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定语从句
Attributive Clauses
在英语句子中修饰n. 或pron.的句子。常放在被修饰词之后。在从句中起限定作用，翻译要放在被修饰词之前。
01
01
定语从句
定义
Attributive Clauses
eg. I know the man who is in blue.
被定语从句修饰的一个名词或代词叫做先行词。
02
先行词
eg. I know the man who is in blue.
定语从句
Attributive Clauses
定语从句的时态与主句时态无关。
引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。
关系词在从句中充当一定的成分，同时起到连接作用，无实际的汉语意义。
03
03
时态
关系词
eg. I know the man who is in blue.
04
结构
eg. I know the man who is in blue.
定语从句
Attributive Clauses
结构：先行词+ 定语从句
先行词 关系词
定语从句
关系代词:what who whom whose that which as
关系副词:when where why
eg.We will never forget the professor whom we are talking with.
This is the reason why we often get together.
注意2：定语从句必须有先行词，且在定语从句中做一定的
句子成分（主语、宾语、表语、状语等）
注意1：what 不能引导定语从句，只能引导宾语从句。
eg.This is what I did yesterday evening.
eg.The girl who we met yesterday is Lily's sister .(作宾语)
He has a lot of things that I like.(作宾语)
eg.I can't remember the day when I first went there. （作状语）
I can't remember the day that we spend together.(做宾语)
注意3：定语从句谓语动词与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。
但定语从句的时态不受主句的限制。
注意4：定语从句的先行词为n.时，n.前多数情况下要加上定冠词the.
eg.Is this the pen _____ I bought for you
A.what B. that C. which D.the one
eg. This is the stranger___________ saved the girl’s life.
who / that
定语从句中的主谓一致
1.
Those who have good manners will be highly respected.
I, who am your new teacher, will try my best to teach you.
定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数方面应该
与先行词保持一致。
定语从句中的主谓一致
2.
You are one of the clerks who are invited to the party.
You are the only one of the clerks who is invited to the party.
(“one of+复数名词”作先行词，且关系代词在从句中作主语)
(the only/ the very/ the right/ just the
等修饰先行词时
定语从句中的主谓一致
3.
The man pulled out a gold watch, the hands of which were made of small diamonds.
“some/ many/ little/ few/ a little/ the largest/ most
+of who/which”引导非限制性定语从句
并作主语时，谓语动词与of前的部分一致
关系代词的用法
说明：先行词who/whom 作宾语时，定语从句的介词可放在句尾，用who或whom都可以，但如果介词放在关系词前，就只能用whom.
eg. This is the teacher ___________ we have learned a lot.
=This is the teacher____________we have learned a lot from.
from whom
who / whom
1. He prefers the vegetables__________come from his father’s farm.
2.The noodles___________you cooked were delicious.
3.This is the policeman___________ saved the boy’s life.
4.The woman________________you saw in the park is our English teacher.
5.Nobody wants the house ______roof has fallen in.
that/which
that/which
who/that
whom/who/that
whose
Example
=Nobody wants the house the roof of which has fallen in.
=Nobody wants the house of which the roof has fallen in.
小练笔
只用that不用which 1.先行词是不定代词或由不定代词修饰(all, everything, anything，everybody, somebody,something,nothing,much,little,much, few ,any , none, the one , no , one of , last 等时，只用that
2.先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被其修饰时(the first, the best等)，只用that
3.先行词被the only, the very,the just 等修饰时，只用that
4.主句是以which, what, who开头的特殊疑问句时，只用that
5.先行词既有人又有物时，只用that
6.两个定语从句中一个关系代词用which，另一个要用that.
7.在疑问句时，出现了疑问词who或which时，为避免重复，只用that.
8.先行词为the way , the time 时，关系词只用that .
9.先行词为基数词指人时，关系词只用that.
10.主句为there be 句型，且主语为sth.时，修饰定语从句的关系 词用that
11.当关系代词在从句be 动词之后作表语时，只用that
定语从句中的先行词为物时出现下列几种情况只用that,不用which
1. Is there anything _______ I can do for you
2.The first task _______I must complete is to visit my uncle.
3.Who is the man _________ stands close to you
4.I don't like the way _________you speak to me.
5.You can see the two ______ are still playing on the playground.
