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新人教版选择性必修第一册Unit 3-4知识清单
重 点 单 词 Unit 3 1.ban vt. 明令禁止;取缔　n. 禁令 2.accompany vt. 陪同;陪伴;伴随;(尤指用钢琴)为……伴奏→accompanied/accompanied/accompanying (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 3.swing vt.&vi. (使)摆动;摇摆;转弯;(使)突然转向→swung/swung/swinging (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 4.wander n. 游荡;闲逛;流浪　vt.&vi. 闲逛;漫游　vi. 走失;离散;走神 5.display n. 展览;陈列;展览品　vt. 显示;陈列 6.appetite n. 食欲;胃口;强烈欲望 7.stretch vi. 延伸;延续　vi.&vt. 伸展;舒展 8.route n. 路线;路途;途径 9.ahead adv. 向前;在前面;提前 10.theme adj. 有特定主题的　n. 主题;主题思想 11.sneeze vi. 打喷嚏　n. 喷嚏;喷嚏声 12.journalist n. 新闻记者;新闻工作者 13.buffet vt. 连续猛击;打来打去 n. 自助餐 14.cloth n. (一块)布;织物;布料 15.vast adj. 辽阔的;巨大的;庞大的 16.boundary n. 边界;界限;分界线 17.label vt. 用标签标明;贴标签 n. 标签;标记 18.pedal n. (自行车等的)脚镫子;踏板　vt.&vi. 骑自行车;踩踏板 19.incredible adj. 极好的;极大的;难以置信的 20.adorable adj. 可爱的;讨人喜爱的 21.enormous adj. 巨大的;极大的 22.steam n. 蒸汽;水蒸气;蒸汽动力　vi. 蒸发;散发蒸汽;冒水汽 23.superb 　adj. 极佳的;卓越的 24.edge n. 边;边缘;边线;刀刃 vt.&vi. (使)徐徐移动;给……加边 25.territory n. 领土;版图;领域;地盘 26.splendid adj. 壮丽的;雄伟的;极佳的;非常好的 27.column n. (书、报纸印刷页上的)栏;专栏;柱(形物) 28.valley n. 谷;山谷;溪谷 29.fountain n. 喷泉;人工喷泉;喷水池 30.pirate n. 海盗;盗版者 vt. 盗印;窃用 31.polar adj. (近)极地的;南极(或北极)的;磁极的 32.sour adj. 酸的;有酸味的 33.cottage n. 小屋;(尤指)村舍;小别墅 34.cream n. 奶油;乳脂;护肤霜 adj. 奶油色的;淡黄色的 Unit 4 1.witness vt. 当场看到;目击;见证　n. 目击者;证人 2.bother vi.&vt. 费心;麻烦;因……操心　n. 麻烦;不便 3.bend vt.&vi. (使)弯曲;倾斜;偏向→bent/bent/bending (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 4.conflict n. 矛盾;冲突　vi. 冲突;抵触 5.stare vi. 盯着看;凝视　n. 凝视 6.ashamed adj. 羞愧;惭愧 7.reveal vt. 揭示;显示;露出 8.imply vt. 意味着;暗示 9.weep vi.&vt. 哭泣;流泪→wept/wept/weeping (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 10.inquire vi.&vt. 询问;打听 11.interaction n. 交流;相互影响 12.identical adj. 相同的 13.gesture n. 手势;姿势;姿态 14.bow vi. 鞠躬;点头　vt. 低(头) 15.pose n. 故作姿态;(为画像、拍照等摆的)姿势　vi. 摆好姿势　vt. 造成(威胁、问题等) 16.fake adj. 假装的;假的;冒充的 17.trial n.&v. 审讯;审判;试验;试用 18.incident 　n. 发生的事情;严重事件;冲突 19.perceive vt. 察觉;看待;理解 20.internal adj. 内部的;里面的 21.barrier n. 隔阂;障碍 22.waist n. 腰;腰部 23.cheek n. 面颊;脸颊 ponent n. 组成部分;零件 25.twin adj. 双胞胎之一的;孪生之一的　n. 孪生之一;双胞胎之一 26.nonverbal adj. 不涉及言语的;非言语的 27.tick vt. 给(试卷、问题等)打钩号　vi. (钟表)发出嘀嗒声　n. 钩号
词 汇 拓 展 Unit 3 1.appeal　vi. 有吸引力;呼吁;恳求;上诉　n. 吸引力;呼吁;上诉;请求→appealing adj. 有吸引力的;恳求的→(反) unappealing adj. 不吸引人的 2.adopt vt. 采用;采取;采纳　vt.&vi. 领养→adoption n. 领养;收养;采纳→adopted adj. 领养的 3.rewarding adj. 值得做的;有益的→reward vt. 报答;奖赏　n. 报答;报酬 4.entertainment n. 娱乐;招待;娱乐活动;文娱节目→entertain v. 娱乐;招待→entertaining adj. 有趣的;娱乐性的;令人愉快的→entertained adj. 愉快的→entertainer n. 表演者;艺人 5.bless vt. 祝福→blessing n. 幸事;福气→blessed adj. 有幸具有的;幸运的 6.amuse vt. (提供)消遣;(使)娱乐→amusement n. 娱乐(活动);愉悦→amusing adj. 有趣的→amused adj. 感到有趣的 7.prohibit vt. (尤指以法令)禁止;阻止→prohibition n. 禁止;阻止;禁令 8.cycle n. 自行车;摩托车;循环　vi. 骑自行车→cyclist n. 骑自行车的人→recycle v. 循环;再利用 9.fashion n. 时尚;时兴;流行款式→fashionable adj. 时尚的;流行的 10.visible adj. 看得见的;可见的→invisible adj. 看不见的 11.rare adj. 稀少的;珍贵的;(肉)半熟的→rarely adv. 很少;难得 Unit 4 1.approve vi. 赞成;同意　vt. 批准;通过→approval n. 赞成;批准→approving adj. 赞同的→(反) disapprove vi. 不赞成;不同意　vt. 不批准 2.favour vt. 较喜欢;选择;有利于　n. 帮助;恩惠;赞同→favourable adj. 赞同的;给人好印象的 3.vary vi. (根据情况)变化;改变→variation n. 变化;改变→variety n. 种类;范畴→various adj. 各种各样的 4.clarify vt. 使更清晰易懂;阐明;澄清→clarification n. 澄清 5.differ vi. 相异;不同于→difference n. 不同→different adj. 不同的→indifferent adj. 漠不关心的 6.occupy vt. 占据;占用→occupation n. 占领;工作;职业→occupied adj. 占用的;被占领的;忙于……的 7.employ vt. 使用;应用;雇用→employment n. 雇用;使用→employer n. 雇主;老板→employee n. 雇工;雇员→unemployed adj. 失业的 8.adjust vt. 调整;调节　vi.&vt. 适应;(使)习惯→adjustment n. 调整;适应→adjustable adj. 可调节的 9.reliable adj. 可靠的;可信赖的→rely v. 依靠;依赖→reliably adv. 可靠地;可信赖地 10.embarrassed adj. 难堪的;尴尬的→embarrass v. 使尴尬→embarrassment n. 尴尬;难堪→embarrassing adj. 令人难堪的 11.appropriate adj. 合适的;恰当的→appropriately adv. 合适地;恰当地→(反) inappropriate adj. 不合适的;不恰当的 12.distinguish vi.&vt. 区分;辨别→distinguished adj. 卓越的;杰出的 13.slight adj. 轻微的;略微的;细小的→slightly adv. 略微;稍微 14.lower vt. 把……放低;降低;减少　adj. 下面的;下方的;较小的→low adj. 低的,矮小的;楼下的,低洼的;沮丧的;下贱的　adv.低声地;谦卑地 15.tendency n. 趋势;倾向→tend v. 趋向;走势 16.anger n. 愤怒;怒气　vt. 使生气;激怒→angry adj. 生气的;愤怒的→angrily adv.生气地;愤怒地 17.anxiety n. 焦虑;担心;害怕→anxious adj. 焦虑的;不安的→anxiously adv. 焦虑地;担心地 18.react vi. (对……)起反应;回应;(对食物等)有不良反应→reaction n. 反应;回应 19.educator n. 教师;教育工作者;教育家→educate v. 教育;教导;训练→education n. 教育→educational adj. 教育的 20.assess vt. 评估;评价→assessment n. 评价;评定 21.distract vt. 分散(注意力);使分心→distraction n. 分心;分散 22.merely adv. 只是;仅仅;只不过→mere adj. 仅仅的;只不过 23.ultimately adv. 最终;最后→ultimate adj. 最后的,极限的 24.interpret vt. 把……理解(解释)为　vi.&vt. 口译→interpretation n. 口译;翻译→interpreter n. 翻译官 25.barely adv. 几乎不;勉强才能;刚刚→bare adj. 空的;仅够的;光秃秃的 26.demonstrate vt. 表现;表达;说明;证明→demonstration n. 证明;示范;演示
重 点 短 语 Unit 3 1．on the move在行进中；在移动中 2．set out出发；启程；(怀着目标)开始工作 3．live off依靠……生活；以吃……为生 4．appeal to有吸引力；有感染力；呼吁；上诉；打动 5．up to达到(某数量、程度等)；直到；不多于；(体力或智力上)能胜任 6．upside down颠倒；倒转；翻转 Unit 4 1．by contrast相比之下 2．by comparison(与……)相比较 3．make inferences推理；推断 4．break down消除；分解；打破 5．straighten up直起来；整理；收拾整齐 6．in other words换句话说；也就是说 7．call on(短暂地)访问；要求(某人讲话等)；正式邀请 8．at work有某种影响；在工作
重 点 句 型 1．I wake up to the sound of the wind buffeting the cloth of my tent. 风噼里啪啦地拍打着我的帐篷，我在这声响中醒来。 2．Spreading out before me，branches of the Rapa River flow through the valley below. 拉帕河的支流在我面前展开，流经下面的山谷。 3．Following the reindeer were the Sami people，who made this territory their home. 跟随着驯鹿步伐的是萨米人，他们在这片土地上安家落户。 4．Whichever and whatever you like，there is an incredible theme park that will appeal to you! 无论你喜欢哪一个，无论你喜欢什么，总会有一个奇妙无比的主题公园让你流连忘返！ 5．A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can break down barriers. 微笑能够帮助我们度过困境，并在满是陌生人的世界里找到朋友。微笑可以消除隔阂。 6．And if we are feeling down or lonely，there is nothing better than seeing the smiling face of a good friend. 如果我们感到沮丧或孤独，最美好的事情就是看到好朋友的笑脸。 7．Of course，not everyone who looks up is paying attention in class. 当然，并不是每个抬头的人都专注于课堂。 8．With their chins on their hands，they occupy themselves by staring out of the window or up at the ceiling. 他们用手托着下巴，非常专注地盯着窗外或上面的天花板。
In the remote far north of Sweden，in Sarek National Park above the Arctic Circle，I wake up to the sound of the wind 1.________(buffet) the cloth of my tent.Standing at the edge 2.____ the mountain，watching the Rapa River 3._____(flow) through the valley below，I feel so 4.____(bless)to be alive and have this rare opportunity to explore this unique territory 5._____ is almost unknown to the outside world.
Once covered by vast 6._______(sheet) of ice，Sarek’s mountains are home 7.____ the Sami，the native residents of the park.The Sami lived on reindeer，moved with them，and 8.________(accompany) them for hundreds of years.Today most Sami have left their ancient cottages in the mountain valleys and live 9.____ modern life in villages near Sarek instead.
To keep its natural state，apart from the Sami，no one is allowed to live in Sarek，and all new development is banned within park boundaries.It is hoped that Sarek National Park will always remain as it is,10._______(nature) and beautiful.
