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长难句分析
语句填空(改编自选必一 Li Bai and his romantic poems)
To familiarize himself with classical Chinese culture, Li Bai read books of all kinds legends which nourished his free expressions and inspired him to write numerous poems in the romantic style to historical stories that equipped him with the wisdom of previous generations.
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！解题关键：提升长难句的分析能力
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简单句五大基本句型:
① Henry Lewis smiled. ② Miss Wu gave him a cake.
③ It was mouth-watering. ④Miss Wu invited him to sample it.
⑤ Henry Lewis loved its taste.
主系表
主谓宾
主谓
主谓间宾直宾
主谓宾宾补
三大句子结构:
① ：只包含一个主谓结构，eg: I was born here and has been living here.
② ：由并列连词（and,but,or等）连接的两个或多个简单句。
eg: I am Li Hua and I come from Changning.
③ ：由一个主句+一个或多个从句(由从属连词)引导构成。
eg: I come from Changning which is a beautiful county.
简单句
并列句
复合句
语法填空练习（改编自选必一 Li Bai and his romantic poems)：
To familiarize himself with classical Chinese culture, Li Bai read books ( of all kinds ) (from legends which nourished his free expressions and inspired him to write numerous poems in the romantic style to historical stories that equipped him with the wisdom of previous generations.
非谓语动词短语
介词短语
介词短语
从句
思考：是什么使得句子又长又难？
一个句子=主干+N个修饰
如果你愿意一层一层一层地拨开它的心；
你会发现，你会讶异，
就只是简单句的五大基本句型。
遇到长难句怎么办？
形容词
副词
介词短语
非谓语
动词
从句
并列结构
五大基本句型
同位语
插入语
树干(主干)
枝叶（修饰)
分析长难句方法一：找主干
快速找出主干的方式是先找出主干的谓语动词。
1. 找动词。找出句子中所有的动词（除去非谓语动词：-ing,-ed,to do)
2. 找并列连词或者从属连词。顺着动词往前找，如果有从属连词，说明这个动词所在的句子是个从句，如果有并列连词，先判断是否是并列谓语动词。如果都没有，说明这个就是主句的谓语动词。
3. 顺藤摸瓜。顺着谓语动词，找出主语、宾语（如有）等其他主干成分，连成主干。
We’ll explore beautiful park sites while we are conducting invasive plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection.[2024新课标I卷阅读理解A篇]
从属连词while引导时间状语从句
小试牛刀：找出下面句子的主干
1. [2024新课标I卷阅读理解C篇]According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
步骤：①找出所有动词 ②往前找是否有并列连词或者从属连词 ③顺藤摸瓜
主干是：__________________________
2. [2024新课标I卷阅读理解D篇]Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
主干是：__________________________
People approach digital texts and devote less mental effort. (主谓宾)
Daru and his team tested how well... (主谓宾)
就是将修饰部分用括号标记起来，使句子结构变得清晰的方法。
分析长难句方法二：括号法划出修饰成分
三长----介词短语
(1) 介词短语
【定义】从介词开始到名词结束、表达一个独立的完整的含义的结构。【起止标识】标记介词短语时，要从介词开始到介词之后的第一个名词(动名词、名词性从句）终止。
【例句】 After chatting with Laura on this matter for two hours from 2:00 to 4:00 in the afternoon, I returned to my office.
(After chatting with Laura) (on this matter) (for two hours) (from 2:00 to 4:00)
(in the afternoon), I returned (to my office).
(2) 从句
【定义】从句是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which、if、although等关系词引导的非主句部分。
【起止标识】标记从句时，一定从从属连词开始，到以下四种终止。
① 到句尾终止，如：Mika is a teacher who teaches English.
② 到逗号终止，如：When I was young, I listened to the radio.
③ 到下一个修饰成分终止，如：I will invite Yao Ming who was a top basketball player to Beijing.
\④ 到下一个谓语动词终止，如：Yao Ming who was a top basketball player is studying in Shanghai.
三长----从句
(to Beijing是介词短语，属于另一个修饰成分)
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例句应用
Equally impressive is Li Bai's free expression of strong feelings, which breathes vitality into the lifeless objects, and which distinguishes him from other landscape poets.
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（3） 非谓语动词短语
【起止标识】标记非谓语动词短语时，从to do, doing 或done开头，到以下四种情况终止。
①到句尾终止，如：Mika is a teacher teaching English.
