资源简介

(共36张PPT)
Grammar and usage
Non-restrictive relative clauses
在定语从句中看到逗号就填which？
别信！「非限制性定语从句」才没那么轻率
什么是定语从句
通俗地讲，定语就是形容词（adj.），用来修饰某个东西或某个人。
借路障铁桶僵尸（zombie）一用，其中红色标注部分就是——定语，这些形容词放在僵尸这个词前面，起修饰、定义、限定的作用：“这只僵尸比较好斗，那只更妖艳一点……”
随着我们英语水平提升，简单的形容词已经不能满足更复杂的句式；为解决这个问题，一种加强版的定语形式就出现了——定语从句，用来修饰、定义主句里提到的东西或人。
我们用zombie的例子继续发散（值得注意的是，现实中很少像下面这么用；如果能用一个形容词搞定，就没有必要复杂化）：
我们需要记住三字结构：先、关、定
定语从句的相关关系词：
什么是关系代词呢？
我们只要关注这个“代”字：指代、替代。代词，用来指代的词，指代前面提到过的东西或人。也就是说，关系代词替代了XX的位置、占了XX的坑。
1.
2.
这里，1句和2句中都出现了 the warriors，为了避免重复，2句使用代词 that，替代1句已经出现过的 the warriors；
在这个定语从句（2句）里，that 占了 the warriors 的坑，因此跟它享有同样的地位—— 托主语 the warriors 的福，that 也成了这个定语从句的主语。
关系副词
关系副词只有3个，when / where / why。它们才是定语从句的终极大boss！过了这道坎，定语从句就差不多拿下了。
只需要稍用点力记住：
when 表示啥时，= 介词+ which
where 表示在哪，= 介词 + which
why 表示为啥，= for + which（因为先行词是 reason，固定搭配 for the reason）；
“我还记得你离开我的那天。”
找出这句子的主干（如果不懂什么是主干，去问语文老师）：
我还记得那天
I still remember the day.
哪天啊？你离开我的那天。按正常的语序，应该说 you left me on that day.
on that day 表明了“啥时”，要用 when，没问题吧；那么，合体吧：
“我来到你住的城市。”
找出句子主干：我来到城市 I got to the city.
找到句子的剩余部分：你住的（城市）；调整为正常语序：你住在这个城市 You live in this city.
表示“在哪里”，关系词用 where，替代 in this city
因此是：I got to the city where you live.
或者：I got to the city in which you live.
找、主干：我不知道原因I don’t know the reason.
关于神马原因？你离开我的原因！ 你离开我，you left me
表示“为啥”，用 why 牵线搭桥
因此是：I don’t know the reason why you left me.
前面提到，why = for which
所以还可以改为：I don’t know the reason for which you left me.
（悄悄告诉你，在表示“XX的原因”时，现实世界中也可以用the reason that … 的；但在国内考试时，大家还是乖乖用 why 吧）
“我不知道你离开我的原因。”
非限制性定语从句
现在听得最多就是：“老师说加逗号的就是非限制性定语从句！”
比如：
I love my dad, who never cuts down my allowance.
我爱我爹，他从不少给零花钱。定语从句前有逗号，所以是非限制性定语从句。
虽然不能讲它不对，但加逗号只是其中一个特征，其他的重要区别我们也需要知道，而且学来的都是自己的，赚到。
限制性定语从句：不可或缺
非限制性定语从句：起补充说明作用，去掉不影响主句。
这样说有些抽象，我们试着想象：
“限制性”是一条穿了牵引绳的狗子，狗身自由被“限制”住了，狗子对主人而言是不可或缺的，狗子绝不能丢了；
“非限制性”是一条没有绑绳的狗子，主人任由它到处溜达，人狗关系不是很亲密，狗子可以回家，但走丢了也不会影响主人心情，狗子是一种可有可无的存在。
例子：
非限制性定语从句既跟限制性定语从句一样，能够指代名词、代词，还能指代句子，即前面整个主句。
先行词为名词
先行词为代词
先行词为主句
在非限制性定语从句中：
1. 无论如何，关系词都不可省略；
2. 指代整个主句时，用 which；
3. that 和 why 双下岗，不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。
其他的，和限制性定语从句一样。
前面加逗号，隔开主从句
关于从句前加不加逗号，这点你们早知道了，我就不展开了
限制性：不加
非限制性：加
as 引导非限制性定语从句，as 从句位置灵活，可位于主句的前面、中间或后面。
1. as 指代整个主句，对主句进行说明，意为“正如”；
2. 对于从句在主句后面的情况，不知道用 as 还是 which 的时候，套用“正如”去理解；如果讲得通，首选 as，稳。
试做几题，判断填 as 还是 which：
1) Dad forgets to flush the toilet, ________ is often the case.
