜爱；喜欢 4．bring...to life赋予……生命；使……鲜活起来 5．be worthy of值得 Unit 2 1．in response to回答；答复 2．rely on依赖；依靠；信赖 3．straight away立即；马上 4．decide on决定；选定 5．make up one’s mind下定决心 6．be composed of由……组成(或构成)的 7．shave off剃掉；刮去 8．stressed out焦虑不安；疲惫不堪 9．worn out筋疲力尽的；疲惫的
重 点 句 型 1．As there have been so many different styles of Western art，it is impossible to describe them all in a short text. 因为西方艺术有那么多不同的类型，所以在一篇短文中全部进行描述是不可能的。 2．During the Middle Ages，the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity. 在中世纪，西方艺术的目的是把基督教教给人们。 3．While his paintings still had religious themes，they showed real people in a real environment. 虽然他的绘画作品仍有宗教主题，但是它们展示了真实环境中真实的人。 4．Finally，most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at. 最后，大多数客户想要既美丽又有趣的画。 5．Looking at the faces of the figures in these sculptures，one sees the faces of the past. 看着这些雕塑中人物的脸，人们能看到过去的面孔。 1．However，during this period，it can be easy for some of them to form bad habits. 然而，在这一时期，对他们中的一些人来说，很容易养成坏习惯。 2．To change bad habits is never easy，even with many attempts. 改变坏习惯绝不容易，即使经过多次尝试。 3．As the Chinese philosopher Lao Zi wrote，“A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.” 正如中国哲学家老子所写：“千里之行，始于足下。” 4．I got so absorbed that I played the games day and night. 我如此沉迷，以至于整日整夜地玩游戏。 5．I get refreshed through climbing，spend more time with my dad，and get to meet new friends. 通过攀岩，我重新焕发了活力，花更多的时间和爸爸在一起，并开始结识新朋友。
A
As there have been so many different styles of Western art，perhaps the best way 1.__________(understand) Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.During the Middle Ages，the purpose of Western art was 2.______(teach) people about Christianity.This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone.His paintings are set apart from other paintings by their 3._________(reality) human faces and deep emotional impact.Painters concentrated 4.______(little) on religious themes during the Renaissance.5._____important breakthrough was the use of perspective by Masaccio and another innovation was the use of oil paints.In subject matter，the emphasis 6._______(increase) shifted from religious themes to people and the world around us.Photography was invented in the mid 19th century，after 7.______ paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people and the world looked like.Hence，Impressionism 8.________(emerge) in France.The name of this new movement came from the painting by Claude Monet 9.______(call) Impression，Sunrise.After Impressionism，subsequent artists began to ask what they would do next.What they attempted to do was no longer show reality,10._____ instead to ask the question，“What is art？”
B
As teenagers grow up，they become more independent and start making their own decisions.However，during this period，it can be easy for some of them 1._____(form) bad habits.These bad habits，if 2.______(leave) unchecked，could lead to more serious ones when they become adults.3.________(change) bad habits is never easy，even with many attempts.The good news is that we can change our bad habits if we understand 4.______ habits work.To facilitate 5._____positive change in our bad habits，we must first examine our bad habit cycles and then try to adapt them.We can do this by 6.________(combine) the information from our habit cycles with our own positive ideas.We can also use the habit cycle 7.______ (create) good habits.Many of us try to change bad habits quickly，and if we are not successful straight away，we often become pessimistic and give up.In fact，the most successful way to change is not suddenly,8._____ over a period of time.To reach the goal of change，a person must 9.________(repeat) take many small steps.Young people have the power 10.________(build) a happy and healthy life full of good habits!
知识点
influential adj.有很大影响力的；有支配力的(influence n．& vt.影响)
have an influence on/upon对……有影响 under the influence of在……的影响下 under one’s influence在某人的影响下
(1)As a person of low rank，my words are not influential(influence)，so I would rather keep silent.
(2)在我物理老师的影响下，我对物理越来越感兴趣。换句话说，我的物理老师是我的榜样，他对我的影响极大。因此，他是我最尊敬的人。(2020·全国Ⅰ，书面表达)
Under my physics teacher’s influence，I have grown increasingly interested in physics.In other words，my physics teacher is my role model，who has a great influence on/upon me.So he is the person I respect most.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新高考I卷·语法填空）
The Silk Road has a profound influence on Western culture, and many plants ______ (influence) the development of European gardening.
（2025·浙江卷·书面表达改编）
在这位有影响力的科学家的影响下，我决定大学主修环境工程。（翻译）
【即时练习】
1.单句语法填空：Her ______ (influence) speech changed many people’s attitudes towards environmental protection.
2.完成句子：Parents’ behavior ______ (对孩子有极大影响) in their growth.
rank n．地位；级别；行列 vt.& vi.把……分等级；使排列成行
the first rank一流的 rank...as...把……评为……；把……分等级 rank high/first名列前茅/第一
(1)They rank him as a realistic painter，who has gained a good reputation.
(2)得知你在上周举行的英语演讲比赛中获得了一等奖，我写信表示衷心的祝贺。(应用文写作之祝贺信)
Learning that you ranked first in the English speech competition held last week，I am writing to express my sincere congratulations.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国甲卷·应用文改编）
得知你在全国中学生创新大赛中名列前茅，我深感自豪。（翻译）
（2024·北京卷·选择题）
The expert ______ this new technology as one of the most important inventions of the decade.
A. ranks B. regards C. considers D. treats
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：This university ______ (rank) first in the field of artificial intelligence in our country.
完成句子：他被评为年度最佳员工，因为他在工作中表现出色。（用rank...as...）
guarantee vt.保证；确保；肯定……必然发生 n．保证；保修单；担保物
guarantee sb.sth./guarantee sth.to sb.保证某人某事 guarantee to do sth./that...保证做某事；确保…… under guarantee在保修期内 give sb.a guarantee that...向某人担保/保证……
(1)The bride’s car is less than a year old，so it is still under guarantee.
(2)至于准备工作，提前阅读一些中文小说会确保让你融入汉语的环境中。
As for preparation，reading some Chinese novels in advance will guarantee to make you adapt to the Chinese language environment.
(3)我向你保证一旦你读了这份英文报Youth你会爱上它。(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ，应用文写作)
I give you a guarantee that you will be fond of it once you read the English newspaper Youth.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The manufacturer guarantees ______ (provide) free repair service for all products within three years.
（2023·新高考II卷·选择题）
This new policy ______ that all children in rural areas can receive equal educational opportunities. A. promises B. guarantees C. ensures D. assures
【即时练习】
1.单句语法填空：
This watch is still ______ guarantee, so you can get it repaired for free.
2.翻译：我向你保证，这个方法会有效解决你的问题。（用give sb. a guarantee that...）
worthy adj.值得……的；有价值的(worth adj.值得的，具有……价值的 n．价格，价值 worthwhile adj.重要的；有益的；值得做的)
be worthy of值得…… be worthy to be done＝be worthy of being done值得做某事 be well worth doing非常值得做 It is worthwhile doing/to do sth.做某事是值得的
由BBC制作的精良纪录片《杜甫：中国最伟大的诗人》值得观看。(2020·江苏，书面表达)
(1)The well-made documentary，Du Fu：China’s Greatest Poet，produced by BBC，is worthy of being seen.(be worthy of)
(2)The well-made documentary，Du Fu：China’s Greatest Poet，produced by BBC，is worth seeing.(worth)
(3)It is worthwhile seeing/to see the well-made documentary，Du Fu：China’s Greatest Poet，produced by BBC.(worthwhile)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
The documentary about space exploration is ______ watching, and it is also ______ of our deep thought.
worth; worthy B. worthy; worth C. worthwhile; worthy D. worth; worthwhile
（2024·浙江卷·翻译）
这部关于中国传统文化的电影非常值得一看，它让更多人了解了剪纸艺术。
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：It is worthwhile ______ (spend) time protecting the endangered animals.
2.改写句子：The old temple is worthy of being visited.（用worth和worthwhile分别改写）
in particular尤其；特别(particular adj.特定的；特别的；挑剔的 particularly adv.特别；尤其)
be particular about/over对……很讲究/挑剔
(1)父母和教练尤其要给孩子们树立更好的榜样。
Parents and coaches particularly/in particular should act as better examples for children.
(2)只有讲究饮食，我们才能保持身体健康。
①We can keep physically healthy only when we are particular about/over food.
②Only when we are particular about/over food can we keep physically healthy.(运用倒装句)
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国甲卷·语法填空）
We should pay attention to details in daily life, and ______ particular, we must be careful when dealing with important documents.
（2024·新高考I卷·七选五改编）
When choosing a gift for your parents, you should consider their hobbies — ______ (particular) if they are particular about the style of the gift.
【即时练习】
1.单句语法填空：She is very particular ______ the quality of the food she eats.
