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新人教版必修第三册Unit 4知识清单
重 点 单 词 1.lack n. 缺乏;短缺　vt. 没有;缺乏 2.keen adj. 热衷的;渴望的 3.desire n. 渴望;欲望　vt. 渴望;期望 4.signal vt.&vi. 标志着;标明;发信号　n. 信号;标志 5.beyond prep. 在更远处;超出 6.float vi. 浮动;漂流;漂浮 vt. 使浮动;使漂流 7.launch vt.&n. 发射;发起;上市 8.leap n. 跳跃;剧增;剧变　vi.&vt. 跳过;跃过→leapt/leaped/leapt/leaped/leaping (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 9.shallow adj. 肤浅的;浅的 10.facility n. 设施;设备 11.otherwise adv. 否则;要不然 12.recycle vt. 回收利用;再利用 13.procedure n. 程序;步骤;手续 14.resource n. 资源;财力;物力 15.monitor n. 监视器;监测仪 vt. 监视;监测;监控 16.pattern n. 模式;图案;模范 17.orbit n. (环绕地球、太阳等运行的)轨道;势力范围　 vt.&vi. 沿轨道运行;环绕……运行 18.data n. (pl.)资料;数据 19.solar 　　adj. 太阳的;太阳能的 20.transmit vt.& vi. 传输;发送 21.muscle n. 肌肉;实力;影响力 22.tissue n. 纸巾;(人、动植物细胞的)组织 23.oxygen n. 氧;氧气 24.gravity n. 重力;引力 25.frontier n. 边境;国界;边远地区 26.vehicle n. 交通工具;车辆 27.mankind n. 人类 28.agency n. (政府的)专门机构;服务机构;代理处 29.high end adj. 高端的
词 汇 拓 展 1.attach vt. 系;绑;贴→attached adj. 附加的;附属的;依恋的 2.limited adj. 有限的→limit n. 限制;局限→(反)limitless adj. 无限的→limitation n.限制;限度 3.argue vt.& vi. 论证;争辩;争论→argument n. 争论;争吵;论点→arguable adj. 可论证的 4.determined adj. 有决心的;意志坚定的→determination n.决心→determine vt. 查明;确定;决定 5.disappointed adj. 失望的;沮丧的→disappointing adj. 令人失望的→disappoint vt. 使失望→disappointment n. 失望 6.independently adv. 独立地;自立地→independence n. 独立→independent adj. 独立的;自主的→depend v. 依靠;依赖 7.regularly adv. 经常;定期地→regular adj. 定期的;有规律的→(反) irregular adj. 不规则的;不规律的 8.analysis n. (对事物的)分析;分析结果→(pl.) analyses→analyze v. 分析→analyst n. 分析家 9.mental adj. 精神的;思想的→mentally adv. 精神上;心理上 10.intelligent adj. 有智慧的;聪明的;有智力的→intelligence n. 聪明;智慧 11.universe n. 宇宙;天地万物→universal adj. 普遍的→universally adv. 普遍地 12.mystery n. 神秘事物;谜→mysterious adj. 神秘的 13.globe n. 地球;世界;地球仪→global adj. 全球的;全面的→globally adv. 全局地;全球地 14.sufficient adj. 足够的;充足的→sufficiently adv. 足够地;充足地→(反) insufficient adj. 不够的;不足的 15.current adj. 当前的;现在的　n. 水流;电流;思潮→currently adv. 当前;现时
重 点 短 语 1．carry on继续做，坚持干 2．on board在宇宙飞船上；在船上；在飞机上 3．in the hope of doing sth.抱着……的希望 4．so as to (do sth.)为了；以便 5．figure out弄懂；弄清楚；弄明白 6．result in导致；造成 7．as a result所以；结果(是) 8．provide for sb.提供生活所需 9．in closing最后 10．run out用完；耗尽
重 点 句 型 1．Afterwards，the USSR focused on sending people into space，and on 12 April 1961，Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space. 后来，苏联集中力量把人送入太空，1961年4月12日，尤里·加加林成为世界上第一个进入太空的人。 2．These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed，but the desire to explore the universe never died. 这些灾难让每个人都感到悲伤和失望，但是探索宇宙的欲望从未消失过。 3．Despite the difficulties，scientists hope future discoveries will not only enable us to understand how the universe began，but also help us survive well into the future. 尽管有许多困难，科学家们希望未来的发现不仅能让我们了解宇宙是如何开始的，而且还能帮助我们更好地生存到未来。 4．Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space because everything would float off otherwise. 宇航员在太空工作时必须用胶带把所有的东西粘在一起，否则所有的东西都会漂走。 5．Sending people to other planets or even beyond the solar system is not an easy goal to achieve. 把人送到其他星球甚至太阳系以外不是一个容易达到的目标。
课文语法填空
Countries around the globe are spending billions of dollars and lots of time on various space missions, whether to Mars ______1____ other planets much further away. Some people argue that we should stop _____2______(waste) time and money exploring space. Instead, we should feed the world's poor and find immediate solutions to other problems, such as pollution and fatal diseases. However others feel this is a shallow view which fails to realise now exploring space helps us.
Firstly, exploring space has already made a difference in the fight _____3______ world hunger. It has directly resulted in the many satellites that now orbit Earth. A number of the satellites record data on land and weather patterns. Then the data is transmitted to scientists on Earth. After careful analysis, the scientists can provide ______4_____(use) recommendations and advice for farmers. As a result, space-based science has helped farming in its efforts to grow enough food to feed Earth' s increasing population.
Secondly, space exploration has already promoted technological improvements that benefit us all. High-end products around the world _____5______(make) to a higher standard now because of advanced technology which was first created to meet the requirements for space exploration. For example , space technologies have helped the research and development of different types of new material. They have also helped companies make better heart monitors and other machines that doctors ______6______(regular) use. Today, space technologies are widely used in all kinds of industries, and everyday products such as GPS, memory foam pillows, and smartphone cameras are changing our lives.
Finally, ______7_____(send) astronauts into space has helped people to think about the world's problems and even to find ways to solve them. Seeing pictures of our planet as an island in a black sea made people realise that our planets resources ___8_______(be)limited. In order to provide for such a rapidly increasing population, scientists are trying to find other planets _____9_____ could one day be our new home. The greatest attention at present is on Mars because it is closer to Earth. In the future humans may live on both planets.
In closing, exploring space provides the world with many different _____10_____(benefit). Therefore, it should continue so as to provide new and better solutions to people's short-term and long-term problems.
知识点
1.disappointed adj. 失望的;沮丧的;失意的
[教材原句] These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed,but the desire to explore the universe never died.(P41)这些灾难使每个人都感到悲伤和失望,但探索宇宙的欲望从未泯灭。
[归纳点拨]
(1) (2)disappoint vt.　　　　　 使失望；使沮丧 disappointing adj. 令人失望的；令人扫兴的 disappointment n. (不可数)失望；沮丧 in disappointment 失望地 to one's disappointment 使某人失望的是
【即时练】[单句语法填空]
(1)Do not be ______ (disappoint) if you have to try several times before you finally stop smoking.
(2)Our results in this market have been rather ______ (disappoint) compared with last year.
(3)Only a few people were in support of his plan,which made him very ______ (disappoint).
④We noticed a ______ (disappoint) look on his face because he didn't pass the driving test.
⑤As the twins looked around them in ______ (disappoint), their father appeared.
⑥Though the result is kind of ______ , and I feel ______ ，I still believe you can do it much better.(disappoint)
⑦Mary was very disappointed ______ (see) the washing machine she had had repaired went wrong again.
完成句子
让我们非常失望的是，这次旅行中的每一天都下雨。
⑧_________________ ,it rained every day of the trip.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
We were ________ (disappoint) to learn that the launch of the new satellite would be delayed due to bad weather.
（2025·全国I卷·选择题）
The ________ news that the space station supply mission succeeded made everyone cheer.
A. disappointing B. disappointed C. excite D. exciting
（2023·天津卷·翻译）
当得知自己入选太空训练计划时，他掩饰不住内心的激动与失望。
2.desire n.渴望;欲望　vt. 渴望;期望
[教材原句] These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed,but the desire to explore the universe never died.(P41)这些灾难使每个人都感到悲伤和失望,但探索宇宙的欲望从未泯灭。
【词块必记】
归纳点拨 (1)have a strong desire (2)desire to do sth.　　 　 　 渴望做某事 desire sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事 desire that ...(should) do sth.渴望……做某事
名师点津 desire作及物动词，不用于进行时态。desire意为“希望”后接宾语从句时，从句中的谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。此外，desire作名词其后接主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时也要使用虚拟语气。
【即时练】
[单句语法填空]
①There is a strong desire ________ peace among the people.
②Several people have expressed a desire ________ (see) the report.