2) Wu Dajing won gold again, ________ we had expected.
3) The man doesn’t wear clothes, ________ makes himself a weirdo.
1）先套用“正如”去理解，as is often the case 正如平时那样/ 这是常事了，as 讲得通，填 as。
as
as
2）先套用“正如”去理解，as we had expected 正如我们之前预料的那样，填 as，有问题。
3）同上，先套用“正如”去理解，正如让他成了个怪咖…… ( _ ) 什么鬼。既然 as 不行，本着严肃认真的作风，我们还需验证下 which 的正确性。
which
在非限制性定语从句中，whom、which前面可以加some/many/all of 等修饰词，表示整体中的部分或所有。
Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diet.
I have been to many big cities, all of which have left a deep impression on me.
1. The gentleman ______ you told me
yesterday proved to be a thief.
A. who B. about whom
C. whom D. with whom
2. Please take any seat ____ is free.
A. which B. where
C. in which D. that
B
D
3. The old man has two sons, _______
is a soldier.
A. one of whom B. both of them
C. all of whom D. none of them
4. New York is famous for its sky-scrapers
(摩天大楼),_____ has more than
100 storeys.
A. the higher of them
B. the highest of which
C. the highest of them D. some of which
A
B
马上操练
1) The bride didn’t show up in the wedding, ________surprised everybody present.
婚礼上新娘没有出现，在场的人都惊了。
解析：which 指代前面整个主句，即“The bride didn’t show up in the wedding” 这件事让所有人都惊呆了。
2) My ex has just bought a second-hand house, ________ walls are covered with moss.
我前任刚买了一套二手房，那墙壁满是青苔。
解析：啥的墙爬满了青苔？房子的墙吖 the house's walls，“XX的XX”这种形式专业点叫做“所有格”，用 whose.
3) I am going to the airport to pick up my aunt tonight, ________ she will be back from abroad.
我今晚要去机场接我姨，她要回国了。
解析：首先看从句部分 _______ she will be back from abroad，横线上该填什么？
离填空最近的一个词是 tonight，那就大胆尝试把 tonight 套进去看能不能讲通：she will be back from abroad tonight. 完全讲得通！tonight 表示“啥时”，属时间状语，就 when 啦！
which
whose
when
4) The newly-built cafe, the walls of ________ are painted light green, is a relaxing place for us.
那家新咖啡馆是我们的放松之处，他家墙刷的浅绿。
解析：这题和 2）大同小异，都有关“啥的墙”；咖啡馆的墙，可以学 2）写成the cafe's walls，也可以写成 the walls of the cafe，这题取后者的用法，the cafe 用什么关系词替代？当然是 which 啦。
5) _______ we all know, the sun rises in the east.
众所周知，太阳从东边升起。
解析：as 引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句，意为“正如”。
如果觉得这样记吃力，也可以直接把 as we all know, as is known to all 这类从句当成固定搭配来记～
6) The guy, with_________I went to the concert, enjoyed himself very much.
那货还玩得挺嗨，我跟他去的演唱会。
解析：我是跟人类去的演唱会，加之看到介词 with，毫无悬念，后面填宾语形式的关系词 whom。
which
As
whom
We usually introduce a non-restrictive relative clause with a relative pronoun like who, whom, which and whose or a relative adverb like when and where. The relative pronoun or adverb cannot be left out in a non-restrictive relative clause.
We can use which in a non-restrictive relative clause to refer to the main clause as a whole.
Exploring the rules
1. Could you rewrite the sentences in B1 on Page 7 using non-
restrictive relative clauses
(1) My parents went on a tour of Japan with 20 people. Some of mhadneverbeenabroadbefore.
(2) My favourite place to visit is a little village near Shanghai. My grandma was born there.
Applying the rules
My parents went on a tour of Japan with 20 people, some of whom had never been abroad before.
My favourite place to visit is a little village near Shanghai, where my grandma was born.
(3) Dr Luo will give us a tour of Beijing. He is an expert in Chinese history.
(4) I’d rather visit Europe in summer. The weather is at its best in summer.
(5) I’m reading a guidebook to Rome. It is really fascinating and helpful.
Dr Luo, who is an expert in Chinese history, will give us a tour of Beijing.
Applying the rules
I’d rather visit Europe in summer, when the weather is at its best.
I’m reading a guidebook to Rome, which is really fascinating and helpful.
c
a
d
b

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