资源简介 第二讲 名词、形容词和副词第一节 名词 名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词。名词在句中常作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语和同位语等成分。高考中主要考查名词的数、名词所有格和词性转换。考点一 名词的数1.可数名词(1)可数名词单数变为复数的规则变化情况 方法 例词一般情况 加-s student→students; teacher→teachers; doctor→doctors; table→tables以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾 加-es glass→glasses;dish→dishes;box→boxes;watch→watches;但stomach复数形式直接加s以“辅音字母+y”结尾 变y为i再加-es family→families;baby→babies;army→armies;body→bodies以-f或-fe结尾 大都变f或fe为v,再加-es;少数直接加-s thief→thieves;wife→wives;knife→knives;shelf→shelves;life→lives;belief→beliefs;proof→proofs;roof→roofs;chief→chiefs以-o结尾 通常加-s 有的加-es radio→radios;video→videos;zoo→zoos;tobacco→tobaccos;hero→heroes;potato→potatoes;tomato→tomatoes(2)可数名词单数变为复数的不规则变化变化规则 例词自身有特殊 变化的名词 child→children;man→men;tooth→teeth;foot→feet;mouse→mice;phenomenon→phenomena;medium→media单复数同形 Chinese;sheep;deer;series;means;works;species2.不可数名词(1)不可数名词是表示物质和抽象概念的名词。这些名词一般没有复数形式。通常用作不可数名词的名词有:water、paper (纸)、milk、food、sand、tea、grain、bread、butter、furniture、equipment、baggage、rubbish、information、advice、progress、weather、fun、health、wealth等。(2)不可数名词可以通过在名词前加表示数量的词来表示数量概念。如:a piece of paper一张纸/一片纸,two sets of furniture两套家具,three cups of coffee三杯咖啡,bursts of applause阵阵掌声。(3)抽象名词具体化具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与不定冠词连用。这就是抽象名词的具体化。抽象名词 具体化success成功 a success一个(件)成功的人或事failure失败 a failure一个(件)失败的人或事surprise惊讶 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事情pleasure乐意 a pleasure一件乐事honour荣誉 an honour一件引以为荣的事考点二 名词所有格情况 构成 例词表示有生命的名词的所有格时 在词尾加“’s” the boy’s bag;men’s rooms若名词已有复数词尾s 只在词尾加“’” the workers’struggle如果两个名词并列,且分别加“’s”,则表示“分别有……”;若只有后一个名词加“’s”,则表示两个“共有”。 - John’s and Mary’s rooms (两间);John and Mary’s room (一间)在表示店铺、教堂、诊所的名称或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词。 - at the doctor’s在诊所; at my sister’s在我姐姐(妹妹)的家表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价值、国家、城市等无生命名词的所有格 在词尾加“’s”来表示所属关系,意为“……的” a twenty minutes’walk;a ten miles’journey;two pounds’weight;ten dollars’worth无生命的名词的所有格用of结构 - a map of China;the end of this term;the capital of our country;the colour of the flowers双重所有格 of+名词“’s”结构 a friend of my father’s;works of Lu Xun’s考点三 常见名词后缀动词变名词-al survive→survival arrive→arrival approve→approval-ance/-ence appear→appearance annoy→annoyance exist→existence-tion/-ation/ -sion compete→competition explain→explanation discuss→discussion-ment achieve→achievement argue→argument judge→judg(e)ment-ture/-ure press→pressure mix→mixture depart→departure fail→failure-y discover→discovery recover→recovery deliver→delivery其他 choose→choice vary→variety形容词变名词-age short→shortage-cy efficient→efficiency fluent→fluency-dom free→freedom wise→wisdom-ce different→difference silent→silence-ness weak→weakness careless→carelessness-th young→youth warm→warmth true→truth-ty/-ity safe→safety cruel→cruelty disable→disability【典例1】 This year,around 50 Chinese publishers are showcasing more than 3,200 (type) of China-themed books at the event. 【典例2】 The (city) coffee history can trace back to 1892 when a French missionary planted the first coffee tree in a village in Pu’er. 答案:【典例1】 types [数词3 200后的可数名词type应用复数形式。故填types。]【典例2】 city’s [句意:这座城市的咖啡历史可以追溯到1892年,当时一位法国传教士在普洱的一个村庄种下了第一棵咖啡树。提示词作定语,用名词所有格city’s,意为“这座城市的”。]第二节 形容词和副词考点一 形容词和副词的用法1.形容词(1)形容词用法修饰名词作定语;跟在系动词后作表语;跟在宾语后作宾补;还可用作状语,说明主语的情况。