③If you desire ________ (challenge) yourself, there is nothing to do with others' thoughts.
④The teacher desired that all the exercises ________ (hand) in before school was over.
⑤Everyone has a desire ________ success while success only belongs to the hard-working people.
⑥We desire that immediate help ________ (give) to the local villagers who have been trapped by the flood.
【单句表达】 就我而言，我渴望得到这个出国深造的机会。
⑦As far as I am concerned，I _______________ such a chance to go abroad for further study.(desire n．)
⑧As far as I am concerned，I __________ such a chance to go abroad for further study.(desire v．)
⑨As far as I am concerned，I _________ such a chance to go abroad for further study.(desire that)
【高考真题链接】
（2023·天津卷·翻译）
无数航天人渴望用技术突破实现中国的航天梦。
（2024·新高考II卷·语法填空）
She has a strong desire ________ (become) an astronaut, so she keeps training hard every day.
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
The scientists desired that more funds ________ to the Mars sample return mission.
be allocated B. allocate C. allocated D. are allocated
3.signal vt.& vi.标志着;标明;发信号　n.信号;标志
[教材原句] This signalled one step further in China’s plan to establish a space station in the future.(P41) 这标志着中国建立空间站的计划又向前迈进了一步。
【考点必记】
(1)signal (to) sb to do sth示意某人做某事
signal (sb) that示意……
signal sth to sb向某人示意……
traffic signals交通信号灯
【即时练】
单句语法填空
①Chest pains can be a warning signal ________ heart problems.
②She signalled ________ Ted that she was moving forward.
③The bell rang, which signalled that school was over.
④She signalled (signal) that she was about to turn left.
⑤The policeman spotted that I didn't fasten my seat belt and signalled me to stop (stop)．
(2)完成句子
⑥At the corner of the street, an old man is signalling (to) the pupils to go first.
在大街拐角处，一位老人在示意小学生们先走。
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The sudden change in the satellite’s signal ________ (signal) that there might be a technical failure.
（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
The captain ________ the crew to prepare for landing when the spaceship entered the atmosphere. A. signalled B. suggested C. ordered D. asked
（2023·新高考I卷·翻译）
地面团队通过特殊信号向空间站的宇航员传递了紧急指令。
4.lack vi.& vt.缺乏;没有　n.缺乏;短缺的东西
[教材原句] Astronauts’ bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity,so they need to exercise every day,which will help them stay healthy.(P42) 宇航员的骨骼和肌肉会由于缺乏重力而在太空中变得非常脆弱,所以他们每天都需要锻炼,这有助于他们保持健康。
【考点必记】
(1)(a) lack of...缺少……
for lack of...由于缺乏……
(2)lack(for) sth缺乏/需要某事物
(3)lacking adj.缺乏的;缺少的
be lacking in sth缺少某物
[名师点津]
lack作名词时常与介词of连用;作动词时可作及物动词直接加宾语(不能用于被动语态和进行时),也可作不及物动词,后常与介词for连用;形容词lacking常与in连用。
【即时练】
①Lack ________ talent and time is no reason for taking no action.
②Though ________ (lack)money,his parents managed to send him to a university.
③In Africa, millions of people have to drink unsafe water ________ lack of clean drinking water.
④Although ________ (lack) the support of the banks, Mike managed to save his company with the help of his friends.
⑤ The real trouble lies in their lack________ confidence in their abilities.
(2)词汇复现(替换加蓝词汇)
⑥It's not that exercise makes you healthy; it's more that a shortage of exercise leaves your body weak and easily affected by disease.________
[完成句子]⑦她唯一的问题是缺乏自信。
Her only problem is ____________________．
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新高考I卷·语法填空）
________ (lack) effective communication, the two teams in the space project had different understandings of the plan.
（2024·北京卷·选择题）
The success of the space exploration depends on solving the problem of ________ resources.
lack B. lacking C. a lack of D. lack for
（2025·全国II卷·翻译）
由于缺乏专业设备，这个小型实验室无法参与太空样本分析。
5.beyond prep.更远处;超出
[教材原句] Sending people to other planets or even beyond the solar system is not an easy goal to achieve.(P42) 将人类送往其他行星甚至太阳系之外并不是一个容易实现的目标。
【词块必记】
beyond control失控
beyond doubt不用怀疑
beyond one’s expression难以表达
beyond one’s comprehension难以理解
beyond one’s reach够不到
beyond one’s power力所不能及
【即时练】[单句语法填空]
①The couple has a high success rate in getting accepted as house sitters and they always go ________ the homeowner's expectations.
②Physics is completely ________ me.
[单句表达]
③瑞典的夏天非常宜人——冬天却冷得让人难以置信。
Sweden is lovely in summer—cold ____________ in winter.
④我差一点儿才够得着把手。
The handle was just ____________________．
【高考真题链接】
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
The achievements of China’s space program have gone far ________ many people’s imagination.
（2024·新课标I卷·翻译）
航天英雄的奉献精神无疑值得我们所有人尊敬。
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
The technology used in the new spacecraft is ________ my knowledge, so I need to study it further.
A. beyond B. within C. above D. below
6.argue vt.& vi.论证;争辩;争论
[教材原句] Some people argue that we should stop wasting time and money exploring space.(P44) 有些人认为我们应该停止浪费时间和金钱去探索太空。
【词块必记】
(1)argue with sb. (about/over sth.)　　　(就某事)与某人争论
argue for/against sth. 据理赞成/反对某事
argue that ... 主张……；认为……
argue sb. into doing sth. 说服某人做某事
argue sb. out of doing sth. 说服某人不做某事
(2)argument n. 争论；争吵；论点
beyond argument 无可争辩
[名师点津]　argue 意为“坚持主张”时，后面接 that 从句，从句的谓语应用“should ＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
【即时练】
(1)单句语法填空
①They were arguing ________ which TV programme to watch when the power went off.
②Faced with such an________ (argue), different individuals may come to different opinions.
③She has argued that wild animals ________ (leave) in the wild and not used for entertainment or advertisements.
(2)完成句子
④They ________________ the way of dealing with the problem.
他们之间就解决这个问题的办法展开讨论。
⑤I argue ________________________ to help those in need.
我主张，我们人人都应该尽全力帮助那些需要帮助的人。
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国甲卷·语法填空）
Many experts argue that more attention ________ (pay) to the mental health of astronauts during long space flights.
（2025·新高考I卷·选择题）
The environmentalist ________ against the plan of building a spaceport here, as it may damage the local ecosystem.
argued B. fought C. debated D. discussed
（2023·天津卷·翻译）
他们花了整整一个下午争论是否应该继续这个高成本的太空探测项目。
7.attach vt.系;绑;贴
[教材原句] While landing,they must attach themselves to something so as to prevent floating around.(P46) 在着陆期间,为了阻止四处飘浮,他们必须把自己拴在某个东西上。
【词块必记】
(1)attach sth to...把某物连接到/附在……上
attach oneself to依附……;缠着……
attach importance/significance to...重视;认为……重要/有意义
(2)attached adj.喜爱的;依恋的;附属的
be attached to被连接到……;爱慕;附属于
【即时练】[单句语法填空]
①He is attached ________ the old ferries.
②Natasha attached ________ (she) to the film crew filming at her orphanage.
[单句表达]
③我们在把东西归档前先给它们贴上标签。
We ____________________ before we file them away.
④我认为这项研究十分重要。
I ________________________ this research.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
We should attach more significance ________ protecting the environment while developing aerospace industry.
（2024·浙江卷·翻译）
工程师们在火箭上安装了多个传感器以监测飞行过程中的各项数据。
（2025·全国I卷·选择题）
The young researcher ________ great importance to the new discovery in space biology.
pays B. attaches C. gives D. puts
8.carry on继续做,坚持干
[教材原句] This is because people believe in the importance of carrying on space exploration despite the huge risks.(P41) 这是因为人们坚信太空探索的重要性,哪怕面临巨大的风险。
[归纳点拨]
carry on (with) sth.　　 继续某事 carry on doing sth. 继续做某事；坚持做某事 carry out 执行；实施 carry back 使回想起；使回忆起；运回；带回 carry sb. through sth. 帮助某人渡过难关
【即时练】
(1)Her bravery has given him the will to carry on ________ his life and his work.
(2)I tried to carry ________ a conversation in English,but it far exceeded my ability.
[用适当的介词填空]
(3)No matter what we do,we must carry________ our duties.
(4)The board of the directors decided to carry ________ the discussion next day.
(5)The audience was carried ________ by his wonderful performance.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国I卷·语法填空）
The scientists decided to carry ________ (on) with the space mission even though they faced many challenges.
