资源简介

(共86张PPT)
UNIT 4　NATURAL DISASTERS
Discovering Useful Structures 定语从句
什么是定语？(What’s the attribute )
我 吃 红 苹果。
I eat a red apple.
我 吃 我爸爸给的 苹果。
I eat an apple which my father gave me.
定语：长的（短语、句子）放在被修饰词之前，叫前置定语/
放在被修饰词（先行词）之后，叫后置定语。
在复合句中，如作定语的是一个句子，该句子被称为定语从句。
定语从句的定义
结构: 先行词+引导词+从句
先行词：被定语从句所修饰的主体。
关系词：分关系代词和关系副词。
定语从句：修饰名词、代词或句子，在句中作定语的从句。
China is a country which/that loves peace.
Those who work hard will surely succeed.
We’ll find some good place where we’ll have a picnic.
先行词
定语从句
引导/关系词
who, whom, which, that, whose, as
when, where, why
语法冲关 语言规则全理清
一、非限制性定语从句——，
I have two sisters. My sister, who lives in London, is a doctor.[非限制性]
我的姐姐，她住在伦敦， 是一名医生。
I have two sisters. The sister who lives in London is a doctor.
住在伦敦的那个姐姐是医生。
非限制性定语从句：引导词不能用 that——只能用 which, who, whom, whose 等且不能省略。先行词可指代名词、代词，甚至整个主句。通常翻译为另一个并列句或补充说明句。
与限制性的区别在于：它们与先行词的关系紧密程度不同，这导致了含义、形式和用法上的根本差异。
一、非限制性定语从句——，
The passengers who were elderly were allowed to board first.【限制】
年长的那些乘客被允许先登机。
不是所有乘客都先登机，只有“年长的”那一部分。从句限定了范围。
The passengers, who were elderly, were allowed to board first.【非限制】
乘客们，他们年事已高， 被允许先登机。
所有乘客都被允许先登机，而“年事已高”只是对这些乘客的一个补充描述。从句没有限定范围。
非限制性定语从句可以用 which 可以指代前面整个主句所表达的概念
He failed the exam, which surprised everyone.
限制性定语从句绝对没有这个功能。
【明规则】——限制性定语从句初体会
关系代词 指代功能 例句
that在从句中作主语或宾语 指物 A plane is a machine that can fly.(作主语)
The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious.(作宾语)
指人 Let’s ask the man that is reading the book over there.(作主语)
The girl (that) we saw yesterday is Jim’s sister.(作宾语)
which在从句中作主语或宾语 指物 They planted the trees which didn’t need much water.(作主语)
The fish (which) we bought were not fresh.(作宾语)
关系代词 指代功能 例句
who在从句中作主语或宾语 指人 The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.(作主语)
The boy who I saw just now is called Wang Hua.(作宾语)
whom在从句中作宾语 指人 The professor (whom) you mentioned hasn’t come yet.
The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li.
Mrs Brown is the professor to whom you should write.
whose在从句中作定语 指人 Henry is the boy whose mother is our English teacher.
指物 The novel whose cover is broken belongs to me.
as 引导限制性定语从句
1.Don’t trust such people as praise you to your face.
2.They have never read so many books as I read last year.
3.He is the same person as he was ten years ago.
4.This is the same dictionary as I lost yesterday.
as用作关系代词，引导_______________，作从句的_______________，as不可省略，用于such…as… / so…as… / the same…as…句型。
主语、宾语或表语
限制性定语从句
as 引导限制性定语从句——易错题
1. Los Angeles is such an attractive place _______everyone likes to visit.
2. Los Angeles is such an attractive place _______everyone likes to visit it.
3. This is so difficult a problem _______no one can work out.
4. This is so difficult a problem _______no one can work it out.
5. My pen is missing. I’d like to buy the same pen _______I lost.
6. Jenny is so happy, for she has found the same pen ______ she lost yesterday.
as
that
as
that
as
that
强调同一类
强调同一个
such+a/an+adj.+n.+ that... 如此……以至于……
so+adj.+a/an+n.+ that... 如此……以至于……
1.He lent me a dictionary, which I used to look up new words.
2.Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy.
3.As is often the case, he is late again.
4.The air quality in the city, as is shown in the report, has improved in the past two months.
5.The material is elastic, as was shown in the figure.
