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新人教版选择性必修第二册Unit 2-3知识清单
重 点 单 词 Unit 2 1.grasp vt. 理解;领会;抓紧 2.deny vt. 否认;否定;拒绝 3.gain vt. 获得;赢得;取得;增加　n. 好处;增加 4.recall vt.&vi. 记起;回想起 5.cite vt. 引用;引述 6.outcome n. 结果;效果 7.budget n. 预算 8.complex adj. 复杂的;难懂的; (语法)复合的 9.boom vi.&n. 迅速发展;繁荣 10.perspective n. (思考问题的)角度;观点 11.outlook n. 前景;可能性;观点 12.zone n. (有别于周围的)地区;地带;区域 13.setting n. 环境;背景;(小说等的)情节背景 14.insight 　　n. 洞察力;眼光 15.departure n. 离开;启程;出发 16.mature adj. 成熟的 17.angle n. 角;角度;立场 18.belt n. 腰带;地带 19.initiative n. 倡议;新方案 20.tutor n. (英国大学中的)助教;导师;家庭教师 Unit 3 1.quantity n. 数量;数额 2.stuff vt. 填满;把……塞进　n. 东西;物品 3.slice n. (切下的食物)薄片 vt. 把……切成薄片 4.chew vi.&vt. 咀嚼;嚼碎 n. 咀嚼 5.somewhat adv. 有点;稍微 6.ideal adj. 完美的;理想的;想象的　n. 理想;完美的人(或事物) 7.brand n. 品牌 8.calorie n. 卡路里(热量单位) 9.category n. 类别;种类 10.vitamin n. 维生素 11.fibre n. 纤维;纤维制品 12.overall adv. 总体上;大致上 adj. 全面的;综合的 13.bold adj. 大胆自信的;敢于冒险的 14.temper n. 脾气;火气 15.recipe 　　n. 烹饪法;食谱 16.ingredient n. (尤指烹饪)材料;成分 17.cuisine n. 菜肴;风味;烹饪 18.dessert n. (饭后)甜点 19.cafeteria n. 自助餐厅;自助食堂 20.chef n. 厨师;主厨 21.minimum adj. 最低(限度)的;最小的　n. 最小值;最少量
词 汇 拓 展 Unit 2 1.qualification n. (通过考试或学习课程取得的)资格;学历→qualify vt.&vi. (使)具备资格;(使)合格→qualified adj. 合格的;有资格的 2.involve vt. 包含;需要;涉及;影响;(使)参加→involved adj. 参与的;投入的→involvement n.参与 3.ambition n. 追求的目标;夙愿;野心;抱负→ambitious adj. 有野心的;有雄心的 4.expose vt. 使接触;使体验;显露;使暴露于(险境)→exposure n. 接触;体验;暴露;揭露 5.motivated adj. 积极的;主动的→motivation n. 动力;积极性;动机→motivate vt. 成为……的动机;激发;激励 6.reasonable adj. 有道理的;合情理的→reason n. 理由;道理 7.expectation n. 期望;预期;期待→expect v. 期盼;盼望→unexpected adj. 出乎意料的 8.engage vi. 参加;参与(活动)　vt. 吸引(注意力、兴趣)→engaged adj. 使用中的;忙于的 9.applicant n. 申请人→application n. 申请表;申请;应用;应用程序→apply v. 申请;应用 fort n. 安慰;令人感到安慰的人或事物;舒服;安逸　vt. 安慰;抚慰→(反) discomfort n. 不适→comfortable adj. 舒适的→(反) uncomfortable adj. 不适的 11.participation n. 参加;参与→participate vi. 参加;参与→participant n. 参加者;参与者 12.expense n. 费用;花费;开销→expend vt. 花费;消耗→expensive adj. 昂贵的 13.cooperate vi. 合作;协作;配合→cooperation n. 合作;协作 14.logical adj. 合乎逻辑的;合情合理的→logically adv. 合乎逻辑地;逻辑上→logic n. 逻辑学 15.dramatic adj. 巨大的;突然的;急剧的;喜剧(般)的→dramatically adv. 戏剧地;剧烈地→drama n. 戏剧 16.behave vt. 表现　vi.&vt. 表现得体;有礼貌→behaviour n. 行为;举止 17.strengthen vi.&vt. 加强;增强;巩固→strength n. 力量;优势→strong adj. 强壮的→strongly adv.强烈地 18.optimistic adj. 乐观的→optimism n. 乐观主义→pessimistic adj. 悲观的 petence n. 能力;胜任;本领→competent adj. 有能力的;称职的20.surroundings n. (pl.)环境;周围的事物→surrounding adj. 周围的;附近的→surround v. 围绕;环绕 21.depressed adj. 沮丧的;意志消沉的→depress vt. 使沮丧;使忧愁→depression n. 沮丧;忧愁;不景气→depressing adj. 令人沮丧的 22.presentation n. 报告;陈述;出示;拿出→present vt. 呈现;提出;颁发;赠送 23.advisor/adviser n. 顾问→advise v. 建议→advice n. 建议 24.firm n. 公司;商行;事务所　adj. 结实的;牢固的;坚定的→firmly adv. 牢固地;坚定地 25.homesickness n. 思乡病;乡愁→homesick adj. 想家的 26.edition n. (报纸、杂志)一份;(广播、电视节目)一期、一辑;版次→edit vt. 编辑;剪辑→editor n. 编辑;主编 27.sincerely adv. 真诚地;诚实地→sincere adj. 真诚的 28.adaptation n. 适应;改编本→adapt v. 改编;(使)适应→adaptable adj. 能适应的 Unit 3 1.consist vi. 组成;在于;一致→consistent adj. 一致的;连续的→consistently adv. 一贯地;始终如一地 2.elegant adj. 精美的;讲究的;文雅的→elegance n. 优雅;端庄→elegantly adv. 精美地;讲究地;文雅地 3.exceptional adj. 特别的;罕见的→exception n. 例外;例外的人/事→except prep. 除……外 4.stable adj. 稳定的;稳重的→stably adv. 稳定地;平稳地 5.modest adj. 些许的;谦虚的;朴素的→modesty n. 谦虚;朴素 6.fundamental adj. 根本的;基础的;基本的　n. 基本规律;根本法则→fundamentally adv. 根本上;完全地 7.trick n. 诀窍;计谋;把戏　vt. 欺骗;哄骗→tricky adj. 难对付的;狡猾的 8.association n. 协会;关联→associated adj. 有关的;有联系的→associate v. 联想;联系;交往 9.consume vt. 吃;喝;饮;消耗→consumer n. 消费者; 顾客; 用户→consumption n. (能量、食物或材料的) 消耗,消耗量
重 点 短 语 Unit 2 1．participate in参加；参与 2．speak up大声点说；明确表态 3．feel at home舒服自在；不拘束 4．engage in (使)从事；参与 5．get involved in参与；卷入；与……有关联 6．comfort zone舒适区；舒适范围 7．cost an arm and a leg (使)花一大笔钱 8．side with支持；站在……的一边 9．as far as I know据我所知 10．as far as I am concerned就我而言；依我看来 11．in summary总的来说；总之 12．generally speaking一般来说 Unit 3 1．prior to在……之前的 2．consist of由……组成(或构成) 3．slice...off切下 4．regardless of不管；不顾