2.完成句子：我喜欢各种运动，尤其喜欢游泳。（用in particular和particularly分别表达）
bring...to life赋予……生命；使……鲜活起来
lead/live a...life过……的生活 all one’s life终生；一辈子 come to life苏醒过来；变得活跃(come alive)
用life短语的适当形式填空
(1)When the sculptor finally came to life，we sighed in relief.
(2)He decided to lead/live a more settled life with his partner.
(3)It was that teacher’s humor that brought the class to life.
(4)Although the representative is very wealthy，he won’t waste anything all his life.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国乙卷·读后续写改编）
The old storyteller’s vivid description ______ the ancient legend to life, and the children listened with wide eyes.
（2025·北京卷·书面表达）
我的祖父一生都过着简朴的生活，他的精神一直影响着我。（翻译）
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：The quiet classroom suddenly came ______ life when the teacher started talking about interesting experiments.
完成句子：这位画家的作品赋予了传统图案新的生命。（用bring...to life）
While his paintings still had religious themes，they showed real people in a real environment.虽然他的绘画作品仍有宗教主题，但是它们展示了真实环境中真实的人。
本句中的while引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然，尽管”。 while的其他用法： 作从属连词还可引导时间状语从句，意为“在……期间，当……时”。 作并列连词，表示“然而，而”。 作名词，表示“一会儿，一段时间”。
(1)正如古老谚语所说：“趁热打铁。”
As the old saying goes，“Strike while the iron is hot.”
(2)尽管我们不能预测未来会发生什么，但我们可以用决心和爱指引自己。(读后续写之升华句)
While we can’t predict what will happen in the future，we can guide ourselves with determination and love.
(3)参观这次展览的时候，我们不仅可以欣赏民间艺术品，而且可以学到很多东西。
①While we are visiting this exhibition，we will not only enjoy the folk art works but also learn a lot.
②While visiting this exhibition，we will not only enjoy the folk art works but also learn a lot.(状语从句的省略)
(4)很快孩子们就忙着爆爆米花，而他们的妈妈则出去买纸袋了。(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，读后续写)
Very soon the children were busy popping the corn，while their mother went out to buy the paper bags.
用法点拨　①while表示“虽然”时，不和连词but连用。②while还引导省略结构，后直接跟现在分词、名词、形容词或介词短语。
【高考真题链接】
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
______ the task is challenging, we are confident that we can finish it on time with teamwork.
Because B. While C. Since D. As
（2023·新高考II卷·语法填空）
______ (walk) along the street, I met an old friend who I hadn’t seen for years.
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：She likes reading quietly at home, ______ her brother prefers playing outdoor sports.
改写句子：While he is young, he has a lot of working experience.（用省略结构）
　 Finally，most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at.
最后，大多数客户想要看上去既美丽又有趣的画。
本句中含有句型“主语＋be＋adj.＋不定式”。 特点：不定式用主动形式表示被动意义 使用条件：使用此结构须具备两个前提条件：①不定式和句子的主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系；②常用形容词有：difficult，hard，easy，comfortable，pleasant，interesting，exciting等。
(1)即使这个问题很难解决，我也没有放弃，因为我坚信“有志者，事竟成”。
Even though the problem was difficult to solve，I didn’t give it up because I firmly believed that “Where there is a will，there is a way”．
(2)我不仅容易相处而且我也乐意帮助处在困境中的人。(应用文写作之个人优势)
①I am not only easy to get along/on with but also willing to help others in trouble.
②Not only am I easy to get along/on with but also I am willing to help others in trouble.(用倒装句改写)
用法点拨　在该结构中，若不定式为不及物动词，其后应加上相应的介词。
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新高考I卷·语法填空）
The newly-published book is very interesting ______ (read), and it sells well in the market.
（2023·浙江卷·选择题） This old song is ______ to understand, even for the young generation.
A. easy B. easily C. hard D. hardly
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：The small town is comfortable ______ (live) in, so many people choose to settle here.
翻译：这个问题对学生来说很难解决。（用主语+be+adj.+不定式）
9. reward n．回报；奖励；报酬 vt.奖励；奖赏；给以报酬(rewarding adj.有益的；有意义的)
give/offer a reward to sb.for(doing)sth.为(做)某事而给某人报酬 in reward (for)作为(对……的)回报、奖赏 reward sb.with sth.for (doing) sth.为(做)某事用某物奖赏/酬谢某人
(1)I benefited a lot from the rewarding(reward)speech delivered by a specialist in psychology.
(2)I will reward you with an electric bike for helping me get rid of tobacco abuse.
(3)我非常高兴向你介绍这个既有意义又重要的成人礼(coming-of-age ceremony)。成人礼过后，我们学生意识到我们必须更加努力学习，以回报老师和父母的耐心教导。(2020·天津，书面表达)
I am more than delighted to introduce the rewarding and important coming-of-age ceremony to you.After that，we students have realized that we must study harder in reward for our teachers’ and parents’ patient guidance.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国甲卷·语法填空）
The school rewarded the students ______ certificates for their excellent performance in the English competition.
（2024·天津卷·翻译）
帮助他人的经历是非常有益的，它会给你带来精神上的回报。
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：The company gave a large reward ______ the employee who put forward the valuable suggestion.
完成句子：他因勇敢救人而被政府授予奖章。（用reward sb. with sth.）
pose vt.& vi.组成；作曲；撰写(composer n．作曲家 composition n．组成；构成；创作；作品)
be composed of/be made up of/be comprised of/consist of由……组成
(1)This man deserves his fame as one of the most popular composers(composer)in Western musical history.
(2)我强烈建议我们的英语电影欣赏课程由欣赏电影、讨论精彩台词和给电影配音组成。(应用文写作之建议信)
①I strongly suggest that our English film appreciation course (should) be composed of enjoying the film，talking about wonderful movie lines and dubbing.(compose)
②I strongly suggest that our English film appreciation course (should) be made up of enjoying the film，talking about wonderful movie lines and dubbing.(make up)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
The team, ______ (compose) of five experts from different countries, will start the research next month.
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
The band’s latest album ______ of 12 songs, most of which were composed by the lead singer.
makes up B. is made up C. consists D. composes
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：Mozart is one of the greatest ______ (compose) in the history of Western music.
翻译：这篇文章由三个部分组成，分别讨论了环境问题的原因、影响和解决办法。
11. absorb vt.吸引全部注意力；使专心/全神贯注；吸收(absorbed adj.专心致志的；全神贯注的)
absorb oneself in＝be absorbed in全神贯注于…… absorb...from...从……中吸收……
(1)As we all know，plants can absorb nutrients from the soil around them.
(2)我的班主任全神贯注于他的教学，因此他经常忘了吃饭睡觉。
①My headteacher absorbs himself in/is absorbed in his teaching，so he frequently forgets about eating or sleeping.
②Absorbed in his teaching，my headteacher frequently forgets about eating or sleeping.(用形容词短语作状语改写)
③Absorbing himself in teaching，my headteacher frequently forgets about eating or sleeping.(用现在分词短语作状语改写)
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
______ (absorb) in reading the novel, she didn’t notice that it was getting dark outside.
（2024·新高考II卷·选择题）
Plants can absorb water and nutrients ______ the soil to support their growth.
from B. in C. on D. through
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：He absorbed ______ (he) in his work so much that he forgot to have lunch.
改写句子：The students were absorbed in the experiment, so they didn’t hear the bell.（用现在分词短语作状语）
12.rely on/upon依赖；依靠；信赖(reliable adj.可信赖的；可依赖的；可靠的)
rely/depend/count on/upon sb./sth.指望/依靠某人/某事 rely on/upon sb.to do sth.指望/相信某人会做某事 rely on/upon it that...相信……；指望……
(1)You can rely on the responsible consultant to help(help) you out，because he is a reliable(rely) person.
(2)我最尊敬我叔叔，因为每当我处于困境中时，我都可以指望他给我一些实用的建议。(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，应用文写作)
①I respect my uncle most because I can rely on/upon him to offer me some practical suggestions whenever I am in trouble.(rely on/upon sb.to do)
②I respect my uncle most because I can rely on/upon it that he can offer me some practical suggestions whenever I am in trouble.(rely on/upon it that...)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国乙卷·语法填空）
You can rely on it ______ he will keep his promise and help you when you are in trouble.
（2024·浙江卷·选择题） My best friend is very ______, and I can always rely on her ______ me out of difficulties.
A. reliable; to help B. reliance; helping C. reliable; helping D. relying; to help
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：We should not rely too much ______ others; we need to learn to solve problems by ourselves.