非限制性定语从句 位置 意义 指代
which 只能位于主句之后 某物、这件事 物或句子
as 灵活 正如，像 句子
as VS which引导非限制性定语从句
as引导的非限，多出现于下列习惯用语中
as is said above = as is mentioned above =as has been said before 如上所述
as is often the case (with…) (对…)正如经常发生的那样
as is reported 就像报道的那样的
as everybody knows = as is known to all = as is well known 众所周知 = as anybody can see 正如人人都能看到的那样
as often happens 正如经常发生的那样
as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样
语法冲关 语言规则全理清
一图尽览
限制性定语从句(1)
(that,which,who,whom,whose)
who、whom的用法
1. who用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语，先行词指人，可以与that替换。注意Anyone who…以及Those who…句型。
I've made good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom I met in the English speech contest last year. 我已与去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校的几个学生结交为好朋友。
Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here. 那些想去长城的人可以在这里报名。
Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished.任何违反规则的人都会受到惩罚。
2. whom用作关系代词，在定语从句中作宾语，先行词指人，可以与that替换。作宾语，可以省略。whom可以用于“介词+关系代词”结构，who不能。
In our class there are 38 students, of whom half wear glasses. 我们班有38个学生，其中有一半戴眼镜。
The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Depp.你刚才和他说话的那个人是德普先生。
who、whom的用法
总结
Who 作主语：任何情况下都正确。
Who 作宾语：在非正式场合中普遍使用，但在正式文体中不算最佳。
Whom 作宾语：永远正确，尤其在正式场合和介词后面是必须的。
省略关系代词：作宾语时，在非正式文体中最常见的做法。
在日常交流中，听到或使用 "The person who I met..." √
介词后+whom
whose在非限制性定语从句中的用法
whose修饰物时，“whose＋名词”可用“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”来代替。
[例1] I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
→I'd like a room, the window of which looks out over the sea.
→I'd like a room, of which the window looks out over the sea.
我想要一个窗户朝向大海的房间。
[例2] The newly-built café，the walls of which (＝whose walls) are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.
这家新建成的咖啡馆，墙被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。
二、关系代词的基本用法
【先感悟】
①There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls.
②The supplies which were provided for the disaster area were collected from around the country.
③The next day,people put up shelters in the open air using anything that they could find.
④The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.
⑤Soon after the quakes,the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.
⑥Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.
⑦The injured boy whose mother was lost in the disaster was taken to the hospital.
⑧Social media like blogs have come between us and the friends whom we love.
主语
宾语
人
主语
宾语
人
定语
【善归纳】
(1)①②③句的先行词指物,①②句中的关系代词作　　　　　,③句中的作 　　　　　。
(2)④⑤⑧句的先行词指 　　　　　,④⑤句中的关系代词作　　　　　,⑧句中的作 　　　　　。
(3)⑥⑦句的先行词指 　　　　　,两句中的关系代词均作 　　　　。
三、关系代词只能用that而不用which的情况
【先感悟】
①Have you taken down everything that Mr Li said
②All that can be done has been done.
③There is little that I can do for you.
④The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
⑤This is the best film that I have ever seen.
⑥After the fire in his house,the old car is the only thing that he owns.
⑦Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.
【善归纳】
(1)①②③句中先行词为 　　　　　　　　,只能用that引导定语从句。
(2)④⑤句中先行词被 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　修饰,只能用that引导定语从句。
(3)⑥句中先行词被 　　　　　　　　修饰,只能用that引导定语从句。
(4)⑦句的先行词中既有　　　　　又有　　　　　,只能用that 引导定语从句。
不定代词
序数词或形容词最高级
the only
人
物
【明规则】
只用that不用which引导定语从句的情况
用法 例句
先行词为不定代词时,如, every, some, any, all, much/many, little/few, everything, something, anything, no, nothing, none, no one等 I have said all (that) I want to say.
Is there anything (that) I can do for you
先行词被形容词最高级、序数词修饰, 或本身就是形容词最高级、序数词时 This is the best film that has been shown in the city.
We’ll never forget the first lesson (that) our English teacher gave us.
用法 例句
先行词被the only, the very, the last, the right, just, all, every, no, little, few, any等修饰时 This is the very book (that) I want to buy.
There is little work (that) you can do.
The only thing (that) I can do is to have a rest.
先行词既有人又有物时 They talked about the man and the things that they saw.
主句是以 who 或 which 开头的特殊疑问句时 为了避免重复，关系代词常用 that。 Who that has seen the factory would not be impressed 见过那个工厂的人，有谁会不印象深刻呢？
Which is the car that overtook us
超过我们的是哪辆车？
【明规则】- 补充
只用which不用that引导定语从句的情况
用法 例句
在非限制性定语从句中，有逗号隔开 He came to the factory, which was located in Mumbai.
The bus, which was made in China, performed very well.
关系代词前有介词时 This is the project on which he spent years.
→ He spent years on the project.
The house in which he was born is now a museum.
→ He was born in the house, which now is a museum.
先行词本身是that I don’t care about that which he said yesterday.
【补充】- who VS that
在限制性定语从句中，当 who 指代特定的“人”并在从句中作主语或宾语时，通常可以和 that 互换。以下情况除外：
用法 例句
在非限制性定语从句中，有逗号隔开 My brother, who lives in London, is coming to visit.