6.Which is the cheapest dress ___________I can buy
7.Mr. Green is the only one ______ I know in this university.
8.There is a book _______ belongs to Mrs. Brown on the desk.
9.I 've never heard of the people and things _______ you talked about just now.(有人有物)
10.He isn't the boy any more ______ he used to be .(名词放在be动词之后做表语)
小练笔
都用that
that
that
that
that
that
that
that
that
that
that
定语从句中的先行词为物时出现下列几种情况只用which,不用that
只用which不用that 1.that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换，但关系代词前有介词时只用which
2.引导非限制性定语从句时(即出现：，+句子)多用which
3.先行词为that 和those ， 指物用which,指人用who
4.如果句子中出现两个定语从句，为避免重复，一个用which引导，一个用that引导。
小练笔
1.I like the house in _________ he lives.限制性定语从句
2.Tony came back , _________made me happy. 非限制性定语从句
3.What's that,________was put in the box 非限制性定语从句
4.Please show me the novel,____________ I borrowed from the
library,_______was nearby.非限制性定语从句
which
which
which
which
that
This is the most beautiful place______I have been to.
2. The house in_______they lived last year has been rebuilt.
3. The reason for_______he refused the invitation is not clear.
that
which
which
介词+which/whom
介词的确定遵循以下三个原则：
根据从句中动词或形容词等的习惯搭配
根据与先行词的搭配
根据句子所表达的意义
定语从句中只用who的情况：
1.当定语从句中的先行词为one , ones, anyone, anybody等复合
不定代词时，关系代词用who
2.there be句型中，先行词为人，关系代词为who
3.先行词为sb.，后面在较长定语时，用who
4.先行词为人称代词主格时，（多指谚语中）用who
eg. There is a child _______wants to see you under the tree.
eg. I met a friend of mine in the yard yesterday_____ had won awards.
eg. He _____ plays with fire gets burned.玩火者必自焚。
eg. He laughs best ______ laughs last.
who
who
who
who
定语从句的主谓一致
one of + n.(pl.) 在句中做先行词时，定语从句谓语动词多用复数；如果在one 前出现the only, the very 修饰 ，定语从句谓语动词则用单数。
eg. He is one of the students who make progress so far.
He is the only one of my friends who has invited to have dinner recently.
1. This is one of the most interesting films _____ shown last week.
2. This is the only one of the most interesting films _____ shown last week.
A. which was B. that was
C. which were D. that were
D
B
从句谓语动词用复数
从句谓语动词用单数
挑战
关系代词as的用法
关系代词as的用法
(1) as引导限制性定语从句：
当先行词前由as, so, such, the same修饰时，as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
We have found such materials as are used in that factory.
(作主语)
You can take as many as you need.(作宾语)
He is not the same man as he was.(作表语)
【区分关键】
the same...as:与...同样的，同类不同物
the same...that：同一个，就是那一个，同人同物；
【高考常考】在定语从句中，as 引导非限制性定语从句，而 that 不可：
例： As is known to all...中，as 不能换成that 。
He has the same enthusiasm for English learning as his deskmate.
（他和同桌对英语学习有着同样的热情 —— 抽象概念 “热情” 的同类对比。）
在 the same...that 结构中，that 是限制性定语从句的关系代词，可省略。
We visited the same village （that） our grandparents lived in 50 years ago.
（我们参观了祖父母 50 年前居住过的那个村子 同一个具体地点。）
关系代词as的用法
such...as...与such...that 辨析:
eg.
He is such a clever boy as everybody likes.(定语从句)
He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him.(状语从句)
关系代词as的用法
关系代词as的用法
(2)用于引导非限制性定语从句：
as在句中作主语或宾语，可在主句前、中、后。意为：正如。
eg.
He is a great hero,as is described in the report.
(as作主语，位于主句后)
She is a famous film star, as we all know.
(as作宾语，位于主句后)
在非限制性定语从句中as和which的区别：
看位置 看含义
which 只能位于主句之后 这一点
as 既可在主句，也可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中。 正如
关系代词as的用法
关系副词 ： when where why
（在句子作状语）
关系副词的用法对比表
关系副词 　指代 在从句中的作用
when (=at/in/on /during/ …which)
where (=in/at/… which)
why (=for which)
时间
时间状语
地点
地点状语
原因
原因状语
when : 指时间。在从句中做时间状语，先行词多为表示时间的名词 time , age, day 等。
eg.I still remember the day. I first came here on the day.(合并一句)
I still remember the day when I first came here on the day .