Gestures can 1.________(use) to express people’s thoughts and opinions in their interactions 2._____ other people，but in different countries the same gesture may have different meanings.For example，in some countries，looking into the eyes of the person you are talking to 3.____(be) a way to display interest，but in many Middle Eastern countries men and women should avoid 4.______(make) eye contact.In most countries,5._____(shake) one’s head means “no”，and nodding means “yes”．By 6.______(compare)，in Bulgaria and southern Albania，the gestures have the opposite meaning.In countries 7._____ France and Russia，people may kiss their friends on 8._____ cheek when they meet.Elsewhere，people favour shaking hands，bowing from the waist，or nodding the head when they meet someone else.
All in all，body language 9.______(vary) from culture to culture，but it is safe 10._____(follow) the golden rule—When in Rome，do as the Romans do.
知识点
ban vt.明令禁止；取缔 n．禁令
ban sb.from doing sth.禁止某人做某事 a ban on...对……的禁令 “禁止某人做某事”的近义短语： prohibit/forbid sb.from doing sth. forbid sb.to do sth.
(1)Rare animals are protected by an international ban on illegal hunting.
(2)为了创建更干净的环境，禁止每个人乱扔垃圾。(话题写作之环境保护)
①To create cleaner surroundings，everyone is banned from littering everywhere.(ban)
②To create cleaner surroundings，everyone is forbidden from littering/to litter everywhere.(forbid)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅱ卷·语法填空）
To protect the marine ecosystem, the local government has banned fishermen from ________ (fish) in the reserve for three months.
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·选择题）
The new regulation clearly ________ people from smoking in all public indoor spaces.
A. bans B. forbids C. prohibits D. prevents
（2023·浙江卷·翻译）
为了改善空气质量，市政府实施了对高污染车辆的禁令。
appeal vi.有感染力；有吸引力；呼吁；恳求；上诉 n．呼吁；恳求；吸引力；上诉(appealing adj.有吸引力的；恳求的)
appeal to sb.吸引某人，使某人感兴趣 appeal to sb.for sth.为某事恳求某人 appeal to sb.to do sth.呼吁/恳求某人做某事 make an appeal to sb.for sth.为某事向某人恳求/呼吁
(1)The appealing(appeal) display being held in the city museum appeals to many people around the city.
(2)我写信是为了呼吁大家积极参与建设一所更加美丽的学校。(应用文写作之倡议书)
I am writing to appeal to/make an appeal to everyone to take an active part in building a more beautiful school.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·江苏卷·语法填空）
The cultural exhibition, which combines traditional art with modern technology, is (appeal) to visitors of all ages.
（2024·全国甲卷·翻译）
我们真诚呼吁公众为保护濒危野生动物贡献力量。
（2023·全国乙卷·选择题）
The charity’s ________ for donations to help disaster victims has received widespread support.
A. appeal B. call C. request D. demand
amuse vt.(提供)消遣；(使)娱乐(amused adj.逗乐的；觉得好笑的 amusing adj.逗人笑的 amusement n．[C]娱乐(活动)；[U]愉悦；娱乐)
amuse sb./oneself with sth.以某事/物逗乐某人/自己 be amused at/by/with sth.以某事为乐 (much) to one’s amusement(非常)令某人高兴的是 in/with amusement愉快地
(1)She introduced the enormous theme park to me in/with amusement.
(2)Much to our amusement，a theme park has been built in our neighborhood.There are so many amusing activities and we can be amused by different amusements in it.(amuse)
(3)看到这种有趣的情景，我妈妈被逗乐了，开玩笑道：“不要用光了你所有的氧气。”
Seeing the amusing situation，my mom was amused，joking “Don’t use up all your oxygen.”
【高考真题链接】
1.（2025·浙江卷·语法填空）
Much to our (amuse), the little boy tried to imitate the astronaut’s movements in the science museum.
2.（2024·天津卷·选择题）
The ________ story told by the old sailor made all the children laugh loudly.
amused B. amusing C. amusement D. amuse
3.（2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·翻译）
看到小狗笨拙地追逐自己的尾巴，奶奶被逗乐了。
set out出发；启程；(怀着目标)开始工作
set aside留出；把……放置一旁；不理会；撤销 set off出发；引起；使爆炸 set up建立；准备；安排 set about doing sth.着手做某事 set out to do sth.着手做某事 set down写下；记下
用set的相关短语填空
(1)As far as I’m concerned，it’s time for us to set out/off for the faraway theme park.
(2)The journalist sets aside some time each day to write，even if it is only five minutes.
(3)Moreover，with the stadium set up，various sports events are able to be held.
(4)You are sure to be appealed to by the novel the moment you set about reading it.
(5)I strongly recommend setting down the key points in class in case you forget them.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国甲卷·选择题）
Before the journey to the ancient town, we need to ________ some time to pack necessary supplies.
set out B. set aside C. set up D. set down
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
The research team set about ________ (collect) data immediately after receiving the funding.
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
The explorer set for the Amazon rainforest with the aim of studying rare plants.
up to达到(某数量、程度等)；直到；不多于；由……决定；做，从事于；(体力或智力上)能胜任
(1)我曾经在全运会上充当过志愿者，因此，我深信我能胜任这项工作。(应用文写作之申请信)
I once served as a volunteer in the National Games，so I am greatly convinced that I am up to the job.
(2)多达20名学生将参加我们学校组织的古诗朗诵大赛。(应用文写作之活动安排)
Up to 20 students are to take part in the Ancient Poetry Recitation Contest to be organized by our school.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·江苏卷·语法填空）
to 500 students are expected to participate in the school’s cultural festival this year.
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·选择题）
Don’t worry—she is ________ the task of organizing the graduation ceremony.
up to B. able to C. ready to D. used to
（2023·全国乙卷·翻译）
这次活动的具体时间由主办方决定，我们只需按时报名。
　 Following the reindeer were the Sami people，who made this territory their home.
跟着驯鹿之后来的是萨米人，他们在这片土地上安家落户。
作表语的分词短语、形容词提到系动词前面时，句子构成完全倒装，即“分词/形容词＋系动词＋主语”结构。 out，in，into，down，up，away，here，now，then，there等表示方位和时间的副词和表示地点的介词短语置于句首，且主语是名词时，句子也用完全倒装。若主语是代词，则不用倒装。
(1)正站在教室外的是一位男孩，他低着头，静静地哭着。
Standing outside the classroom is a boy，lowering his head and crying silently.
(2)以下是如何平衡兼职工作和学习的三条建议。(应用文写作之建议信)
Here are three suggestions on how to keep a balance between a part-time job and study.
(3)村前流过一条小河。
In front of the village flows a small river.
(4)铃声一响，孩子们尽可能快地冲出来了。
Instantly the bell rang，out rushed the children as quickly as possible.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·浙江卷·语法填空）
In front of the ancient temple ________ (stand) a tall pine tree that has a history of over 500 years.
（2024·全国乙卷·选择题）
________ the announcement of the competition results, the whole hall burst into cheers.
Out came B. Came out C. When came out D. As out came
（2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
Standing at the top of the mountain (be) a group of tourists enjoying the beautiful sunrise.
7. vary vi.(根据情况)变化；改变(various adj.不同的；各种各样的 variety n．多样性；变化；种类)
vary from...to...在……到……之间变化；从……到……不等 vary in sth.在某方面不同 vary with...随……而变化 a variety of＝varieties of＝various多种多样的
(1)In our daily life，we will come across various(vary) barriers，so we should try to break them down.
(2)In my class the students vary in height from 100 cm to 120 cm.
(3)文学社推荐了各种各样的好书，鼓励我们从阅读中获得乐趣。
The Literature Society recommended a variety of/varieties of/various good books，encouraging us to get pleasure out of reading.
(4)我有许多爱好，从打篮球到弹钢琴不等。
①I have a number of hobbies，which vary from playing basketball to playing the piano.(定语从句)
②I have a number of hobbies，varying from playing basketball to playing the piano.(非谓语动词)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·语法填空）
The folk arts in this region (vary) greatly from those in the northern part of China.
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·选择题）
The museum displays ________ of ancient coins, ranging from the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty.
varieties B. various C. vary D. variation
（2023·天津卷·翻译）
这些植物的生长周期随气候和土壤条件而变化。
8. approve vi.赞成，同意 vt.批准；通过(approval n．赞成；通过；同意；认可；批准 approving adj.赞许的；许可的)
approve of赞成，同意 approve sth.批准某事 give one’s approval to sth.批准某事
(1)Almost all the educators gave us an approving(approve) nod to our plan.
(2)如果您能批准我们的提议，我们将不胜感激。(应用文写作之感谢信)
①We would be grateful if you could approve our proposal.(approve)
②We would be grateful if you could give approval to our proposal.(approval)
(3)既然您赞成我的主意，我就详细地向您介绍一下。
Now that you have approved of my idea，I will introduce it to you in detail.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·江苏卷·语法填空）
The principal (approve) our proposal for the English corner at yesterday’s meeting.
（2024·新高考Ⅱ卷·选择题）
My parents don’t approve ________ me dropping out of school to pursue a music career.
of B. with C. for D. to
（2023·全国甲卷·翻译）
我们的环保计划得到了社区居民的一致认可。
9. favour vt.较喜欢；选择；有利于 n．帮助；恩惠；赞同(favourable adj.赞成的；有利的)
favour sth./doing sth.较喜欢某事/做某事 ask sb.a favour＝ask a favour of sb.求某人帮一个忙 do a favour for sb.＝do sb.a favour帮某人一个忙 owe sb.a favour欠某人的人情 in favour of赞成；支持 in sb.’s favour对某人有利
(1)By performing appropriate measures，we have created a favourable(favor) learning environment.
(2)He boiled with anger when hearing that most of them weren’t in favour of his opinion.
(3)When I take photos，I favour posing(pose) in this way for a photograph.
(4)我写这封信，希望你能够在即将到来的面试中帮助我。(应用文写作之求助信)
I’m writing this letter，hoping that you can do me a favour/do a favour for me with my coming interview.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·天津卷·语法填空）
Most teachers are (favour) to the idea of integrating technology into classroom teaching.
（2025·全国Ⅱ卷·选择题）
Could you ________ me a favour by passing the document to the manager
do B. make C. give D. offer
（2023·浙江卷·翻译）
大多数与会者支持将会议时间调整到下周五。
10. occupy vt.占用；占领；占据(occupied adj.使用中；忙于；被占领的 occupation n．占领；职业)
occupy sb./oneself with sth./in doing sth.忙于做某事；专心做某事 be occupied with sth./in doing sth.忙于做某事
(1)Ultimately，you must state your full name，age and occupation(occupy) in your application form.
(2)Because they were occupied in making and selling popcorn，they spared no time to play around.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，读后续写)
→Occupying themselves in making and selling popcorn，they spared no time to play around.(用现在分词短语作状语改写)
→Occupied in making and selling popcorn，they spared no time to play around.(用过去分词短语作状语改写)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
The professor, who is (occupy) in researching AI technology, rarely has time for family gatherings.
（2024·全国乙卷·选择题）
In the job application, you are required to state your ________ and work experience clearly.
occupation B. occupy C. occupied D. occupying
（2023·全国甲卷·语法填空）
(occupy) herself with preparing for the exam, she didn’t notice the time passing by.
11. ashamed adj.羞愧；惭愧(shame n．羞耻；羞愧；让人遗憾的事 shameful adj.可耻的 shameless adj.无耻的；没廉耻的)
be/feel ashamed of...为……而感到羞耻 be ashamed to do sth.羞于/耻于做某事 It’s a shame that...……真让人遗憾。 What a shame/pity！真遗憾！
(1)It’s shameful(shame) to apply other people’s research results without their permission.