翻译：你可以相信，这个可靠的方法会帮助你提高英语成绩。（用rely on it that...）
13. make up one’s mind下定决心
change one’s mind改变主意 bear/keep...in mind(bear/keep in mind that...)将……记在心中 come into one’s mind进入某人的脑海 mind one’s own business别管闲事 fix one’s mind on/upon...全神贯注于
(1)首先，记住你最好按时或者比约定的时间早一些。
First of all，bear/keep in mind that you had better arrive punctually or some time earlier than the appointed time.
(2)一旦他下定决心，什么都不能改变他的主意。他将全神贯注于他正在做的事情直到实现目标。
Once he has made up his mind，nothing can change his mind.He will fix his mind on/upon what he is doing until he achieves his goal.
(3)突然，一个可怕的念头出现在我的脑海里。
Suddenly，a terrible thought came into my mind.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新高考I卷·书面表达改编）
我已经下定决心参加英语演讲比赛，无论遇到什么困难都不会改变主意。（翻译）
（2024·全国甲卷·语法填空）
Bear ______ mind that you should arrive at the airport at least two hours before the flight.
【即时练习】
1.单句语法填空：A sudden idea came ______ my mind when I was talking with my classmates.
2. 完成句子：他一旦下定决心，就没有人能让他改变主意。
14. stressed out疲惫不堪；焦虑不安(stressed adj.焦虑不安的 stress n．压力 vt.强调 stressful adj.压力重的；紧张的)
under stress在压力之下 lay/place/put stress on/upon...强调……
(1)When we are depressed or stressed out，home is always a shelter for us to have a rest.
(2)每次我有压力时，我都会毫不犹豫地向我的父母求助。
Every time I am under stress，I will turn to my parents for help without hesitation.
(3)正如多次强调的那样，学好英语对你们将来的职业发展非常重要。
①It has been stressed several times that learning English well is of great importance to your career development in the future.(it作形式主语)
②As has been stressed several times，learning English well is of great importance to your career development in the future.(as引导非限制性定语从句)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·北京卷·语法填空）
Many students feel stressed ______ before exams, so it’s important to learn stress-relief methods.
（2024·新高考II卷·七选五）
The teacher laid great stress ______ the importance of listening in English learning, as it helps improve comprehension.
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：Working in a busy hospital is very ______ (stress), but the nurses still stick to their posts.
翻译：老师经常强调，保持良好的心态有助于我们应对学习压力。
15. get+过去分词　
I get refreshed through climbing，spend more time with my dad，and get to meet new friends.
通过攀岩，我重新焕发了活力，花更多的时间和爸爸在一起，并开始结识新朋友。
本句中的get refreshed是get done结构，表示被动或变化。 常见的get done结构： get broken破了　　　get punished受到惩罚 get hurt受到伤害 get admitted被录取 get married结婚 get annoyed生气 get excited激动 get separated被分开
(1)简一意识到自己在树林里迷了路，就吓得哭了起来。(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)
The moment Jane realized that she got lost in the forest，she was panicked into crying.
(2)他生气了，双手颤抖。(读后续写之愤怒心理描写)
He got annoyed，his hands trembling.
(3)得知你被北京大学录取，我写信祝贺你。(应用文写作之祝贺信)
①Learning that you got admitted to Peking University，I am writing to congratulate you.(现在分词短语作状语)
②I am writing to congratulate you on your/you getting admitted to Peking University.(动名词的复合结构)
用法点拨　和“be＋过去分词”一样，“get＋过去分词”也能用于被动结构和系表结构。用于被动结构时，它强调动作的发生；用于系表结构时，它强调状态的变化。
【高考真题链接】
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
The girl got ______ (injure) in the traffic accident, but luckily she was sent to the hospital in time.
（2024·全国乙卷·翻译）
得知你被清华大学录取的消息，我由衷地为你感到高兴。（用get admitted）
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：My phone got ______ (break) when I dropped it on the ground.
完成句子：他们在相识五年后结婚了，现在过着幸福的生活。（用get married）
语法点
Grammar　不定式作表语
【观察例句】
1．Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.
2．During the Middle Ages，the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity.
3．In this work，Monet's aim was to convey the light and movement in the scene.
4．What they attempted to do was no longer show reality，but instead to ask the question，“What is art？”
【归纳用法】
一、不定式作表语的用法
1．表目的
The purpose of education is to develop a fine personality in children.
教育的目的是发展儿童完美的品格。
2．表示事态发展的结果、预期的结果、不幸的命运或语言。
You must speak out，if we are to remain friends.
如果我们还想继续做朋友的话，你就必须痛痛快快地把话都说出来。
3．用于第一人称问句，表示征求意见。
What am I to say if they ask me the question
要是他们问我这个问题，我该怎么回答呢？
4．表示“同意、安排、命令、决定、劝告、意愿、禁止”等。
They are to marry next week.
他们将在下周结婚。(安排)
[即学即练1]　单句语法填空
①His ambition is (become) a famous novelist.
②Our most important task now is (make) a plan.
③The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was (provide) large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新高考I卷·语法填空）
The purpose of the community activity is ______ (strengthen) the connection between neighbors and create a harmonious living environment.
（2023·全国甲卷·书面表达改编）
技术发展的意义在于帮助人们更好地掌控时间，而非成为时间的仆人。（翻译，用不定式作表语）
（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
What the coach emphasizes most is ______ hard in training, not just winning the game.
A. work B. to work C. working D. worked
【即时强化练习】
1.单句语法填空：① Her dream is ______ (admit) to Peking University to study medicine.
2.单句语法填空：② What we should do first is ______ (clarify) the problem before finding solutions.
3.改写句子：③ His job is to design software for companies.（用现在分词改写，保持语义不变)
二、不定式和现在分词作表语的区别
1．动词不定式作表语，通常表示具体的或将来的动作。
Our first assignment was to read two short stories.
我们的首要任务是读两篇短篇故事。
2．现在分词作表语，表示抽象的一般行为。
My work is teaching Chinese.
我的工作是教语文。
三、不定式作表语to的省略
1．当主语thing这个词被动词不定式修饰时，作表语的不定式符号“to”可以省略。
The thing for us to do is accept the challenge.
我们要做的事情就是要接受挑战。
2．当主语是带有动词“do”的由“what”引导的主语从句时，其表语的动词不定式符号“to”可以省略。
What they want to do is have a good sleep.
他们想要做的就是好好睡一觉。
3．当句子主语被动词“do”作谓语的定语从句修饰的anything，all，all that，the only thing，the only way，或者thing前面有序数词first，second，last等修饰时，其表语动词不定式的符号“to”可以省略。
The only thing you have to do is press the button.
你要做的唯一的事情就是按一下按钮。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．My work is (clean) the room every day.
2．To do two things at a time is (do) neither.
3．The next step is (make) sure that you know exactly what is required.
4．You must be patient and persistent if you are (succeed)．
5．What am I (do) if I have no money
Grammar　不定式作主语
【观察例句】
1．To say is one thing and to do is another.
2．It's rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer.
3．It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort.
4．It seemed a pity to have wasted so much time.
【归纳用法】
1．把不定式置于句首。如：
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
骑自行车到那儿将花费我们半个小时。
To make a plan first is a good idea.
首先制定好计划是个好主意。
2．用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：
(1)It＋be＋名词＋to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old.
照顾好老人是我们的责任。
(2)It takes sb.＋some time＋to do
How long did it take you to finish the work
你花了多少时间来完成这项工作？
(3)It＋be＋形容词＋for sb.＋to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.
我们难以在15分钟内完成这篇作文。
(4)It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
省钱似乎不可能。
(5)It ＋ 不定式结构可位于believe/consider/discover/expect/
find/think和wonder之后
He thought it would be safer to go by train.
他认为乘火车比较安全。
(6)不定式的完成式也可作句子的主语
To have made the same mistake twice was unforgivable.
犯同样的错误两次是不可原谅的。
It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.
爱过之后失去了爱，比从未爱过要好。
[即学即练1]　单句语法填空
① (make) up for lost time is not possible.
②It is good for your study (discuss) with your classmates.
3．不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited here.
这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.
你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验；不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.
爬山很有趣。(经验)
To finish the task will take a long time.
要完成这项任务将要花费很长时间。(具体)
[即学即练2]　单句语法填空
① (watch) news on TV has become a routine for me.
②It took me only five minutes (finish) the job.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1． (lean) out of the window is dangerous.
2． (save) money now seems impossible.
3．It is an offence (drop) litter in the street.
4．It is stupid of you (write) down everything (that) the teacher says.
5． (drive) a car during the rush hour is tiring.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国乙卷·语法填空）
It is necessary for students ______ (master) basic life skills such as cooking and doing laundry.
（2025·新高考II卷·选择题）
______ the disabled with respect and help is what every citizen should do. A. Treat B. To treat C. Treating D. Treated
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
We think it meaningful ______ (participate) in volunteer activities during summer vacation.
