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定语从句
Lead in :Listen and fill in the blank:
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定语从句
定义
定语从句的
首先我们先了解定语的概念
定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。如：
This is a lovely dog.
Two boys need two pens.
His name is Tom.
The boy that/ who/whom you are talking to is Tom.
定语从句：在整个句子当中充当定语的小句子。
需要了解的概念
①先行词：定语从句所修饰的词、短语或句子称为先行词。通常是由名词或代词充当。
They are the boys who you like to play with.
Friends are those who make you smile, always share your happiness and sorrows(伤痛）.
②关系词：引导定语从句，为避免先行词重复出现用于代替先行词的词。分为关系代词和关系副词。也就是说，定语从句中的所有关系词不但都有具体的意义而且都在从句中担任一定的成分。
This is the woman who gave me a bunch of flowers.
I think I can guess the reason why they had a fight.
常见关系词：that, which, who, whom, whose, when, where, why, as
③先行词与关系词的联系：
1）"先行词"与"关系词"的内在联系："先行词"与"关系词"之间实质上是互等、互换的关系。也就是说，关系词的作用就是将先行词所表达意义"代到"从句中来起作用。
例如：
This is the house（先行词） where（关系词）I lived last year.
（本句中的关系词where = 先行词（in）the house。如果把这个复合句拆成两个分句，那就是：
This is the house
I lived in the house last year.
由此可以看出，"先行词"与"关系词"之间实质上是互等、互换的关系）。
2）“先行词”的意义决定“关系词”的选择：“关系词”的选择往往是由“先行词”自身表达的意义，以及它在从句中的语法功能而决定的。例如：
Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields.
有些在语言学习上很有成就的人,在其他领域常常一无所成。
There are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words.
有许多声音有意义但不是词。
Tell him to go to the classroom where we often have our English class.
告诉他去我们常上英语课的那间教室。
→ 如果把这个复合句拆成两个分句，那就是：
Tell him to go to the classroom.
We often have our English class in the classroom.
关系代词
常用关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that
①关系代词的种类
1）关系代词who：用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词，在从句中作主语或宾语。如：I have no idea about the man who wrote the article.
我不认识写这篇文章的那个人。
Do you know the man who you just spoke to
你认识刚刚和你说话的那个人吗？
2）关系代词whom：只做宾语。如：
Do you know the man whom you just spoke to
错误：I have no idea about the man whom wrote the article.
①关系代词的种类
3）关系代词whose ：用于代替"表示人或物意义"的先行词，在从句中作定语，往往与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分。whose常表达"某人的、某物的"之意。例如：
Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate
你知道她的哥哥与你同寝室的那位女孩的名字吗？
Water whose boiling point is at 100 degree Centigrade has no color, no flavor.
沸点在摄氏100度的水无色、无味。
①关系代词的种类
4）关系代词which: 用于代替"表示事物意义"的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。例如：
Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept. (关系代词which做主语)
那些全新的或是来自国外的观点或许也很难被接受。
I've got a novel which you may like to read.
我有一本你或许想看的小说。(关系代词which做动词read的宾语)
①关系代词的种类
5）关系代词that： 既用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词，也用于代替“表示事物意义”的先行词；在从句中既可以作主语，也可以作谓语动词的宾语，但是不能作介词的宾语。在一定范围内，that = who / whom / which
例如：
Views that /which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept.
那些全新的或是来自国外的观点或许也很难被接受。
Salaried(领薪水的）people that/who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government .
工薪在几千美元以上的人必须将工资中的一定百分比交付给联邦政府。
错误：Who is the girl to that you talked just now
a. 先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much等不定代词时。
Anything that can burn is a source of heat energy.
任何能够燃烧的东西都是热能源。
There must be something that happened to you.
你一定出了什么事。
They had nothing that could cure of his disease.
他们没有一点能治愈他疾病的东西了。
b. 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时。
There is little work that is fit for you.
没什么工作适合你做。
I have eaten all the food that is left.
我把剩下的所有食物都吃了。
辨析 只能用that不用which的情况
c. 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。
We have to consider the first thing that starts our work.
我们必须要考虑启动我们工作的第一件事。
This is the most impressive TV series that has never been put on show before.
这是以前从未上演过的最有感染力的电视剧。
d. 先行词被the only, the very, the last修饰时。
That is the only way that leads to your success.
那是通向你成功的唯一之路。
e. 先行词既有人又有物时。
The famous writer and his works that the radio broadcast are popular with the students.