重 点 句 型 1．Prior to coming to China，my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America，with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes. 来中国之前，我只在美国接触过中式烹饪，那里的中国食物已被改变以适应美国人的口味。 2．On the other hand，it does tell us a lot about Americans. 另一方面，它确实让我们对美国人有了很多的了解。 3．Tired，hungry，and not knowing a word of Chinese，we had no idea how to order，so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten. 又累又饿，一个汉字也不认识，我们压根儿不知道如何点餐，于是厨师在我们桌上摆满了食物，那是我们吃过的最可口的佳肴。 4．Everywhere，the food was as varied as the people. 世界各地，食物和人一样多样。 5．And in America，people who receive 25% of their daily calories or more through sugar are twice as likely to die from heart disease than people who receive less than 10% a day. 在美国，每天从糖分中摄取25%或更高卡路里的人死于心脏病的可能性是日摄取量少于10%的人的两倍。 6．It was the first time that she had left China. 这是她第一次离开中国。 7．I had to learn how to use public transport and how to ask for things I didn’t know the English names for. 我不得不学习如何使用公共交通，如何要到我不知道英文名称的东西。 8．Some may struggle and suffer from culture shock when learning how to behave in new surroundings. 在学习如何在新环境中举止得体时，有些人可能会感到吃力，并承受文化冲击的折磨。 9．To sum up，one cannot deny the fact that studying abroad has its disadvantages... 总之，不可否认，出国留学有其弊端…… 10．Studying abroad also helps you to gain a global perspective and improve your general competence.出国留学还有助于你获得全球视野，提高你的综合能力。
Six months ago，Xie Lei boarded a plane for London to complete an exchange programme.She recalled that she 1._______(choose) the year long exchange programme with the 2.______(ambitious) to set up a business in China after graduation.It was the first time that she 3.__________(leave) her motherland.When she came to England，she lived with a host family,4._________ members always helped her.At first，she had to get used to living in a new country and learn how to use public transport and how to ask for things she didn’t know the English names for.Besides，she also had to face another challenge of the academic requirements.When writing an essay，she 5._____(tell) by the tutor to acknowledge 6.______other people had said if she cited their ideas,7.______he wanted to know her own opinions.She also found students’ participation 8._________(include) as part of the final result.9._________(lucky)，after a few weeks，she could speak up in class on traditional Chinese art successfully.And she feels much more at home in the UK now.What seemed very strange before now appears quite normal.Now she has been involved in social 10.__________(activity) as well as studying hard!
The French author Jean Anthelme Brillat Savarin once wrote，“Tell me what you eat，and I will tell you what you are，”1._______ means “You are what you eat.” In fact，Brillat Savarin was actually 2._______(refer) to our personality，character，and culture.In many ways，this seems to be true.Chinese cuisine is a case in point.China is a country with vast 3.________(area) and a large population.So the food is as 4._____(vary) as the people.For example，people in Shandong like boiled dumplings 5. ______(serve) with vinegar，because the process of making dumplings can bring the family members together.6.__________(traditional)，people in Xinjiang spent most of their time on horse backs，and that is 7.______ they prefer their food to 8._____(cook) over an open fire.In conclusion，through food，Chinese people everywhere show their culture as well as their friendship and 9._______(kind)．So what we can say is that culture and cuisine go hand 10.___ hand，and if you do not experience one，you can never really know the other.
知识点
comfort n．舒适；安慰；令人感到安慰的人或事物 vt.安慰；抚慰(comfortable adj.舒适的；舒服的 uncomfortable adj.不舒服的)
be a comfort to sb.对某人来说是个安慰 in comfort＝comfortably舒适地 comfort sb.with sth.用某物安慰某人
(1)My ambition is to live comfortably(comfort) in the suburbs of the city in the future.