My brother, that lives in London, is coming to visit.
当先行词是泛指人的不定代词时，如 one, anyone, someone, everyone, no one 等 Anyone who knows him agrees.
(更为常见和自然)
Anyone that knows him agrees.
(语法正确，但不如 who 常用)
【补充】- who VS that
用法 例句
当先行词是“those”（指人）时 Those who wish to go may leave now.
(非常正式和标准)
Those that wish to go may leave now.
(可以接受，但不如 who 正式)
当句子中有两个并列的定语从句，一个指人一个指物时（为了避免重复和混淆） He praised the men and the machines that worked well. (指人和物，用 that)
He praised the men who worked hard and who never complained. (指人，用 who 更清晰)
语法是死的，语言是活的
1、He is the first person ______ has ever achieved this.
(/who) 在非正式语体中可以
2、You are the only friend _____ I can trust.
3、Who ____ has read the book can forget it
读过这本书的人，谁能忘记它？
在以 Who/Which 开头的特殊疑问句中，为避免重复用that
that
that
that
情境导入
阅读以下短文,感知加黑部分,并完成下面的练习。
Tom was one of the engineers ①who came from Russia in the 1960s.When he came to India,the first thing ②that he did was to visit the factory ③which did research on buses. Then he used every minute ④that he could spare to help India to develop transportation.Although he was a foreigner ⑤whose life was full of ups and downs,Tom was still determined to contribute to India’s development.Tom was really a person ⑥whom we should respect.
【语法感悟】
1.加黑处①②③④⑤⑥均为　　　　　　从句;
2.加黑处①中的引导词who在引导定语从句时指人,且在从句中作______　　　　　　或　　　　　　,在此句中作　　　　　　;
3.加黑处②④中的引导词that在引导定语从句时既可以指人,也可以指物,且在从句中作　　　　　　或　　　　　　,在②④中均作　　　　　;
4.加黑处③中的引导词which在引导定语从句时只能指物,且在从句中作
　　　　　　或　　　　　　,在此句中作　　　　　　;
5.加黑处⑤中的引导词whose在引导定语从句时,既可以指人,也可以指物,表示所属关系,只能在从句中作　　　　　　;
6.加黑处⑥中的引导词whom在引导定语从句时指人,且只能在从句中作　　　　　　。
定语
主语
宾语
主语
主语
宾语
宾语
主语
宾语
主语
定语
宾语
回眸一练
who/that
Ⅰ.用关系代词填空
1.The girl 　　　　　　graduated from Cambridge University is called Amanda.
2.This is the person 　　 　　　　you should thank for helping your son.
3.Any student 　　　　　　family is too poor can get help from the government.
4.I like those books 　　　　　　topics are about history.
5.I still keep the letter 　　　　　　she wrote to me.
(who/whom/that)
whose
whose　
(that/which)
结构: 先行词+关系词+从句
瞻前：分析先行词——人、物(时间、地点、原因、方式名词）
顾后：分析从句成分——判断关系词在从句中的作用
解题思路：瞻前顾后
6.Many Westerners 　　　　　　come to China cook much less than in their own countries.
7.Do you still remember the chicken farm 　　 　　　we visited three months ago
8.The film 　　　　　　you are looking forward to seeing will be on tomorrow.
9.　　　　　　 is well known, the Great Wall is the longest wall in the world.
who/that
(that/which)
(that/which)
As
as 引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句 “the Great Wall is the longest wall in the world. ” 的内容，意为“正如...那样”，且可置于句首。
Ⅱ.完成下列语段,尽可能地运用定语从句
这个年轻人是位残障人士,他的双腿都没了。我不能相信我看到的一切,不知道如何缓解我的尴尬。这个年轻人解释道:“三年前我去看望生病的父母时在一场车祸中失去了双腿。”
The young man is a disabled person 1.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.I can’t believe anything 2.　　　　　　　　 and don’t know how to ease my embarrassment.The young man explains,“I lost both of my legs in a car accident three years ago when I went to visit my parents 3.　　　　　　　　　　　　.”
whose legs were gone
(that)I saw
who/that were ill
关系代词在引导定语从句时，什么时候可以省略？
1. 作动词的宾语，这是最普遍、最常省略的情况。
The book which/that/不填 I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
（我从图书馆借的）那本书很有趣。
② The girl you met last week who/whom/that/不填 is my sister.
③ The person who/whom/that/不填 you mentioned is here. （你提到的那个人来了。）
④ I like the way ____ you dance.