(2)She was ashamed of making so many conflicts with her classmate Tom.
(3)It is a shame that my plan hasn’t been approved.
(4)我是如此羞愧，以至于我感觉心如刀绞，眼泪模糊了我的双眼。①I was so ashamed that I felt as if a knife were piercing(刺穿) my heart，tears clouding my eyes.(用so...that...句型)
②So ashamed was I that I felt as if a knife were piercing my heart，tears clouding my eyes.(用so...that...句型的倒装形式改写)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新高考Ⅱ卷·语法填空）
He felt (shame) of having lied to his teacher about his absence from class.
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
It’s ________ to cheat in exams, and anyone who does so should feel ________.
A.shameful; ashamed B. ashamed; shameful C. shame; ashamed D. shameful; shame
（2023·浙江卷·翻译）
我羞于承认自己在项目中犯了如此低级的错误。
12. adjust vt.调整；调节 vi.& vt.适应；(使)习惯(adjustment n．调整；适应 adjustable adj.可调节的；可调整的)
adjust (oneself) to (doing)...适应……；习惯…… adjust...to...调整……以适应…… make an adjustment/adjustments作出调整
(1)To my great joy，the height of the bicycle is adjustable(adjust)．
(2)我写信向您寻求一些如何适应新环境的建议。(应用文写作之求助信)
I am writing to ask you for some advice on how to adjust (myself) to the new surroundings.
(3)由于我没有及时调整相关的信息，这给您带来极大的不便，我写信向您道歉。(应用文写作之道歉信)
①I am writing to apologize to you for my not adjusting the relevant information in time，causing great inconvenience to you.(adjust)
②I am writing to apologize to you for my not making adjustments to the relevant information in time，which caused great inconvenience to you.(adjustment，定语从句)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
It takes time for freshmen to adjust (they) to the new campus life.
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·翻译）
这款办公椅的高度可以调节，以适应不同使用者的需求。
（2023·全国乙卷·选择题）
We need to ________ our plan according to the latest weather forecast.
adjust B. adapt C. adopt D. admit
13. break down分解；(机器)损坏，出故障；(谈判)失败；(身体)垮掉；消除；打破
break away (from)离开；脱离 break in(不及物)插嘴；闯入 break into(及物)闯入；突然……起来 break out爆发 break up分散；拆散；驱散；分手 break through突破；克服
用break的相关短语填空
(1)What angered me was that my car broke down on the way to my company.
(2)We arrived home early only to find a thief trying to break in.
(3)The president’s tone implied that a war would break out soon.
(4)When the father saw his lost child safe，he broke into tears and his anxiety finally disappeared.
(5)The boy and the girl had serious conflicts，so they broke up.
(6)The educator hasn’t broken through in his teaching so far.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅱ卷·语法填空）
The car broke on the way to the airport, causing us to miss the flight.
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·选择题）
When the good news was announced, the crowd ________ cheers.
broke into B. broke out C. broke up D. broke down
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
Scientists have finally broken in the research on treating the rare disease.
14. call on访问；要求；正式邀请；呼吁；号召
call up给……打电话；(使)想起 call off＝cancel取消 call for(公开)要求；需要 call in打电话来；召来，叫来；收回 call at sp.拜访(地点)
用call的相关短语填空
(1)I stared at the picture，which called up memories of our class trip.
(2)Now the government calls on us to download relevant information from reliable websites.
(3)The conference had been ultimately called off，so we went home instead.
(4)Sometimes situations call for us to be strong and brave.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国甲卷·语法填空）
The government called on (call) citizens to save water amid the severe drought.
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
The sports meeting was ________ because of the heavy rain.
A. called off B. called on C. called up D. called for
（2023·全国乙卷·翻译）
这张老照片让我想起了童年在乡村的快乐时光。
15.部分否定　 Of course，not everyone who looks up is paying attention in class.
当然，并不是每个抬头的人都专注于课堂。
部分否定：当all，both，each，everybody，everyone，everything，always，whole，entirely等具有总括意义的代词、形容词和副词与否定副词not连用时，构成了部分否定，意为“不是……都；并非……都”。 全部否定：neither，no one，no，none，never，nothing，no more，no longer，no way，not...any等表示否定意义的词(组)与肯定式谓语一起使用时，构成“全部否定”。
(1)我同意你说的大部分内容，但并非同意你讲的一切。
I agree with most of what you said，but I don’t agree with everything that you said.
(2)汤姆让杰克和彼得陪他去野餐，但是他们两个都不想去，因为他们有工作要做。
Tom asks Jack and Peter to go on a picnic with him，but neither of them want(s) to，because they have work to do.
(3)他被授予这次比赛的一等奖，尽管似乎不是所有人都同意。
He was awarded the first prize in the competition，though not all of the people seemed to agree.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
Not (all) the students are interested in the optional course on traditional Chinese medicine.
（2024·全国乙卷·选择题）
—Do you know all the guests at the party —No, ________ of them are familiar to me.
not all B. none C. neither D. all
（2023·浙江卷·翻译）
并非所有的传统文化都适合在现代社会传承和发展。
语法点
Grammar　动词 ing形式作主语
一、关于动词 ing形式的基本情况
1．动词 ing形式是动词的一种非谓语形式，包括现在分词和动名词两种。
动词 ing形式在句中的语法作用：动名词在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，现在分词在句中作状语、宾语补足语和定语。
2．动词 ing形式的时态和语态。
[观察例句]
Reading aloud is a good way to learn a language.
大声朗读是学习语言的一种好方法。
Having studied his lessons very hard, he passed the exam.
努力学习了功课， 他通过了考试。
The building being built now will be finished next month.
正在建设的建筑物下个月将完工。
Having been laughed at for his lameness, the boy became shy and inhibited.
那男孩因跛脚被人讥笑， 变得羞怯。
[归纳用法]
语态 时态 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
二、动词 ing形式作主语
1．动词 ing形式作主语
[观察例句]
Saying is one thing, and doing is another.
说是一回事，而做是另一回事。
Having a walk every day helps to make one keep healthy.
每天散步有助于一个人保持健康。
[归纳用法]
动词 ing形式作主语，往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，通常置于句首。
[名师点津]
动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Climbing mountains is really difficult for the old.
对于老人来说爬山确实困难。
2．形式主语it代替动词 ing形式作主语。
[观察例句]
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.
劝说这种人加入我们是浪费时间。
It is no good/use regretting for the past.
悔恨过去是没用的。
It's useless arguing with them.　
跟他们争论是徒劳无益的。
[归纳用法]
此类句式常见的有：
It's a waste of time doing sth.做某事是浪费时间
It's useless/worthwhile doing sth.做某事没用/是值得的
It's no good/use/fun doing sth.做某事没好处/没用/没意思
3．动词 ing形式和to do作主语时的区别。
[观察例句]
Playing with fire is dangerous.
玩火危险。(泛指)
Singing is my hobby, and to sing at my friend's birthday party is my dream.
唱歌是我的爱好，在朋友的生日宴会上唱歌是我的梦想。
[归纳用法]
动词 ing形式和to do都可以作主语。动词 ing形式作主语表示比较抽象的一般行为，to do作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。
[即学即练1]——单句语法填空
①I can't stand (work)with Jane in the same office.
②It's no use (complain)without taking action.
③ (volunteer)just feels so good.
④ (invite)to the party was a great honour to the family.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
________ (Volunteer) in the cultural heritage protection project has enriched my life experience.
（2024·新高考Ⅱ卷·选择题）
It’s worthwhile ________ the effort to learn traditional Chinese skills like paper-cutting.
making B. to make C. make D. made
（2023·浙江卷·翻译）
了解不同国家的习俗对跨文化交流很重要。
三、动词 ing的复合结构作主语
[观察例句]
His/Tom's being late made the teacher very angry.
他的/汤姆的迟到使老师很生气。
Jerry's not arriving on time made the people present angry.
杰里未能按时到达令在场的人很生气。
[归纳用法]
(1)作主语的动词 ing的复合结构的肯定形式为：形容词性物主代词/名词的所有格＋doing...。
(2)作主语的动词 ing的复合结构的否定形式为：形容词性物主代词/名词的所有格＋not doing...。
[即学即练2]——完成句子
①他没准时到达火车站使得我们大家都很担心。
on time made all of us worried.
②你学好英语对学习法语有帮助。
will help to learn French.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1． (talk)with your kid heart to heart is very important.
2．It is no use (regret)your past mistakes.
3．Wesley's (return)so soon surprised me.
4．Seeing (be)believing.
5．It is no good (cry)over spilt milk.
6．Their (come)to help was a great encouragement to us.
7．His not (know)English brought him a lot of inconvenience.
8． (read)in bed is bad for your eyes.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·江苏卷·语法填空）
The artist regretted ________ (turn) down the invitation to the national painting exhibition.
（2024·全国乙卷·选择题）
The ancient building ________ careful protection, so we are trying our best to take care of it.
needs B. needs to be needing C. needs to need D. needs to be needed
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
I’m looking forward to ________ (receive) your reply about the volunteer application.
（2023·全国甲卷·翻译）
他花了两年时间研究传统工艺的传承问题。
Grammar　动词 ing形式作宾语和表语
一、动词 ing形式作宾语
1．作动词的宾语
接动词 ing形式作宾语的常用动词(短语)有：
avoid，miss，delay/put off避免错过少延期
advise，finish，practise建议完成多练习
enjoy，imagine，can't help喜欢想象禁不住
admit，deny，envy承认否定与嫉妒
escape，risk，excuse逃避冒险莫原谅
stand，keep，mind忍受保持不介意
He admitted referring to his notes in the exam.
他承认在考试中查阅了笔记。
She can't stand being looked down upon in public.
她忍受不了在公众场合被人看不起的感觉。
Would you mind opening the window
你介意打开窗子吗？
He tried to avoid answering my questions.
他试图对我的问题避而不答。
2．作介词的宾语
在下面的短语中，常用动词 ing形式作介词的宾语： be good at，dream of，care about，be concerned about，be interested in，feel like，insist on，think of，aim at，set about，be used to习惯于；get down to开始做；lead to导致；devote oneself to献身于……；look forward to期待；stick to坚持；pay attention to注意。
I dream of sailing around the world and leading a happy life.
我梦想着环游世界，过上幸福的生活。
He insisted on doing it in his own way.
他坚持要按照自己的方法做。
I'm looking forward to your coming next time.
我期待着你下一次的到来。
Because of the bad weather，they have to give up going out for a picnic tomorrow.
因为天气不好，他们不得不放弃明天的外出野餐。
3．在以下结构中，动词 ing形式作介词的宾语，介词常省略。
spend...(in)doing花费……做某事
have difficulty/trouble (in)doing...做……有困难/麻烦
stop/prevent...(from)doing阻止……做某事
waste time (in)doing浪费时间做某事
be busy (in)doing忙于做某事
have a good/hard time (in)doing高兴做某事/费了很大劲做某事
There is no point (in)doing做某事毫无意义
He is always busy working every day，which has made him have little time to play with his child.
他每天总是忙于工作，这使他很少有时间和孩子一起玩。
There is no point giving him such a good chance.
给他提供这样一个好机会没有意义。
[即学即练1]——单句语法填空
①I'm looking forward to (hear)from you.
②He devotes himself to (look)into the matter.
③She likes spending much money (buy)clothes for herself.