那个知名作家和他的作品在学生中很流行。
辨析 只能用that不用which的情况
a. 当先行词表示事物意义，在从句中作介词的宾语且关系代词紧跟在介词之后，那么就只能用which。如：
The world in which we live is made of matter.
我们生活于其中的世界是由物质组成的。
Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。
对比：The world that we live in is made of matter.
我们生活于其中的世界是由物质组成的。
错误：The world in that we live is made of matter.
辨析 只能用which不用that的情况
b. 在非限定性定语从句中，当关系词表示事物意义时, 只能用which。这是语法所规定的，没有任何解释。如：
The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.
太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。
The most important form of energy is electrical energy, which is widely used in our daily life.
最重要的能源形式是电能，它广泛地运用于我们的日常生活之中。
辨析 只能用which不用that的情况
①关系代词的种类
6）关系代词as
as可以作为关系代词引导限定性定语从句、非限定性定语从句。在限定性定语从句中常见于：such … as和the same … as 等句式中。例如：
Such points as you've mentioned are really important in solving the problem.
你提到的这些方面在解决这个问题上的确很重要。
This computer has the same functions as that one has.
这台计算机有着和那台计算机一样的功能。
1.位置：二者都可以引导非限制性定语从句，都能指代整句内容，但which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后，as 引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句之前，之中和之后,位置灵活。
2.修饰：当先行词由such, so, the same修饰时，定语从句中缺少主语，宾语或表语时只能用as 引导。
辨析 as与which的区别
3.固定搭配：as常与know, see, remember , say, show, expect , guess等动词连用，
as的固定搭配有：
as is expected正如所预料的 as the saying goes正如谚语所说
as is said above正如以上所述 as is reported 正如报道的那样
as is often the case 这是常有的事 as we all know众所周知
4.句义：as引导的从句主要起连接上下文的作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，意为“正如，正像”，which引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句，意为“这一点，这件事”
辨析 as与which的区别
练习：
1.______ is known to all, the earth is round.
2.He is such a person _______ is respected by all of us.
3._____ we all expected, the plan turned out to be very successful.
4.He sold his bicycle, _______ surprised me.
5.It is such a big stone _____ nobody can lift.
6.It is such a big stone _____ nobody can lift it.
7.Our team lost the game, _______was unexpected. 我们的球队输了比赛，这一点是未曾预料到的。
8.Our team won the game, _____ was expected. 我们的球队赢了比赛，正如预料的那样。
As
as
As
which
that
that
which
as
①关系代词的种类
7）介词＋关系代词的用法
“介词十关系代词”结构中，关系代词常用 which, whom, whose, 不可用that和who。例如：
The man to who(×) whom(√) you spoke was a scientist.
The city in that(×) which(√) she lives is far away.
其中介词的确定主要遵循以下2个原则:
1.根据与定语从句中动词、形容词与先行词的某种固定搭配来确定：
1）In the dark street. there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help.
2）Physics is the subject in our school in which every student is interested.
3）This is the camera on which I spent 6 yuan.
4）This is the camera for which I paid 6 yuan.
①关系代词的种类
2.根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定
1）I never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
2）The colorless gas without which we can’t live is called oxygen.
3）I remember the day on which I came to my tower of ivory.
4） Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles
练习：
1. Do you like the book she learned a lot
2. Do you like the book she often talks
3. He built a telescope he could study the skies.
4. There is a tall tree outside, stands our teacher.
5. China has a lot of rivers, the second longest is the Yellow River.
6. The tower ___________ people can have a good view is on the hill.
7. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most _____________hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
8. He has five children, two _________ are abroad.
(比较：He has five children, and two ___________ are abroad.)
9.We have three books, none ____________is/are interesting.
(比较：We have three books, but none _________ is/are interesting.)
of whom
about which
through which
under which
of which
from which
of which
from which
of them
of which
of them
②关系代词的省略
如果关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，则它可以省略。
例如：
This is the book (which) you were looking for yesterday.
这就是你昨天找的那本书。
I don't like the novel (that) you are reading.
我不喜欢你看的这本小说。
Who is the man (whom) you're talking about
你们谈论的那个人是谁？
③关系代词的单复数问题
定语从句中，关系代词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数。例如：
Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon.
请那些年龄在四十几岁的人于今天下午去进行体检。
This is the magazine which was sent to me by post.
这是通过邮局寄给我的杂志。
关系副词
常用关系副词：when，where，why
①关系副词的作用
在定语从句中，关系副词 = 介词 + which。也就是说，每个关系副词里本身就已经含有了一个介词：when = 在什么时候，where = 在什么地方，why = 为什么原因，等。至于用哪个具体的介词，就得依具体情况而定了。
②关系副词的种类
1）关系副词when
when 代替表示时间的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语，例如：
People will always remember the day when (on which) Hong Kong and Macao returned to our motherland.