2. 作介词的宾语，且介词在句末
①This is the house (that) I told you about. 这就是我跟你提过的那座房子。
= This is the house about which I told you. （非常正确）
②This is the room____ I lived in last year.
that/which/不填
语法填空中出现，肯定要填！
that / in which / 不填
先行词是the way在句中作方式状语时，后面用that / in which / 不填
不可以省略
1. 在定语从句中作主语时，绝对不能省略。
The bus that comes every hour is always full.
（每小时一趟的那班公交车总是满员。）
2. 当句子中有两个或多个并列的定语从句，且共用同一个关系代词时，即使它作宾语，通常也不省略。
This is the only thing (that) I have kept and that reminds me of her.
（这是我保留着的、唯一能让我想起她的东西。）
虽然第一个 that（作 kept 的宾语）可以省略，但第二个 that（作 reminds 的主语）绝对不能省略。为了句子的平衡和清晰，通常第一个 that 也保留。
关系代词 所指先行词 在从句中充当成分 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 关键要点与示例
who 人 主语、宾语 作主语时不可省略。
例: The man who helped me is my teacher.
whom 人 宾语 非常正式，常被 who 或省略取代。
例: The colleague (whom/who) I respect left.
whose 人、物 定语 表示所属关系"…的"。
例: The room whose window is broken is empty.
which 物 主语、宾语 1. 非限制性从句中必须用 which。
2. 介词后必须用 which。
例: The car, which is red, is mine.
that 人、物 主语、宾语 1. 不能用于非限制性从句。
2. 不能用于介词后。
3. 在多数"只能用that"的情况下优先使用。
例: Everything that you said is true.
as引导从句
一、as 引导定语从句：作为关系代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
1. 用于固定结构：such...as...（像...这样的...）
He is not such a fool as he looks.（他并不像他看起来那么傻。）
分析：as 引导定语从句，修饰 a fool，在从句中作表语。
2. 用于固定结构：the same...as...（和...相同的...）
This is the same watch as I lost yesterday.（这块手表和我昨天丢的那块一样。）
分析：as 引导定语从句，修饰 watch，在从句中作宾语。
3. 引导非限制性定语从句，代表整个主句内容，通常置于句首
As we all know, the earth is round.（正如我们所知，地球是圆的。）
He was late, as is often the case.（他迟到了，这是常事。）
as引导从句
二、as 引导状语从句：最常见的用法，可以表示多种逻辑关系。
1. 时间状语从句：表示“当...的时候”，强调两个动作同时发生。
I saw her as I was getting off the bus.（我下公共汽车的时候看见了她。）
2. 原因状语从句：表示“因为，由于”，语气比 because 弱。
As it was raining, we decided to stay at home.（由于下雨，我们决定呆在家里。）
3. 方式状语从句：表示“按照，如同”，这是 as 的核心含义之一。
You should do as the teacher says.（你应该按照老师说的去做。）
Leave everything as it is.（让所有东西保持原样。）
as引导从句
二、as 引导状语从句：最常见的用法，可以表示多种逻辑关系。
【续】
4. 让步状语从句：表示“虽然，尽管”，语气很强，必须用倒装结构。
结构：Adj./Adv./N./V. + as + S + V...
Young as he is, he is very capable.（他虽然年轻，但很有能力。）
Try as she might, she couldn't open the door.（尽管她试了，还是打不开那扇门。）
Child as he is, he knows a lot about history.（他虽然是个孩子，但对历史非常了解。）
Hard as I worked, I still failed the exam.（尽管我学习很努力，但还是没通过考试。）
5. 比较状语从句：用于 as...as...（和...一样...）和 not so/as...as...（不如...）结构中。
He is as tall as his father (is).（他和他父亲一样高。）
as引导从句
三、as 引导表语从句：
常与 seem, appear 等系动词连用，形成固定结构。
It seems as if/though it is going to rain.（看起来好像要下雨了。）
Things are not as they seem.（事情并不像它们看上去那样。）
从句类型 主要含义/功能 例句
定语从句 代表主句内容或用于 such/same 结构 As we know, he succeeded. / This is the same book as I read.
时间状语从句 当...时 She waved as she left.
原因状语从句 因为，由于 As you're tired, you should rest.
方式状语从句 按照，如同 Do as I do.
让步状语从句 虽然，尽管（倒装） Hard as he tried, he failed.
比较状语从句 和...一样（as...as...） He is as strong as an ox.
1. He is not such a man _______ would leave his work half done.
固定结构 such...as...
2. This is the same watch _______ I lost last month.
the same...as...
3. _______ I grew older, I became more interested in history.
引导时间状语从句，表示“随着...”