I feel because this school differs in many ways from my previous one,is much bigger and more dynamic than I expected.(北师大必一U1) 我感到很兴奋,因为这所学校在很多方面都与我以前的学校不同,比我想象的要大得多,也更有活力。He left,leaving me in the room. 他离开了,把我一个人留在房间里。Some people stopped swimming in the sea, the horrible creature from the film.(外研必二U6) 由于害怕遇上电影里描绘的这种可怕的生物,有些人不去海里游泳了。(2)词性转换构成 意义 例词名词 +-y 充满……的 wind风→windy多风的 cloud云→cloudy多云的 wealth财富→wealthy富有的 health健康→healthy健康的名词/ 动词 +-ful 充满……的; 有……倾向的 wonder惊奇→wonderful绝妙的;success成功→successful成功的;use使用→useful有用的;help帮助→helpful有帮助的;power力量→powerful强有力的;peace和平→peaceful和平的名词+ -al/-ial 与……有关的 person人;个人→personal个人的;face脸→facial面部的;nature自然→natural自然的;culture文化→cultural文化的名词+ -ous 有……性质的 danger危险→dangerous危险的;glory光荣→glorious光荣的;humor幽默→humorous幽默的;religion宗教→religious宗教的名词+-ish 有……性质的 child孩子→childish孩子气的;self自我→selfish自私的名词/动词+ -ible/ -able 能……的;可……的 access进入→accessible可进入的;reason理由→reasonable合理的;comfort舒适→comfortable舒适的;admire钦佩→admirable可钦佩的名词/动 词+-ive 有…… 性质的 attract吸引→attractive有吸引力的;create创造→creative创造性的;expense花费→expensive昂贵的;effect效应→effective有效的名词/动 词+-ly 有…… 特征的 friend朋友→friendly友好的;time时间→timely及时的;day一天→daily日常的;love爱→lovely可爱的名词/动 词+-less 没有 ……的 end终止→endless无穷无尽的;aim目标→aimless无目标的;home家→homeless无家可归的;use使用→useless无用的名词+ -en 由…… 制成的 wood木头→wooden木制的;wool毛→woolen羊毛的名词+ -ern ……方 向的 south南方→southern南方的;east东方→eastern东方的名词/动 词+-ate 具有 ……性 质的 fortune运气→fortunate幸运的;consider考虑→considerate体贴的(3)由动词的-ing形式或过去分词转化成的形容词这类形容词对应的动词多为及物动词,含有“使人……”的含义,其中与人的情感相关的动词尤为常见,如excite(使人兴奋)、interest(使人感兴趣)等。此类动词形成的-ing形容词和-ed形容词具有不同的特点:动词 原形 动词-ing形式的形容词(常意为“令人……的”,描述主语或被修饰词所具有的特征) 过去分词形式的形容词(常意为“感到……的”,描述主语或被修饰词所处的状态)excite exciting令人兴奋的→exciting news令人兴奋的消息 excited感到兴奋的→excited voice兴奋的声音interest interesting有趣的→interesting story有趣的故事 interested感兴趣的→interested audience感兴趣的观众surprise surprising令人惊讶的→surprising speed惊人的速度 surprised感到惊讶的→surprised look惊讶的眼神/神情tire tiring令人疲倦的→tiring work累人的工作 tired感到疲倦的→tired feet疲劳的双脚please pleasing令人满意的→pleasing result令人满意的结果 pleased感到满意的→pleased customer满意的顾客amaze amazing令人惊奇的→amazing performance令人惊奇的表演 amazed感到惊奇的→amazed crowds惊愕的人群[点拨] 有些不及物动词的过去分词或动词-ing形式也可转化成形容词,如fallen(落下的)、falling(正在下落的)。2.副词副词在句中作状语,修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句。He noticed that the saucer was an antique and very valuable,so he walked (casual) into the store and (innocent) offered to buy the cat for 20 dollars.(北师大选二U4) 他注意到浅碟是件古董,很值钱,于是他漫不经心地走进店里,装作若无其事地想用20美元买那只猫。 (fortunate)there were some people waiting to cross at the traffic light,so they quickly ran over to the car and checked that the driver was fine,and then pushed the car back onto its wheels.(北师大选二U4) 幸运的是,当时有一些人正在红绿灯前等待过马路,所以他们很快跑到车旁,确认司机无恙后,然后把车扶正。考点二 形容词变副词的规则类别 例词直接加-ly clear→clearly清楚地 great→greatly很,大大地以“辅音字母+-y”结尾的形容词,变y为i再加-ly happy→happily高兴地 heavy→heavily沉重地词尾为-le的形容词,去掉e,再加-y(whole例外) terrible→terribly极度地 gentle→gently轻柔地 whole→wholly整个地词尾为-ue结尾的形容词,去掉e,再加-ly true→truly真实地词尾为-ll结尾的形容词,直接加-y full→fully充分地;完全地 dull→dully迟钝地词尾为-ic结尾的形容词,加-ally(public例外) basic→basically基本上 scientific→scientifically合乎科学地 public→publicly公开地;公然地People might (gentle) mock people in positions of power “my boss can’t run a bath,let alone this company!”(北师大选二U4) 人们可能会温和地嘲笑位高权重的人“我的老板连浴室都开不了,更别说运营这家公司了!”When Helen got her new ballet shoes,she smiled,put them on and danced around (happy).(北师大选二U4) 当海伦拿到她的新芭蕾舞鞋时,她笑了,高兴地穿上新鞋跳起舞来。