(2)每当我感觉低落的时候，我妈妈总是用鼓舞人心的话语安慰我。
Whenever I feel down，my mother always comforts me with inspiring words.
(3)就我个人而言，在寒冷的夜晚喝杯热牛奶真是一种安慰。
As far as I am concerned，drinking a cup of hot milk in cold nights is a real comfort.
(4)看到我不舒服，爸爸站起来，走到我跟前，把我揽入怀中安慰我。(读后续写之动作链描写)
Seeing I was uncomfortable，my father rose to his feet，came up to me and gathered me into his arms to comfort me.
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题：
The soft sofa makes people sit _______, and it’s also a _______ to those who are tired.
comfortable; comfort B. comfortably; comfort
comfortable; comfortable D. comfortably; comfortably
2024·全国乙卷（填空题）：
To make the elderly live in _______ (comfort), the community has equipped the nursing home with new facilities.
participate vi.参加；参与(participant n．参加者；参与者 participation n．参加；参与)
participate in参加；参与 participate with sb.in sth.与某人一起参与某事
(1)For all the participants，the activity is a good opportunity and the participation in the activity will further strengthen your overall competence.(participate)
(2)那些想参加比赛的人应该在5月21日前交上相关材料。(应用文写作之通知)
Those who want to participate in the competition are supposed to present relevant materials before May 21.
(3)为了提高户外活动的参与度，我们学校于9月10日组织了一项活动——攀登泰山。(应用文写作之活动安排)
In order to increase participation in outdoor activities，our school organized an activity—climbing the Mountain Tai on September 10.
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（翻译题）：
学生的积极参与是这次活动成功的关键。
2.2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷（选择题）：
Those who wish to _______ the volunteer program should sign up before this Friday.
participate in B. take part C. join to D. attend in
engage vi.参加；参与(活动) vt.吸引(注意力、兴趣)；聘请；从事(engaged adj.忙于；从事于；已订婚的；占线的；使用中的 engagement n．订婚；婚约；约会)
engage sb.to do sth.雇用某人做某事 engage (sb.) in(使某人)从事；参与 be engaged to sb.与某人订婚 be engaged in忙于；从事于
(1)Mary will be engaged to Tom，and their engagement(engage) attracts many people’s attention.
(2)No one can deny the fact that no one can engage children to do(do) any work.
(3)尽管你忙于你的学习，你也应该抽出一些时间来参加户外运动。
Although (you are) engaged in your study，you should set aside some time to engage (yourself) in outdoor activities.
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（填空题）：
The company decided to engage a lawyer _______ (deal) with the legal issues.
2.2025·北京卷模拟（选择题）：
While my mother is _______ in household chores, my father is engaged in his work.
engaged B. involving C. participating D. taking
involve vt.包含；需要；涉及；影响；(使)参加(involved adj.参与的；卷入的 involvement n．参与；卷入；牵连)
involve (doing) sth.包含；需要(做)某事 involve oneself in sth.参加…… be/get involved in参与；卷入；与……有关联；专注于
(1)As far as I am concerned，the involvement(involve) of the foreign ministers was itself a sign of progress.
(2)得知你欢迎来自不同国家的学生，我想参加这次夏令营。
Learning that you welcome students from different countries，I’d like to involve myself in/be involved in the summer camp.(应用文写作之申请信)
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（改写题）：
He involved himself in the community service. （用被动语态改写）
2024·浙江卷（填空题）：
The job _______ (involve) a lot of travel, so I need to prepare a suitcase in advance.
expose vt.使接触；使体验；显露；使暴露于(险境)(exposure n．接触；体验；暴露；揭露)
expose...to...使……暴露于……；使……体验…… be exposed to暴露于；接触
(1)Generally speaking，there is a direct link between exposure(expose) to sun and skin cancer.
(2)我从小就接触外教，因此，我能够用英语和其他人自由交流。
①I have been exposed to foreign teachers since a young age，so I can communicate freely with others in English.
②Having been exposed to foreign teachers since a young age，I can communicate freely with others in English.(用having done作状语改写)
【高考真题链接】
新增练习题（翻译题）：
长期暴露在污染环境中对健康有害。
2.2023·全国甲卷（选择题）：
Being _______ to different cultures helps broaden our horizons.
exposed B. exploded C. expanded D. exported
behave vt.表现 vi.&vt.表现得体；有礼貌 [behaviour n．(＝behavior)行为；举止；习性]
behave oneself/well守规矩/举止得体 well-behaved adj.表现好的 Badly-behaved adj.表现差的
(1)What do you think of our advisor’s behavio(u)r(behave) at the meeting that day
(2)强烈建议你参加晚宴时，举止得体。作为举止得体的客人，你不应该把筷子插在食物里，或者用筷子指着其他人。(应用文写作之传统习俗)
It is highly suggested that you (should) behave yourself when attending feasts.As a well-behaved guest，you shouldn’t stick your chopsticks in the food or point them at others.
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（填空题）：
The little boy’s good _______ (behave) won the praise of the guests.
2025·江苏卷模拟（选择题）：
As a _______ child, she always helps her parents with housework and respects the elderly.
well-behaved B. good-behaved C. badly-behaved D. ill-behaved
　 It was the first time that she had left China.
这是她第一次离开中国。
“It/This/That＋was＋the first/second/...time (that)＋过去完成时”表示“某人第一/第二/……次……” “It/This/That＋is＋the first/second/...time (that)＋现在完成时”表示“某人第一/第二/……次……” It is/was (about/high) time that...should do sth./did sth.意为“到了……做某事的时间了”，should不能省略。相当于It is/was time for sb.to do sth.。
(1)This is the second time that the teaching assistant has been blamed(blame) by our headmaster.