4. She did exactly _______ the doctor advised.
引导方式状语从句，表示“按照，如同”。
5. _______ is often the case, the meeting was postponed until next week.
as 引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句 “the meeting was postponed...” 的内容，意为“正如...那样”，且可置于句首。
as
as
As
as
As
6. Hard _______ he tried, he couldn't solve the problem.
引导让步状语从句，且必须用倒装结构，
Adj./Adv./N. + as + S + V，意为“尽管...”。
7. The weather is not so warm today _______ it was yesterday.
用于比较状语从句的否定结构 not so/as...as...，“不如...一样...”
8. _______ it is raining heavily, we have to cancel the picnic.
引导原因状语从句，表示“由于”
9. We regard her _______ our best friend.
regard...as... 是固定搭配，意为“把...看作...”
10. She has failed many times, _______ is discouraging.
as VS which：这里从句位于主句之后。
as
as
as
as/which
As
Like anything, it is possible to have too much fat and salt, ________ is not good for the health.
While more notes are beneficial, if the notes are taken mindlessly, ________is often the case on a laptop, the benefit disappears.
Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, ____ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.
This café, _______ we often have meetings, offers free Wi - Fi.
Elon Musk, _____ founded SpaceX, is a well - known entrepreneur.
which
as
as
where
who
语法冲关 语言规则全理清
一图尽览
限制性定语从句(2)
(where,when,why,prep.+which/whom)
情境导入
阅读以下短文,完成下面的练习。
When I started studying German,it was a struggle.The words felt strange on my tongue,and the grammar would not stay in my head.I told my mum that I wanted to give up,and that I would never live in a country ①where German was spoken. My mum told me that studying a language was not just for my future.It was exercise for the brain;the more I learnt of a language,the more my brain would grow.And I remember that day ②when I suddenly felt like German was no longer a foreign language. It felt like my brain had doubled in size.I had finally come to a place ③where I could think in this foreign
language, and I could see the world from a different point of view.I felt as if I had reached the goal ④that/which I had been fighting for. I could open a book and see meanings,not just a sea of words.I had read many books ⑤from which I could benefit a lot. I finally understood the reason ⑥why my mum had encouraged me not to give up. Thanks,Mum!
【语法感悟】
1.加黑处①为　　　　　　引导定语从句,修饰先行词a country。
2.加黑处②为　　　　　　引导定语从句,修饰先行词that day。
3.加黑处③为　　　　　　引导定语从句,修饰先行词a place。
4.加黑处④为　　　　　　引导定语从句,修饰先行词the goal。
5.加黑处⑤为　　　　　　引导定语从句,修饰先行词many books。
6.加黑处⑥为　　　　　　引导定语从句,修饰先行词the reason。
where　
when　
where　
that/which
from which
why
语法精讲
一、关系副词引导的定语从句
当先行词在定语从句中作状语,即定语从句不缺主语、宾语、定语或者表语时,通常要用关系副词引导定语从句。常用的关系副词有where,when,why等。
【先感悟】
①I’ll never forget the time when we visited Zibo.
②I still remember clearly the day when I first met Mr Li.
③We will start at the point where we left off last time.
④Keep the books in a place where you can find them easily.
⑤That was the reason why he was so upset.
⑥The reason why he came late was not reasonable.
【善归纳】
(1)句①②中when引导定语从句,分别修饰先行词　　　　　和　　　　　, 并在定语从句中作　　　　　　语。
(2)句③④中where引导定语从句,分别修饰先行词　　　　和　　　　　,并在定语从句中作　　　　　　语。
(3)句⑤⑥中why引导定语从句,修饰先行词　　　　　　,并在定语从句中作　　　　　　语。
the time　
the day　
时间状
the point　
a place　
地点状
the reason　
原因状
【明规则】
关系副词 先行词 功能 例句
when 表示时间的名词 时间状语,相当于 “介词in/at/on/during/...+which”结构。 I will never forget the day when/on which I first saw you.
我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的那天。
where 表示地点的名词 地点状语,相当于 “介词in/at/on/...+which”结构。 The stadium where the athletes work out is not far from here.
运动员们锻炼的体育馆离这里不远。
关系副词 先行词 功能 例句
why 表示原因的名词 原因状语,相当于“for+which”结构。 Do you know the reason why she is under great stress
你知道她压力很大的原因吗
名师点津　(1)当先行词为situation,case,stage,point,activity,atmosphere等抽象名词,且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时,常用关系副词where引导。
They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.
他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
(2) 选用关系代词还是关系副词,归根结底要看定语从句缺什么成分。如果缺的是主语、宾语、表语或定语,就用关系代词,如果缺的是状语,就用关系副词。
I will never forget the days when we had a good time on the beach.(从句缺状语,故用when)
我永远不会忘记我们在海滩上玩得很开心的那些日子。
I will never forget the days (which/that) we spent together on the beach.(从句缺宾语,故用which或that)
我永远不会忘记我们一起在海滩上度过的日子。
二、 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词作介词的宾语时,为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加紧凑,可以将从句中的介词提到关系代词前,形成“介词+关系代词”的结构。该结构中的关系代词可用which或whom。
【先感悟】
①Do you remember the day on which we first met
②This is the hall in which the medical conference will be held.