【即时强化练习】
1.单句语法填空：① It ______ (take) me three days to prepare for the English speech contest last week.
2.单句语法填空：② ______ (have) made the same mistake twice shows a lack of carefulness.
3.改写句子：③ It is stupid of him to refuse such a good offer.（转换为“sb. be + 形容词”结构）
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)/ 让教学更有效 高效备考 | 英语学科
新人教版选择性必修第三册Unit 1-2知识清单
重 点 单 词 Unit 1 1.decline n. (数量、价格、质量等的)减少;下降;衰落　vi.&vt. 减少;下降;衰落;谢绝 2.guarantee vt. 保证;确保;肯定……必然发生　n. 保证;保修单;担保物 3.convey vt. 表达;传递(思想、感情等);传送 4.worthy adj. 值得……的,有价值的 5.rank n. 地位;级别;行列　vt.&vi. 把……分等级;使排成行 6.purchase vt. 购买;采购　n. 购买;购买的东西 7.fond adj. 喜爱 8.emerge vi.&vt. 出现;浮现;暴露 9.reputation n. 名誉;名声 10.bride n. 新娘 11.humble adj. 谦逊的;虚心的;卑微的 12.vase n. 花瓶;装饰瓶 13.entry n. 加入;进入;参与 14.civil adj. 国民的;民用的;民事的 15.symphony n. 交响乐;交响曲 16.subjective adj. 主观的 17.contemporary adj. 当代的;现代的;属同时期的　n. 同代人;同辈人 18.client 　　n. 委托人;当事人;客户 19.primitive adj. 发展水平低的;原始的;远古的　n. 文艺复兴前的艺术家(或作品) 20.dimension n. 维;规模;范围 21.noble n. 贵族成员;出身高贵的人　adj. 崇高的;宏伟的;高贵的 22.outer adj. 外表的;外边的;外围的 23.frame n. 画面;框架 vt. 给……镶框;陷害 24.sunrise n. 日出 25.permanent adj. 永久的;永恒的;长久的 Unit 2 1.skip vt. 跳过;不参加;悄悄溜走　vi. 蹦蹦跳跳地走;跳绳　n. 蹦跳→skipped/skipped/skipping (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 2.stimulate vt. 激发;促进;刺激 3.abuse n. 滥用;虐待;辱骂　vt. 滥用;虐待;辱骂 4.discipline n. 自制力;纪律;学科　vt. 自我控制;管教;处罚 5.pessimistic adj. 悲观的;悲观主义的 6.negative adj. 消极的;有害的;否定的 7.delete v. 删去;删除 8.monthly adv.&adj. 每月;每月一次的　n. 月刊 9.facilitate vt. 促进;促使;使便利 10.shave vi.,vt.&n. 剃(须发);刮脸 11.dizzy adj. 头晕目眩的 12.enhance 　vt. 提高;增强;增进 13.beard n. 胡须;络腮胡子 14.surgeon n. 外科医生 15.surgery n. 外科手术;外科学 16.dentist n. 牙科医生 17.skateboard n. 滑板 vi. 滑滑板 edy n. 喜剧;喜剧片;滑稽节目 19.psychology n. 心理学;心理;心理影响
词 汇 拓 展 Unit 1 1.representative adj. 典型的;有代表性的　n. 代表→represent vt.代表;象征;描绘 2.recognition n. 承认;认出;赞誉→recognise v. 识别;辨认出 3.expansion n. 扩张;扩展;扩大→expand v. 膨胀;扩大 4.precise adj. 准确的;精确的→precisely adv. 准确地;精确地;的确如此 5.influential adj. 有很大影响力的;有支配力的→influence n.&v. 影响 6.realistic adj. 现实的;逼真的→realism n. 逼真;现实主义;务实作风→realist n. 现实主义画家(或作家等);现实主义者→real adj. 真实的,实际的→really adv. 真正地;事实上地 7.visual adj. 视觉的;视力的→visually adv. 视觉上 8.exhibition n. 展览;(技能、感情或行为的)表演→exhibit v.展示;展览;表现　n. 展览品 9.investment n. 投资额;投资;(时间、精力的)投入→invest v. 投资→investor n. 投资人 10.memorial n. 纪念碑(或像等);纪念物;纪念品　adj. 纪念的;悼念的→memory n. 记忆;记忆力→memorize v. 记忆 11.criticise (NAmE　 ize) vi.& vt. 批评;指责;评价→criticism n. 批评;指责;评论 12.artistic adj. 艺术的;艺术家的→art n. 艺术→artist n. 艺术家 13.sculpture n. 雕像;雕刻品;雕刻术→sculptor n. 雕刻家;雕塑家 14.subsequent adj. 随后的;后来的;之后的→subsequently adv. 随后;后来;接着 Unit 2 1.reward n. 回报;奖励;报酬　vt. 奖励;奖赏;给以报酬→rewarding adj. 有益的;有意义的;报酬高的 2.rely vi. 依赖;依靠;信赖→reliable adj. 可靠的;可信赖的 3.absorb vt. 吸引全部注意力;吸收→absorbed adj. 专心致志的;全神贯注的 4.examine vt. (仔细)检查;审查;测验→examination n. 检查;测试 5.dominate vt.&vi. 支配;控制;占有优势→domination n. 支配;控制 6.dynamic adj. 充满活力的;精力充沛的;动态的→dynamically adv. 充满活力地;精力充沛地 7.physical adj. 身体的;客观存在的;物理学的→physically adv. 身体上→physicist n. 物理学家 8.consultant n. 顾问;高级顾问医师→consult v. 咨询;请教 9.disturb vt. 打扰;搅乱;使烦恼→disturbing adj. 引起烦恼的;令人不安的→disturbed adj. 烦恼的;不安的 pose vt.&vi. 组成;作曲;撰写→composer n. 作曲家→composition n. 作品;作曲;创作 11.repeatedly adv. 重复地→repeated adj. 重复的→repetition n. 重复→repeat v. 重复 12.liberation n. 解放;摆脱→liberate v. 解放;使自由 13.refresh vt. 使恢复精力;使凉爽;刷新→refreshing adj. 令人耳目一新的;使人精力充沛的;使人凉爽的→refreshed adj. 精神振作的 14.sugary adj. 含糖的;甜的→sugar n. 糖 15.specialist n. 专科医生;专家→special adj. 特殊的→specially adv. 特殊地
重 点 短 语 Unit 1 1．in particular尤其；特别 2．set apart from使与众不同；使突出；使优于…… 3．be fond of喜爱；喜欢 4．bring...to life赋予……生命；使……鲜活起来 5．be worthy of值得 Unit 2 1．in response to回答；答复 2．rely on依赖；依靠；信赖 3．straight away立即；马上 4．decide on决定；选定 5．make up one’s mind下定决心 6．be composed of由……组成(或构成)的 7．shave off剃掉；刮去 8．stressed out焦虑不安；疲惫不堪 9．worn out筋疲力尽的；疲惫的
重 点 句 型 1．As there have been so many different styles of Western art，it is impossible to describe them all in a short text. 因为西方艺术有那么多不同的类型，所以在一篇短文中全部进行描述是不可能的。 2．During the Middle Ages，the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity. 在中世纪，西方艺术的目的是把基督教教给人们。 3．While his paintings still had religious themes，they showed real people in a real environment. 虽然他的绘画作品仍有宗教主题，但是它们展示了真实环境中真实的人。 4．Finally，most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at. 最后，大多数客户想要既美丽又有趣的画。 5．Looking at the faces of the figures in these sculptures，one sees the faces of the past. 看着这些雕塑中人物的脸，人们能看到过去的面孔。 1．However，during this period，it can be easy for some of them to form bad habits. 然而，在这一时期，对他们中的一些人来说，很容易养成坏习惯。 2．To change bad habits is never easy，even with many attempts. 改变坏习惯绝不容易，即使经过多次尝试。 3．As the Chinese philosopher Lao Zi wrote，“A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.” 正如中国哲学家老子所写：“千里之行，始于足下。” 4．I got so absorbed that I played the games day and night. 我如此沉迷，以至于整日整夜地玩游戏。 5．I get refreshed through climbing，spend more time with my dad，and get to meet new friends. 通过攀岩，我重新焕发了活力，花更多的时间和爸爸在一起，并开始结识新朋友。
A
As there have been so many different styles of Western art，perhaps the best way 1.__________(understand) Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.During the Middle Ages，the purpose of Western art was 2.______(teach) people about Christianity.This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone.His paintings are set apart from other paintings by their 3._________(reality) human faces and deep emotional impact.Painters concentrated 4.______(little) on religious themes during the Renaissance.5._____important breakthrough was the use of perspective by Masaccio and another innovation was the use of oil paints.In subject matter，the emphasis 6._______(increase) shifted from religious themes to people and the world around us.Photography was invented in the mid 19th century，after 7.______ paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people and the world looked like.Hence，Impressionism 8.________(emerge) in France.The name of this new movement came from the painting by Claude Monet 9.______(call) Impression，Sunrise.After Impressionism，subsequent artists began to ask what they would do next.What they attempted to do was no longer show reality,10._____ instead to ask the question，“What is art？”
答案：1.to understand 2. to teach 3. realistic 4.less 5.An 6. increasingly 7. which 8.emerged 9. called 10. but
B
As teenagers grow up，they become more independent and start making their own decisions.However，during this period，it can be easy for some of them 1._____(form) bad habits.These bad habits，if 2.______(leave) unchecked，could lead to more serious ones when they become adults.3.________(change) bad habits is never easy，even with many attempts.The good news is that we can change our bad habits if we understand 4.______ habits work.To facilitate 5._____positive change in our bad habits，we must first examine our bad habit cycles and then try to adapt them.We can do this by 6.________(combine) the information from our habit cycles with our own positive ideas.We can also use the habit cycle 7.______ (create) good habits.Many of us try to change bad habits quickly，and if we are not successful straight away，we often become pessimistic and give up.In fact，the most successful way to change is not suddenly,8._____ over a period of time.To reach the goal of change，a person must 9.________(repeat) take many small steps.Young people have the power 10.________(build) a happy and healthy life full of good habits!