4．动词 ing形式作宾语时的几个特殊情况
(1)动词 ing的复合结构。
＋动词 ing
Would you mind my/me eating the cake
你介意我吃这块蛋糕吗？
Would you mind Mary's/Mary driving the bike
你介意玛丽骑自行车吗？
[名师点津]
动词 ing的复合结构的否定形式为：形容词性物主代词/代词(宾格)/名词(宾格)/名词's所有格＋not doing...。
(2)某些动词及动词短语后面既可以用不定式也可以用动词 ing作宾语。
①动词begin，start，continue等词后既可跟不定式，又可跟动词 ing作宾语，意义基本相同。
They continued discussing/to discuss the plan after having a rest.
休息了一会后，他们继续讨论这项计划。
②动词love，like，hate等后可跟动词 ing和不定式作宾语，但接动词 ing表示经常性的情况，接不定式表示具体的动作。
I love walking with my friend on a sunny day.(习惯)我喜欢和朋友在一个阳光明媚的日子里散步。
It is a pleasant day today，so I love to have a walk with my friend.(具体)
今天是个令人愉快的日子，所以我想和朋友一起散散步。
③一些动词后既可跟动词 ing作宾语，又可跟不定式作宾语，但意义有很大差别。
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯。
The light in the office is still on.He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还亮着。他忘记关了。
[名师点津]
对比记忆作宾语的动词含义
They stopped to have a look at the fantastic scenery.
他们停下来，看了看这美妙绝伦的风景。
They stopped working and had a rest.
他们停止工作，休息了一下。
(3)用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是动词 ing形式。
其结构如下：
主语＋＋it＋＋doing...
I found it useless/no use arguing about it.
我发现争论这件事没有用。
Do you consider it any good trying again
你觉得再试会有用吗？
(4)在动词need，require，want，deserve后，用动词 ing形式表示被动含义，即need/require/want/deserve doing＝need/require/want/deserve to be done。
These clothes need washing．＝These clothes need to be washed．
这些衣服需要洗。
The house requires repairing．＝The house requires to be repaired．
这座房子需要修理。
(5)在(be)worth后面只能用动词 ing形式来表示被动含义。
The film is worth seeing a second time.
这部电影值得再看一次。
[即学即练2]——单句语法填空
①I remember (see)her before，but I can't remember when it was.
②You must remember (tell)Jackson the news tonight.
③I didn't mean (visit)him yesterday afternoon.
④Giving up your plan means (lose)a large amount of money.
⑤All of us stopped (talk)when we saw our teacher come in.
⑥She felt thirsty, so she stopped (get)a drink of water.
二、动词 ing形式作表语
1．动名词用作表语
Her job is checking letter of credit and terms of contract．
她的工作是核对信用证和合同款。
That is not playing the game．
这样做就不公平了。
This was really carrying matters a little too far．
这事做得真有点太过分了。
[名师点津]
(1)不要把作表语用的动名词和现在进行时态混淆。
动名词说明主语的情况或性质，其内容在逻辑上等于主语的内容；
现在分词说明动作是由主语完成的(即表示主语正在进行的动作)。
His job is cleaning the classroom.(动名词短语作表语)
他的工作就是打扫教室。
He is cleaning the classroom.(谓语，现在进行时)
他正在打扫教室。
(2)动名词(短语)和不定式(短语)都能用作主语或表语，两者的区别是：
表示比较抽象、一般的行为，不跟特定的动作执行者联系在一起时，多用动名词(短语)；
表示具体某次行为、特别是将来的行为，往往跟特定的动作执行者联系在一起时，多用不定式。
但在多数情况下，两者差别不太大，可以互用。试比较：
Our job is building houses.(经常性的一般行为)
我们的工作是盖房子。
Our main task now is to build this house.(特定的具体某次行为)
我们现在的主要任务是盖这间房子。
[即学即练3]——单句语法填空
①One of the good exercises is (swim).
②The real problem is (get)to know the needs of the customers.
③The important thing now is (save)lives.
2．现在分词用作表语
现在分词作表语，总是跟在系动词之后，构成复合谓语。现在分词作表语，表示主语所具有的特征。
许多作表语的现在分词几乎已经形容词化，可以用副词修饰，也可以有比较级形式。这类常见的现在分词有amazing, amusing, annoying, astonishing, boring, charming等。
The development of our aviation industry is quite encouraging．
我们的航空工业的发展是非常令人鼓舞的。
A few pages are wanting．
有几处缺页。
The whole damned day had been humiliating．
这一整天可坏透了，令人丢脸。
[名师点津]
(1)现在分词作表语时，系动词除be外还有appear, sound, look, become, come, get, go, grow, keep, remain, seem等。
What he says sounds more convincing．
他说的话听起来更有说服力。
The European scene began to look threatening again.
欧洲局势再度出现危险。
(2)现在分词作表语用时，相当于形容词，表示性质或状态；进行时态中的分词是谓语动词的组成部分，表示具体的动作，两者不可混淆。
The present situation is encouraging．(表语)
目前的形势是令人鼓舞的。
The present situation is encouraging us to stride forward in production.(现在进行时)
目前的形势正在鼓舞我们在生产上迈步前进。
The problem is quite pressing．(表语)
问题很紧迫。
She is pressing the button.(现在进行时)
她正在按电钮。
[即学即练4]——单句语法填空
①The situation both at home and abroad is very (inspire).
②The book is (interest)and I'm interested in it.
③He remembered our names from ten years ago—isn't that just (amaze)
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Poems which had seemed dull and (bore)suddenly came to life.
2．The bird narrowly escaped (shoot)by the hunter.
3．She looked small and gentle and altogether (charm).
4．Do you feel like (have)a walk with me after supper
5．My father suggested (read)more books in my spare time.
6．To avoid (see)by the teacher, Tony stole into the classroom by the back door.
7．Have you considered (build)a house in the countryside
8．Some of the children are shy and they have some difficulty in (make)friends.
9．We regret (inform)you that you will have to give up this chance.
10．We agreed (meet)here，but so far she hasn't turned up yet.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·浙江卷·语法填空）
What makes the cultural activity so ________ (attract) is its combination of tradition and innovation.
（2024·天津卷·选择题）
My favorite part of the trip is ________ the local people’s daily life.
experiencing B. experience C. experienced D. to experience
（2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·翻译）
这个关于敦煌莫高窟的纪录片非常吸引人。
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)/ 让教学更有效 高效备考 | 英语学科
新人教版选择性必修第一册Unit 3-4知识清单
重 点 单 词 Unit 3 1.ban vt. 明令禁止;取缔　n. 禁令 2.accompany vt. 陪同;陪伴;伴随;(尤指用钢琴)为……伴奏→accompanied/accompanied/accompanying (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 3.swing vt.&vi. (使)摆动;摇摆;转弯;(使)突然转向→swung/swung/swinging (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 4.wander n. 游荡;闲逛;流浪　vt.&vi. 闲逛;漫游　vi. 走失;离散;走神 5.display n. 展览;陈列;展览品　vt. 显示;陈列 6.appetite n. 食欲;胃口;强烈欲望 7.stretch vi. 延伸;延续　vi.&vt. 伸展;舒展 8.route n. 路线;路途;途径 9.ahead adv. 向前;在前面;提前 10.theme adj. 有特定主题的　n. 主题;主题思想 11.sneeze vi. 打喷嚏　n. 喷嚏;喷嚏声 12.journalist n. 新闻记者;新闻工作者 13.buffet vt. 连续猛击;打来打去 n. 自助餐 14.cloth n. (一块)布;织物;布料 15.vast adj. 辽阔的;巨大的;庞大的 16.boundary n. 边界;界限;分界线 17.label vt. 用标签标明;贴标签 n. 标签;标记 18.pedal n. (自行车等的)脚镫子;踏板　vt.&vi. 骑自行车;踩踏板 19.incredible adj. 极好的;极大的;难以置信的 20.adorable adj. 可爱的;讨人喜爱的 21.enormous adj. 巨大的;极大的 22.steam n. 蒸汽;水蒸气;蒸汽动力　vi. 蒸发;散发蒸汽;冒水汽 23.superb 　adj. 极佳的;卓越的 24.edge n. 边;边缘;边线;刀刃 vt.&vi. (使)徐徐移动;给……加边 25.territory n. 领土;版图;领域;地盘 26.splendid adj. 壮丽的;雄伟的;极佳的;非常好的 27.column n. (书、报纸印刷页上的)栏;专栏;柱(形物) 28.valley n. 谷;山谷;溪谷 29.fountain n. 喷泉;人工喷泉;喷水池 30.pirate n. 海盗;盗版者 vt. 盗印;窃用 31.polar adj. (近)极地的;南极(或北极)的;磁极的 32.sour adj. 酸的;有酸味的 33.cottage n. 小屋;(尤指)村舍;小别墅 34.cream n. 奶油;乳脂;护肤霜 adj. 奶油色的;淡黄色的 Unit 4 1.witness vt. 当场看到;目击;见证　n. 目击者;证人 2.bother vi.&vt. 费心;麻烦;因……操心　n. 麻烦;不便 3.bend vt.&vi. (使)弯曲;倾斜;偏向→bent/bent/bending (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 4.conflict n. 矛盾;冲突　vi. 冲突;抵触 5.stare vi. 盯着看;凝视　n. 凝视 6.ashamed adj. 羞愧;惭愧 7.reveal vt. 揭示;显示;露出 8.imply vt. 意味着;暗示 9.weep vi.&vt. 哭泣;流泪→wept/wept/weeping (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 10.inquire vi.&vt. 询问;打听 11.interaction n. 交流;相互影响 12.identical adj. 相同的 13.gesture n. 手势;姿势;姿态 14.bow vi. 鞠躬;点头　vt. 低(头) 15.pose n. 故作姿态;(为画像、拍照等摆的)姿势　vi. 摆好姿势　vt. 造成(威胁、问题等) 16.fake adj. 假装的;假的;冒充的 17.trial n.&v. 审讯;审判;试验;试用 18.incident 　n. 发生的事情;严重事件;冲突 19.perceive vt. 察觉;看待;理解 20.internal adj. 内部的;里面的 21.barrier n. 隔阂;障碍 22.waist n. 腰;腰部 23.cheek n. 面颊;脸颊 ponent n. 组成部分;零件 25.twin adj. 双胞胎之一的;孪生之一的　n. 孪生之一;双胞胎之一 26.nonverbal adj. 不涉及言语的;非言语的 27.tick vt. 给(试卷、问题等)打钩号　vi. (钟表)发出嘀嗒声　n. 钩号