人们会永远记住香港和澳门回归祖国的那一天。
He came at a time when (at which) we needed help.
他在我们需要人帮忙的时候来了。
We don't know the exact time when (at which) the English Evening will be held.
我们不知道英语晚会举行的确切时间。
②关系副词的种类
2）关系副词where
where 代替表示地点的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语。例如：
The place where (in which) we're to have the Speech Contest has not been decided yet.
我们举行演讲比赛的地点还未定下来。
He is living in a newly-built house where (in which) there used to be a pond.
他现在居住的新房是原先一个池塘的旧址。
That is a beautiful campus where (in which) I made a lot dreams.
那是一座我曾经在那儿有过许多梦想的美丽的校园。
先行词是case, situation, degree, stage, condition , point等抽象名词，“到了某种地步，在某种境况”时，在定语从句中作状语, 用 where。如：
Let’s find out a situation where this word can be used.
That’s the point which/that they argued about for a long time
I’ve come to the point where I can’t stand him.
Life is a large stage where we can build ourselves
注意
②关系副词的种类
3）关系副词why
why 代替表示原因的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语。例如：
He didn't tell her the reason why he was so happy.
他没有告诉她为什么他那么高兴的原因。
The reason why she was late is not so acceptable.
她迟到的原因不那么令人接受。
They explained the reason to us why they had misunderstood us before.
他们向我们解释为什么他们以前误解了我们的原因。
分类
定语从句的
①限制性定语从句：先行词与关系代词之间无逗号分隔，相当于一个后置定语，如：
They are the boys who you like to play with.
②非限制性定语从句：定语从句前有逗号分隔，主要起补充说明作用，如：
Mr. Brown has a son, who joined the army 3 years ago.
1） 限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句与主句的关系很紧凑，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如：
Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nations in which they are located.
为了加速他们各自所在的国家的经济发展，热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。
Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。
They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.
他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。
辨析 限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别
2）非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点"，"隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。
例如：
Marker’s lucky bird, which led him to the beautiful place, was eaten by a snake.
（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词bird进行补充、说明。）
马克的幸运鸟被一条蛇吃了，就是那只鸟带他到了那个美丽的地方。
去掉定语从句后：
Marker’s lucky bird was eaten by a snake.
辨析 限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别
The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.
太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。
（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充、说明, 将全句表达的意思看成一件事情。）
The old man has a son, who is in the army.
那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。
（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是：“这位老人只有一个儿子”。
如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句：
The old man has a son who is in the army.
那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么，限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达的信息就变成了：“这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作，还有其他的儿子在干别的工作”。）
辨析 限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别
练习：
将下面中文翻译成英文:
1. 我找不到那本我昨天买的书了。
2. 那个正站在舞台上的女孩是我姐姐。
3. 坐落于浙江省的西湖是中国最有名的湖泊之一。
4. 我不知道那个穿蓝色衬衣的男孩是谁。
5. 我哥哥喜欢那些自己写歌的歌手。
6. 正在玩球的那只猫是我的猫。
1. I can’t find the book that/which I bought yesterday.
2. The girl who/that is standing on the stage is my sister.
3. The West Lake is one of the most famous lakes in China that lies in Hangzhou.
4. I don’t know the boy who/that is in blue shirt.
5. My brother likes the singers who/that write their own music.
6. The cat which/that is playing with a ball is mine.
练习：
1.The man _________came to our school is Mr. Wang. 2.The girl ______________ I met is Lucy.
3.A child _______parents are dead is called Tom.
4.I like the book __________ you bought yesterday.
5. We shall never forget the days __________ we spent together.
6. I have a room ________window faces south.
who/that
(whom/who/that)
whose
(that/which)
whose
(that/which)
练习：
1.The days _______we used “foreign oil” are gone forever.
2.The film brought the hours back to me ________I was taken good care of in that faraway village.
3.That was a happy year _____ which I worked with you.
4.I’ll never forget the day ________ I lived in the mountain.
5.I’ll never forget the day _________ I spent in the mountain.
6.The Greens live in a city __________there are many cultural relics.
7.This is the place _________we used to play when we were young.
8.This is the house ________he was born.
9.This is the house __________ was set up by his parents.
10.Life is a large stage ______we can build ourselves
11.This is the reason _____ he was late.
12.This is the reason ____________he told us for his being late.
when
when
during
when/on which
(which/that)
where
where
where
which/that
where
why
that/which

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