(2)这是双胞胎第一次为母亲做早餐，因此他们既激动又紧张。
This was the first time that the twins had prepared a breakfast for their mother，so they were excited and nervous.
(3)到了政府应该采取措施保护野生动物免遭灭绝的时候了。
①It is high time for the government to take effective measures to protect wildlife from extinction.(It is high time for...to do)
②It is high time that the government should take/took effective measures to protect wildlife from extinction.(It is high time that...)
【高考真题链接】
新增练习题（填空题）：
It was the first time that I _______ (see) such a beautiful sunset.
2024·天津卷（选择题）：
It is high time that we _______ measures to protect the endangered animals.
take B. took C. are taking D. will take
I had to learn how to use public transport and how to ask for things I didn’t know the English names for.我不得不学习如何使用公共交通工具，如何要到我不知道英语名字的东西。
“疑问词＋不定式”结构可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等句子成分。 在“疑问词＋不定式”结构中，不定式必须用主动式而不能用被动式。 why或why not后加不定式时，省略不定式符号to。 whether后可接不定式，而if后不可以。
(1)由于他们流露出极强的兴趣，我开始教他们如何泡中国茶。
With their interest greatly sparked，I began to teach them how to make Chinese tea.
(2)如果你能给我们一些如何改进机器人的建议，我会感激不尽的。(应用文写作之征求建议)
I would appreciate it if you could give us some advice on how to improve our robots.
(3)我真不知道是否该接受她的邀请。
I really have no idea whether to accept her invitation or not.
(4)为何不参加讨论小组，以便你能找到志同道合的朋友呢？(应用文写作之建议信)
Why not join in discussion groups so that you can find friends with similar interests
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（选择题）：
The key is _______ to balance work and life effectively.
what B. how C. that D. if
2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷（填空题）：
Could you please tell me whether _______ (accept) the invitation or not
　Some may struggle and suffer from culture shock when learning how to behave in new surroundings.
在学习如何在新环境中举止得体时，有些人可能会感到吃力，并承受文化冲击的折磨。
状语从句的省略有两种形式： 当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句中含有be动词时，可将从句的主语和be动词一起省略。 当从句中含有“it＋be动词”时，可将it和be动词省略。
(1)If I am accepted，I will introduce Chinese painting skills to visitors，which can help them know more about Chinese culture.(应用文写作之传统文化)
→If accepted，I will introduce Chinese painting skills to visitors，which can help them know more about Chinese culture.
(2)If it is possible，I am going to visit some homes of the old in the city.
→If possible，I am going to visit some homes of the old in the city.
(3)工作的时候，我意识到在烈日下在田间工作是多么地辛苦。(2019·北京，书面表达)
When working，I realized how hard it was to work in the fields under a hot sun.
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（改写题）：
When he was asked about his plan, he remained silent. （省略状语从句主语和be动词）
2025·浙江卷模拟（填空题）：
_______ (be) late for the meeting, you will be asked to give an explanation.
10. association n．协会；社团；关联；联想；交往(associate vt.联想；联系；交往 adj.副的 associated adj.联合的；有关联的)
in association with...与……合作；与……有关联 associate...with...把……和……联系在一起 associate with与……交往 be associated with...与……有关
(1)Prior to participating in the activity，I used to think that happiness was associated with money.
(2)这次展览是由当地政府联合一些剪纸艺术家共同组织的。
This exhibition was organized by the local government in association with several paper-cutting artists.
(3)只要你和思想积极的人交往，你一定会获得成功。
As long as you associate with people who think positively，it is certain that you are going to achieve success.
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（翻译题）：
人们常把红色与幸福和好运联系在一起。
2024·全国甲卷（选择题）：
The new policy is closely _______ with the development of the digital economy.
associated B. connected C. joined D. linked
11. quantity n．数量；数额
a large/small quantity of；large/small quantities of“大量的/少量的”，修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词。“a quantity of＋名词”作主语时，谓语的数与其后所接名词的数保持一致；而“quantities of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 in quantity/in large quantities大量地
(1)A large quantity of ingredients are(be) used by the chef working in the school canteen every day.
(2)Large quantities of desserts are(be) consumed by the madam，who receives more calories than necessary.
(3)我想推荐成都作为你的旅游目的地，因为成都有许多景点，例如都江堰。(应用文写作之推荐信)
I’d like to recommend Chengdu as your travel destination，because Chengdu has a large quantity of/large quantities of tourist attractions，such as Dujiangyan.
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（选择题）：
A large quantity of rice _______ sent to the flood-stricken area yesterday.
was B. were C. is D. are
2023·北京卷（填空题）：
The factory produces goods in large _______ (quantity) to meet the market demand.
12. trick n．诀窍；计谋；诡计；把戏 vt.欺骗；欺诈(tricky adj.棘手的；难对付的)
play a trick/tricks on sb.捉弄某人 trick sb.out of sth.骗取某人某物 trick sb.into doing sth.欺骗某人做某事
(1)These naughty boys played tricks on the shy girl，who at last lost her temper.
(2)He was tricked into giving(give) up a large quantity of money belonging to him.
(3)作为一名来自美国的交换生，我喜欢吃水饺。你可以告诉我包水饺的诀窍吗？(应用文写作之求助信)
As an exchange student from America，I like eating dumplings.Would you please tell me the trick of making dumplings？
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（填空题）：
The salesman tricked the old man _______ (buy) a useless product.