词 汇 拓 展 Unit 3 1.appeal　vi. 有吸引力;呼吁;恳求;上诉　n. 吸引力;呼吁;上诉;请求→appealing adj. 有吸引力的;恳求的→(反) unappealing adj. 不吸引人的 2.adopt vt. 采用;采取;采纳　vt.&vi. 领养→adoption n. 领养;收养;采纳→adopted adj. 领养的 3.rewarding adj. 值得做的;有益的→reward vt. 报答;奖赏　n. 报答;报酬 4.entertainment n. 娱乐;招待;娱乐活动;文娱节目→entertain v. 娱乐;招待→entertaining adj. 有趣的;娱乐性的;令人愉快的→entertained adj. 愉快的→entertainer n. 表演者;艺人 5.bless vt. 祝福→blessing n. 幸事;福气→blessed adj. 有幸具有的;幸运的 6.amuse vt. (提供)消遣;(使)娱乐→amusement n. 娱乐(活动);愉悦→amusing adj. 有趣的→amused adj. 感到有趣的 7.prohibit vt. (尤指以法令)禁止;阻止→prohibition n. 禁止;阻止;禁令 8.cycle n. 自行车;摩托车;循环　vi. 骑自行车→cyclist n. 骑自行车的人→recycle v. 循环;再利用 9.fashion n. 时尚;时兴;流行款式→fashionable adj. 时尚的;流行的 10.visible adj. 看得见的;可见的→invisible adj. 看不见的 11.rare adj. 稀少的;珍贵的;(肉)半熟的→rarely adv. 很少;难得 Unit 4 1.approve vi. 赞成;同意　vt. 批准;通过→approval n. 赞成;批准→approving adj. 赞同的→(反) disapprove vi. 不赞成;不同意　vt. 不批准 2.favour vt. 较喜欢;选择;有利于　n. 帮助;恩惠;赞同→favourable adj. 赞同的;给人好印象的 3.vary vi. (根据情况)变化;改变→variation n. 变化;改变→variety n. 种类;范畴→various adj. 各种各样的 4.clarify vt. 使更清晰易懂;阐明;澄清→clarification n. 澄清 5.differ vi. 相异;不同于→difference n. 不同→different adj. 不同的→indifferent adj. 漠不关心的 6.occupy vt. 占据;占用→occupation n. 占领;工作;职业→occupied adj. 占用的;被占领的;忙于……的 7.employ vt. 使用;应用;雇用→employment n. 雇用;使用→employer n. 雇主;老板→employee n. 雇工;雇员→unemployed adj. 失业的 8.adjust vt. 调整;调节　vi.&vt. 适应;(使)习惯→adjustment n. 调整;适应→adjustable adj. 可调节的 9.reliable adj. 可靠的;可信赖的→rely v. 依靠;依赖→reliably adv. 可靠地;可信赖地 10.embarrassed adj. 难堪的;尴尬的→embarrass v. 使尴尬→embarrassment n. 尴尬;难堪→embarrassing adj. 令人难堪的 11.appropriate adj. 合适的;恰当的→appropriately adv. 合适地;恰当地→(反) inappropriate adj. 不合适的;不恰当的 12.distinguish vi.&vt. 区分;辨别→distinguished adj. 卓越的;杰出的 13.slight adj. 轻微的;略微的;细小的→slightly adv. 略微;稍微 14.lower vt. 把……放低;降低;减少　adj. 下面的;下方的;较小的→low adj. 低的,矮小的;楼下的,低洼的;沮丧的;下贱的　adv.低声地;谦卑地 15.tendency n. 趋势;倾向→tend v. 趋向;走势 16.anger n. 愤怒;怒气　vt. 使生气;激怒→angry adj. 生气的;愤怒的→angrily adv.生气地;愤怒地 17.anxiety n. 焦虑;担心;害怕→anxious adj. 焦虑的;不安的→anxiously adv. 焦虑地;担心地 18.react vi. (对……)起反应;回应;(对食物等)有不良反应→reaction n. 反应;回应 19.educator n. 教师;教育工作者;教育家→educate v. 教育;教导;训练→education n. 教育→educational adj. 教育的 20.assess vt. 评估;评价→assessment n. 评价;评定 21.distract vt. 分散(注意力);使分心→distraction n. 分心;分散 22.merely adv. 只是;仅仅;只不过→mere adj. 仅仅的;只不过 23.ultimately adv. 最终;最后→ultimate adj. 最后的,极限的 24.interpret vt. 把……理解(解释)为　vi.&vt. 口译→interpretation n. 口译;翻译→interpreter n. 翻译官 25.barely adv. 几乎不;勉强才能;刚刚→bare adj. 空的;仅够的;光秃秃的 26.demonstrate vt. 表现;表达;说明;证明→demonstration n. 证明;示范;演示
重 点 短 语 Unit 3 1．on the move在行进中；在移动中 2．set out出发；启程；(怀着目标)开始工作 3．live off依靠……生活；以吃……为生 4．appeal to有吸引力；有感染力；呼吁；上诉；打动 5．up to达到(某数量、程度等)；直到；不多于；(体力或智力上)能胜任 6．upside down颠倒；倒转；翻转 Unit 4 1．by contrast相比之下 2．by comparison(与……)相比较 3．make inferences推理；推断 4．break down消除；分解；打破 5．straighten up直起来；整理；收拾整齐 6．in other words换句话说；也就是说 7．call on(短暂地)访问；要求(某人讲话等)；正式邀请 8．at work有某种影响；在工作
重 点 句 型 1．I wake up to the sound of the wind buffeting the cloth of my tent. 风噼里啪啦地拍打着我的帐篷，我在这声响中醒来。 2．Spreading out before me，branches of the Rapa River flow through the valley below. 拉帕河的支流在我面前展开，流经下面的山谷。 3．Following the reindeer were the Sami people，who made this territory their home. 跟随着驯鹿步伐的是萨米人，他们在这片土地上安家落户。 4．Whichever and whatever you like，there is an incredible theme park that will appeal to you! 无论你喜欢哪一个，无论你喜欢什么，总会有一个奇妙无比的主题公园让你流连忘返！ 5．A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can break down barriers. 微笑能够帮助我们度过困境，并在满是陌生人的世界里找到朋友。微笑可以消除隔阂。 6．And if we are feeling down or lonely，there is nothing better than seeing the smiling face of a good friend. 如果我们感到沮丧或孤独，最美好的事情就是看到好朋友的笑脸。 7．Of course，not everyone who looks up is paying attention in class. 当然，并不是每个抬头的人都专注于课堂。 8．With their chins on their hands，they occupy themselves by staring out of the window or up at the ceiling. 他们用手托着下巴，非常专注地盯着窗外或上面的天花板。
In the remote far north of Sweden，in Sarek National Park above the Arctic Circle，I wake up to the sound of the wind 1.________(buffet) the cloth of my tent.Standing at the edge 2.____ the mountain，watching the Rapa River 3._____(flow) through the valley below，I feel so 4.____(bless)to be alive and have this rare opportunity to explore this unique territory 5._____ is almost unknown to the outside world.
Once covered by vast 6._______(sheet) of ice，Sarek’s mountains are home 7.____ the Sami，the native residents of the park.The Sami lived on reindeer，moved with them，and 8.________(accompany) them for hundreds of years.Today most Sami have left their ancient cottages in the mountain valleys and live 9.____ modern life in villages near Sarek instead.
To keep its natural state，apart from the Sami，no one is allowed to live in Sarek，and all new development is banned within park boundaries.It is hoped that Sarek National Park will always remain as it is,10._______(nature) and beautiful.
1.buffeting 2. of 3.flowing 4. blessed 5. which 6. sheets 7. to 8. accompanied 9. a 10. natural
Gestures can 1.________(use) to express people’s thoughts and opinions in their interactions 2._____ other people，but in different countries the same gesture may have different meanings.For example，in some countries，looking into the eyes of the person you are talking to 3.____(be) a way to display interest，but in many Middle Eastern countries men and women should avoid 4.______(make) eye contact.In most countries,5._____(shake) one’s head means “no”，and nodding means “yes”．By 6.______(compare)，in Bulgaria and southern Albania，the gestures have the opposite meaning.In countries 7._____ France and Russia，people may kiss their friends on 8._____ cheek when they meet.Elsewhere，people favour shaking hands，bowing from the waist，or nodding the head when they meet someone else.
All in all，body language 9.______(vary) from culture to culture，but it is safe 10._____(follow) the golden rule—When in Rome，do as the Romans do.
1.be used 2. with 3.is 4. making 5. shaking 6. comparison 7. like 8.the 9. varies 10.to follow
知识点
ban vt.明令禁止；取缔 n．禁令
ban sb.from doing sth.禁止某人做某事 a ban on...对……的禁令 “禁止某人做某事”的近义短语： prohibit/forbid sb.from doing sth. forbid sb.to do sth.
(1)Rare animals are protected by an international ban on illegal hunting.
(2)为了创建更干净的环境，禁止每个人乱扔垃圾。(话题写作之环境保护)
①To create cleaner surroundings，everyone is banned from littering everywhere.(ban)
②To create cleaner surroundings，everyone is forbidden from littering/to litter everywhere.(forbid)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅱ卷·语法填空）
To protect the marine ecosystem, the local government has banned fishermen from ________ (fish) in the reserve for three months.
答案：fishing
解析：考点为ban sb. from doing sth. 固定搭配，from后接动名词；主题“海洋生态保护”贴合U3“自然与环境”，呼应高考“人与自然”命题趋势。
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·选择题）
The new regulation clearly ________ people from smoking in all public indoor spaces.
A. bans B. forbids C. prohibits D. prevents
答案：A
解析：考点为近义动词辨析——ban侧重“官方明令禁止”，与“regulation（法规）”语境匹配；B侧重“个人或权威禁止”，C需搭配prohibit sb. from doing，D为prevent...from...（阻止），本题核心考语境适配性。
（2023·浙江卷·翻译）
为了改善空气质量，市政府实施了对高污染车辆的禁令。
答案：To improve air quality, the municipal government has imposed a ban on high-pollution vehicles.
解析：考点为a ban on sth. 短语，“实施禁令”用impose体现官方动作，主题“环保治理”贴合U3核心话题。
appeal vi.有感染力；有吸引力；呼吁；恳求；上诉 n．呼吁；恳求；吸引力；上诉(appealing adj.有吸引力的；恳求的)
appeal to sb.吸引某人，使某人感兴趣 appeal to sb.for sth.为某事恳求某人 appeal to sb.to do sth.呼吁/恳求某人做某事 make an appeal to sb.for sth.为某事向某人恳求/呼吁
(1)The appealing(appeal) display being held in the city museum appeals to many people around the city.
(2)我写信是为了呼吁大家积极参与建设一所更加美丽的学校。(应用文写作之倡议书)
I am writing to appeal to/make an appeal to everyone to take an active part in building a more beautiful school.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·江苏卷·语法填空）
The cultural exhibition, which combines traditional art with modern technology, is (appeal) to visitors of all ages.
答案：appealing
解析：考点为appeal→appealing 形容词转换，表“有吸引力的”；主题“文化展览”贴合U4“文化交流”，符合高考“传统文化创新”命题热点。
（2024·全国甲卷·翻译）
我们真诚呼吁公众为保护濒危野生动物贡献力量。
答案：We sincerely appeal to the public to contribute to the protection of endangered wild animals. 解析：考点为appeal to sb. to do sth. 呼吁句式，“贡献力量”用contribute to体现书面语规范，主题“生物保护”呼应U3“自然探索”。
（2023·全国乙卷·选择题）
The charity’s ________ for donations to help disaster victims has received widespread support.
A. appeal B. call C. request D. demand
答案：A
解析：考点为appeal n. “呼吁”，与charity（慈善机构）的公益语境匹配；B为call for（需求），C为“请求”，D为“要求”，均无“情感感召式呼吁”的语义。
amuse vt.(提供)消遣；(使)娱乐(amused adj.逗乐的；觉得好笑的 amusing adj.逗人笑的 amusement n．[C]娱乐(活动)；[U]愉悦；娱乐)
amuse sb./oneself with sth.以某事/物逗乐某人/自己 be amused at/by/with sth.以某事为乐 (much) to one’s amusement(非常)令某人高兴的是 in/with amusement愉快地
(1)She introduced the enormous theme park to me in/with amusement.
(2)Much to our amusement，a theme park has been built in our neighborhood.There are so many amusing activities and we can be amused by different amusements in it.(amuse)
(3)看到这种有趣的情景，我妈妈被逗乐了，开玩笑道：“不要用光了你所有的氧气。”
Seeing the amusing situation，my mom was amused，joking “Don’t use up all your oxygen.”
【高考真题链接】
1.（2025·浙江卷·语法填空）
Much to our (amuse), the little boy tried to imitate the astronaut’s movements in the science museum.