③The couple have two children, neither of whom lives with them.
【善归纳】
(1)在句①和②中,which前都有介词。句①中的on which (=　　　　　　　　)修饰the day;句②中的in which (= 　　　　　　　)修饰the hall。
(2)在句③中whom 前有neither of,neither of whom (= 　　　　　　　　　　　　　)修饰two children。
on the day
in the hall　
neither of the two children
【明规则】
1.介词的选用:可以遵循“一先二动三意义”的原则。
(1)“一先”——依据与先行词搭配的具体意义而定。
I’ll never forget the farm on which I spent my childhood in the country.(on the farm“在农场上”)
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过童年时光的那个农场。
This is the camera with which he often takes photos.(with the camera“用照相机”)
这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。
(2)“二动”——依据定语从句中动词或形容词等所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。
He brought the result with which the boss was satisfied.(be satisfied with“对……满意”)
他带来了令老板满意的结果。
Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hangzhou is known.(be known for “因……而出名”)
昨天我们游览了西湖,杭州正是以此湖闻名。
(3)“三意义”——根据从句表达的意义和先行词的逻辑关系来确定。
This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.
这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。
The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.
这种无色的、离开它我们就无法生存的气体叫作氧气。
Is this the brochure which she is looking for
这就是她在找的那本册子吗
The babies whom the nurses are looking after are healthy.
护士们在照看的婴儿都很健康。
名师点津　有些“动词+介词”的固定搭配如look for,look after,call on等,如果介词提前将会导致语义丢失或语法错误,所以不可把介词置于关系代词前。
2.“名词/数词/代词等+介词of+关系代词”结构。
有时“介词+关系代词”前还会有名词、数词、代词等,表示部分、整体、数量等概念。
The river,the banks of which are covered with trees,flows to the sea.
这条河流入大海,河的两岸都是树。
In the class there are 50 students,most of whom are very hard-working.
这个班里有50个学生,其中大多数都很勤奋。
=whose banks are……
X whose are……
回眸一练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.This is the athlete 　　　　　　whom we have learnt a lot.
2.The reason 　　　　　　was given by my partner was not reasonable.
3.Do you still remember the day 　　　　　　we took the first aid course
4.This is the place 　　　　　　the famous headmaster delivered a speech.
5.Have you heard of the flood which our teacher referred 　　　　　　
from　
that/which
when　
where　
to
that/which
Ⅱ.用适当的关系词填空
China is a country 1.　　　　　　 has a history of more than five thousand years.I have been here for nearly a year and I’m used to the life here.The reason 2.　　　　　　 I came to China was that I wanted to learn more about the great country.
I had studied Chinese for two years in the US before I came here.After I came here,at first I couldn’t always understand the taxi driver 3._________　　　　　 Chinese was quite different from what I had learned.The conversation usually lasted for only five minutes,and then we sat in the car in complete silence.I can’t forget the moments 4. 　　　　　 I couldn’t answer the questions in Chinese.
why　
whose　
when　
where
The school 5.　　　　　　 I’m studying now has offered me lots of help.In my spare time,I often go out with my classmates.I talk with people
6.　　　　　　 are friendly to me.I am forced to use Chinese,because many people with 7.　　　　　 I talk can’t speak English.My Chinese has greatly improved,of 8.　　　　　　 I am proud.
who/that
whom　
which
Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _________ sight matters more than hearing.
They have reached the point _________ they have to separate from each other.
It’s put me in a position _________ I can’t afford to take the job.
I’ve reached the stage _________ I just don’t care any more.
有时先行词是表示抽象地点的名词，像activity，business，career，case，job，point，position，race，stage，situation等，当从句中缺少状语时，用关系副词where。
where
where
where
where
特殊的抽象地点名词
1.I can remember very few occasions _____ he had to cancel a meeting because of ill health.
2.Taking her with me on official occasions _________ many important figures are present has been a challenge.
先行词occasion意为“_________”时，用关系副词when；
先行词occasion意为“_________”时，用关系副词where。
where
when
occasion的不同意思
时机
场合
知识点1 关系副词when的用法
考点二
关系副词的用法
when用作关系副词，在定语从句作时间状语。
2. 先行词是具体时间名词，如day, month, year。
3. 还可以是抽象名词，如age, stay, occasion等。
4. 常用表时间的介词(如：in, on, at, during等)＋which代替关系副词when

1.当表示时间的先行词在从句中作主语或宾语时，关系词不用when而用that或which。
2. 先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during＋which”引导定语从句。
易错提醒
知识点2 关系副词where的基本用法及特殊用法
考点二
关系副词的用法
where用于修饰地点名词如place, park, factory, house等。在从句中作地点状语，相当于介词+which。
The shape creates a perfect market where goods could be shipped and received using the river as a highway.【2025年新高考II卷】
这种形状创造了一个完美的市场，货物可以利用河流作为高速公路进行运输和接收。
当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point， situation， case， stage， family等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。
例1.Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.