答案：1.to form 2.left 3. To change 4. how 5. a 6.combining 7.to create 8. but 9. repeatedly 10. to build
知识点
influential adj.有很大影响力的；有支配力的(influence n．& vt.影响)
have an influence on/upon对……有影响 under the influence of在……的影响下 under one’s influence在某人的影响下
(1)As a person of low rank，my words are not influential(influence)，so I would rather keep silent.
(2)在我物理老师的影响下，我对物理越来越感兴趣。换句话说，我的物理老师是我的榜样，他对我的影响极大。因此，他是我最尊敬的人。(2020·全国Ⅰ，书面表达)
Under my physics teacher’s influence，I have grown increasingly interested in physics.In other words，my physics teacher is my role model，who has a great influence on/upon me.So he is the person I respect most.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新高考I卷·语法填空）
The Silk Road has a profound influence on Western culture, and many plants ______ (influence) the development of European gardening.
答案：have influenced
解析：前半句用现在完成时体现“持续影响”，后半句主语plants与influence为主动关系，结合语境用现在完成时强调对现在的结果。
（2025·浙江卷·书面表达改编）
在这位有影响力的科学家的影响下，我决定大学主修环境工程。（翻译）
答案：Under the influence of this influential scientist, I have decided to major in environmental engineering in college.
解析：“有影响力的”用influential，固定搭配“under the influence of”，“主修”用major in，符合书面表达语境。
【即时练习】
1.单句语法填空：Her ______ (influence) speech changed many people’s attitudes towards environmental protection.
答案：influential
解析：修饰名词speech用形容词形式，influential表“有影响力的”。
2.完成句子：Parents’ behavior ______ (对孩子有极大影响) in their growth.
答案：has a great influence on children
解析：考查固定短语“have an influence on”，主语为单数，谓语用has。
rank n．地位；级别；行列 vt.& vi.把……分等级；使排列成行
the first rank一流的 rank...as...把……评为……；把……分等级 rank high/first名列前茅/第一
(1)They rank him as a realistic painter，who has gained a good reputation.
(2)得知你在上周举行的英语演讲比赛中获得了一等奖，我写信表示衷心的祝贺。(应用文写作之祝贺信)
Learning that you ranked first in the English speech competition held last week，I am writing to express my sincere congratulations.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国甲卷·应用文改编）
得知你在全国中学生创新大赛中名列前茅，我深感自豪。（翻译）
答案：Learning that you ranked high in the National Middle School Students Innovation Competition, I feel extremely proud.
解析：“名列前茅”用rank high，现在分词短语作状语符合祝贺信开头句式，竞赛名称首字母大写。
（2024·北京卷·选择题）
The expert ______ this new technology as one of the most important inventions of the decade.
A. ranks B. regards C. considers D. treats
答案：A
解析：考查“rank...as...”固定搭配，表“把……评为……”；B“regard...as...”需加as，但语境中“专家评级”更侧重“排序定位”，rank更贴切。
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：This university ______ (rank) first in the field of artificial intelligence in our country.
答案：ranks
解析：陈述客观事实用一般现在时，主语为单数，谓语用ranks。
完成句子：他被评为年度最佳员工，因为他在工作中表现出色。（用rank...as...）
答案：He was ranked as the Employee of the Year because he performed excellently in his work. 解析：“被评为”用被动语态be ranked as，符合“被授予称号”的语境。
guarantee vt.保证；确保；肯定……必然发生 n．保证；保修单；担保物
guarantee sb.sth./guarantee sth.to sb.保证某人某事 guarantee to do sth./that...保证做某事；确保…… under guarantee在保修期内 give sb.a guarantee that...向某人担保/保证……
(1)The bride’s car is less than a year old，so it is still under guarantee.
(2)至于准备工作，提前阅读一些中文小说会确保让你融入汉语的环境中。
As for preparation，reading some Chinese novels in advance will guarantee to make you adapt to the Chinese language environment.
(3)我向你保证一旦你读了这份英文报Youth你会爱上它。(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ，应用文写作)
I give you a guarantee that you will be fond of it once you read the English newspaper Youth.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The manufacturer guarantees ______ (provide) free repair service for all products within three years.
答案：to provide
解析：考查“guarantee to do sth.”固定结构，不定式作宾语，表“保证提供服务”。
（2023·新高考II卷·选择题）
This new policy ______ that all children in rural areas can receive equal educational opportunities. A. promises B. guarantees C. ensures D. assures
答案：B
解析：guarantee强调“书面或正式的保证”，符合政策的权威性；A“承诺”侧重主观意愿，C“确保”侧重结果，D“使确信”侧重心理安抚，均不符。
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：
This watch is still ______ guarantee, so you can get it repaired for free.
答案：under
解析：固定搭配“under guarantee”，表“在保修期内”。
翻译：我向你保证，这个方法会有效解决你的问题。（用give sb. a guarantee that...）
答案：I give you a guarantee that this method will solve your problem effectively.
解析：“give sb. a guarantee that...”后接同位语从句，that不可省略，“有效解决”用solve...effectively。
worthy adj.值得……的；有价值的(worth adj.值得的，具有……价值的 n．价格，价值 worthwhile adj.重要的；有益的；值得做的)
be worthy of值得…… be worthy to be done＝be worthy of being done值得做某事 be well worth doing非常值得做 It is worthwhile doing/to do sth.做某事是值得的
由BBC制作的精良纪录片《杜甫：中国最伟大的诗人》值得观看。(2020·江苏，书面表达)
(1)The well-made documentary，Du Fu：China’s Greatest Poet，produced by BBC，is worthy of being seen.(be worthy of)
(2)The well-made documentary，Du Fu：China’s Greatest Poet，produced by BBC，is worth seeing.(worth)
(3)It is worthwhile seeing/to see the well-made documentary，Du Fu：China’s Greatest Poet，produced by BBC.(worthwhile)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
The documentary about space exploration is ______ watching, and it is also ______ of our deep thought.
worth; worthy B. worthy; worth C. worthwhile; worthy D. worth; worthwhile
答案：A
解析：第一空“be worth doing”为固定结构，无被动；第二空“be worthy of”后接名词，符合“值得深思”的语境。
（2024·浙江卷·翻译）
这部关于中国传统文化的电影非常值得一看，它让更多人了解了剪纸艺术。
答案：This film about Chinese traditional culture is well worth watching, and it helps more people learn about the art of paper-cutting.
解析：“非常值得一看”用be well worth watching，“剪纸艺术”为the art of paper-cutting，符合文化类翻译表达。
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：It is worthwhile ______ (spend) time protecting the endangered animals.
答案：spending/to spend
解析：“It is worthwhile”后可接doing或to do形式，均表“做某事值得”。
改写句子：The old temple is worthy of being visited.（用worth和worthwhile分别改写）
答案：①The old temple is worth visiting. ②It is worthwhile to visit/visiting the old temple.
解析：worth后接动名词主动表被动；worthwhile可接to do或doing形式，需调整句式。
in particular尤其；特别(particular adj.特定的；特别的；挑剔的 particularly adv.特别；尤其)
be particular about/over对……很讲究/挑剔
(1)父母和教练尤其要给孩子们树立更好的榜样。
Parents and coaches particularly/in particular should act as better examples for children.
(2)只有讲究饮食，我们才能保持身体健康。
①We can keep physically healthy only when we are particular about/over food.
②Only when we are particular about/over food can we keep physically healthy.(运用倒装句)
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国甲卷·语法填空）
We should pay attention to details in daily life, and ______ particular, we must be careful when dealing with important documents.