2025·山东卷模拟（选择题）：
Do you know the _______ to keeping flowers fresh for a long time
trick B. method C . way D. means
13. consist of由……组成(或构成)(consistent adj.一致的；连续的)
consist in在于；存在于 consist of＝be made up of＝be comprised of＝be composed of由……组成 be consistent with...与……一致
(1)Keep in mind that our ideal life is not always consistent with the reality.
(2)大家都知道，生活中不仅有阳光，还有风雨。(读后续写之升华句)
①It is universally acknowledged that life consists of not only sunshine but also storms.(consist of)
②It is universally acknowledged that life is made up of not only sunshine but also storms.(be made up of)
③It is universally acknowledged that not only sunshine but also storms make up life.(make up)
用法点拨　consist of没有进行时态和被动语态；make up意为“组成，构成”。
【高考真题链接】
新增练习题（改写题）：
Our class is made up of 45 students. （用consist of改写）
2024·浙江卷（选择题）：
The success of the project _______ in the cooperation of all team members.
consists B. makes C. composes D. forms
14. regardless of不顾；不管
regardless of the fact that...不顾……的事实 in spite of＝despite尽管(后常接名词，不接从句) with regard to关于；至于
不管有多大的挑战，为了给妹妹赢一双新鞋，阿里决定参加跑步比赛。尽管在比赛中意外摔倒，阿里还是跳了起来，冲向终点线。至于结果，阿里赢得了三等奖，获得了新鞋，像鸟儿一样飞奔回家。(读后续写片段)
Regardless of great challenges，Ali was determined to take part in the running race to win a new pair of shoes for his younger sister.In spite of/Despite an unexpected fall during the race，Ali jumped to his feet and dashed towards the finish line.With regard to the result，Ali won the third prize，got the new shoes，and flew to his home like a bird.
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（翻译题）：
不管天气如何，我们都要按时完成任务。
2023·全国乙卷（选择题）：
_______ the difficulty, we will try our best to achieve our goal.
Regardless of B. In spite C. Despite of D. Regard to
15. 形容词（短语）作状语
Tired，hungry，and not knowing a word of Chinese，we had no idea how to order，so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten.又累又饿，一个汉字也不认识，我们压根儿不知道如何点餐，于是厨师在我们桌上摆满了食物，那是我们吃过的最可口的佳肴。
形容词tired，hungry和现在分词短语not knowing a word of Chinese在本句中作状语。 形容词(短语)作状语： 说明谓语动词表示的动作发生时，主语所处的状态。 表示行为方式、伴随状况、原因、时间或条件等。
(1)使我们欣慰的是，丢失的孩子10天后返回了家，虽筋疲力尽但很健康。
To our relief，the missing child returned home ten days later，exhausted but healthy.
(2)既兴奋又感动，他们泪流满面。(读后续写之兴奋心理描写)
Excited and moved，they were in tears.
(3)害怕找不到我们回农场的路，我坐在树旁，胳膊紧紧地抱着肩膀。(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)
Afraid of not finding our way to the farm，I sat beside a tree and held my shoulders in my arms tightly.
【高考真题链接】
新增练习题（填空题）：
_______ (surprise) and happy, she couldn’t say a word.
2025·湖北卷模拟（翻译题）：
又累又渴，他径直走向冰箱拿水喝。
16.倍数表达法
And in America，people who receive 25% of their daily calories or more through sugar are twice as likely to die from heart disease than people who receive less than 10% a day.
在美国，每天从糖分中摄取25%或更高卡路里的人死于心脏病的可能性是日摄取量少于10%的人的两倍。
倍数的表达方式： A＋be＋倍数＋as＋adj./adv.原级＋as B A＋be＋倍数＋adj./adv.比较级＋than B A＋be＋倍数＋the＋名词(size/weight/length/...)＋of B
这部短片讲述了我们学校的发展。现在，我们新学校的面积是10年前的三倍大。
(1)The short film tells about the development of our school.Now our new school is three times as large as what it was ten years ago.(倍数＋adj./adv.原级)
(2)The short film tells about the development of our school.Now our new school is three times larger than what it was ten years ago.(倍数＋adj./adv.比较级)
(3)The short film tells about the development of our school.Now our new school is three times the size of what it was ten years ago.(倍数＋the＋名词＋of)
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（选择题）：
The new stadium is three times _______ the old one.
as big as B. bigger than C. the size of D. as size as
2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷（翻译题）：
这座新建的图书馆的藏书量是旧图书馆的四倍。
语法点
Grammar　名词性从句
[观察例句]
1．What seemed strange before now appears quite normal to Xie Lei.
2．It's important that Xie Lei keeps a balance between her studies and her social life.
3．That is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.
4．Her tutor explained that she was supposed to read lots of information to help form a wise opinion of her own.
5．He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English.
6．The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging.
[归纳用法]
1．以上所有例句皆为主从复合句，句中用了相当于名词作用的从句(即名词性从句)在句中充当成分。
2．例句1为what引导的主语从句。例句2中it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面that引导的主语从句。
3．例句3为why引导的表语从句。
4．例句4为that引导的宾语从句。例句5中it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为后面that引导的宾语从句。
5．例句6为that引导的同位语从句。
名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的句子。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词有三个连词、五个连接代词、四个连接副词。
连接词 词形 词义 在从句中所作的成分
连词 that × ×
if/whether 是否 ×
连接代词 who(ever) (无论)谁(主格) 主语、表语、宾语
whom(ever) (无论)谁(宾格) 表语、宾语
whose(ever) (无论)谁的(所有格) 定语
what(ever) (无论)什么 主语、宾语、表语、定语
which(ever) (无论)哪个 主语、宾语、定语
连接副词 when(ever) (无论)什么时候 状语
where(ever) (无论)在哪里 状语
how(ever) (无论)怎样，怎么 状语
why 为什么 状语
二、主语从句
主语从句是指在句中作主语的从句，位置与陈述句的主语相同。
What is not to our satisfaction is that the price of the meal is a little too high.