He told me the time when he joined the army.
He told me the time which he joined the army on.
易错：
I still remember the day that we spent together in the park.
where : 指地点。在从句中做地点状语，先行词place, town, city等。
eg. where I used to live.
This is a house which / that I used to live in.
in which / that I used to live.
1.关系副词when, where 可以用介词+which来替换；
who用for which 来替换。
2.先行词虽为时间和地点，如果在从句中做主语和宾语，
则要用关系代词which或that.
注意
eg. The factory is closed.We built it last year. (合成一句)
--The factory which / that we built last year is closed.
eg. This is the village. We have ever visited it. (合成一句)
--This is the village which / that we have ever visited.
We'll remember the days. We spent the days with him.(合成一句)
--We'll remember the days which / that we spent with him.
试一试
I’ll never forget the day ______________I went to university.
Can you show me the place _________________you once worked？
【难】Can you shoe me the place ___________ you once visited
3. We don’t know the reason _________________they didn’t keep
their promises.
when/on which
where/in which
why/for which
Practice
that / which
4. I bought a great many books ____which I spent all my money that I saved.
5. This is the camera______which he often takes photos.
6. The money_____which you were to buy books is gone.
7. The little girl is reading a book _________there are many pictures.
8. Luckily, we’d brought a road map ____________ we would have lost our way.
9. This is the teacher ___________ we have learned a lot.
10. The lost girl _____________ we were worried returned home safely yesterday.
in which
without which
from whom
about whom
on
with
with
why : 指原因。在从句中做原因状语，
先行词reason, cause 等。
引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、
表语从句）时，直接表示 “…… 的原因”)
why 引导定语从句（修饰先行词 reason、cause）
eg. She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the invitation.
（她没告诉我她拒绝邀请的原因。）
【解析】先行词是 reason（表原因），从句 “she refused the invitation” 主谓宾完整，why 在从句中作原因状语，回答 “拒绝邀请的原因是什么”。
eg. The teacher explained the cause why many students struggled with grammar. （老师解释了很多学生语法困难的原因。）
【解析】先行词是 cause（表原因），从句 “many students struggled with grammar” 结构完整，why 充当原因状语，说明 “语法困难的原因”。
非限制性定语从句
Grammar
限制性&非限制性
定语从句
1. Look at the girl ________ is singing so beautifully.
2. Do you know the woman to ______ our teacher is talking
3. Jim is the boy ______ hat is red.
4. He gave me a pen ___________ he bought last week.
5. Mary has read all the books _________ I lent her.
who/that
whom
whose
that/which
that
Revision
6. Is it the reason _____ you were late
7. October 1st is the date _____ China celebrates its National Day.
8. We walked in a garden _____ many trees and flowers had been planted.
9. This is the island _____ I lived for two years.
10. 2001-2005 are the years _____ I studied in the university.
why
when
where
where
when
Revision
非限制性定语从句
构成：
,+
关系词
先行词
She has two brothers, (who are working in the city).
+
其他部分
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
1.限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语, 如果去掉, 主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。如:
a) What is the name of the woman who is standing there
站在那边的那个女人叫什么名字
b) Toronto is a city that I' ve always wanted to visit.
多伦多是我常想去参观的一个城市。
2. 非限制性定语从句和主句关系不十分密切, 只是对先行词作些附加的说明, 如果去掉, 主句的意思仍然清楚。
这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开, 一般不用that引导。
非限制性定语从句中, 关系词不可省略。
如：
a) Rome, which is the capital of Italy, has a very long history.
b) Yesterday I met Professor King, who came from the University of London.
c) He lent me a dictionary, which was just what I needed.
3.大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语, 而非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句, 此时非限制性定语从句常由which引导。
eg.A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which
frightened me very much.
析: 从语境可知, 令我恐惧的内容应为中年女子杀害了其丈夫这整个一件事, 因此先行词为整个主句, 此时应由which引导定语从句。
eg.A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages,
which surprises all the people present.
析: 从语境可知, 令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语这整个一件事, 因此先行词为整个主句, 此时应由which引导非限制性定语从句。
Comparing
a) She has two brothers who are working in
the city. (She has more than two brothers.)