②到逗号终止，如：To improve my English, I often listen to the English radio.
③到下一个修饰成分终止，如：Jack walked into the hall, waving
to the audience.
④到下一个谓语动词终止，如：We, singing a happy song, rode to school.
三长----非谓语
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(to the audience 是介词短语，属于另一个修饰成分)
例句应用
I take my time over every spoonful, gently rolling the silky dessert around my mouth and enjoying the perfect marriage of rice and milk.
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识别同位语（一个名词形式对另外一个名词进行解释与说明）
eg: I am Li Hua, a boy of 16.
练习：划出下面句子的同位语。
1.Hurley，a confident and gifted Australian photographer， was hired to make the images.
2.He likes skating，an hobby inspired by an athlete，which makes him quite healthy.
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两语----同位语
识别插入语 （多数插入语都位于双逗号或双破折号之间, 和句子其他部分明显地隔离开来）。
1.The unmanned Chang'e-4 probe(探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess —touched down last week in the South Pole basin.
2.The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
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两语----插入语
【定义】平行并列结构是指由并列词将两个或两个以上含义相似、结构相同的并列项连接起来构成的结构。
The modern education system is designed to cultivate students’ critical thinking skills, enhance their practical application abilities, and prepare them for the challenges of the future jobs.
e.g. (2023·浙江1月卷)He gathered handfuls of damp tree leaves, wrapped them with string, and lit the bunch to create a torch(火把)．
一并列----并列结构
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【标记方法】标记时要先找到并列词，然后再找并列项。
“A … and B …”
长难句翻译— 括号法应用
就是将修饰部分用括号括起来，使句子结构变得清晰的方法。
括号法步骤：①找动词，明主干 ②做标记，明修饰
③做直译，先主干后修饰 ④ 调语序
括号法应用：
“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled.
主句谓语动词是_____, 该句是（ ）简单句（ ）并列句 （ ）复合句
主干是：________________________________
做标记：将修饰部分用括号括起来。
翻译句子：_______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
括号法步骤：①找动词，明主干 ②做标记，明修饰
③做直译，先主干后修饰 ④ 调语序
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can use
Biodiversity apps can use our study results... (主谓宾)
）
括号法应用：
“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled.
主句谓语动词是_____, 该句是（ ）简单句（ ）并列句 （ ）复合句
主干是：________________________________
做标记：将修饰部分用括号括起来。
翻译句子：_______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
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括号法步骤：①找动词，明主干 ②做标记，明修饰
③做直译，先主干后修饰 ④ 调语序
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can use
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Biodiversity apps can use our study results... (主谓宾)
生物多样性应用程序可以利用我们的研究结果告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方——甚至是物种。
注意有插入语时， “先读两端, 再读中间”。
总结
A difficult sentence
1. trunk(主干部分)
2. modifiers
(修饰语部分)
介词短语、非谓语动词、从句(三长)
形容词、副词 (两短)
同位语、插入语(两语)
并列结构(一并列)
一. 找主干：跳读修饰成分，先找出句子的主干（如主谓宾）并理解其意义，然后再理解修饰成分，便可长句短化，难句易化。
步骤：
①找出所有动词 ②往前找是否有并列连词或者从属连词 ③顺藤摸瓜
二. 括号法：就是将修饰部分用括号括起来，使句子结构变得清晰的方法。
括号法步骤：①找动词，明主干 ②做标记，明修饰
③做直译，先主干后修饰 ④ 调语序
总结：遇到长难句怎么办？
括号法应用：
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism (数字极简主义）, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide that it’s right for you.
该句是（ ）简单句（ ）并列句 （ ）复合句
做标记：将修饰部分用括号括起来。
主干是：________________________________
翻译句子：__________________________________________________
括号法步骤：①找动词，明主干 ②做标记，明修饰
③做直译，先主干后修饰 ④ 调语序
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The goal of this book is (to make the case) and then (to teach you)...
这本书的目的是为数字极简主义做一个案例，包括对它的要求和为什么它有效的详细探索，然后如果你认为它适合你,它会教你如何采用这种哲学。
真题应用：
1. 阅读理解：“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
2. 语法填空：Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse _60_______ (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for __61（the)__ first time.
have sb./sth.(to) do sth
让某人做...
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walks
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