This famous attraction,Yuzui,together with two other important parts,namely,Feishayan and Baopingkou,was (scientific) designed to control the water flow throughout the year.(人教选四U2) 这个著名的景点“鱼嘴”,连同另外两个重要的部分,即“飞沙岩”和“保平口”,都是为了控制全年的水流量而科学设计的。考点三 形容词和副词的比较等级1.比较级和最高级的构成(1)规则变化①单音节以及少数双音节形容词和副词,在原级后加-er和-est构成,如clever—cleverer—cleverest。其他特殊变化见下表:特殊情况 构成方法 例词以不发音的字母-e结尾 加-r和-st brave—braver—bravest以“辅音字母+-y”结尾 变y为i,再加-er和-est happy—happier—happiest以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母 双写词尾,再加-er和-est hot—hotter—hottest②多音节和部分双音节形容词和副词,在原级前加more和most构成。active—more active—most activehappily—more happily—most happily[点拨] ①有少数几个双音节形容词,既可以加-er和-est,又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是:common、handsome、quiet、pleasant、cruel、stupid、secure和以-ow、-er结尾的词。②有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度,因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有:right、wrong、excellent、complete、empty、first、wooden、final、east、last等。(2)不规则变化原级 比较级 最高级good,well better bestbad,badly,ill worse worstmany,much more mostlittle less leastfar ·farther[指时间或空间上“更远(的)”] ·further[指空间距离“更远(的)”;在更大程度上] ·farthest[指时间或空间上“最久(的);最远(的)”] ·furthest[指空间距离“最远(的)”;在最大程度上]old older/elder oldest/eldest2.比较等级的常用句型(1)同级比较:“as+形容词/副词的原级+as”,其否定形式是“not as/so+形容词/副词的原级+as”。Body language is words in communicating with other people.(人教选一U4) 在与他人交流时,肢体语言与言语同样重要。(2)比较级:“形容词/副词的比较级+than”;“more/less+多音节或某些双音节的形容词或副词+than”。常见的修饰比较级的词有any、much、even、far、by far、a lot、a great deal等。Features are “people stories”,and are typically standard news stories.(外研必一U3) 特写是“人物故事”,通常比标准新闻故事要长。(3)最高级:“the+形容词的最高级(+名词)+比较范围(in/of/among短语)”;“one of the+形容词的最高级+名词复数”。常用来修饰最高级的词有by far、almost以及序数词等。The first of the poets coming there was Robert Southey,one of poets of his time.(外研选三U6) 第一个来到这里的诗人是罗伯特·索塞,他是那个时代最受尊敬的诗人之一。(4)“比较级+and+比较级”或“more and more/less and less+原级”表示“越来越……”。When passenger drones are flying above our cities in large quantities,the sky will be getting .(译林选二U4) 当大量的客运无人机在我们的城市上空飞行时,天空将变得越来越拥挤。(5)“the+比较级+主语+谓语,the+比较级+主语+谓语”,表示“越……就越……”。 you know about our traditional culture, you are interested in it. 你对我们的传统文化了解得越多,你就对它越感兴趣。(6)“the+比较级+of (the)+名词/代词”,表示“(两者中)较……的”。Of the two cameras,I would prefer , which is very easy for me to carry.这两个照相机中,我喜欢较小的那个,对我来说它很容易携带。3.比较级表达最高级含义(1)“否定词+比较级”或“否定词+such/so...as”结构表示最高级含义。Nothing could be if someone offered to help them. 如果有人主动提出帮助他们,那就再好不过了。(2)比较级在以下几种结构中均表示最高级含义:·比较级+than+any other+单数名词·比较级+than+all the other+复数名词·比较级+than+any of the other+复数名词The Yangtze River is in China. 长江比中国的其他任何一条河都长。/长江是中国最长的河。4.倍数表达法常见的倍数表达法句型主要有:(1)A+is+倍数+比较级+than+B(2)A+is+倍数+as+原级+as+B(3)A+is+倍数+the+名词(size、length、height等)+of+B(4)the+名词(size、length、height 等)+of+A+is+倍数+that+of+B(5)A+is+倍数+what引导的名词性从句Its profits are rising the average company.其利润正以快于一般公司4倍的速度增长。1.根据句子成分判断是形容词还是副词(1)若句子缺定语、表语或补语,要首先想到用形容词。(2)当设空处作状语时,要首先考虑填副词。【典例1】 The (evident) growing Chinese online literature in overseas markets offers a totally new worldwide lens into understanding China. 【典例2】 Kunqu Opera is considered China’s oldest opera form and one of the most (influence) theatrical traditions. 2.看到与than连用,要想到用比较级【典例1】 The AI inspection,powered by cameras,drones (无人机) and walking robots,is capable of completing a task in (little) than five minutes. 