我们不满意的是饭菜的价格稍微有点高。
How the book will sell depends on its author.
这本书如何销售取决于作者本人。
Where we shall have the meeting makes no difference.
我们在哪儿开会都无所谓。
1．that引导主语从句，在从句中不充当任何成分，仅起连接作用，但不可省略。
That you will win the medal seems unlikely.
你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。
2．whether引导的主语从句既可放在句首也可放在句尾，但if引导的主语从句只能放在句尾，前面需要用it作形式主语。
Whether the sports meeting will be held is not certain now.
运动会是否将举行现在不能确定。
Whether the work can be completed on time is doubtful.
＝It is doubtful whether/if the work can be completed on time.
这项工作能否按时完成还不确定。
3．若主语部分结构较长，可以使用形式主语it，把真正的主语从句放于后面。
It is announced that our school is going to start an activity of “Crazy English” before daily morning exercises.
学校通知每日早操前将开展“疯狂英语”活动。
It is necessary that people should learn to face the reality.
人们应该学会面对现实是有必要的。
[即学即练1]　单句语法填空
① is certain that she will do well in her exam.
② we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
③It is reported a new film will be put on in the cinema.
三、宾语从句
在主从复合句中作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句在句中可以作及物动词、介词或一些形容词的宾语。
Everyone knows that the earth is made up of matter.
每个人都知道地球是由物质构成的。
I doubt whether he will be elected as chairman.
我怀疑他是否会当选为主席。
These two areas are similar in that they both have high rainfall in summer.
这两个地区相似，因为在夏天降水都很多。
I'm not certain whether the train will arrive on time.
我不确信火车是否将会按时到达。
1．that引导宾语从句，既无语法功能，也无词汇意义，常被省略。但多个并列从句出现时，第一个that可以省略，其他的不能省略。
She said (that) she would come here and that I should wait for her till Monday.
她说她将会来这儿并让我等到星期一。
2．if和whether引导宾语从句的区别：
①在动词不定式之前只能用 whether。
②在whether...or not 的固定搭配中，只用 whether。
③在介词后，只能用whether。
④作 discuss 的宾语时，只能用 whether。
⑤宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用 whether。
3．带复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后面，而用it作形式宾语。
4．表示喜欢、憎恶等心理活动的动词后习惯上先加个形式宾语it，再接宾语从句。例如：hate，dislike，love，don't mind，feel like，appreciate，rely on，count on，see to等。
We think it possible that you can finish the work today.我们认为你今天能够完成这项工作。
5．宾语从句的否定转移：think，believe，suppose，imagine等动词后的宾语从句中的否定词要转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don't think we need to waste much time on it.
我想我们不必在这上面浪费太多时间。(形式上否定)
四、表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语，出现在连系动词之后，一般结构为“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，remain，seem等。
The question is whether we can finish the work in time.
问题在于我们是否能及时完成这项工作。
1．that在引导表语从句时无词义，在从句中不充当任何成分，仅起连接作用，不可以省略。
The fact remains that we are still not advanced enough.
事实依然是我们还是不够先进。
2．whether可引导表语从句，但if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
His first question was whether Tom had arrived yet.
他的首要问题是汤姆是否已经到达。
3．引导表语从句的引导词还可用because，as if，as though，as。
The sky is overcast with dark clouds.It seems as if it is going to rain soon.
天空乌云密布，似乎很快就要下雨了。
[即学即练2]　单句语法填空
①The problem is we can get to replace her.
②I'm afraid he's more of a talker than a doer，which is he never finishes anything.
③The system works well in the lab，but the question is it will work in reality.
五、同位语从句
在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某个名词后面，用来说明前面名词的具体内容。常见的这类名词有：fact，news，hope，truth，idea，suggestion，thought，question，promise，order，problem，belief，word，message，information，proof，announcement，desire，doubt，proposal，advice，possibility等。
The news that he was admitted to Peking University is exciting.
他被北京大学录取了的消息真是令人激动。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
谁应当做这份工作，这个问题需要考虑。
I have no idea that you have applied for the post.
我不知道你已经申请了这个职位。
[名师点津]　同位语从句和定语从句的区别
同位语从句 定语从句
功能不同 对名词加以补充说明 与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系，起连接作用
that 不作成分，只起连接作用，不可省略 作主语或宾语，起连接作用；并且作从句的宾语时可省略
whether/ how/what 起连接作用，其中whether不作成分，而how和what作成分 不引导定语从句
其他wh 类词 作成分；起连接作用；有自己的含义，但与先行词无关 作成分；起连接作用；没有自己的含义，但是代替先行词在从句中作成分
Jim got to know the news that the whole village was in great danger.
吉姆得知整个村子都处在极度危险中的消息。(that引导同位语从句，解释说明the news的内容)
Do you know the news(that/which)Jim told me
你知道吉姆告诉我的那个消息吗？(that/which引导定语从句，且在从句中作宾语)
[即学即练3]　将下列句子合并为同位语从句
①Will the sports meeting be held on time？The question will be discussed tomorrow.