学生应该参与社区活动，在那里他们可以获得成长的经验。
先行词occasion当“时刻”讲时，用关系副词when；当“场合”讲时，用关系副词where。
例1.Please describe an occasion where you met real difficulties.请描述你遇到真正困境的场景。
知识点3 关系副词why的用法
考点二
关系副词的用法
why在从句中作原因状语，相当于for which, 但若关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，定语从句要用that或which引导。
The boss doesn’t want to hear any reason (that/which) you might give.老板不想听你所提出的任何理由。
I don’t know the reason why he came so late. 我不知道他来得那么晚的原因。
why还可以用于The reason why…is that…句型。
The reason that he gave for being late is that he failed to catch the first bus.
（关系词在从句中作宾语）
他给出迟到的原因是他没能赶上第一班公共汽车。
【典例】 (2025·重庆万州·期中)In the 1950s,_______China embarked on the ambitious and challenging journey of developing nuclear submarines, Huang Xuhua with his team stepped up fearlessly.
考查定语从句
句意：在20世纪50年代，中国开始踏上发展核潜艇这一雄心勃勃且充满挑战的征程时，黄旭华和他的团队毫不畏惧地迎难而上。此处为关系词引导的非限制性定语从句，从句中不缺主语和宾语，先行词the 1950s指的是时间，所以此处使用关系副词when。故填when。
考向1 考查关系副词when的用法
when
考点二
关系副词的用法
【典例】 (24-25·重庆·阶段练习)“These aren’t just shopping spaces; they’re social spots___________people naturally connect over running,” says another industry insider based in Stockholm.
考查定语从句
句意：“这些不仅仅是购物空间；它们是人们自然而然地通过跑步建立联系的社交场所，”另一位总部位于斯德哥尔摩的行业内部人士表示。空处引导定语从句，先行词spots，在定语从句中作地点状语，需用关系副词where引导。故填where。
考向2 考查关系副词where的基本用法及特殊用法
where
考点二
关系副词的用法
【典例】The reason________I’d like to take part in the competition of the Tang poetry recitation is that I want to learn more about Tang poems.
考查定语从句
句意：我想参加唐诗朗诵比赛的原因是我想更多地了解唐诗。空处引导定语从句“ I’d like to take part in the competition of the Tang poetry recitation”，先行词为The reason，在定语从句中作原因状语，需用关系副词why引导。故填why。
考向3 考查关系副词why的基本用法及特殊用法
why
考点二
关系副词的用法
知识点1 介词+which/whom引导的定语从句基本用法
考点三
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有which和whom。如果先行词是物，引导词用which；如果先行词是人，则引导词用whom。如果介词和句中动词组成固定词组时，这个介词一般不前置。
例. My youngest brother，whom I have to look after，is demanding.
我得照看我最小的弟弟，他真是让人费神。
This is the train on which I went to Shanghai.
这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火车。
This is the student for whom I bought the dictionary.
这就是我为他买词典的那个学生。
知识点2 介词+which/whom引导的定语从句的特殊用法
考点三
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
一、“名词/代词＋介词＋关系代词”结构
此类结构常见的有“some/many/most/all/none＋of＋which/whom”等。
Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you.问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说很难。
He has three sons, none of whom are doctors.他有三个儿子，没有一个是当医生的。
二、 “介词＋which/whom＋不定式”
The poor man has no house in which to live.→The poor man has no house to live in.
→The poor man has no house in which he can live.那个穷人没房子住。
得分速记
考点三
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
看先行词搭配确定关系代词前面的介词
例1.I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(during the time)
看从句短语搭配确定关系代词前面的介词
The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first.
我与之说话的那个人起初没有回答。(speak to)
看语境逻辑确定关系代词前面的介词
例1.He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tree.
关系代词 所指先行词 在从句中充当成分 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 关键要点与示例
who 人 主语、宾语 作主语时不可省略。
例: The man who helped me is my teacher.
whom 人 宾语 非常正式，常被 who 或省略取代。
例: The colleague (whom/who) I respect left.
whose 人、物 定语 表示所属关系"…的"。
例: The room whose window is broken is empty.
which 物 主语、宾语 1. 非限制性从句中必须用 which。
2. 介词后必须用 which。
例: The car, which is red, is mine.
that 人、物 主语、宾语 1. 不能用于非限制性从句。
2. 不能用于介词后。
3. 在多数"只能用that"的情况下优先使用。
例: Everything that you said is true.