【典例2】 After a few months,we all felt that we had been able to build much (strong) relationships with the family than we had before. 3.看到and、but、or等连词前或后用的比较等级形式,要想到用比较等级【典例】 They were also the best and (bad) years in my life.(全国Ⅲ卷) 4.看到语境中暗含的比较含义,要想到用比较级(二者之间)或最高级(三者及以上)【典例】 After our plane landed,we went to the hotel.We had made our reservation six months (early),but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake. 5.看到下列固定搭配,要想到用比较等级(1)the+比较级...,the+比较级...【典例1】 The (hard) you try to beat him,the more likely you will get hit. (2)the+最高级+标志性词语或从句【典例2】 My mum makes the (good) biscuits in the world,so I decided to ask her for help. 层级一 模拟达标练1.Nearly 4,000 unearthed cultural relics are displayed in the museum.More than three quarters of these have never been (public) exhibited before.(2025·山东名校考试联盟高三二模) 2.One of the (remarkable) features of Chinese opera is its integration (融合) of singing,dancing,acting,and acrobatics.(2025·保定九县高三三模) 3.The Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo,once struggling to sustain its (survive),has undergone a remarkable turnaround.(2025·济宁高三二模) 4.“This reflected the company’s (commit) to helping children believe in themselves through sports,” it said.(2025·邯郸高三二模) 5.Due to temperature rise and safety concerns,the (huge) popular Harbin Ice and Snow World dropped its curtain on Thursday evening.(2025·榆林高三三模) 6.Lanterns with modern themes such as cartoon characters,cultural trends and online games are gaining (popular) among young people.(2025·南昌高三二模) 7.Northern China experiences cold,and dry winters,and hot summers,making calories and salt replacement even (important).(2025·三门峡高三三模) 8.The task aimed to develop students’ (innovation) thinking.(2025·广西柳州高三三模) 9.Parts of Asia are now going through a (rapid) aging farmer population and a fear of food (short).(2025·芜湖高三模拟) 10.The changing of (face) make-ups and colors reflects a (character) mood—red representing anger and black extreme fury.(2025·宁德高三三模) 层级二 高考真题练1.The latest engineering techniques are applied to create this protective (function) structure that is also beautiful.(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) 2.In cold weather,the structure stays (close) to protect the plants.(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)3.They all agreed and vowed (承诺) to promote the idea at the (complete) of their journey.(2024·全国甲卷) 4.Yellowstone was the (large) United States national park—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.(2024·全国甲卷) 5.These plants included modern Western (favourite) such as rosemary,lavender and fennel.(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) 6.Although they could never have met,there are common (theme) in their works.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷) 7.Since June 2017,right before the (arrive) of the two new pandas,Meng Meng and Jiao Qing,I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and (confidence) speaking English.(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷) 8.So,what are they learning (basic),how to describe a panda’s life.(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷) 9.Xiao long bao (soup dumplings),those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers encasing hot, (taste) soup and sweet,fresh meat,are far and away my favorite Chinese street food.