答案：amusement
解析：考点为amuse→amusement 名词转换，固定搭配much to one’s amusement；主题“科技馆体验”贴合U3“科学探索”，符合高考“生活场景化”命题风格。
2.（2024·天津卷·选择题）
The ________ story told by the old sailor made all the children laugh loudly.
amused B. amusing C. amusement D. amuse
答案：B
解析：考点为形容词辨析——amusing修饰“事物（story）”，表“令人发笑的”；A修饰“人”，C为名词，D为动词，本题考修饰对象的语义匹配。
3.（2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·翻译）
看到小狗笨拙地追逐自己的尾巴，奶奶被逗乐了。
答案：Seeing the puppy clumsily chasing its tail, Grandma was amused.
解析：考点为be amused 表被动感受，“追逐”用chasing体现伴随动作，场景“生活趣事”贴合U4“家庭与生活”。
set out出发；启程；(怀着目标)开始工作
set aside留出；把……放置一旁；不理会；撤销 set off出发；引起；使爆炸 set up建立；准备；安排 set about doing sth.着手做某事 set out to do sth.着手做某事 set down写下；记下
用set的相关短语填空
(1)As far as I’m concerned，it’s time for us to set out/off for the faraway theme park.
(2)The journalist sets aside some time each day to write，even if it is only five minutes.
(3)Moreover，with the stadium set up，various sports events are able to be held.
(4)You are sure to be appealed to by the novel the moment you set about reading it.
(5)I strongly recommend setting down the key points in class in case you forget them.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国甲卷·选择题）
Before the journey to the ancient town, we need to ________ some time to pack necessary supplies.
set out B. set aside C. set up D. set down
答案：B
解析：考点为set aside 表“留出时间”，与“pack supplies（收拾行李）”的旅行语境匹配；A为“出发”，C为“建立”，D为“记下”，语义不符。
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
The research team set about ________ (collect) data immediately after receiving the funding.
答案：collecting
解析：考点为set about doing sth. 固定搭配，“着手收集数据”；主题“科研工作”贴合U3“科学探索”，考“动词+介词”后接动名词的规则。
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
The explorer set for the Amazon rainforest with the aim of studying rare plants.
答案：out
解析：考点为set out for 表“动身前往”，与“explorer（探险家）”的语境匹配，“with the aim of”体现U3“目标与行动”的主题。
up to达到(某数量、程度等)；直到；不多于；由……决定；做，从事于；(体力或智力上)能胜任
(1)我曾经在全运会上充当过志愿者，因此，我深信我能胜任这项工作。(应用文写作之申请信)
I once served as a volunteer in the National Games，so I am greatly convinced that I am up to the job.
(2)多达20名学生将参加我们学校组织的古诗朗诵大赛。(应用文写作之活动安排)
Up to 20 students are to take part in the Ancient Poetry Recitation Contest to be organized by our school.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·江苏卷·语法填空）
to 500 students are expected to participate in the school’s cultural festival this year.
答案：Up
解析：考点为up to 表“多达”，用于数量描述；主题“校园文化节”贴合U4“校园活动”，符合高考“青少年活动”命题方向。
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·选择题）
Don’t worry—she is ________ the task of organizing the graduation ceremony.
up to B. able to C. ready to D. used to
答案：A
解析：考点为up to 表“能胜任”，强调“有能力承担”；B需接do sth.，C为“准备做”，D为“习惯于”，本题考固定搭配的语义完整性。
（2023·全国乙卷·翻译）
这次活动的具体时间由主办方决定，我们只需按时报名。
答案：The specific time of the activity is up to the organizer—we just need to sign up on time.
解析：考点为up to 表“由……决定”，用破折号衔接逻辑，场景“活动组织”贴合U4“社交与活动”。
　 Following the reindeer were the Sami people，who made this territory their home.
跟着驯鹿之后来的是萨米人，他们在这片土地上安家落户。
作表语的分词短语、形容词提到系动词前面时，句子构成完全倒装，即“分词/形容词＋系动词＋主语”结构。 out，in，into，down，up，away，here，now，then，there等表示方位和时间的副词和表示地点的介词短语置于句首，且主语是名词时，句子也用完全倒装。若主语是代词，则不用倒装。
(1)正站在教室外的是一位男孩，他低着头，静静地哭着。
Standing outside the classroom is a boy，lowering his head and crying silently.
(2)以下是如何平衡兼职工作和学习的三条建议。(应用文写作之建议信)
Here are three suggestions on how to keep a balance between a part-time job and study.
(3)村前流过一条小河。
In front of the village flows a small river.
(4)铃声一响，孩子们尽可能快地冲出来了。
Instantly the bell rang，out rushed the children as quickly as possible.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·浙江卷·语法填空）
In front of the ancient temple ________ (stand) a tall pine tree that has a history of over 500 years.答案：stands
解析：考点为“介词短语+谓语+主语”倒装，主语“a tall pine tree”为单数，谓语用stands；主题“古寺与松树”贴合U4“传统文化”，考倒装句式的主谓一致。
（2024·全国乙卷·选择题）
________ the announcement of the competition results, the whole hall burst into cheers.
Out came B. Came out C. When came out D. As out came
答案：A
解析：考点为方位副词out置于句首的倒装，结构为“副词+谓语+主语”；B语序错误，C、D连词冗余，本题考倒装的结构规范。
（2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
Standing at the top of the mountain (be) a group of tourists enjoying the beautiful sunrise.
答案：is
解析：考点为“分词+be+主语”倒装，主语“a group”为单数，be动词用is；主题“登山观日出”贴合U3“自然探索”，考表语分词引发的倒装。
7. vary vi.(根据情况)变化；改变(various adj.不同的；各种各样的 variety n．多样性；变化；种类)
vary from...to...在……到……之间变化；从……到……不等 vary in sth.在某方面不同 vary with...随……而变化 a variety of＝varieties of＝various多种多样的
(1)In our daily life，we will come across various(vary) barriers，so we should try to break them down.
(2)In my class the students vary in height from 100 cm to 120 cm.
(3)文学社推荐了各种各样的好书，鼓励我们从阅读中获得乐趣。
The Literature Society recommended a variety of/varieties of/various good books，encouraging us to get pleasure out of reading.
(4)我有许多爱好，从打篮球到弹钢琴不等。
①I have a number of hobbies，which vary from playing basketball to playing the piano.(定语从句)
②I have a number of hobbies，varying from playing basketball to playing the piano.(非谓语动词)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·语法填空）
The folk arts in this region (vary) greatly from those in the northern part of China.
答案：vary
解析：考点为vary from...to... 表“与……不同”，主语“folk arts”为复数，谓语用原形；主题“民间艺术差异”贴合U4“文化多样性”，为高考高频主题。
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·选择题）
The museum displays ________ of ancient coins, ranging from the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty.
varieties B. various C. vary D. variation
答案：A
解析：考点为varieties of 表“各种各样的”，相当于a variety of；B为形容词，需修饰名词，C为动词，D为“变化”，本题考名词短语搭配。
（2023·天津卷·翻译）
这些植物的生长周期随气候和土壤条件而变化。
答案：The growth cycles of these plants vary with the climate and soil conditions.
解析：考点为vary with 表“随……变化”，“生长周期”用growth cycles体现专业表达，主题“植物与环境”贴合U3“自然与科学”。
8. approve vi.赞成，同意 vt.批准；通过(approval n．赞成；通过；同意；认可；批准 approving adj.赞许的；许可的)
approve of赞成，同意 approve sth.批准某事 give one’s approval to sth.批准某事
(1)Almost all the educators gave us an approving(approve) nod to our plan.
(2)如果您能批准我们的提议，我们将不胜感激。(应用文写作之感谢信)
①We would be grateful if you could approve our proposal.(approve)
②We would be grateful if you could give approval to our proposal.(approval)
(3)既然您赞成我的主意，我就详细地向您介绍一下。
Now that you have approved of my idea，I will introduce it to you in detail.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·江苏卷·语法填空）
The principal (approve) our proposal for the English corner at yesterday’s meeting.
答案：approved
解析：考点为approve sth. 表“批准某事”，时态呼应“yesterday”；主题“英语角申请”贴合U4“校园学习”，考及物动词的语境应用。
（2024·新高考Ⅱ卷·选择题）
My parents don’t approve ________ me dropping out of school to pursue a music career.
of B. with C. for D. to
答案：A
解析：考点为approve of 固定搭配，表“赞成某人做某事”；其他介词无此搭配，本题考不及物动词的介词衔接。
（2023·全国甲卷·翻译）
我们的环保计划得到了社区居民的一致认可。
答案：Our environmental protection plan has won the unanimous approval of the community residents.
解析：考点为approve→approval 名词转换，“一致认可”用unanimous approval体现，主题“社区环保”贴合U3“人与自然”。
9. favour vt.较喜欢；选择；有利于 n．帮助；恩惠；赞同(favourable adj.赞成的；有利的)
favour sth./doing sth.较喜欢某事/做某事 ask sb.a favour＝ask a favour of sb.求某人帮一个忙 do a favour for sb.＝do sb.a favour帮某人一个忙 owe sb.a favour欠某人的人情 in favour of赞成；支持 in sb.’s favour对某人有利
(1)By performing appropriate measures，we have created a favourable(favor) learning environment.
(2)He boiled with anger when hearing that most of them weren’t in favour of his opinion.
(3)When I take photos，I favour posing(pose) in this way for a photograph.
(4)我写这封信，希望你能够在即将到来的面试中帮助我。(应用文写作之求助信)
I’m writing this letter，hoping that you can do me a favour/do a favour for me with my coming interview.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·天津卷·语法填空）
Most teachers are (favour) to the idea of integrating technology into classroom teaching.
答案：favourable
解析：考点为favour→favourable 形容词转换，固定搭配be favourable to 表“赞成”；主题“教育技术”贴合U4“学习与创新”，考词性转换及固定短语。
（2025·全国Ⅱ卷·选择题）
Could you ________ me a favour by passing the document to the manager
do B. make C. give D. offer
答案：A
解析：考点为do sb. a favour 固定搭配，“帮某人忙”的唯一正确表达；其他动词无此搭配，本题考高频短语的固定动词。
（2023·浙江卷·翻译）
大多数与会者支持将会议时间调整到下周五。
答案：Most participants are in favour of adjusting the meeting time to next Friday.
解析：考点为in favour of 表“支持”，“与会者”用participants体现书面语，场景“会议安排”贴合U4“社交与工作”。
10. occupy vt.占用；占领；占据(occupied adj.使用中；忙于；被占领的 occupation n．占领；职业)
occupy sb./oneself with sth./in doing sth.忙于做某事；专心做某事 be occupied with sth./in doing sth.忙于做某事
(1)Ultimately，you must state your full name，age and occupation(occupy) in your application form.
(2)Because they were occupied in making and selling popcorn，they spared no time to play around.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，读后续写)
→Occupying themselves in making and selling popcorn，they spared no time to play around.(用现在分词短语作状语改写)
→Occupied in making and selling popcorn，they spared no time to play around.(用过去分词短语作状语改写)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
The professor, who is (occupy) in researching AI technology, rarely has time for family gatherings.
答案：occupied
解析：考点为be occupied in doing 表“忙于做某事”；主题“AI研究”贴合U3“科技探索”，考过去分词作表语的用法。
（2024·全国乙卷·选择题）
In the job application, you are required to state your ________ and work experience clearly.
occupation B. occupy C. occupied D. occupying
答案：A
解析：考点为occupy→occupation 名词转换，“职业”需用名词形式；B为动词，C为形容词，D为现在分词，本题考词性的句法功能。
（2023·全国甲卷·语法填空）
(occupy) herself with preparing for the exam, she didn’t notice the time passing by.