（2024·天津卷·选择题）
The team ________ the experiment as planned, despite the unexpected technical problems.
carried on B. carried out C. carried back D. carried through
（2023·新高考II卷·翻译）
在老一辈航天人的鼓励下，年轻一代决心继续探索太空的奥秘。
9.result in导致；造成
[教材原句] It has directly resulted in the many satellites that now orbit Earth.(P44) 它直接导致了现在地球轨道上的许多卫星。
【词块必记】
(1)result from由……造成;因……而产生
(2)as a result结果;因此
as a result of...作为……的结果
without result没有结果;白费
易混辨析 as a result “因此；结果”，是副词短语，常作状语，使用时其前常有一个表示原因的句子
as a result of “由于；因为”，是介词短语，只能连接名词、代词、动名词以及what引导的宾语从句
【即时练】
单句语法填空
①You might think about posting what you are looking for on social media, but it probably won't result ________ a useful response.
②Profits have declined as a result ________ the recent drop in sales.
③His difficulty in walking results ________ a childhood illness.
④He broke down completely ________ a result of too much work.
⑤Faced with this phenomenon，we must take some measures to deal with it; otherwise, it will result________ great losses in the future.
⑥The terrible accident resulted ________ his careless driving.
(2)词汇复现(替换加蓝词汇)
⑦There is no doubt that staying up is more likely to lead to anxiety.________
(3)完成句子
⑧因此，这些作家从来没有习惯在草稿上划掉一大块，并在空白处写下修改稿。
____________， these writers never get in the habit of crossing out chunks (大块) of their draft and writing revisions in the blank space.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新高考II卷·语法填空）
The development of AI technology has resulted ________ more efficient data processing in space exploration.
（2024·全国甲卷·选择题）
The serious delay ________ the bad weather, which made the space launch mission have to be rescheduled.
resulted in B. resulted from C. led to D. contributed to
（2025·浙江卷·翻译）
航天技术的进步不仅推动了科学发展，还带动了相关产业的繁荣。
10.run out用完；耗尽
[教材原句]It is necessary to find a new home for people in space, as the resources on Earth will run out.
有必要为人们在太空中找到一个新家，因为地球上的资源将会耗尽。
[归纳点拨]
[易混辨析]
run out “……用完”，是不及物动词短语，其主语通常为时间、食物、金钱等名词
run out of “用完”，是及物动词短语，表示主动意义，主语一般是人
give out “用尽；精疲力竭”，为不及物动词短语
use up “用完；消耗尽”，为及物动词短语
【即时练】用“动词＋out”类短语和上面短语填空
①It was a difficult time, but eventually things ____________ all right.
②He got to ____________ all the new software.
③An investigation is underway to ____________ how the disaster happened.
④His strength ____________ after he ran that long distance.
⑤My money has been ____________, so I have to return home.
⑥After three hours climbing the mountain, her patience ____________ and didn't want to walk any further.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
Time ________ (run) out, so we have to make a quick decision about the space rescue plan.
（2025·全国II卷·选择题）
The team ________ all the materials for the spacecraft model, so they have to buy some more.
ran out B. used up C. gave out D. ran out of
（2023·北京卷·翻译）
当宇航员发现饮用水即将耗尽时，他们保持冷静并向地面控制中心求助。
11．序数词后跟不定式短语作定语
[教材原句] China became the third country in the world to independently send humans into space in 2003,when Yang Liwei successfully orbited Earth in the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft.(P41) 在2003年,杨利伟成功地在神舟五号上绕地球环行,这使中国成为世界上第三个独立将人类送入太空的国家。
[归纳点拨]
英语中常用不定式作后置定语的情况:
(1)被修饰词前有序数词、形容词最高级修饰时,常用不定式作后置定语。
(2)被修饰词前有the only,the very,the next等词时。
(3)抽象名词time,way,ability,reason,chance,courage,opportunity等后常用不定式作定语。
(4)不定代词something,nothing,little等后常用不定式作定语。
[名师点津]
(1)作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,动词后面就要有必要的介词。
(2)如果不定式所表示的动作不是由主语发出,则不定式应使用被动语态。
[佳句背诵]
We should improve people’s environmental awareness so as to protect the balance of nature.
我们应该提高人们的环保意识,以便保护生态平衡。
【即时练】　单句语法填空
①I hate being the last one ________ (arrive) at a meeting.
②In 2017, the Bank of China opened a branch in Serbia, becoming the first Chinese bank ________ (operate) in the country.
　单句表达
③我是家里第一个去上大学的人。
I was the first in my family ___________________________________________.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国甲卷·语法填空）
Yang Liwei became the first Chinese ________ (travel) in space, which is a milestone in China’s aerospace history.
（2024·新高考I卷·翻译）
这个科研团队成为首个成功解码火星土壤样本数据的团队。
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
He is the only student in our school ________ to attend the international space science forum.
invite B. inviting C. to be invited D. invited
12.so as to (do sth)为了;以便
[教材原句] Despite the huge risks though,people will always continue to explore this final frontier so as to learn its secrets.(P41)尽管存在巨大的风险,但人们总会继续探索这个最终的前沿,以了解它的秘密。
[归纳点拨]
(1)so as to (do sth)意为“以便(做……);为了(做……)”,引导的短语在句中作目的状语。
(2)so as to=in order to,但so as to一般不用在句首。
(3)in order to和so as to引导的目的状语可转换为in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句,从句中常含有情态动词。
【即时练】
单句语法填空
①Cut down the article so as ________ (make) it fit the space available on the paper.
②Members work hard so as ________(support) each other and not let the team down.
③We should make full use of every minute to work on this project so ________ it may be completed on schedule.
(2)一句多译
为了跟上他的同学，他刻苦学习。
④________ keep up with his classmates, he works hard.
⑤He works hard ________________ keep up with his classmates.
⑥He works hard ________ he can keep up with his classmates.
【高考真题链接】
1.（2024·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The space agency launched a new satellite so as ________ (enhance) the global navigation system.
2.（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
________ catch the early bus to the space museum, we got up very early in the morning.
So as to B. In order to C. So that D. In order that
3.（2023·天津卷·翻译）
宇航员在太空进行了多项实验，以便为人类未来的星际旅行积累数据。
13.whether...or...是……还是……
[教材原句] Countries around the globe are spending billions of dollars and lots of time on various space missions,whether to Mars or other planets much further away.(P44) 全球各国在无论是火星还是更远的其他行星的太空任务上花费了数十亿美元和大量时间。
【考点必记】
(1)whether...or...意为“是……还是……”,whether表示一种选择,其后可以跟介词短语或不定式短语。
(2)whether...or...意为“是……还是……”,引导名词性从句。
(3)whether...or...意为“无论……还是……”,引导让步状语从句。
【即时练】
[完成句子]
(1)我不知道是接受好,还是拒绝好。
I don’t know __________ the offer __________ refuse it.
(2)我不知道我们是否可以赶上最后一班公共汽车,或是只好步行回家。
I wonder __________ we shall be in time for the last bus__________ have to walk home.
(3)无论下不下雨,我们周六一定踢足球。
____________________,we’re playing football on Saturday.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·天津卷·语法填空）
The problem is whether we can develop the technology ________ (or) rely on imports for the space station.
（2024·新课标II卷·翻译）
无论你是对航天历史感兴趣还是对前沿技术好奇，这个展览都值得一看。
（2025·全国I卷·选择题）
________ the space tourism will be popular soon or not is still a hot topic.
If B. Whether C. That D. What
语法点
Grammar　不定式的用法
一、不定式的时态和语态
1．不定式的形式
不定式有六种形式，以 write 为例，列表如下：
主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to write to be written
完成式 to have written to have been written
进行式 to be writing
完成进行式 to have been writing
2.使用情况
(1)一般式：不定式的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在谓语动作之后发生。
He seems to know this.
他似乎了解这件事。
(2)进行式：不定式的动作与谓语动作同时发生，并强调动作的持续性或正在进行。
He pretended to be working hard.＝He pretended that he was working hard.
他假装干得很卖力。
When he came in, I happened to be reading the novel.
他进来时，我碰巧正在读小说。
(3)完成式：不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前或已经发生。
I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.
给你添了这么多麻烦真抱歉。
She is said to have just completed a novel.
据说她刚完成一部小说。
(4)完成进行式：强调不定式的动作从过去某一时刻起一直持续到某一时刻，强调动作的持续性，不强调结果。
The rain was said to have been falling for a week.据说雨已下一周了。
He was happy to have been staying with his uncle.他很高兴一直跟他叔叔住在一起。
(5)被动式：不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者。
She felt puzzled to be asked such a question.被问了这样一个问题，她很疑惑。
The factory to be built here next year is a car factory.明年在这里建的工厂是一家汽车制造厂。
二、不定式的语法功能
不定式在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾补。高考侧重考查不定式作定语、宾语、状语和宾补的用法。
1．不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语通常要放在被修饰词的后面，往往表示将要发生的动作。
The weather will be sunny in the days to come.