(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷) 10.Beijing is also a place with 21st-century architectural (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.(2023·全国乙卷改编) 层级三 语篇提能练(2023·浙江1月卷改编)During China’s 1. (dynasty) period,emperors planned the city of Beijing and arranged the residential areas according to social 2. (class).The term “hutong”,3. (original)meaning “water well” in Mongolian,appeared first during the Yuan Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty,the center was the Forbidden City,surrounded in concentric (同心的) circles by the Inner City and Outer City.Citizens of higher social classes were permitted to live 4. (close) to the center of the circles.The large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials and 5. (wealth)businessmen often featured 6. (beautiful) carved and painted roof beams and pillars (柱子).The hutongs they formed were orderly,lined by 7. (space) homes and walled gardens.Farther from the center lived the commoners and laborers.Their siheyuan were far smaller in scale and 8. (simple) in design and decoration,and the hutongs were narrower. Hutongs represent an important 9. (culture) element of the city of Beijing.Thanks to Beijing’s long history as capital of China,almost every hutong has its stories,and some are even associated with historic 10. (event).In contrast to the court life and upper-class culture represented by the Forbidden City,the Summer Palace,and the Temple of Heaven,the hutongs reflect the culture of grassroots Beijingers. 答案:考点一1.(1)excited alone afraid of2.casually;innocently Fortunately考点二gently happily scientifically考点三2.(1)as important as (2)longer than (3)the most respected(4)more and more crowded (5)The more;the more(6)the smaller one3.(1)better (2)longer than any other river/than all the other rivers/than any of the other rivers4.four times faster than1.【典例1】 evidently [此处作状语修饰growing,应用副词形式,故填evidently。]【典例2】 influential [此处修饰名词traditions,需用形容词作定语,故填influential。]2.【典例1】 less [根据空后的than可知,空处应用比较级,little的比较级是less,构成短语less than,意为“少于”。故填less。]【典例2】 stronger [根据句中的比较级标志词than可知,本句应用比较级,表示几个月后的情况与之前的情况进行比较,much用于修饰比较级。]3.【典例】 worst [由并列连词and前面的“the best”可知,此处应用形容词的最高级形式。]4.【典例】 earlier [由had made可知该动作发生在到达旅馆之前,故应该是早在六个月之前我们就已经预订了,故用比较级earlier。]5.【典例1】 harder [分析句子结构可知,此句为“the+比较级...,the+比较级...”句式,表示“越……,就越……”。故填harder。]【典例2】 best [此处前面有the,后面有表示范围的“in the world”,所以应该用形容词的最高级。]综合演练层级一1.publicly 2.most remarkable 3.survival 4.commitment5.hugely 6.popularity 7.more important 8.innovative9.rapidly;shortage 10.facial;character’s层级二1.functional 2.closed 3.completion 4.largest 5.favourites6.themes 7.arrival;confident 8.Basically 9.tasty10.wonders层级三1.dynastic [考查形容词。根据空后的名词period可知,此处需用形容词作定语,故填dynastic。]2.classes [考查名词的数。class意为“阶级,阶层”,为可数名词,其前无冠词修饰,故填classes。]3.originally [考查副词。mean为动词,需用副词修饰,作状语,故填originally。]4.closer [考查比较等级。句意:较高社会阶层的人“被允许”居住在离同心圆的中心即紫禁城更近的地方。故此处需用比较级,故填closer。]5.wealthy [考查形容词。修饰名词businessmen,应用形容词作定语,故填wealthy。]6.beautifully [考查副词。feature为动词,需用副词修饰,故填beautifully。]7.spacious [考查形容词。空处修饰名词homes,应用形容词,故填spacious。]8.simpler/more simple [考查比较等级。空处与空前的smaller相呼应,表示在设计和装饰方面更简单,故填simpler/more simple。]9.cultural [考查形容词。此处需用形容词作定语修饰element,故填cultural。]10.events [考查名词的数。此处表示几乎每一条胡同都有自己的故事,甚至有些还和历史事件有关。event “事件”,是可数名词,其前无冠词修饰,且根据句意可知,历史事件肯定不止一件,故填events。] 展开更多...... 收起↑ 资源列表 2026高考-英语语法专项练习(含答案)【词法】- 形容词和副词.docx 2026高考-英语语法专项练习(含答案)【词法】 名词.docx