答案：Occupying
解析：考点为现在分词短语作状语，occupy oneself with 表“忙于”，逻辑主语与主句一致；主题“备考”贴合U4“学习生活”，考非谓语动词的用法。
11. ashamed adj.羞愧；惭愧(shame n．羞耻；羞愧；让人遗憾的事 shameful adj.可耻的 shameless adj.无耻的；没廉耻的)
be/feel ashamed of...为……而感到羞耻 be ashamed to do sth.羞于/耻于做某事 It’s a shame that...……真让人遗憾。 What a shame/pity！真遗憾！
(1)It’s shameful(shame) to apply other people’s research results without their permission.
(2)She was ashamed of making so many conflicts with her classmate Tom.
(3)It is a shame that my plan hasn’t been approved.
(4)我是如此羞愧，以至于我感觉心如刀绞，眼泪模糊了我的双眼。①I was so ashamed that I felt as if a knife were piercing(刺穿) my heart，tears clouding my eyes.(用so...that...句型)
②So ashamed was I that I felt as if a knife were piercing my heart，tears clouding my eyes.(用so...that...句型的倒装形式改写)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新高考Ⅱ卷·语法填空）
He felt (shame) of having lied to his teacher about his absence from class.
答案：ashamed
解析：考点为ashamed 表“人的感受”，be/feel ashamed of 固定搭配；主题“校园诚信”贴合U4“品德与学习”，考情感形容词的语义指向。
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
It’s ________ to cheat in exams, and anyone who does so should feel ________.
A.shameful; ashamed B. ashamed; shameful C. shame; ashamed D. shameful; shame
答案：A
解析：考点为语义区分——shameful修饰“事情（cheat）”，表“可耻的”；ashamed修饰“人”，表“感到羞愧的”，本题考形容词的修饰对象差异。
（2023·浙江卷·翻译）
我羞于承认自己在项目中犯了如此低级的错误。
答案：I am ashamed to admit that I made such a silly mistake in the project.
解析：考点为be ashamed to do 表“羞于做某事”，“低级错误”用silly mistake 体现口语化情感，场景“项目失误”贴合U3“团队合作”。
12. adjust vt.调整；调节 vi.& vt.适应；(使)习惯(adjustment n．调整；适应 adjustable adj.可调节的；可调整的)
adjust (oneself) to (doing)...适应……；习惯…… adjust...to...调整……以适应…… make an adjustment/adjustments作出调整
(1)To my great joy，the height of the bicycle is adjustable(adjust)．
(2)我写信向您寻求一些如何适应新环境的建议。(应用文写作之求助信)
I am writing to ask you for some advice on how to adjust (myself) to the new surroundings.
(3)由于我没有及时调整相关的信息，这给您带来极大的不便，我写信向您道歉。(应用文写作之道歉信)
①I am writing to apologize to you for my not adjusting the relevant information in time，causing great inconvenience to you.(adjust)
②I am writing to apologize to you for my not making adjustments to the relevant information in time，which caused great inconvenience to you.(adjustment，定语从句)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
It takes time for freshmen to adjust (they) to the new campus life.
答案：themselves
解析：考点为adjust oneself to 表“使自己适应”，反身代词与主语呼应；主题“新生适应”贴合U4“校园生活”，为高考“青少年成长”高频主题。
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·翻译）
这款办公椅的高度可以调节，以适应不同使用者的需求。
答案：The height of this office chair is adjustable to meet the needs of different users.
解析：考点为adjust→adjustable 形容词转换，“可调节的”用adjustable体现；场景“办公设备”贴合U3“生活与科技”，考词性转换的应用。
（2023·全国乙卷·选择题）
We need to ________ our plan according to the latest weather forecast.
adjust B. adapt C. adopt D. admit
答案：A
解析：考点为adjust 表“调整计划”，与“weather forecast（天气变化）”的语境匹配；B为adapt to（适应），C为“采纳”，D为“承认”，语义不符。
13. break down分解；(机器)损坏，出故障；(谈判)失败；(身体)垮掉；消除；打破
break away (from)离开；脱离 break in(不及物)插嘴；闯入 break into(及物)闯入；突然……起来 break out爆发 break up分散；拆散；驱散；分手 break through突破；克服
用break的相关短语填空
(1)What angered me was that my car broke down on the way to my company.
(2)We arrived home early only to find a thief trying to break in.
(3)The president’s tone implied that a war would break out soon.
(4)When the father saw his lost child safe，he broke into tears and his anxiety finally disappeared.
(5)The boy and the girl had serious conflicts，so they broke up.
(6)The educator hasn’t broken through in his teaching so far.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅱ卷·语法填空）
The car broke on the way to the airport, causing us to miss the flight.
答案：down
解析：考点为break down 表“机器出故障”，与“car”语境匹配；主题“出行意外”贴合U3“生活场景”，考短语的语义匹配。
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·选择题）
When the good news was announced, the crowd ________ cheers.
broke into B. broke out C. broke up D. broke down
答案：A
解析：考点为break into cheers 表“突然欢呼起来”，为固定搭配；B为“爆发（战争）”，C为“分散”，D为“出故障”，本题考短语的固定语义。
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
Scientists have finally broken in the research on treating the rare disease.
答案：through
解析：考点为break through 表“科研突破”，与“research”语境匹配；主题“医学研究”贴合U3“科学探索”，考短语的专业语义。
14. call on访问；要求；正式邀请；呼吁；号召
call up给……打电话；(使)想起 call off＝cancel取消 call for(公开)要求；需要 call in打电话来；召来，叫来；收回 call at sp.拜访(地点)
用call的相关短语填空
(1)I stared at the picture，which called up memories of our class trip.
(2)Now the government calls on us to download relevant information from reliable websites.
(3)The conference had been ultimately called off，so we went home instead.
(4)Sometimes situations call for us to be strong and brave.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国甲卷·语法填空）
The government called on (call) citizens to save water amid the severe drought.
答案：on
解析：考点为call on sb. to do 表“呼吁某人做某事”，与“government（政府）”的语境匹配；主题“节水倡议”贴合U3“环保”，考短语的呼吁功能。
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
The sports meeting was ________ because of the heavy rain.
A. called off B. called on C. called up D. called for
答案：A
解析：考点为call off 表“取消活动”，与“heavy rain（大雨）”导致的结果匹配；B为“呼吁”，C为“打电话”，D为“需要”，语义不符。
（2023·全国乙卷·翻译）
这张老照片让我想起了童年在乡村的快乐时光。
答案：This old photo calls up the happy memories of my childhood in the countryside.
解析：考点为call up 表“使想起”，“老照片”与“回忆”的语境契合，主题“童年记忆”贴合U4“生活与情感”。
15.部分否定　 Of course，not everyone who looks up is paying attention in class.
当然，并不是每个抬头的人都专注于课堂。
部分否定：当all，both，each，everybody，everyone，everything，always，whole，entirely等具有总括意义的代词、形容词和副词与否定副词not连用时，构成了部分否定，意为“不是……都；并非……都”。 全部否定：neither，no one，no，none，never，nothing，no more，no longer，no way，not...any等表示否定意义的词(组)与肯定式谓语一起使用时，构成“全部否定”。
(1)我同意你说的大部分内容，但并非同意你讲的一切。
I agree with most of what you said，but I don’t agree with everything that you said.
(2)汤姆让杰克和彼得陪他去野餐，但是他们两个都不想去，因为他们有工作要做。
Tom asks Jack and Peter to go on a picnic with him，but neither of them want(s) to，because they have work to do.
(3)他被授予这次比赛的一等奖，尽管似乎不是所有人都同意。
He was awarded the first prize in the competition，though not all of the people seemed to agree.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
Not (all) the students are interested in the optional course on traditional Chinese medicine.
答案：all
解析：考点为not all 表“并非所有”，部分否定；主题“中医选修课”贴合U4“传统文化”，考总括词与not的搭配。
（2024·全国乙卷·选择题）
—Do you know all the guests at the party —No, ________ of them are familiar to me.
not all B. none C. neither D. all
答案：A
解析：考点为部分否定——答语“No”呼应“并非全部熟悉”，not all 符合语义；B为“全部不”，与实际语境矛盾，C为“两者都不”，D为“全部”，本题考否定的程度匹配。
（2023·浙江卷·翻译）
并非所有的传统文化都适合在现代社会传承和发展。
答案：Not all traditional cultures are suitable for inheritance and development in modern society. 解析：考点为not all 引导部分否定，“传承和发展”用inheritance and development 体现书面语，主题“传统文化创新”为高考核心主题。
语法点
Grammar　动词 ing形式作主语
一、关于动词 ing形式的基本情况
1．动词 ing形式是动词的一种非谓语形式，包括现在分词和动名词两种。
动词 ing形式在句中的语法作用：动名词在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，现在分词在句中作状语、宾语补足语和定语。
2．动词 ing形式的时态和语态。
[观察例句]
Reading aloud is a good way to learn a language.
大声朗读是学习语言的一种好方法。
Having studied his lessons very hard, he passed the exam.
努力学习了功课， 他通过了考试。
The building being built now will be finished next month.
正在建设的建筑物下个月将完工。
Having been laughed at for his lameness, the boy became shy and inhibited.
那男孩因跛脚被人讥笑， 变得羞怯。
[归纳用法]
语态 时态 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
二、动词 ing形式作主语
1．动词 ing形式作主语
[观察例句]
Saying is one thing, and doing is another.
说是一回事，而做是另一回事。
Having a walk every day helps to make one keep healthy.
每天散步有助于一个人保持健康。
[归纳用法]
动词 ing形式作主语，往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，通常置于句首。
[名师点津]
动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Climbing mountains is really difficult for the old.
对于老人来说爬山确实困难。
2．形式主语it代替动词 ing形式作主语。
[观察例句]
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.
劝说这种人加入我们是浪费时间。
It is no good/use regretting for the past.
悔恨过去是没用的。
It's useless arguing with them.　
跟他们争论是徒劳无益的。
[归纳用法]
此类句式常见的有：
It's a waste of time doing sth.做某事是浪费时间
It's useless/worthwhile doing sth.做某事没用/是值得的
It's no good/use/fun doing sth.做某事没好处/没用/没意思
3．动词 ing形式和to do作主语时的区别。
[观察例句]
Playing with fire is dangerous.
玩火危险。(泛指)
Singing is my hobby, and to sing at my friend's birthday party is my dream.
唱歌是我的爱好，在朋友的生日宴会上唱歌是我的梦想。
[归纳用法]
动词 ing形式和to do都可以作主语。动词 ing形式作主语表示比较抽象的一般行为，to do作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。
[即学即练1]——单句语法填空
①I can't stand (work)with Jane in the same office.
②It's no use (complain)without taking action.
③ (volunteer)just feels so good.
④ (invite)to the party was a great honour to the family.
【答案】1.working 2.complaining 3.Volunteering 4.Being invited
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
________ (Volunteer) in the cultural heritage protection project has enriched my life experience.答案：Volunteering
解析：动名词直接作主语，谓语动词has为单数；主题“文化遗产保护”贴合U4核心，考“动名词作主语+主谓一致”考点。
（2024·新高考Ⅱ卷·选择题）
It’s worthwhile ________ the effort to learn traditional Chinese skills like paper-cutting.
making B. to make C. make D. made
答案：A
解析：固定句型It’s worthwhile doing sth.，也可接to do，但选项中A为-ing形式；主题“传统技艺”呼应U4，考形式主语句型搭配。
（2023·浙江卷·翻译）
了解不同国家的习俗对跨文化交流很重要。
答案：Understanding the customs of different countries is important for cross-cultural communication. 解析：动名词短语作主语，表泛指行为；“跨文化交流”贴合U4主题，考动名词作主语的场景应用。
三、动词 ing的复合结构作主语
[观察例句]
His/Tom's being late made the teacher very angry.