答案：in
解析：固定短语“in particular”，表“尤其”，此处强调“处理重要文件时更需谨慎”。
（2024·新高考I卷·七选五改编）
When choosing a gift for your parents, you should consider their hobbies — ______ (particular) if they are particular about the style of the gift.
答案：particularly
解析：此处需副词修饰整个从句，particularly表“尤其”，后接条件状语从句，符合“考虑父母爱好，尤其对风格挑剔时”的语境。
【即时练习】
1.单句语法填空：She is very particular ______ the quality of the food she eats.
答案：about/over
解析：固定搭配“be particular about/over”，表“对……讲究”。
2.完成句子：我喜欢各种运动，尤其喜欢游泳。（用in particular和particularly分别表达） 答案：①I like all kinds of sports, swimming in particular. ②I particularly like swimming among all kinds of sports.
解析：in particular置于名词后，particularly置于动词前，均表“尤其”。
bring...to life赋予……生命；使……鲜活起来
lead/live a...life过……的生活 all one’s life终生；一辈子 come to life苏醒过来；变得活跃(come alive)
用life短语的适当形式填空
(1)When the sculptor finally came to life，we sighed in relief.
(2)He decided to lead/live a more settled life with his partner.
(3)It was that teacher’s humor that brought the class to life.
(4)Although the representative is very wealthy，he won’t waste anything all his life.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国乙卷·读后续写改编）
The old storyteller’s vivid description ______ the ancient legend to life, and the children listened with wide eyes.
答案：brought
解析：结合上下文“讲故事者的生动描述”可知用一般过去时，“bring...to life”表“使传说鲜活起来”，符合读后续写的场景。
（2025·北京卷·书面表达）
我的祖父一生都过着简朴的生活，他的精神一直影响着我。（翻译）
答案：My grandfather has lived a simple life all his life, and his spirit has always influenced me. 解析：“过着简朴的生活”用live a simple life，“一生”用all his life，现在完成时体现“持续的生活状态和影响”。
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：The quiet classroom suddenly came ______ life when the teacher started talking about interesting experiments.
答案：to
解析：固定短语“come to life”，表“变得活跃”，符合“课堂从安静到活跃”的语境。
完成句子：这位画家的作品赋予了传统图案新的生命。（用bring...to life）
答案：The painter’s works have brought new life to the traditional patterns.
解析：“赋予新生命”用bring new life to，现在完成时强调“作品产生的持续影响”。
While his paintings still had religious themes，they showed real people in a real environment.虽然他的绘画作品仍有宗教主题，但是它们展示了真实环境中真实的人。
本句中的while引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然，尽管”。 while的其他用法： 作从属连词还可引导时间状语从句，意为“在……期间，当……时”。 作并列连词，表示“然而，而”。 作名词，表示“一会儿，一段时间”。
(1)正如古老谚语所说：“趁热打铁。”
As the old saying goes，“Strike while the iron is hot.”
(2)尽管我们不能预测未来会发生什么，但我们可以用决心和爱指引自己。(读后续写之升华句)
While we can’t predict what will happen in the future，we can guide ourselves with determination and love.
(3)参观这次展览的时候，我们不仅可以欣赏民间艺术品，而且可以学到很多东西。
①While we are visiting this exhibition，we will not only enjoy the folk art works but also learn a lot.
②While visiting this exhibition，we will not only enjoy the folk art works but also learn a lot.(状语从句的省略)
(4)很快孩子们就忙着爆爆米花，而他们的妈妈则出去买纸袋了。(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，读后续写)
Very soon the children were busy popping the corn，while their mother went out to buy the paper bags.
用法点拨　①while表示“虽然”时，不和连词but连用。②while还引导省略结构，后直接跟现在分词、名词、形容词或介词短语。
【高考真题链接】
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
______ the task is challenging, we are confident that we can finish it on time with teamwork.
Because B. While C. Since D. As
答案：B
解析：此处while引导让步状语从句，表“虽然任务有挑战性”，语气比though委婉，符合“转折+信心”的语境。
（2023·新高考II卷·语法填空）
______ (walk) along the street, I met an old friend who I hadn’t seen for years.
答案：While walking
解析：while引导时间状语从句的省略结构，逻辑主语I与walk为主动关系，用现在分词，表“当我在街上走时”。
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：She likes reading quietly at home, ______ her brother prefers playing outdoor sports.
答案：while
解析：while作并列连词，表“然而”，对比兄妹不同的爱好。
改写句子：While he is young, he has a lot of working experience.（用省略结构）
答案：While young, he has a lot of working experience.
解析：while引导让步状语从句，主语与主句一致且含be动词时，可省略主语和be动词。
　 Finally，most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at.
最后，大多数客户想要看上去既美丽又有趣的画。
本句中含有句型“主语＋be＋adj.＋不定式”。 特点：不定式用主动形式表示被动意义 使用条件：使用此结构须具备两个前提条件：①不定式和句子的主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系；②常用形容词有：difficult，hard，easy，comfortable，pleasant，interesting，exciting等。
(1)即使这个问题很难解决，我也没有放弃，因为我坚信“有志者，事竟成”。
Even though the problem was difficult to solve，I didn’t give it up because I firmly believed that “Where there is a will，there is a way”．
(2)我不仅容易相处而且我也乐意帮助处在困境中的人。(应用文写作之个人优势)
①I am not only easy to get along/on with but also willing to help others in trouble.
②Not only am I easy to get along/on with but also I am willing to help others in trouble.(用倒装句改写)
用法点拨　在该结构中，若不定式为不及物动词，其后应加上相应的介词。
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新高考I卷·语法填空）
The newly-published book is very interesting ______ (read), and it sells well in the market.
答案：to read
解析：主语book与read构成动宾关系，“be+adj.+to do”用主动表被动，表“这本书读起来很有趣”。
（2023·浙江卷·选择题） This old song is ______ to understand, even for the young generation. A. easy B. easily C. hard D. hardly
答案：A
解析：“be easy to understand”为固定结构，主动表被动，符合“老歌容易理解”的语境；B为副词，不能接不定式，C“难的”、D“几乎不”语义不符。
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：The small town is comfortable ______ (live) in, so many people choose to settle here.
答案：to live
解析：live为不及物动词，需加介词in，“be comfortable to live in”表“小镇住起来很舒适”。
翻译：这个问题对学生来说很难解决。（用主语+be+adj.+不定式）
答案：This problem is very difficult for students to solve.
解析：problem与solve构成动宾关系，“difficult to solve”主动表被动，“对学生来说”用for students引出逻辑主语。
9. reward n．回报；奖励；报酬 vt.奖励；奖赏；给以报酬(rewarding adj.有益的；有意义的)
give/offer a reward to sb.for(doing)sth.为(做)某事而给某人报酬 in reward (for)作为(对……的)回报、奖赏 reward sb.with sth.for (doing) sth.为(做)某事用某物奖赏/酬谢某人
(1)I benefited a lot from the rewarding(reward)speech delivered by a specialist in psychology.
(2)I will reward you with an electric bike for helping me get rid of tobacco abuse.
(3)我非常高兴向你介绍这个既有意义又重要的成人礼(coming-of-age ceremony)。成人礼过后，我们学生意识到我们必须更加努力学习，以回报老师和父母的耐心教导。(2020·天津，书面表达)
I am more than delighted to introduce the rewarding and important coming-of-age ceremony to you.After that，we students have realized that we must study harder in reward for our teachers’ and parents’ patient guidance.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国甲卷·语法填空）
The school rewarded the students ______ certificates for their excellent performance in the English competition.
答案：with
解析：考查“reward sb. with sth.”固定搭配，表“用证书奖赏学生”，符合“表彰优秀表现”的语境。
（2024·天津卷·翻译）
帮助他人的经历是非常有益的，它会给你带来精神上的回报。
答案：The experience of helping others is very rewarding, and it will bring you spiritual rewards. 解析：“有益的”用rewarding，“精神上的回报”为spiritual rewards，符合“助人获回报”的主题。
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：The company gave a large reward ______ the employee who put forward the valuable suggestion.
答案：to
解析：固定搭配“give a reward to sb.”，表“给某人报酬”，“put forward”意为“提出”。
完成句子：他因勇敢救人而被政府授予奖章。（用reward sb. with sth.）
答案：The government rewarded him with a medal for saving people bravely.
解析：“因勇敢救人”用for saving people bravely，“授予奖章”用reward...with a medal。
pose vt.& vi.组成；作曲；撰写(composer n．作曲家 composition n．组成；构成；创作；作品)
be composed of/be made up of/be comprised of/consist of由……组成
(1)This man deserves his fame as one of the most popular composers(composer)in Western musical history.