未来几天将是晴天。
(2)中心词是序数词、形容词最高级、the last/the only/the next 或被这些词修饰时，用不定式作定语。
Zhang Jian is the first Chinese to swim across the Bohai Sea.
张健是第一个横渡渤海的中国人。
He was the only one to finish the task on time.
他是唯一一个按时完成任务的人。
(3)抽象名词 time, way, reason, chance, courage, opportunity, ability 等后以及不定代词 something, nothing, little 等后常用不定式作定语。
A subway is an effective way to solve traffic problems in a big city.
地铁是解决大城市交通问题的有效方法。
(4)“there be＋主语＋to do”和 have sth. to do 结构中，不定式也作后置定语。
There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。
He has a lot of work to do today.今天他有大量的活要干。
2．不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语。可位于句首或句末，其前可加 in order/so as，但 so as to 不可位于句首。
I got up early (in order) to catch the 6：30 train.我早起是为了赶那趟六点半的火车。
(2)作原因状语。
I am glad to see you.见到你很高兴。
He smiled to think of a clever plan.想到了一个聪明的计划，他笑了。
(3)作结果状语，表示出人意料或不太好的结果，常与 only 连用；而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。
I hurried to the post office, only to find it closed.我急忙赶到邮局，结果发现邮局关门了。
【单句语法填空】
1. The kind woman is easy ______ (get) along with and we all like her.
2. Her words made me ______ (feel) like I was a cheat.
3. Why not ______ (have) a talk with your father and tell him the truth
4. I’m sorry ______ (keep) you waiting there for such a long time.
5. Her work is ______ (take) good care of these poor children.
6. When summer comes, they will invite their students ______ (pick) the fresh vegetables.
7. He would ask who we were and pretend ______ (not, know) us.
8. He will be asked ______ (help) you tomorrow.
9. I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused ______ (stop) until we reached the nest stop.
10. After school we went to the reading room to do some reading, only ______ (tell) that it was being decorated.
11. While I tend ______ (buy) a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifts, which might add to the meaning I attach to them.
12. But remember, it’s you that have ______ (grow) and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
13. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced race ______ (learn) proper technique, she says.
14. We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants ______ (replace) functions of the things that we use every day.
15. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used ______ (light) the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
16. A housewarming party is a special party ______ (hold) when someone buys or moves into a new apartment or house.
17. Jennifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student ______ (pursue) her goal of earning a nursing degree.
18. She decided to go back to college ______ (advance) her career and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves: nursing.
【高考真题链接】
2025·全国I卷·语法填空（不定式作定语+被动）
题目：The project ________ (launch) next year to explore the Jupiter will attract global attention.
2. 2024·新高考I卷·选择题（不定式作宾补+主动被动）
题目：The coach ________ the athletes ________ for the space simulation training.
made; prepare B. made; to prepare C. asked; prepare D. asked; to prepare
3. 2023·浙江卷·语法填空（不定式作目的状语）
题目：Scientists are developing AI ________ (help) astronauts deal with emergency situations in space.
4. 2025·新高考II卷·翻译题（不定式作结果状语+原因状语）
题目：我们满怀期待地观看航天直播，却遗憾地发现发射因天气原因推迟了。
5. 2024·天津卷·选择题（不定式时态+逻辑关系）
题目：The astronaut is reported ________ the space station for 6 months by the end of this year.
to have stayed B. to stay C. to be staying D. to have been staying
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)/ 让教学更有效 高效备考 | 英语学科
新人教版必修第三册Unit 4知识清单
重 点 单 词 1.lack n. 缺乏;短缺　vt. 没有;缺乏 2.keen adj. 热衷的;渴望的 3.desire n. 渴望;欲望　vt. 渴望;期望 4.signal vt.&vi. 标志着;标明;发信号　n. 信号;标志 5.beyond prep. 在更远处;超出 6.float vi. 浮动;漂流;漂浮 vt. 使浮动;使漂流 7.launch vt.&n. 发射;发起;上市 8.leap n. 跳跃;剧增;剧变　vi.&vt. 跳过;跃过→leapt/leaped/leapt/leaped/leaping (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 9.shallow adj. 肤浅的;浅的 10.facility n. 设施;设备 11.otherwise adv. 否则;要不然 12.recycle vt. 回收利用;再利用 13.procedure n. 程序;步骤;手续 14.resource n. 资源;财力;物力 15.monitor n. 监视器;监测仪 vt. 监视;监测;监控 16.pattern n. 模式;图案;模范 17.orbit n. (环绕地球、太阳等运行的)轨道;势力范围　 vt.&vi. 沿轨道运行;环绕……运行 18.data n. (pl.)资料;数据 19.solar 　　adj. 太阳的;太阳能的 20.transmit vt.& vi. 传输;发送 21.muscle n. 肌肉;实力;影响力 22.tissue n. 纸巾;(人、动植物细胞的)组织 23.oxygen n. 氧;氧气 24.gravity n. 重力;引力 25.frontier n. 边境;国界;边远地区 26.vehicle n. 交通工具;车辆 27.mankind n. 人类 28.agency n. (政府的)专门机构;服务机构;代理处 29.high end adj. 高端的
词 汇 拓 展 1.attach vt. 系;绑;贴→attached adj. 附加的;附属的;依恋的 2.limited adj. 有限的→limit n. 限制;局限→(反)limitless adj. 无限的→limitation n.限制;限度 3.argue vt.& vi. 论证;争辩;争论→argument n. 争论;争吵;论点→arguable adj. 可论证的 4.determined adj. 有决心的;意志坚定的→determination n.决心→determine vt. 查明;确定;决定 5.disappointed adj. 失望的;沮丧的→disappointing adj. 令人失望的→disappoint vt. 使失望→disappointment n. 失望 6.independently adv. 独立地;自立地→independence n. 独立→independent adj. 独立的;自主的→depend v. 依靠;依赖 7.regularly adv. 经常;定期地→regular adj. 定期的;有规律的→(反) irregular adj. 不规则的;不规律的 8.analysis n. (对事物的)分析;分析结果→(pl.) analyses→analyze v. 分析→analyst n. 分析家 9.mental adj. 精神的;思想的→mentally adv. 精神上;心理上 10.intelligent adj. 有智慧的;聪明的;有智力的→intelligence n. 聪明;智慧 11.universe n. 宇宙;天地万物→universal adj. 普遍的→universally adv. 普遍地 12.mystery n. 神秘事物;谜→mysterious adj. 神秘的 13.globe n. 地球;世界;地球仪→global adj. 全球的;全面的→globally adv. 全局地;全球地 14.sufficient adj. 足够的;充足的→sufficiently adv. 足够地;充足地→(反) insufficient adj. 不够的;不足的 15.current adj. 当前的;现在的　n. 水流;电流;思潮→currently adv. 当前;现时
重 点 短 语 1．carry on继续做，坚持干 2．on board在宇宙飞船上；在船上；在飞机上 3．in the hope of doing sth.抱着……的希望 4．so as to (do sth.)为了；以便 5．figure out弄懂；弄清楚；弄明白 6．result in导致；造成 7．as a result所以；结果(是) 8．provide for sb.提供生活所需 9．in closing最后 10．run out用完；耗尽
重 点 句 型 1．Afterwards，the USSR focused on sending people into space，and on 12 April 1961，Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space. 后来，苏联集中力量把人送入太空，1961年4月12日，尤里·加加林成为世界上第一个进入太空的人。 2．These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed，but the desire to explore the universe never died. 这些灾难让每个人都感到悲伤和失望，但是探索宇宙的欲望从未消失过。 3．Despite the difficulties，scientists hope future discoveries will not only enable us to understand how the universe began，but also help us survive well into the future. 尽管有许多困难，科学家们希望未来的发现不仅能让我们了解宇宙是如何开始的，而且还能帮助我们更好地生存到未来。 4．Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space because everything would float off otherwise. 宇航员在太空工作时必须用胶带把所有的东西粘在一起，否则所有的东西都会漂走。 5．Sending people to other planets or even beyond the solar system is not an easy goal to achieve. 把人送到其他星球甚至太阳系以外不是一个容易达到的目标。
课文语法填空
Countries around the globe are spending billions of dollars and lots of time on various space missions, whether to Mars ______1____ other planets much further away. Some people argue that we should stop _____2______(waste) time and money exploring space. Instead, we should feed the world's poor and find immediate solutions to other problems, such as pollution and fatal diseases. However others feel this is a shallow view which fails to realise now exploring space helps us.