她有两个弟弟在这个城市工作。
b) She has two brothers, who are working in
the city. (She has only two brothers.)
她有两个弟弟, 他们在这个城市工作
a) He will wear no clothes which will make him
different from others.
他不会穿一些使他显得与众不同的衣服。
b) He will wear no clothes, which will make him
different from others.
他不穿衣服, 这会使他显得与众不同。
下面两个句子只有一个逗号之差, 意义大相径庭。
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
表意
功能
形式
修饰先行词
修饰先行词或整个句子
无逗号与主句分开
有逗号与主句分开
可以用that引导
不能用that引导
与主句语意关系紧凑，定语从句不能删除
与主句语意关系松散，定语从句可以删除
①that, why不能在非限制性定语从句中使用。
tip
②As引导非限制性定语从句常位于句首, 指代整个的主句。
常译为“正如”。
1. Hangzhou is a beautiful city, _____________ people visit the famous West Lake.
2. Beijing, _________ is the capital of China, has a very long history.
3. ______ is known to all, he is the best student.
4. The young man had a new girl friend, ____ is a pop star.
5. I should thank my teacher, with ______ help, I solved the problem.
6. He once worked on the Bird’s Nest, ____ _______ his son is proud.
which
As
who
where/in which
whose
of
which
【尝试】
“Doctor,” she said loudly, breaking into the
room, ________ there was a man, “I want you to
tell what is wrong with me.” He looked at her from head to foot, then said, “____ is shown in the mirror, I've just three things to tell you. First, I suggest you, my lady, _________ weight needs reducing by nearly fifty pounds. Second, you may use 1/10 as much lipstick(口红), by ______ you will be prettier. And third, I’m an artist---the doctor, ______ you are looking for, lives downstairs."
Fill in the blanks with proper link words
The doctor lives downstairs
where
As
which
whom
whose
Practice:
1.She was always speaking highly of her role in the play, of course, _____ made the others unhappy.
2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _______ he grew up as a child.
3.The gentleman about ______ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.
4. Please take any seat ____ is free.
which
where
whom
that
5. The old man has two sons, one of ______ is a soldier.
6. New York is famous for its sky-scrapers (摩天大楼) the highest of ______ has more than 100 storeys.
7. My home village is no longer the same _____ it used to be.
8. The boy ______ composition won the first prize is the youngest in the group.
whom
which
as
whose
9. I shall never forget the years _______ I lived in the country with the farmers, ______ has a good effect on my life.
10. ____ is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 year’s time.
11. The speaker spoke of some writers and some books _____ were popular then.
12. This is the store ______ we visited the famous shop assistants.
when
which
As
that
where
1. 不懂装懂, 一事无成。
He who knows nothing but pretends to know everything, is
indeed a good-for-nothing(无用之人).
2. 甘当小绵羊, 迟早要喂狼。
He that makes himself a sheep shall be eaten by the wolf.
3. 万事开头难。It’s the first step that costs.
4. 千里之行, 始于足下。
He who would climb that ladder must begin at the bottom.
5. 自满的人腹中空。 He who is full of himself is very empty.
6. 闪光的未必都是金子。Not all that glitters is gold.
格言
日常口语
I like my new school very much whose environment is beautiful.
My new classroom is large and clear which/that was built six months ago.
I got along well with new classmates quickly who are concerned about me.
My teachers are easygoing who teach me much useful knowledge.
So I have made up my mind to study hard from now on.
众所周知, 刘翔为人诚恳, 随和, 自信乐观, 出生于1983年7月13日, 上海, 作为一名110米栏运动员而出名.
As we all know, Liu Xiang, honest, easy-going, confident
and optimistic, who was born on July 13, 1983, in Shanghai,
is famous as an athlete of 110-metre hurdle.
北京是中国的首都，是一个非常漂亮的城市,是一个重要的城市，也是中国古城之一.
Beijing, the capital of China, is a very beautiful and important city, which is also one of the ancient cities in China.
非限制性定语从句 ：
(1) who引导的非限制性定语从句
Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.
我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长于烹调。
Then he met Mary，who invited him to a party.
后来他遇到玛丽,玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。
My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.
我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。
非限制性定语从句 ：
(2) whom引导的非限制性定语从句
关系代词whom用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末。
如：
Peter, whom you mey in London, is now back in Paris.
彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。
Mr Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist.
史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。
非限制性定语从句
(3) whose引导的非限制性定语从句
whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。
如：
The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.
那位小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。
Above the trees are the mountains whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.
在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。
The play，whose style is rigidly formal，is typical of the period.
这剧本是那个时期的典型作品，风格拘谨刻板。
(4) which引导的非限制性定语从句
关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。

① which指代主句中的名词，被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。如：
These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not borne any fruit. 这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。
She is an artist，which I am not. 她是一位艺术家，而我不是。
Water，which is a clear liquid，has many uses.
水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。
The two policemen were completely trusted，which in fact they were.
那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上，也真是如此。
② which指代主句中的形容词。如：
She was very patient towards the children，which her husband seldom was.
她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。
She is always careless，which we should not be.
她总是马虎大意，我们可不应该这样。
③ which指代主句中的某个从句。如：
He said that he had never seen her before，which was not true.
他说以前从没见过她，这不是真的。

④ which指代整个主句。如：
In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.
在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。
He may have acute appendicitis，in which case he will have to be operated on.
他可能得了急性盲肠炎，如果是这样，他就得动手术。
When deeply absorbed in work，which he often was，he would forget all about eating and sleeping.
他经常聚精会神地工作，这时他会废寝忘食。
(5) when引导的非限制性定语从句
关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的词语。
如：
He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.
他将把郊游推迟到5月1号，那时他将有空。
(6) where引导的非限制性定语从句
关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，指代主句中表示地点的词语。
如：
They went to London，where they lived for six months.
他们去了伦敦，在那儿呆了六个月的时间。
They reached there yesterday, where a negotiation of sale will be held.
他们昨天抵达那里, 有一个关于销售的谈判在那儿举行。
(7) as引导的非限制性定语从句
as引出非限定性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明。但通常用于像as we all know, as it is know, as is know to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。
as在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如……， 就像……”之意。
如：
As it known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.
美国人都知道，马克 吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。（as在从句中作主语）
He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case.
他忘了带笔，这是常事。（as在从句中作主语）
(7) as引导的非限制性定语从句
He is absorbed in work, as he often was.
他正在全神贯注地工作，他过去经常这样。（as在从句中作表语）
Boy as he was， he was chosen king.
他虽是孩子，却被选为国王。（as在从句中作表语）
As we all know, the earth is round.
众所周知，地球是圆的。（as在从句中作宾语）
The two brothers were satisfied with this decision，as was agreed beforehand.
两兄弟对此决定都满意，这项决定在事前都已得到他们的同意。
(as在从句中作主语)
Taiwan is，as you know，an inseparable part of China.
你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(as在从句中作宾语)
(8)“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句
在介词后引导非限制性定语从句。关系代词which有时并不代表主句中某一确定的词，而是概括整个主句的意思。
介词的选择取决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。
eg. They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines，without
which the yield would be halved.
他们缺搭葡萄架的杆儿，没有它们产量会减少一半。
eg. They thanked Tom，without whose support they would not have
succeeded. 他们对汤姆表示了感谢，因为没有他的支持他们就不会成功。
eg. These new neighbors，to whom I was introduced yesterday，have come
here from Beijing. 这些邻居是北京来的，昨天我被介绍同他们认识了。
(9)“名词/代词+of+which / whom”引导的非限制性定语从句
It now has 20，000 hectares of land，more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation.
现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中三分之二之多已经耕种。
Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300.000 kilometers per second.
世界上光的速度是最快的，其速度是每秒三十万公里。
There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.
大厅里有三十把椅子，绝大部分是新的。
The textile mill has over 8，000 workers and staff，eighty per cent of whom are women.
这家纺织厂有8千多职工，女职工占百分之八十。
I. 单项选择。
1. They have again invited me to visit their country, ______ is very kind of them.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
2. ________ is known to all， water is an important kind of natural resource.
A. As B. Which C. Who D. When
3. The leader of the team is a 44-year-old Frenchman, ________ wife is also a team member.
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
4. I'm to fly to Kunming, ________ it is warm in this season.
A. which B. as C. where D. when
5. He said he would come to my house to see me tomorrow afternoon, ________ I will have some other friends to play together.
A. when B. where C. which D. whom
非限制性定语从句专练
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