关系副词 所指先行词 在从句中充当成分 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 关键要点与示例
when 时间名词 时间状语 = 介词 + which
I remember the day when we met.
=I remember the day on which we met.
we met on the day
where 地点名词 地点状语 = 介词 + which
This is the house where I was born.
=This is the house in which I was born.
I was born in the house
why 原因名词 原因状语 (罕见) 仅修饰 reason，常可省略。
The reason (why) he came is clear.
whose（=of whom), 代替物：whose(=of which)
【典例】(2025届浙江省杭州市高三上学期一模)“Our candidacy for UNESCO was supported by China, for_______we are so grateful,” says Salles.
考查定语从句
句意：我们竞选联合国教科文组织成员得到了中国的支持，对此我们深表感谢。这里考查“介词+关系代词”构成的非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面句子，所以这里应用关系代词which。故填which。
考向1 考查介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
which
考点三
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
【典例】She is the only one of the students who ____ been to Japan.
A. have B. has C. having D. to have
考查定语从句
关键信息是“the only one of the students”。此时，先行词是“the only one”（单数），而不是“the students”。关系代词“who”指代“the only one”，所以从句谓语动词要用单数形式“has”。句意：她是学生中唯一一个去过日本的人。
考向2 考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象
B
考点三
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
得分速记
考点三
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
1.先行词作主语，that/which/who从句谓语动词和主语保持一致。
2.先行词是one of…结构，定语从句谓语用复数；
3.先行词是the only /very one of…，定语从句谓语用单数。
例1.I, who am your friend, can understand you.
例2.There are many young people who are keen on folk music.
例3.Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.
任何人不能完成指定的任务，都应受到批评。
得分速记
考点三
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
one of + 最高级+名词复数+谓语动词单数
One of my best friends is a pilot.
（我最好的朋友之一是一名飞行员。）
One of the most important inventions in history was the printing press.
（历史上最重要的发明之一是印刷术。）
She is one of the students who was praised by the teacher.
（她是被老师表扬的学生之一。）
得分速记
考点三
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
one of + 定语从句+谓语动词复数
① She is one of the students who were praised by the teacher.
who 修饰the students。老师表扬了多个学生，她是其中之一。
② This is one of the books that have inspired me greatly.
that 修饰的the books。有很多书激励了我，这是其中一本。
③ He is one of the few people who know the truth.
who修饰的是复数名词 people。他是少数几个知道真相的人之一。
【例1】 (2025年新高考I卷)An exhibition at the Jiushi Art Museum in Shanghai is featuring artwork inspired by Go, or weiqi in Chinese, ________ originated in China more than 4,000 years ago.
真题示例
典
真题溯源·考向感知
考查定语从句
句意：上海久事美术馆正在举办一场展览，展出的艺术品灵感来自围棋（中文称为“围棋”），它起源4000多年前的中国。本空引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词为Go, or weiqi in Chinese，指物，且关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导。故填which。
which
【例2】
This is the most interesting book ______ I have ever read.
真题示例
典
真题溯源·考向感知
考查定语从句
当先行词被形容词最高级（the most interesting）修饰时，定语从句的引导词只能用 that，而不用 which。
that
【例3】The company for ______ he works is based in Shanghai..
真题示例
典
真题溯源·考向感知
考查定语从句关系代词
先行词（company）指代物，从句还原为 He works for the company。关系代词作介词 for 的宾语，只能用 which，不能接 that
which
【例4】The girl ______ father is a famous scientist won the first prize.
真题示例
典
真题溯源·考向感知
考查定语从句
关系词在从句中作定语，修饰 father，表示 "女孩的父亲"
whose
【例5】 (2024年新课标II卷)Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu,_______ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown.
真题示例
典
真题溯源·考向感知
考查定语从句
句意：为了纪念被誉为“亚洲莎士比亚”的汤显祖，中国文化元素为莎士比亚的故乡——埃文河畔的斯特拉特福增添了国际化的色彩。这里为定语从句的关系词，先行词为“Tang Xianzu”，在非限制性定语从句中担当主语，表示人，用关系代词who引导。故填who。
who
【例6】The reason for ______ he was late was that his car broke down.
真题示例
典
真题溯源·考向感知
考查定语从句
先行词是 the reason，在定语从句中作原因状语。
所以引导词用关系副词 why= for which
which
【例6】Is there anyone ______ you think can solve this problem
真题示例
典
真题溯源·考向感知
考查定语从句
You think (that) anyone can solve this problem. 可以看出，关系代词在 you think 后面的宾语从句中作主语（anyone can solve...），而不是作 think 的宾语。因此，这里需要的是指代人并能作主语的 who。如果用 whom 就错了，因为 whom 只能作宾语。
who

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