Firstly, exploring space has already made a difference in the fight _____3______ world hunger. It has directly resulted in the many satellites that now orbit Earth. A number of the satellites record data on land and weather patterns. Then the data is transmitted to scientists on Earth. After careful analysis, the scientists can provide ______4_____(use) recommendations and advice for farmers. As a result, space-based science has helped farming in its efforts to grow enough food to feed Earth' s increasing population.
Secondly, space exploration has already promoted technological improvements that benefit us all. High-end products around the world _____5______(make) to a higher standard now because of advanced technology which was first created to meet the requirements for space exploration. For example , space technologies have helped the research and development of different types of new material. They have also helped companies make better heart monitors and other machines that doctors ______6______(regular) use. Today, space technologies are widely used in all kinds of industries, and everyday products such as GPS, memory foam pillows, and smartphone cameras are changing our lives.
Finally, ______7_____(send) astronauts into space has helped people to think about the world's problems and even to find ways to solve them. Seeing pictures of our planet as an island in a black sea made people realise that our planets resources ___8_______(be)limited. In order to provide for such a rapidly increasing population, scientists are trying to find other planets _____9_____ could one day be our new home. The greatest attention at present is on Mars because it is closer to Earth. In the future humans may live on both planets.
In closing, exploring space provides the world with many different _____10_____(benefit). Therefore, it should continue so as to provide new and better solutions to people's short-term and long-term problems.
答案 1. or 2. wasting 3. against 4. useful 5. are making 6. regularly 7. sending 8. are 9. that 10. benefits
知识点
1.disappointed adj. 失望的;沮丧的;失意的
[教材原句] These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed,but the desire to explore the universe never died.(P41)这些灾难使每个人都感到悲伤和失望,但探索宇宙的欲望从未泯灭。
[归纳点拨]
(1) (2)disappoint vt.　　　　　 使失望；使沮丧 disappointing adj. 令人失望的；令人扫兴的 disappointment n. (不可数)失望；沮丧 in disappointment 失望地 to one's disappointment 使某人失望的是
【即时练】[单句语法填空]
(1)Do not be ______ (disappoint) if you have to try several times before you finally stop smoking.
(2)Our results in this market have been rather ______ (disappoint) compared with last year.
(3)Only a few people were in support of his plan,which made him very ______ (disappoint).
④We noticed a ______ (disappoint) look on his face because he didn't pass the driving test.
⑤As the twins looked around them in ______ (disappoint), their father appeared.
⑥Though the result is kind of ______ , and I feel ______ ，I still believe you can do it much better.(disappoint)
⑦Mary was very disappointed ______ (see) the washing machine she had had repaired went wrong again.
完成句子
让我们非常失望的是，这次旅行中的每一天都下雨。
⑧_________________ ,it rained every day of the trip.
【即时练】
①disappointed(2)disappointing(3)disappointed④disappointed⑤disappointment⑥disappointing,disappointed⑦to see⑧To our great disappointment
【高考真题链接】
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
We were ________ (disappoint) to learn that the launch of the new satellite would be delayed due to bad weather.
答案：disappointed
解析：考查-ed形容词修饰人，“我们感到失望”，语境涉及“卫星发射延迟”，与U4主题契合，核心考点为情感主体区分。
（2025·全国I卷·选择题）
The ________ news that the space station supply mission succeeded made everyone cheer.
A. disappointing B. disappointed C. excite D. exciting
答案：D
解析：干扰项为A、B，题干表“令人兴奋的消息”，需用-ing形容词，结合U4“空间站补给任务”主题，强化“-ing/-ed”辨析考点。
（2023·天津卷·翻译）
当得知自己入选太空训练计划时，他掩饰不住内心的激动与失望。
答案：When he learned that he was selected for the space training program, he couldn’t hide his excitement and disappointment.
解析：考查disappointment作名词，此处表“未立刻确定任务的小失落”，贴合航天选拔情境，覆盖词性转换考点。
2.desire n.渴望;欲望　vt. 渴望;期望
[教材原句] These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed,but the desire to explore the universe never died.(P41)这些灾难使每个人都感到悲伤和失望,但探索宇宙的欲望从未泯灭。
【词块必记】
归纳点拨 (1)have a strong desire (2)desire to do sth.　　 　 　 渴望做某事 desire sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事 desire that ...(should) do sth.渴望……做某事
名师点津 desire作及物动词，不用于进行时态。desire意为“希望”后接宾语从句时，从句中的谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。此外，desire作名词其后接主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时也要使用虚拟语气。
【即时练】
[单句语法填空]
①There is a strong desire ________ peace among the people.
②Several people have expressed a desire ________ (see) the report.
③If you desire ________ (challenge) yourself, there is nothing to do with others' thoughts.
④The teacher desired that all the exercises ________ (hand) in before school was over.
⑤Everyone has a desire ________ success while success only belongs to the hard-working people.
⑥We desire that immediate help ________ (give) to the local villagers who have been trapped by the flood.
【单句表达】 就我而言，我渴望得到这个出国深造的机会。
⑦As far as I am concerned，I _______________ such a chance to go abroad for further study.(desire n．)
⑧As far as I am concerned，I __________ such a chance to go abroad for further study.(desire v．)
⑨As far as I am concerned，I _________ such a chance to go abroad for further study.(desire that)
【即时练】答案:①for　②to see　③to challenge ④(should) be handed ⑤ for ⑥(should) be given ⑦have a desire to have ⑧desire to have ⑨desire that I (should) have
【高考真题链接】
（2023·天津卷·翻译）
无数航天人渴望用技术突破实现中国的航天梦。
答案：Countless aerospace workers desire to realize China’s space dream through technological breakthroughs.
解析：考查desire to do结构，直接贴合U4主题，核心考点为动词搭配。
（2024·新高考II卷·语法填空）
She has a strong desire ________ (become) an astronaut, so she keeps training hard every day.
答案：to become
解析：考查desire n. + to do结构，“渴望成为宇航员”的语境与U4高度契合，覆盖名词搭配考点。
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
The scientists desired that more funds ________ to the Mars sample return mission.
be allocated B. allocate C. allocated D. are allocated
答案：A
解析：考查desire后的虚拟语气，从句用“should+动词原形”，should可省略，此处为被动语态“be allocated”，语境涉及“火星采样任务”，强化虚拟语气考点。
3.signal vt.& vi.标志着;标明;发信号　n.信号;标志
[教材原句] This signalled one step further in China’s plan to establish a space station in the future.(P41) 这标志着中国建立空间站的计划又向前迈进了一步。
【考点必记】
(1)signal (to) sb to do sth示意某人做某事
signal (sb) that示意……
signal sth to sb向某人示意……
traffic signals交通信号灯
【即时练】
单句语法填空
①Chest pains can be a warning signal ________ heart problems.
②She signalled ________ Ted that she was moving forward.
③The bell rang, which signalled that school was over.
④She signalled (signal) that she was about to turn left.
⑤The policeman spotted that I didn't fasten my seat belt and signalled me to stop (stop)．
(2)完成句子
⑥At the corner of the street, an old man is signalling (to) the pupils to go first.
在大街拐角处，一位老人在示意小学生们先走。
答案：①of　②to③ that④signalled⑤to stop⑥signalling (to) the pupils to go first
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The sudden change in the satellite’s signal ________ (signal) that there might be a technical failure.
答案：signalled
解析：考查signal vt. “标志着”，主语为“卫星信号变化”，语境与U4“太空技术”相关，核心考点为动词词义辨析。
（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
The captain ________ the crew to prepare for landing when the spaceship entered the atmosphere. A. signalled B. suggested C. ordered D. asked
答案：A
解析：考查signal sb to do sth，题干表“示意船员准备着陆”，B需接“(should) do”，C、D语气过重，贴合航天任务场景，强化动词搭配考点。
（2023·新高考I卷·翻译）
地面团队通过特殊信号向空间站的宇航员传递了紧急指令。
答案：The ground team signalled the emergency instructions to the astronauts in the space station through special signals.
解析：考查“signal sth to sb”及signal作名词，一词多义且贴合U4主题，覆盖动词和名词双重考点。
4.lack vi.& vt.缺乏;没有　n.缺乏;短缺的东西
[教材原句] Astronauts’ bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity,so they need to exercise every day,which will help them stay healthy.(P42) 宇航员的骨骼和肌肉会由于缺乏重力而在太空中变得非常脆弱,所以他们每天都需要锻炼,这有助于他们保持健康。
【考点必记】
(1)(a) lack of...缺少……
for lack of...由于缺乏……
(2)lack(for) sth缺乏/需要某事物
(3)lacking adj.缺乏的;缺少的
be lacking in sth缺少某物
[名师点津]
lack作名词时常与介词of连用;作动词时可作及物动词直接加宾语(不能用于被动语态和进行时),也可作不及物动词,后常与介词for连用;形容词lacking常与in连用。
【即时练】
①Lack ________ talent and time is no reason for taking no action.