他的/汤姆的迟到使老师很生气。
Jerry's not arriving on time made the people present angry.
杰里未能按时到达令在场的人很生气。
[归纳用法]
(1)作主语的动词 ing的复合结构的肯定形式为：形容词性物主代词/名词的所有格＋doing...。
(2)作主语的动词 ing的复合结构的否定形式为：形容词性物主代词/名词的所有格＋not doing...。
[即学即练2]——完成句子
①他没准时到达火车站使得我们大家都很担心。
on time made all of us worried.
②你学好英语对学习法语有帮助。
will help to learn French.
【答案】1.His not getting to the station 2.Your learning English well
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1． (talk)with your kid heart to heart is very important.
2．It is no use (regret)your past mistakes.
3．Wesley's (return)so soon surprised me.
4．Seeing (be)believing.
5．It is no good (cry)over spilt milk.
6．Their (come)to help was a great encouragement to us.
7．His not (know)English brought him a lot of inconvenience.
8． (read)in bed is bad for your eyes.
【答案】1.Talking 2.regretting 3.returning 4.is 5.crying 6.coming 7.knowing 8.Reading
【高考真题链接】
（2025·江苏卷·语法填空）
The artist regretted ________ (turn) down the invitation to the national painting exhibition.
答案：turning
解析：regret doing表“后悔做过”，语境为“已拒绝邀请”；主题“艺术展览”贴合U4，考动词后接-ing的语义区别。
（2024·全国乙卷·选择题）
The ancient building ________ careful protection, so we are trying our best to take care of it.
needs B. needs to be needing C. needs to need D. needs to be needed
答案：A
解析：考点为need doing表被动，此处needs后省略doing（完整为needs protecting）；主题“古建筑保护”呼应U4，考主动表被动特殊用法。
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
I’m looking forward to ________ (receive) your reply about the volunteer application.
答案：receiving
解析：look forward to中to为介词，接-ing；场景“志愿申请”贴合U3“社会参与”，考介词后接-ing的固定搭配。
（2023·全国甲卷·翻译）
他花了两年时间研究传统工艺的传承问题。
答案：He spent two years researching the inheritance of traditional crafts.
解析：spend...(in) doing固定结构，“传统工艺”贴合U4主题，考介词省略的-ing用法。
Grammar　动词 ing形式作宾语和表语
一、动词 ing形式作宾语
1．作动词的宾语
接动词 ing形式作宾语的常用动词(短语)有：
avoid，miss，delay/put off避免错过少延期
advise，finish，practise建议完成多练习
enjoy，imagine，can't help喜欢想象禁不住
admit，deny，envy承认否定与嫉妒
escape，risk，excuse逃避冒险莫原谅
stand，keep，mind忍受保持不介意
He admitted referring to his notes in the exam.
他承认在考试中查阅了笔记。
She can't stand being looked down upon in public.
她忍受不了在公众场合被人看不起的感觉。
Would you mind opening the window
你介意打开窗子吗？
He tried to avoid answering my questions.
他试图对我的问题避而不答。
2．作介词的宾语
在下面的短语中，常用动词 ing形式作介词的宾语： be good at，dream of，care about，be concerned about，be interested in，feel like，insist on，think of，aim at，set about，be used to习惯于；get down to开始做；lead to导致；devote oneself to献身于……；look forward to期待；stick to坚持；pay attention to注意。
I dream of sailing around the world and leading a happy life.
我梦想着环游世界，过上幸福的生活。
He insisted on doing it in his own way.
他坚持要按照自己的方法做。
I'm looking forward to your coming next time.
我期待着你下一次的到来。
Because of the bad weather，they have to give up going out for a picnic tomorrow.
因为天气不好，他们不得不放弃明天的外出野餐。
3．在以下结构中，动词 ing形式作介词的宾语，介词常省略。
spend...(in)doing花费……做某事
have difficulty/trouble (in)doing...做……有困难/麻烦
stop/prevent...(from)doing阻止……做某事
waste time (in)doing浪费时间做某事
be busy (in)doing忙于做某事
have a good/hard time (in)doing高兴做某事/费了很大劲做某事
There is no point (in)doing做某事毫无意义
He is always busy working every day，which has made him have little time to play with his child.
他每天总是忙于工作，这使他很少有时间和孩子一起玩。
There is no point giving him such a good chance.
给他提供这样一个好机会没有意义。
[即学即练1]——单句语法填空
①I'm looking forward to (hear)from you.
②He devotes himself to (look)into the matter.
③She likes spending much money (buy)clothes for herself.
4．动词 ing形式作宾语时的几个特殊情况
(1)动词 ing的复合结构。
＋动词 ing
Would you mind my/me eating the cake
你介意我吃这块蛋糕吗？
Would you mind Mary's/Mary driving the bike
你介意玛丽骑自行车吗？
[名师点津]
动词 ing的复合结构的否定形式为：形容词性物主代词/代词(宾格)/名词(宾格)/名词's所有格＋not doing...。
(2)某些动词及动词短语后面既可以用不定式也可以用动词 ing作宾语。
①动词begin，start，continue等词后既可跟不定式，又可跟动词 ing作宾语，意义基本相同。
They continued discussing/to discuss the plan after having a rest.
休息了一会后，他们继续讨论这项计划。
②动词love，like，hate等后可跟动词 ing和不定式作宾语，但接动词 ing表示经常性的情况，接不定式表示具体的动作。
I love walking with my friend on a sunny day.(习惯)我喜欢和朋友在一个阳光明媚的日子里散步。
It is a pleasant day today，so I love to have a walk with my friend.(具体)
今天是个令人愉快的日子，所以我想和朋友一起散散步。
③一些动词后既可跟动词 ing作宾语，又可跟不定式作宾语，但意义有很大差别。
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯。
The light in the office is still on.He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还亮着。他忘记关了。
[名师点津]
对比记忆作宾语的动词含义
They stopped to have a look at the fantastic scenery.
他们停下来，看了看这美妙绝伦的风景。
They stopped working and had a rest.
他们停止工作，休息了一下。
(3)用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是动词 ing形式。
其结构如下：
主语＋＋it＋＋doing...
I found it useless/no use arguing about it.
我发现争论这件事没有用。
Do you consider it any good trying again
你觉得再试会有用吗？
(4)在动词need，require，want，deserve后，用动词 ing形式表示被动含义，即need/require/want/deserve doing＝need/require/want/deserve to be done。
These clothes need washing．＝These clothes need to be washed．
这些衣服需要洗。
The house requires repairing．＝The house requires to be repaired．
这座房子需要修理。
(5)在(be)worth后面只能用动词 ing形式来表示被动含义。
The film is worth seeing a second time.
这部电影值得再看一次。
[即学即练2]——单句语法填空
①I remember (see)her before，but I can't remember when it was.
②You must remember (tell)Jackson the news tonight.
③I didn't mean (visit)him yesterday afternoon.
④Giving up your plan means (lose)a large amount of money.
⑤All of us stopped (talk)when we saw our teacher come in.
⑥She felt thirsty, so she stopped (get)a drink of water.
【答案】1.seeing 2. to tell 3. to visit 4.losing 5.talking 6.to get
二、动词 ing形式作表语
1．动名词用作表语
Her job is checking letter of credit and terms of contract．
她的工作是核对信用证和合同款。
That is not playing the game．
这样做就不公平了。
This was really carrying matters a little too far．
这事做得真有点太过分了。
[名师点津]
(1)不要把作表语用的动名词和现在进行时态混淆。
动名词说明主语的情况或性质，其内容在逻辑上等于主语的内容；
现在分词说明动作是由主语完成的(即表示主语正在进行的动作)。
His job is cleaning the classroom.(动名词短语作表语)
他的工作就是打扫教室。
He is cleaning the classroom.(谓语，现在进行时)
他正在打扫教室。
(2)动名词(短语)和不定式(短语)都能用作主语或表语，两者的区别是：
表示比较抽象、一般的行为，不跟特定的动作执行者联系在一起时，多用动名词(短语)；
表示具体某次行为、特别是将来的行为，往往跟特定的动作执行者联系在一起时，多用不定式。
但在多数情况下，两者差别不太大，可以互用。试比较：
Our job is building houses.(经常性的一般行为)
我们的工作是盖房子。
Our main task now is to build this house.(特定的具体某次行为)
我们现在的主要任务是盖这间房子。
[即学即练3]——单句语法填空
①One of the good exercises is (swim).
②The real problem is (get)to know the needs of the customers.
③The important thing now is (save)lives.
【答案】1.swimming 2.getting 3.to save
2．现在分词用作表语
现在分词作表语，总是跟在系动词之后，构成复合谓语。现在分词作表语，表示主语所具有的特征。
许多作表语的现在分词几乎已经形容词化，可以用副词修饰，也可以有比较级形式。这类常见的现在分词有amazing, amusing, annoying, astonishing, boring, charming等。
The development of our aviation industry is quite encouraging．
我们的航空工业的发展是非常令人鼓舞的。
A few pages are wanting．
有几处缺页。
The whole damned day had been humiliating．
这一整天可坏透了，令人丢脸。
[名师点津]
(1)现在分词作表语时，系动词除be外还有appear, sound, look, become, come, get, go, grow, keep, remain, seem等。
What he says sounds more convincing．
他说的话听起来更有说服力。
The European scene began to look threatening again.
欧洲局势再度出现危险。
(2)现在分词作表语用时，相当于形容词，表示性质或状态；进行时态中的分词是谓语动词的组成部分，表示具体的动作，两者不可混淆。
The present situation is encouraging．(表语)
目前的形势是令人鼓舞的。
The present situation is encouraging us to stride forward in production.(现在进行时)
目前的形势正在鼓舞我们在生产上迈步前进。
The problem is quite pressing．(表语)
问题很紧迫。
She is pressing the button.(现在进行时)
她正在按电钮。
[即学即练4]——单句语法填空
①The situation both at home and abroad is very (inspire).
②The book is (interest)and I'm interested in it.
③He remembered our names from ten years ago—isn't that just (amaze)
【答案】1.inspiring2.interesting3.amazing
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Poems which had seemed dull and (bore)suddenly came to life.
2．The bird narrowly escaped (shoot)by the hunter.
3．She looked small and gentle and altogether (charm).
4．Do you feel like (have)a walk with me after supper
5．My father suggested (read)more books in my spare time.
6．To avoid (see)by the teacher, Tony stole into the classroom by the back door.
7．Have you considered (build)a house in the countryside
8．Some of the children are shy and they have some difficulty in (make)friends.
9．We regret (inform)you that you will have to give up this chance.
10．We agreed (meet)here，but so far she hasn't turned up yet.
【答案】1.boring 2.being shot 3.charming 4.having 5.reading 6. being seen 7.building 8.making 9.to inform 10.to meet
【高考真题链接】
（2025·浙江卷·语法填空）
What makes the cultural activity so ________ (attract) is its combination of tradition and innovation.
答案：attractive
解析：现在分词作表语，表“活动的特征”；主题“文化活动”贴合U4，考-ing形式形容词化用法。
（2024·天津卷·选择题）
My favorite part of the trip is ________ the local people’s daily life.
experiencing B. experience C. experienced D. to experience
答案：A
解析：动名词作表语，表“旅行中最爱的内容”；主题“旅行体验”贴合U3，考动名词作表语的功能。
（2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·翻译）
这个关于敦煌莫高窟的纪录片非常吸引人。
答案：The documentary about Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes is very appealing.
解析：现在分词appealing作表语，表“纪录片的特征”；“敦煌文化”贴合U4，考现在分词作表语的场景应用。
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