.
②The headmaster will join us in hiking this Sunday.We are glad at the news.
.
③A new teacher will teach us English next term.The message reached me yesterday.
.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．There is no doubt he will succeed in time.
2．We can't solve the problem we can travel faster than light.
3．Pick yourself up.Courage is doing you're afraid to do.
4．Upon graduation he asked to be sent to he was most needed.
5．It is reported the government is going to close the factory.
6． surprises me most is that he is too vain.
7． Mike didn't turn up at the meeting yesterday made the chairman of the meeting unhappy.
8．You may depend on it I shall always help you.
9．The problem is we can get in touch with her.
10．The message responsibility it was is known to all.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
It is clear the integration of AI and traditional art (like the Go art exhibition) opens new possibilities.
（2025·北京卷·选择题）
My foreign friend asked me ________ Chinese names carry special cultural meanings.
that B. whether C. what D. how
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
The question ________ we can promote cultural exchange through food remains to be discussed.
（2023·浙江卷·翻译）
我们都很清楚，尊重不同的文化习俗有助于建立良好的人际关系。
Grammar　过去完成时与过去完成时的被动语态
[观察例句]
1．When my family and I had just arrived in China，we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing.
2．Tired，hungry，and not knowing a word of Chinese，we had no idea how to order，so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten.
3．A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend，and finally，we found it.
4．Prior to coming to China，my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America，with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1和2的黑体部分为过去完成时，其构成为“had＋动词过去分词”，表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。
2．例句3和4的黑体部分为过去完成时的被动语态形式，其构成为“had＋been＋动词过去分词”，表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作。
一、过去完成时
表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。在英语时态中，“时”指动作发生的时间，“态”指动作的样子和状态。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，侧重事情的结果。由“had＋过去分词”构成。
基本结构：had＋动词过去分词
(1)肯定句：主语＋had＋动词过去分词＋其他。
He had already been to New York earlier in the week.
本周早些时候他去过纽约。
(2)否定句：主语＋had＋not＋动词过去分词＋其他。
At that time we hadn't met her.
那时我们还没有见到她。
(3)疑问句：Had＋主语＋动词过去分词＋其他？
肯定回答：Yes，主语＋had.
否定回答：No，主语＋hadn't.
—Had you visited here before
——你以前参观过这里吗？
—Yes，I had./No，I hadn't.
——是，我去过。/没有，我以前没有去过。
(4)特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组＋had＋主语＋过去分词＋其他？
Where had you been before you came here
你来这里前还去过哪儿？
(5)被动语态：主语＋had (not)＋been＋动词过去分词＋其他。
By the end of last year all the preparatory work had been done.
到去年底为止，所有的准备工作都完成了。
[即学即练1]　单句语法填空
①He (work) in the store for five years before he moved here.
②When I got to the station，the train (leave)．
③The task (finish) before 12：00 yesterday.
二、基本用法
1．表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。
By nine o'clock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。
2．表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
3．叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。
Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn't know a thing about the verbs，for I had not studied my lesson.
我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。
4．在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。
I returned the book that I had borrowed.
我已归还了我借的书。
She found the key that she had lost.
她丢失的钥匙找到了。
5．过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
He said that he had known her well.
他说他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before.
我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
6．状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如：when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导的复合句。
When I woke up，it had already stopped raining.
我醒来时雨已停了。
She didn't go to bed until she had finished her work.
她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
After he arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English.
马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。
7．动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you.
我们本来希望能来看看你。
8．过去完成时还可用在hardly...when...，no sooner...than ...，it was the first (second，etc) time (that)．..等固定句型中。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
他刚到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.
这是他那一年第三次失业了。
[即学即练2]　单句语法填空
①We (build) five new buildings by the end of last year.
②I could see from her face that she (receive) some good news.
③He said he (be) there before.
④We realized we (lose) our way.
⑤We (hope) that you would be able to visit us.
三、与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以now的时间为基点，但侧重对now产生的结果或造成的影响；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。
比较：I have learned 1，000 English words so far.
到目前为止我已经学会了1 000个英语单词。
I had learned 1，000 English words till then.
到那时为止我已经学会了1 000个英语单词。
—I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
——对不起，让你久等了。
—Oh，not at all.I have been here only a few minutes.
——没什么，我只等了几分钟。
[即学即练3]　单句语法填空
①The concert (start)．We have to look for our seats in the dark.
②You're too late；the train (leave)．
③He (teach) English for twenty years when he retired.
④They (get) everything ready before I came.
四、过去完成时的被动语态
过去完成时的被动语态是过去完成时态和被动语态的结合。表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。由“had＋been＋过去分词”构成。
1．过去完成时的被动语态有以下三种形式
(1)肯定结构：主语＋ had been done ＋其他成分。
(2)否定结构：主语＋ had not been done ＋其他成分。
(3)疑问句结构：had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分？
疑问词＋ had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分？
2．过去完成时的被动语态常用于以下三种情况
(1)表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。
By the time he got to the school，the first class had been finished.
当他到达学校时，第一节课已经结束了。
The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came.
老师来之前，教室还没有打扫过。
How many buildings had been destroyed when the earthquake ended
地震结束时有多少建筑物被毁？
(2)根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。
As the assignment had been done，he went on to search the Internet.
任务完成后，他继续上网搜索。
He did what he had been told to.
他做了别人叫他做的事。
另：当从句由after，before，when或 as soon as引导时，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时。
When he arrived，he called her.
他到达时，给她打了电话。
They locked the door before they left.