(2)我强烈建议我们的英语电影欣赏课程由欣赏电影、讨论精彩台词和给电影配音组成。(应用文写作之建议信)
①I strongly suggest that our English film appreciation course (should) be composed of enjoying the film，talking about wonderful movie lines and dubbing.(compose)
②I strongly suggest that our English film appreciation course (should) be made up of enjoying the film，talking about wonderful movie lines and dubbing.(make up)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
The team, ______ (compose) of five experts from different countries, will start the research next month.
答案：composed
解析：“be composed of”的非谓语形式，team与compose为被动关系，用过去分词作后置定语，表“由专家组成的团队”。
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
The band’s latest album ______ of 12 songs, most of which were composed by the lead singer.
makes up B. is made up C. consists D. composes
答案：B
解析：“由……组成”可用be made up of或consist of，consist为不及物动词，无被动，故排除C；A“组成”需用主动语态，D“作曲”语义不符，故选B。
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：Mozart is one of the greatest ______ (compose) in the history of Western music.
答案：composers
解析：“作曲家”为composer，one of后接复数名词，表“最伟大的作曲家之一”。
翻译：这篇文章由三个部分组成，分别讨论了环境问题的原因、影响和解决办法。
答案：This article is composed of three parts, which discuss the causes, influences and solutions of environmental problems respectively.
解析：“由……组成”用be composed of，非限制性定语从句补充说明各部分内容，“分别”用respectively。
11. absorb vt.吸引全部注意力；使专心/全神贯注；吸收(absorbed adj.专心致志的；全神贯注的)
absorb oneself in＝be absorbed in全神贯注于…… absorb...from...从……中吸收……
(1)As we all know，plants can absorb nutrients from the soil around them.
(2)我的班主任全神贯注于他的教学，因此他经常忘了吃饭睡觉。
①My headteacher absorbs himself in/is absorbed in his teaching，so he frequently forgets about eating or sleeping.
②Absorbed in his teaching，my headteacher frequently forgets about eating or sleeping.(用形容词短语作状语改写)
③Absorbing himself in teaching，my headteacher frequently forgets about eating or sleeping.(用现在分词短语作状语改写)
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
______ (absorb) in reading the novel, she didn’t notice that it was getting dark outside.
答案：Absorbed
解析：“be absorbed in”的形容词短语作状语，表“全神贯注于读书”，逻辑主语she与absorb为被动关系，用过去分词。
（2024·新高考II卷·选择题）
Plants can absorb water and nutrients ______ the soil to support their growth.
from B. in C. on D. through
答案：A
解析：考查“absorb...from...”固定搭配，表“从土壤中吸收水分和养分”，符合植物生长的常识。
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：He absorbed ______ (he) in his work so much that he forgot to have lunch.
答案：himself
解析：“absorb oneself in”为固定结构，主语为he，反身代词用himself。
改写句子：The students were absorbed in the experiment, so they didn’t hear the bell.（用现在分词短语作状语）
答案：Absorbing themselves in the experiment, the students didn’t hear the bell.
解析：“absorb oneself in”的主动形式，用现在分词短语作状语，逻辑主语与主句一致。
12.rely on/upon依赖；依靠；信赖(reliable adj.可信赖的；可依赖的；可靠的)
rely/depend/count on/upon sb./sth.指望/依靠某人/某事 rely on/upon sb.to do sth.指望/相信某人会做某事 rely on/upon it that...相信……；指望……
(1)You can rely on the responsible consultant to help(help) you out，because he is a reliable(rely) person.
(2)我最尊敬我叔叔，因为每当我处于困境中时，我都可以指望他给我一些实用的建议。(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，应用文写作)
①I respect my uncle most because I can rely on/upon him to offer me some practical suggestions whenever I am in trouble.(rely on/upon sb.to do)
②I respect my uncle most because I can rely on/upon it that he can offer me some practical suggestions whenever I am in trouble.(rely on/upon it that...)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国乙卷·语法填空）
You can rely on it ______ he will keep his promise and help you when you are in trouble.
答案：that
解析：“rely on it that...”为固定结构，it作形式宾语，that引导真正的宾语从句，不可省略。
（2024·浙江卷·选择题） My best friend is very ______, and I can always rely on her ______ me out of difficulties.
A. reliable; to help B. reliance; helping C. reliable; helping D. relying; to help
答案：A
解析：第一空需形容词作表语，reliable表“可靠的”；第二空“rely on sb. to do sth.”为固定结构，用不定式to help，符合“指望朋友帮自己脱困”的语境。
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：We should not rely too much ______ others; we need to learn to solve problems by ourselves.
答案：on/upon
解析：固定搭配“rely on/upon”，表“依赖他人”。
翻译：你可以相信，这个可靠的方法会帮助你提高英语成绩。（用rely on it that...）
答案：You can rely on it that this reliable method will help you improve your English grades.
解析：“rely on it that...”后接宾语从句，“可靠的方法”用reliable method，“提高成绩”用improve grades。
13. make up one’s mind下定决心
change one’s mind改变主意 bear/keep...in mind(bear/keep in mind that...)将……记在心中 come into one’s mind进入某人的脑海 mind one’s own business别管闲事 fix one’s mind on/upon...全神贯注于
(1)首先，记住你最好按时或者比约定的时间早一些。
First of all，bear/keep in mind that you had better arrive punctually or some time earlier than the appointed time.
(2)一旦他下定决心，什么都不能改变他的主意。他将全神贯注于他正在做的事情直到实现目标。
Once he has made up his mind，nothing can change his mind.He will fix his mind on/upon what he is doing until he achieves his goal.
(3)突然，一个可怕的念头出现在我的脑海里。
Suddenly，a terrible thought came into my mind.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新高考I卷·书面表达改编）
我已经下定决心参加英语演讲比赛，无论遇到什么困难都不会改变主意。（翻译）
答案：I have made up my mind to take part in the English speech competition, and I will not change my mind no matter what difficulties I meet.
解析：“下定决心”用make up one’s mind to do，“改变主意”用change one’s mind，“无论什么困难”用no matter what引导让步状语从句。
（2024·全国甲卷·语法填空）
Bear ______ mind that you should arrive at the airport at least two hours before the flight.
答案：in
解析：固定短语“bear in mind that...”，表“记住……”，that引导宾语从句，提醒“提前到机场”。
【即时练习】
1.单句语法填空：A sudden idea came ______ my mind when I was talking with my classmates. 答案：into
2.解析：固定短语“come into one’s mind”，表“一个想法突然浮现”。
2. 完成句子：他一旦下定决心，就没有人能让他改变主意。
答案：Once he has made up his mind, no one can make him change his mind.
解析：“一旦”用once引导时间状语从句，“让他改变主意”用make him change his mind，make后接不带to的不定式。
14. stressed out疲惫不堪；焦虑不安(stressed adj.焦虑不安的 stress n．压力 vt.强调 stressful adj.压力重的；紧张的)
under stress在压力之下 lay/place/put stress on/upon...强调……
(1)When we are depressed or stressed out，home is always a shelter for us to have a rest.
(2)每次我有压力时，我都会毫不犹豫地向我的父母求助。
Every time I am under stress，I will turn to my parents for help without hesitation.
(3)正如多次强调的那样，学好英语对你们将来的职业发展非常重要。
①It has been stressed several times that learning English well is of great importance to your career development in the future.(it作形式主语)
②As has been stressed several times，learning English well is of great importance to your career development in the future.(as引导非限制性定语从句)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·北京卷·语法填空）
Many students feel stressed ______ before exams, so it’s important to learn stress-relief methods. 答案：out
解析：固定短语“stressed out”，表“考试前焦虑不安”，符合学生备考的场景。
（2024·新高考II卷·七选五）
The teacher laid great stress ______ the importance of listening in English learning, as it helps improve comprehension.
答案：on
解析：考查“lay stress on”固定搭配，表“强调听力的重要性”，符合英语学习的建议语境。
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：Working in a busy hospital is very ______ (stress), but the nurses still stick to their posts.
答案：stressful
解析：修饰“在医院工作”用形容词stressful，表“有压力的”；stressed修饰人，表“感到压力的”。
翻译：老师经常强调，保持良好的心态有助于我们应对学习压力。
答案：Teachers often lay stress on the fact that keeping a good state of mind helps us deal with study stress.
解析：“强调”用lay stress on，后接同位语从句说明强调的内容，“应对压力”用deal with stress。
15. get+过去分词　
I get refreshed through climbing，spend more time with my dad，and get to meet new friends.
通过攀岩，我重新焕发了活力，花更多的时间和爸爸在一起，并开始结识新朋友。
本句中的get refreshed是get done结构，表示被动或变化。 常见的get done结构： get broken破了　　　get punished受到惩罚 get hurt受到伤害 get admitted被录取 get married结婚 get annoyed生气 get excited激动 get separated被分开
(1)简一意识到自己在树林里迷了路，就吓得哭了起来。(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)
The moment Jane realized that she got lost in the forest，she was panicked into crying.