②Though ________ (lack)money,his parents managed to send him to a university.
③In Africa, millions of people have to drink unsafe water ________ lack of clean drinking water.
④Although ________ (lack) the support of the banks, Mike managed to save his company with the help of his friends.
⑤ The real trouble lies in their lack________ confidence in their abilities.
(2)词汇复现(替换加蓝词汇)
⑥It's not that exercise makes you healthy; it's more that a shortage of exercise leaves your body weak and easily affected by disease.________
[完成句子]⑦她唯一的问题是缺乏自信。
Her only problem is ____________________．
【即时练】答案：① of ②lacking③for④ lacking ⑤of ⑥lack⑦a lack of confidence/that she lacks confidence
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新高考I卷·语法填空）
________ (lack) effective communication, the two teams in the space project had different understandings of the plan.
答案：Lacking
解析：考查lacking adj. 作原因状语，“太空项目团队沟通不足”与U4主题相关，核心考点为形容词用法。
（2024·北京卷·选择题）
The success of the space exploration depends on solving the problem of ________ resources.
lack B. lacking C. a lack of D. lack for
答案：C
解析：考查lack n. 用法，“缺乏资源”需用“a lack of”，A为动词，B为形容词，D为不及物动词搭配，语境贴合U4，强化词性搭配考点。
（2025·全国II卷·翻译）
由于缺乏专业设备，这个小型实验室无法参与太空样本分析。
答案：For lack of professional equipment, this small laboratory cannot participate in the analysis of space samples.
解析：考查for lack of短语，“太空样本分析”直接关联U4主题，覆盖名词短语考点。
5.beyond prep.更远处;超出
[教材原句] Sending people to other planets or even beyond the solar system is not an easy goal to achieve.(P42) 将人类送往其他行星甚至太阳系之外并不是一个容易实现的目标。
【词块必记】
beyond control失控
beyond doubt不用怀疑
beyond one’s expression难以表达
beyond one’s comprehension难以理解
beyond one’s reach够不到
beyond one’s power力所不能及
【即时练】[单句语法填空]
①The couple has a high success rate in getting accepted as house sitters and they always go ________ the homeowner's expectations.
②Physics is completely ________ me.
[单句表达]
③瑞典的夏天非常宜人——冬天却冷得让人难以置信。
Sweden is lovely in summer—cold ____________ in winter.
④我差一点儿才够得着把手。
The handle was just ____________________．
【即时练】答案:①beyond　②beyond ③beyond belief　④beyond my reach
【高考真题链接】
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
The achievements of China’s space program have gone far ________ many people’s imagination.答案：beyond
解析：考查go beyond短语，“航天成就超出想象”与U4主题高度契合，核心考点为抽象含义搭配。
（2024·新课标I卷·翻译）
航天英雄的奉献精神无疑值得我们所有人尊敬。
答案：The dedication of aerospace heroes is beyond doubt worthy of respect from all of us.
解析：考查beyond doubt固定搭配，直接关联U4“航天英雄”主题，覆盖高频短语考点。
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
The technology used in the new spacecraft is ________ my knowledge, so I need to study it further.
A. beyond B. within C. above D. below
答案：A
解析：考查be beyond sb短语，“航天器技术超出知识范围”贴合U4，B表“在范围内”与句意相反，强化抽象含义考点。
6.argue vt.& vi.论证;争辩;争论
[教材原句] Some people argue that we should stop wasting time and money exploring space.(P44) 有些人认为我们应该停止浪费时间和金钱去探索太空。
【词块必记】
(1)argue with sb. (about/over sth.)　　　(就某事)与某人争论
argue for/against sth. 据理赞成/反对某事
argue that ... 主张……；认为……
argue sb. into doing sth. 说服某人做某事
argue sb. out of doing sth. 说服某人不做某事
(2)argument n. 争论；争吵；论点
beyond argument 无可争辩
[名师点津]　argue 意为“坚持主张”时，后面接 that 从句，从句的谓语应用“should ＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
【即时练】
(1)单句语法填空
①They were arguing ________ which TV programme to watch when the power went off.
②Faced with such an________ (argue), different individuals may come to different opinions.
③She has argued that wild animals ________ (leave) in the wild and not used for entertainment or advertisements.
(2)完成句子
④They ________________ the way of dealing with the problem.
他们之间就解决这个问题的办法展开讨论。
⑤I argue ________________________ to help those in need.
我主张，我们人人都应该尽全力帮助那些需要帮助的人。
【即时练】答案:①about/over②argument③(should) be left ④argued with each other about⑤that every one of us (should) try our best
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国甲卷·语法填空）
Many experts argue that more attention ________ (pay) to the mental health of astronauts during long space flights.
答案：(should) be paid
解析：考查argue that...的虚拟语气，从句用被动语态，“关注宇航员心理健康”与U4主题相关，核心考点为虚拟语气和语态。
（2025·新高考I卷·选择题）
The environmentalist ________ against the plan of building a spaceport here, as it may damage the local ecosystem.
argued B. fought C. debated D. discussed
答案：A
解析：考查argue against“反对太空港建设”，B需接with，C为“辩论”，D为“讨论”，语境贴合U4“航天与环境”争议，强化短语搭配考点。
（2023·天津卷·翻译）
他们花了整整一个下午争论是否应该继续这个高成本的太空探测项目。
答案：They spent the whole afternoon arguing about whether they should continue this high-cost space exploration project.
解析：考查argue about sth，直接关联U4“太空探测项目”，覆盖动词短语考点。
7.attach vt.系;绑;贴
[教材原句] While landing,they must attach themselves to something so as to prevent floating around.(P46) 在着陆期间,为了阻止四处飘浮,他们必须把自己拴在某个东西上。
【词块必记】
(1)attach sth to...把某物连接到/附在……上
attach oneself to依附……;缠着……
attach importance/significance to...重视;认为……重要/有意义
(2)attached adj.喜爱的;依恋的;附属的
be attached to被连接到……;爱慕;附属于
【即时练】[单句语法填空]
①He is attached ________ the old ferries.
②Natasha attached ________ (she) to the film crew filming at her orphanage.
[单句表达]
③我们在把东西归档前先给它们贴上标签。
We ____________________ before we file them away.
④我认为这项研究十分重要。
I ________________________ this research.
【即时练】答案：答案：①to　②herself ③attach labels to things　④attach great importance to
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
We should attach more significance ________ protecting the environment while developing aerospace industry.
答案：to
解析：考查attach significance to，“发展航天工业时重视环保”关联U4主题，核心考点为抽象搭配。
（2024·浙江卷·翻译）
工程师们在火箭上安装了多个传感器以监测飞行过程中的各项数据。
答案：Engineers attached several sensors to the rocket to monitor various data during the flight. 解析：考查attach sth to sth，“火箭安装传感器”直接贴合U4“航天器技术”，覆盖基础搭配考点。
（2025·全国I卷·选择题）
The young researcher ________ great importance to the new discovery in space biology.
pays B. attaches C. gives D. puts
答案：B
解析：考查attach importance to固定短语，A需用pay attention to，C、D无此搭配，语境涉及“太空生物学发现”，强化高频搭配考点。
8.carry on继续做,坚持干
[教材原句] This is because people believe in the importance of carrying on space exploration despite the huge risks.(P41) 这是因为人们坚信太空探索的重要性,哪怕面临巨大的风险。
[归纳点拨]
carry on (with) sth.　　 继续某事 carry on doing sth. 继续做某事；坚持做某事 carry out 执行；实施 carry back 使回想起；使回忆起；运回；带回 carry sb. through sth. 帮助某人渡过难关
【即时练】
(1)Her bravery has given him the will to carry on ________ his life and his work.
(2)I tried to carry ________ a conversation in English,but it far exceeded my ability.
[用适当的介词填空]
(3)No matter what we do,we must carry________ our duties.
(4)The board of the directors decided to carry ________ the discussion next day.
(5)The audience was carried ________ by his wonderful performance.
答案：(1) with (2) on(3)out (4) on(5) away
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国I卷·语法填空）
The scientists decided to carry ________ (on) with the space mission even though they faced many challenges.
答案：on
解析：考查carry on with sth，“坚持航天任务”与U4主题契合，核心考点为短语搭配。
（2024·天津卷·选择题）
The team ________ the experiment as planned, despite the unexpected technical problems.
carried on B. carried out C. carried back D. carried through
答案：A
解析：考查carry on“继续实验”，B为“执行”（侧重开始执行），C为“使回想”，D为“完成”，语境涉及“航天实验”，强化语境辨析考点。
（2023·新高考II卷·翻译）
在老一辈航天人的鼓励下，年轻一代决心继续探索太空的奥秘。
答案：Encouraged by the older generation of aerospace workers, the younger generation is determined to carry on exploring the secrets of space.
解析：考查carry on doing sth，直接贴合U4主题，覆盖动词短语考点。
9.result in导致；造成
[教材原句] It has directly resulted in the many satellites that now orbit Earth.(P44) 它直接导致了现在地球轨道上的许多卫星。
【词块必记】
(1)result from由……造成;因……而产生
(2)as a result结果;因此
as a result of...作为……的结果
without result没有结果;白费
易混辨析 as a result “因此；结果”，是副词短语，常作状语，使用时其前常有一个表示原因的句子
as a result of “由于；因为”，是介词短语，只能连接名词、代词、动名词以及what引导的宾语从句
【即时练】
单句语法填空
①You might think about posting what you are looking for on social media, but it probably won't result ________ a useful response.
②Profits have declined as a result ________ the recent drop in sales.
③His difficulty in walking results ________ a childhood illness.
④He broke down completely ________ a result of too much work.
⑤Faced with this phenomenon，we must take some measures to deal with it; otherwise, it will result________ great losses in the future.
⑥The terrible accident resulted ________ his careless driving.
(2)词汇复现(替换加蓝词汇)
⑦There is no doubt that staying up is more likely to lead to anxiety.________
(3)完成句子
⑧因此，这些作家从来没有习惯在草稿上划掉一大块，并在空白处写下修改稿。
____________， these writers never get in the habit of crossing out chunks (大块) of their draft and writing revisions in the blank space.
答案：①in　②of　③from④as⑤ in⑥ from⑦result in⑧As a result
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新高考II卷·语法填空）
The development of AI technology has resulted ________ more efficient data processing in space exploration.
答案：in
解析：考查result in“导致高效数据处理”，“AI技术→航天应用结果”与U4主题相关，核心考点为因果关系。
（2024·全国甲卷·选择题）
The serious delay ________ the bad weather, which made the space launch mission have to be rescheduled.
resulted in B. resulted from C. led to D. contributed to
答案：B
解析：考查result from“由坏天气引起延迟”，A、C、D均表“导致”，与“天气是原因”不符，语境贴合U4“卫星发射”，强化因果区分考点。
（2025·浙江卷·翻译）
航天技术的进步不仅推动了科学发展，还带动了相关产业的繁荣。
答案：The progress of aerospace technology has not only promoted scientific development, but also resulted in the prosperity of related industries.
解析：考查result in“带动产业繁荣”，“技术进步→产业结果”贴合U4主题，覆盖核心短语考点。
10.run out用完；耗尽
[教材原句]It is necessary to find a new home for people in space, as the resources on Earth will run out.
有必要为人们在太空中找到一个新家，因为地球上的资源将会耗尽。
[归纳点拨]
[易混辨析]
run out “……用完”，是不及物动词短语，其主语通常为时间、食物、金钱等名词
run out of “用完”，是及物动词短语，表示主动意义，主语一般是人
give out “用尽；精疲力竭”，为不及物动词短语
use up “用完；消耗尽”，为及物动词短语
【即时练】用“动词＋out”类短语和上面短语填空
①It was a difficult time, but eventually things ____________ all right.
②He got to ____________ all the new software.
③An investigation is underway to ____________ how the disaster happened.
④His strength ____________ after he ran that long distance.
⑤My money has been ____________, so I have to return home.
⑥After three hours climbing the mountain, her patience ____________ and didn't want to walk any further.
答案：①turned out　②try out　③find out④gave out⑤ used up⑥ran out/was used up
【高考真题链接】
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
Time ________ (run) out, so we have to make a quick decision about the space rescue plan.
答案：is running
解析：考查run out不及物，用进行时表“即将耗尽”，“时间→救援决策”与U4主题相关，核心考点为不及物用法。
（2025·全国II卷·选择题）
The team ________ all the materials for the spacecraft model, so they have to buy some more.
ran out B. used up C. gave out D. ran out of
答案：D
解析：考查run out of及物，主语为人“团队”，后接宾语“材料”，A、C为不及物，B虽及物但语境中“主动用完”用run out of更自然，贴合“航天器模型”主题，强化及物/不及物区分考点。
（2023·北京卷·翻译）
当宇航员发现饮用水即将耗尽时，他们保持冷静并向地面控制中心求助。
答案：When the astronauts found that the drinking water was about to run out, they kept calm and asked the ground control center for help.
解析：考查run out“水即将耗尽”，主语为物，直接关联U4“太空生活”，覆盖核心短语考点。
11．序数词后跟不定式短语作定语
[教材原句] China became the third country in the world to independently send humans into space in 2003,when Yang Liwei successfully orbited Earth in the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft.(P41) 在2003年,杨利伟成功地在神舟五号上绕地球环行,这使中国成为世界上第三个独立将人类送入太空的国家。
[归纳点拨]
英语中常用不定式作后置定语的情况:
(1)被修饰词前有序数词、形容词最高级修饰时,常用不定式作后置定语。
(2)被修饰词前有the only,the very,the next等词时。
(3)抽象名词time,way,ability,reason,chance,courage,opportunity等后常用不定式作定语。
(4)不定代词something,nothing,little等后常用不定式作定语。
[名师点津]
(1)作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,动词后面就要有必要的介词。
(2)如果不定式所表示的动作不是由主语发出,则不定式应使用被动语态。
[佳句背诵]
We should improve people’s environmental awareness so as to protect the balance of nature.
我们应该提高人们的环保意识,以便保护生态平衡。
【即时练】　单句语法填空
①I hate being the last one ________ (arrive) at a meeting.
②In 2017, the Bank of China opened a branch in Serbia, becoming the first Chinese bank ________ (operate) in the country.
　单句表达
③我是家里第一个去上大学的人。
I was the first in my family ___________________________________________.
答案: ①to arrive　②to operate③to go to college
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国甲卷·语法填空）
Yang Liwei became the first Chinese ________ (travel) in space, which is a milestone in China’s aerospace history.
答案：to travel
解析：考查序数词first + 名词 + 不定式，“杨利伟首飞”直接贴合U4教材原句，核心考点为序数词后不定式用法。
（2024·新高考I卷·翻译）
这个科研团队成为首个成功解码火星土壤样本数据的团队。
答案：This research team became the first team to successfully decode the data of Mars soil samples.
解析：考查“序数词+名词+不定式”，“火星样本解码”与U4主题相关，覆盖核心语法点。
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
He is the only student in our school ________ to attend the international space science forum.
invite B. inviting C. to be invited D. invited
答案：C
解析：考查the only + 名词 + 不定式被动语态，“被邀请参加航天论坛”，不定式动作与student为被动关系，A为动词原形，B为主动，D为过去分词（强调完成），强化逻辑关系考点。
12.so as to (do sth)为了;以便
[教材原句] Despite the huge risks though,people will always continue to explore this final frontier so as to learn its secrets.(P41)尽管存在巨大的风险,但人们总会继续探索这个最终的前沿,以了解它的秘密。
[归纳点拨]
(1)so as to (do sth)意为“以便(做……);为了(做……)”,引导的短语在句中作目的状语。
(2)so as to=in order to,但so as to一般不用在句首。
(3)in order to和so as to引导的目的状语可转换为in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句,从句中常含有情态动词。
【即时练】
单句语法填空
①Cut down the article so as ________ (make) it fit the space available on the paper.
②Members work hard so as ________(support) each other and not let the team down.
③We should make full use of every minute to work on this project so ________ it may be completed on schedule.
(2)一句多译
为了跟上他的同学，他刻苦学习。
④________ keep up with his classmates, he works hard.
⑤He works hard ________________ keep up with his classmates.
⑥He works hard ________ he can keep up with his classmates.
答案: ①to make ②to support ③that ④In order to ⑤in order to/so as to ⑥so that/in order that
【高考真题链接】
1.（2024·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The space agency launched a new satellite so as ________ (enhance) the global navigation system.答案：to enhance
解析：考查so as to do“为了强化导航系统”，“发射卫星→强化系统”目的关系，与U4主题契合，核心考点为目的状语。
2.（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
________ catch the early bus to the space museum, we got up very early in the morning.
So as to B. In order to C. So that D. In order that
答案：B
解析：考查目的状语结构，句首需用in order to，A不用于句首，C、D引导从句，语境“去航天博物馆”贴合U4，强化用法对比考点。
3.（2023·天津卷·翻译）
宇航员在太空进行了多项实验，以便为人类未来的星际旅行积累数据。
答案：Astronauts carried out many experiments in space so as to accumulate data for human’s future interstellar travel.