(2)他生气了，双手颤抖。(读后续写之愤怒心理描写)
He got annoyed，his hands trembling.
(3)得知你被北京大学录取，我写信祝贺你。(应用文写作之祝贺信)
①Learning that you got admitted to Peking University，I am writing to congratulate you.(现在分词短语作状语)
②I am writing to congratulate you on your/you getting admitted to Peking University.(动名词的复合结构)
用法点拨　和“be＋过去分词”一样，“get＋过去分词”也能用于被动结构和系表结构。用于被动结构时，它强调动作的发生；用于系表结构时，它强调状态的变化。
【高考真题链接】
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
The girl got ______ (injure) in the traffic accident, but luckily she was sent to the hospital in time. 答案：injured
解析：“get+过去分词”表被动，get injured意为“受伤”，强调“在事故中受伤”的动作。
（2024·全国乙卷·翻译）
得知你被清华大学录取的消息，我由衷地为你感到高兴。（用get admitted）
答案：Learning that you got admitted to Tsinghua University, I sincerely feel happy for you.
解析：“被大学录取”用get admitted to，现在分词短语作状语，符合祝贺信的开头表达。
【即时练习】
单句语法填空：My phone got ______ (break) when I dropped it on the ground.
答案：broken
解析：“get+过去分词”表状态变化，get broken意为“坏掉了”，强调“手机落地后损坏”的结果。
完成句子：他们在相识五年后结婚了，现在过着幸福的生活。（用get married）
答案：They got married after knowing each other for five years, and now they live a happy life. 解析：“结婚”用get married，表动作；“过着幸福生活”用live a happy life，表现在的状态。
语法点
Grammar　不定式作表语
【观察例句】
1．Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.
2．During the Middle Ages，the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity.
3．In this work，Monet's aim was to convey the light and movement in the scene.
4．What they attempted to do was no longer show reality，but instead to ask the question，“What is art？”
【归纳用法】
一、不定式作表语的用法
1．表目的
The purpose of education is to develop a fine personality in children.
教育的目的是发展儿童完美的品格。
2．表示事态发展的结果、预期的结果、不幸的命运或语言。
You must speak out，if we are to remain friends.
如果我们还想继续做朋友的话，你就必须痛痛快快地把话都说出来。
3．用于第一人称问句，表示征求意见。
What am I to say if they ask me the question
要是他们问我这个问题，我该怎么回答呢？
4．表示“同意、安排、命令、决定、劝告、意愿、禁止”等。
They are to marry next week.
他们将在下周结婚。(安排)
[即学即练1]　单句语法填空
①His ambition is (become) a famous novelist.
②Our most important task now is (make) a plan.
③The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was (provide) large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
【答案】1.to become2.to make3.to provide
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新高考I卷·语法填空）
The purpose of the community activity is ______ (strengthen) the connection between neighbors and create a harmonious living environment.
答案：to strengthen
解析：主语为purpose，表语不定式需体现“活动目的”，故用to strengthen；“and create”与to strengthen并列，共用不定式符号to。
（2023·全国甲卷·书面表达改编）
技术发展的意义在于帮助人们更好地掌控时间，而非成为时间的仆人。（翻译，用不定式作表语）
答案：The significance of technological development is to help people take better control of time, rather than to become servants of time.
解析：主语为significance，用不定式to help表“意义所在”，“rather than”后不定式to可保留以强调对比。
（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
What the coach emphasizes most is ______ hard in training, not just winning the game.
A. work B. to work C. working D. worked
答案：C
解析：“努力训练”是教练强调的“抽象要求”，而非具体任务，故用现在分词作表语；若主语为“the next step”则用to work。
【即时强化练习】
1.单句语法填空：① Her dream is ______ (admit) to Peking University to study medicine.
答案：to be admitted
解析：表“未来目标”，且“被录取”需用被动式
2.单句语法填空：② What we should do first is ______ (clarify) the problem before finding solutions.
答案：clarify/to clarify
解析：what引导主语从句含do，表语不定式to可省略
3.改写句子：③ His job is to design software for companies.（用现在分词改写，保持语义不变答案：His job is designing software for companies.
解析：“设计软件”是职业核心内容，属抽象动作，可用现在分词）
二、不定式和现在分词作表语的区别
1．动词不定式作表语，通常表示具体的或将来的动作。
Our first assignment was to read two short stories.
我们的首要任务是读两篇短篇故事。
2．现在分词作表语，表示抽象的一般行为。
My work is teaching Chinese.
我的工作是教语文。
三、不定式作表语to的省略
1．当主语thing这个词被动词不定式修饰时，作表语的不定式符号“to”可以省略。
The thing for us to do is accept the challenge.
我们要做的事情就是要接受挑战。
2．当主语是带有动词“do”的由“what”引导的主语从句时，其表语的动词不定式符号“to”可以省略。
What they want to do is have a good sleep.
他们想要做的就是好好睡一觉。
3．当句子主语被动词“do”作谓语的定语从句修饰的anything，all，all that，the only thing，the only way，或者thing前面有序数词first，second，last等修饰时，其表语动词不定式的符号“to”可以省略。
The only thing you have to do is press the button.
你要做的唯一的事情就是按一下按钮。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．My work is (clean) the room every day.
2．To do two things at a time is (do) neither.
3．The next step is (make) sure that you know exactly what is required.
4．You must be patient and persistent if you are (succeed)．
5．What am I (do) if I have no money
【答案】1. to clean 2.to do 3.to make 4.to succeed 5.to do
Grammar　不定式作主语
【观察例句】
1．To say is one thing and to do is another.
2．It's rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer.
3．It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort.
4．It seemed a pity to have wasted so much time.
【归纳用法】
1．把不定式置于句首。如：
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
骑自行车到那儿将花费我们半个小时。
To make a plan first is a good idea.
首先制定好计划是个好主意。
2．用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：
(1)It＋be＋名词＋to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old.
照顾好老人是我们的责任。
(2)It takes sb.＋some time＋to do
How long did it take you to finish the work
你花了多少时间来完成这项工作？
(3)It＋be＋形容词＋for sb.＋to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.
我们难以在15分钟内完成这篇作文。
(4)It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
省钱似乎不可能。
(5)It ＋ 不定式结构可位于believe/consider/discover/expect/
find/think和wonder之后
He thought it would be safer to go by train.
他认为乘火车比较安全。
(6)不定式的完成式也可作句子的主语
To have made the same mistake twice was unforgivable.
犯同样的错误两次是不可原谅的。
It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.
爱过之后失去了爱，比从未爱过要好。
[即学即练1]　单句语法填空
① (make) up for lost time is not possible.
②It is good for your study (discuss) with your classmates.
【答案】1.To make2.to discuss
3．不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited here.
这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.
你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验；不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.
爬山很有趣。(经验)
To finish the task will take a long time.
要完成这项任务将要花费很长时间。(具体)
[即学即练2]　单句语法填空
① (watch) news on TV has become a routine for me.
②It took me only five minutes (finish) the job.
【答案】1.Watching 2.to finish
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1． (lean) out of the window is dangerous.
2． (save) money now seems impossible.
3．It is an offence (drop) litter in the street.
4．It is stupid of you (write) down everything (that) the teacher says.
5． (drive) a car during the rush hour is tiring.
【答案】1.To lean2..To save3.to drop4.Driving
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国乙卷·语法填空）
It is necessary for students ______ (master) basic life skills such as cooking and doing laundry.
答案：to master
解析：考查“It is + 形容词 + for sb. + to do”句式，形容词necessary修饰“掌握技能”这一动作，故用to master。
（2025·新高考II卷·选择题）
______ the disabled with respect and help is what every citizen should do. A. Treat B. To treat C. Treating D. Treated
答案：C
解析：“尊重帮助残疾人”是“公民应尽的义务”，属抽象行为，故用动名词作主语；若强调“某次具体帮助”则用To treat。
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
We think it meaningful ______ (participate) in volunteer activities during summer vacation.
答案：to participate
解析：考查“think + it + 形容词 + to do”结构，it为形式宾语，真正宾语是不定式to participate。
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：① It ______ (take) me three days to prepare for the English speech contest last week.
答案：took
解析：考查It takes sb. time to do的过去式，由last week可知用took
单句语法填空：② ______ (have) made the same mistake twice shows a lack of carefulness.答案：To have made
解析：不定式完成式作主语，表“已发生的具体动作”，强调“两次犯错”这一事实
改写句子：③ It is stupid of him to refuse such a good offer.（转换为“sb. be + 形容词”结构）答案：He is stupid to refuse such a good offer.
解析：of sb.结构可直接转换为主语+be+形容词+to do
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