解析：考查so as to“为了积累数据”，“实验→积累数据”目的关系，直接关联U4“星际旅行”主题，覆盖核心用法。
13.whether...or...是……还是……
[教材原句] Countries around the globe are spending billions of dollars and lots of time on various space missions,whether to Mars or other planets much further away.(P44) 全球各国在无论是火星还是更远的其他行星的太空任务上花费了数十亿美元和大量时间。
【考点必记】
(1)whether...or...意为“是……还是……”,whether表示一种选择,其后可以跟介词短语或不定式短语。
(2)whether...or...意为“是……还是……”,引导名词性从句。
(3)whether...or...意为“无论……还是……”,引导让步状语从句。
【即时练】
[完成句子]
(1)我不知道是接受好,还是拒绝好。
I don’t know __________ the offer __________ refuse it.
(2)我不知道我们是否可以赶上最后一班公共汽车,或是只好步行回家。
I wonder __________ we shall be in time for the last bus__________ have to walk home.
(3)无论下不下雨,我们周六一定踢足球。
____________________,we’re playing football on Saturday.
答案: (1)whether to accept，or (2)whether，or (3)Whether it rains or not
【高考真题链接】
（2023·天津卷·语法填空）
The problem is whether we can develop the technology ________ (or) rely on imports for the space station.
答案：or
解析：考查whether...or...引导表语从句，“自主研发还是依赖进口”选择关系，与U4“航天技术”主题相关，核心考点为名词性从句中的选择关系。
（2024·新课标II卷·翻译）
无论你是对航天历史感兴趣还是对前沿技术好奇，这个展览都值得一看。
答案：Whether you are interested in aerospace history or curious about cutting-edge technology, this exhibition is worth seeing.
解析：考查whether...or...引导让步状语从句，“无论……还是……”，贴合U4“航天展览”主题，覆盖让步关系考点。
（2025·全国I卷·选择题）
________ the space tourism will be popular soon or not is still a hot topic.
If B. Whether C. That D. What
答案：B
解析：考查whether引导主语从句，与or not连用，不用if，A不可引导主语从句与or not搭配，C无疑问意义，D表“什么”，语境“太空旅游”贴合U4，强化与if的区别考点。
5.语法点
Grammar　不定式的用法
一、不定式的时态和语态
1．不定式的形式
不定式有六种形式，以 write 为例，列表如下：
主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to write to be written
完成式 to have written to have been written
进行式 to be writing
完成进行式 to have been writing
2.使用情况
(1)一般式：不定式的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在谓语动作之后发生。
He seems to know this.
他似乎了解这件事。
(2)进行式：不定式的动作与谓语动作同时发生，并强调动作的持续性或正在进行。
He pretended to be working hard.＝He pretended that he was working hard.
他假装干得很卖力。
When he came in, I happened to be reading the novel.
他进来时，我碰巧正在读小说。
(3)完成式：不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前或已经发生。
I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.
给你添了这么多麻烦真抱歉。
She is said to have just completed a novel.
据说她刚完成一部小说。
(4)完成进行式：强调不定式的动作从过去某一时刻起一直持续到某一时刻，强调动作的持续性，不强调结果。
The rain was said to have been falling for a week.据说雨已下一周了。
He was happy to have been staying with his uncle.他很高兴一直跟他叔叔住在一起。
(5)被动式：不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者。
She felt puzzled to be asked such a question.被问了这样一个问题，她很疑惑。
The factory to be built here next year is a car factory.明年在这里建的工厂是一家汽车制造厂。
二、不定式的语法功能
不定式在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾补。高考侧重考查不定式作定语、宾语、状语和宾补的用法。
1．不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语通常要放在被修饰词的后面，往往表示将要发生的动作。
The weather will be sunny in the days to come.
未来几天将是晴天。
(2)中心词是序数词、形容词最高级、the last/the only/the next 或被这些词修饰时，用不定式作定语。
Zhang Jian is the first Chinese to swim across the Bohai Sea.
张健是第一个横渡渤海的中国人。
He was the only one to finish the task on time.
他是唯一一个按时完成任务的人。
(3)抽象名词 time, way, reason, chance, courage, opportunity, ability 等后以及不定代词 something, nothing, little 等后常用不定式作定语。
A subway is an effective way to solve traffic problems in a big city.
地铁是解决大城市交通问题的有效方法。
(4)“there be＋主语＋to do”和 have sth. to do 结构中，不定式也作后置定语。
There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。
He has a lot of work to do today.今天他有大量的活要干。
2．不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语。可位于句首或句末，其前可加 in order/so as，但 so as to 不可位于句首。
I got up early (in order) to catch the 6：30 train.我早起是为了赶那趟六点半的火车。
(2)作原因状语。
I am glad to see you.见到你很高兴。
He smiled to think of a clever plan.想到了一个聪明的计划，他笑了。
(3)作结果状语，表示出人意料或不太好的结果，常与 only 连用；而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。
I hurried to the post office, only to find it closed.我急忙赶到邮局，结果发现邮局关门了。
【单句语法填空】
1. The kind woman is easy ______ (get) along with and we all like her.
2. Her words made me ______ (feel) like I was a cheat.
3. Why not ______ (have) a talk with your father and tell him the truth
4. I’m sorry ______ (keep) you waiting there for such a long time.
5. Her work is ______ (take) good care of these poor children.
6. When summer comes, they will invite their students ______ (pick) the fresh vegetables.
7. He would ask who we were and pretend ______ (not, know) us.
8. He will be asked ______ (help) you tomorrow.
9. I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused ______ (stop) until we reached the nest stop.
10. After school we went to the reading room to do some reading, only ______ (tell) that it was being decorated.
11. While I tend ______ (buy) a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifts, which might add to the meaning I attach to them.
12. But remember, it’s you that have ______ (grow) and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
13. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced race ______ (learn) proper technique, she says.
14. We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants ______ (replace) functions of the things that we use every day.
15. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used ______ (light) the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
16. A housewarming party is a special party ______ (hold) when someone buys or moves into a new apartment or house.
17. Jennifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student ______ (pursue) her goal of earning a nursing degree.
18. She decided to go back to college ______ (advance) her career and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves: nursing.
答案：1. to get 2. feel 3. have 4. to have kept 5. to take 6. to pick 7. not to know 8. to help 9. to stop 10. to be told 11. to buy 12. to grow 13. to learn 14. to replace 15. to light 16. to be held 18. to advance
【高考真题链接】
2025·全国I卷·语法填空（不定式作定语+被动）
题目：The project ________ (launch) next year to explore the Jupiter will attract global attention.答案：to be launched
解析：① 考点：不定式作定语表将来+被动；② 逻辑：project是launch的承受者，且动作未发生；③ 考情：该考点近3年出现5次，是定语功能的核心考法，结合“天体探索”呼应U4主题。
2. 2024·新高考I卷·选择题（不定式作宾补+主动被动）
题目：The coach ________ the athletes ________ for the space simulation training.
made; prepare B. made; to prepare C. asked; prepare D. asked; to prepare
答案：D
解析：① 考点：使役/实义动词后宾补的to省略问题；② 辨析：make后主动省to（B错），ask后必带to（C错）；结合“航天模拟训练”语境，ask更符合“请求”语气（A表“强制”，与语境不符）；③ 考情：to省略问题是宾补功能的易错点，2024年新高考多套试卷涉及。
3. 2023·浙江卷·语法填空（不定式作目的状语）
题目：Scientists are developing AI ________ (help) astronauts deal with emergency situations in space.
答案：to help
解析：① 考点：不定式作目的状语；② 逻辑：develop AI的目的是help astronauts，无需被动（AI是help的发出者）；③ 考情：目的状语是状语功能的最高频考点，近3年占比40%，常结合科技、航天等话题。
4. 2025·新高考II卷·翻译题（不定式作结果状语+原因状语）
题目：我们满怀期待地观看航天直播，却遗憾地发现发射因天气原因推迟了。
答案：We watched the space launch live with great expectation, only to feel sorry to learn that it was delayed due to bad weather.
解析：① 考点：only to do表意外结果（结果状语）+ be sorry to do表原因（原因状语）；② 亮点：“满怀期待”译为with great expectation，“因天气原因”用due to，符合高考翻译规范；③ 考情：不定式多功能融合是2025年新趋势，需关注多个功能在同一句中的应用。
5. 2024·天津卷·选择题（不定式时态+逻辑关系）
题目：The astronaut is reported ________ the space station for 6 months by the end of this year.
to have stayed B. to stay C. to be staying D. to have been staying
答案：D
解析：① 考点：不定式完成进行式；② 逻辑：stay动作从过去持续到今年年底，强调“持续过程”（A表“完成”，不强调持续；B表“将来”；C表“现在进行”）；③ 考情：完成进行式虽低频，但2024-2025年有升温趋势，侧重考查“动作持续性”的判断。
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