在离开前，他们把门锁上了。
(3)在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。
They said the production costs had been reduced.
他们说生产成本已经降低了。
The girl was reminded that her homework had not been handed in.
那个女孩被提醒她的家庭作业还没有交。
The media reported more than 1，000 people had been killed in the earthquake.
媒体报道有1 000多人在地震中丧生。
[名师点津]
过去完成时被动语态与现在完成时被动语态用法区别：现在完成时被动语态表示相对于现在来说已被完成的动作，过去完成时被动语态表示相对于过去某一时刻来说已被完成的动作。
例如：This polluted river has been cleaned.
这条被污染了的河流已被净化。
析：该句表示到现在为止这条河流已被净化。
例如：He said this book had been translated into Japanese.
他说这本书已被译成日语。
析：该句表示到他说话时所体现的时间为止这本书已被译成日语。
[即学即练4]　单句语法填空
①The earthquake (predict) several days before.
②The device (use) operationally some months previously.
③Our classroom (clean)．You needn't clean it now.
④The child (take) care of by grandma all these years.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I surfed the net and (see) an online advertisement，so I sent an email，saying that I wanted the job.
2．The universities in Britain (take) in many students from China and other Asian countries over the past few years.
3．The interviewer was interested in the grades I (get) in the exams.
4．By the time we got a report，the firemen (put) out the fire in the bar already.
5．We'll have to wait in line.The fast food restaurant (be) short handed for weeks.
6．She (want) to help you but she had no time then.
7．All the film tickets (sell) out when I got to the cinema.
8．The wallet (wrap) up in newspaper and it contained half the money he had lost.
9．By the end of that day，most of the inhabitants (leave) their homes.
10．It was the third time that he (make) the same mistake.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅱ卷·语法填空）
By the end of last year, the project of translating Chinese folk tales into English ________ (complete).
（2024·全国甲卷·选择题）
The foreign visitor found that the local snacks ________ a lot before he came to China.
changed B. have changed C. had changed D. would change
（2024·天津卷·语法填空）
She told me that she ________ (want) to attend the Chinese traditional festival but had no chance.
（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·翻译）
当我们意识到问题的严重性时，相关的预防措施已经实施了。
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)/ 让教学更有效 高效备考 | 英语学科
新人教版选择性必修第二册Unit 2-3知识清单
重 点 单 词 Unit 2 1.grasp vt. 理解;领会;抓紧 2.deny vt. 否认;否定;拒绝 3.gain vt. 获得;赢得;取得;增加　n. 好处;增加 4.recall vt.&vi. 记起;回想起 5.cite vt. 引用;引述 6.outcome n. 结果;效果 7.budget n. 预算 8.complex adj. 复杂的;难懂的; (语法)复合的 9.boom vi.&n. 迅速发展;繁荣 10.perspective n. (思考问题的)角度;观点 11.outlook n. 前景;可能性;观点 12.zone n. (有别于周围的)地区;地带;区域 13.setting n. 环境;背景;(小说等的)情节背景 14.insight 　　n. 洞察力;眼光 15.departure n. 离开;启程;出发 16.mature adj. 成熟的 17.angle n. 角;角度;立场 18.belt n. 腰带;地带 19.initiative n. 倡议;新方案 20.tutor n. (英国大学中的)助教;导师;家庭教师 Unit 3 1.quantity n. 数量;数额 2.stuff vt. 填满;把……塞进　n. 东西;物品 3.slice n. (切下的食物)薄片 vt. 把……切成薄片 4.chew vi.&vt. 咀嚼;嚼碎 n. 咀嚼 5.somewhat adv. 有点;稍微 6.ideal adj. 完美的;理想的;想象的　n. 理想;完美的人(或事物) 7.brand n. 品牌 8.calorie n. 卡路里(热量单位) 9.category n. 类别;种类 10.vitamin n. 维生素 11.fibre n. 纤维;纤维制品 12.overall adv. 总体上;大致上 adj. 全面的;综合的 13.bold adj. 大胆自信的;敢于冒险的 14.temper n. 脾气;火气 15.recipe 　　n. 烹饪法;食谱 16.ingredient n. (尤指烹饪)材料;成分 17.cuisine n. 菜肴;风味;烹饪 18.dessert n. (饭后)甜点 19.cafeteria n. 自助餐厅;自助食堂 20.chef n. 厨师;主厨 21.minimum adj. 最低(限度)的;最小的　n. 最小值;最少量
词 汇 拓 展 Unit 2 1.qualification n. (通过考试或学习课程取得的)资格;学历→qualify vt.&vi. (使)具备资格;(使)合格→qualified adj. 合格的;有资格的 2.involve vt. 包含;需要;涉及;影响;(使)参加→involved adj. 参与的;投入的→involvement n.参与 3.ambition n. 追求的目标;夙愿;野心;抱负→ambitious adj. 有野心的;有雄心的 4.expose vt. 使接触;使体验;显露;使暴露于(险境)→exposure n. 接触;体验;暴露;揭露 5.motivated adj. 积极的;主动的→motivation n. 动力;积极性;动机→motivate vt. 成为……的动机;激发;激励 6.reasonable adj. 有道理的;合情理的→reason n. 理由;道理 7.expectation n. 期望;预期;期待→expect v. 期盼;盼望→unexpected adj. 出乎意料的 8.engage vi. 参加;参与(活动)　vt. 吸引(注意力、兴趣)→engaged adj. 使用中的;忙于的 9.applicant n. 申请人→application n. 申请表;申请;应用;应用程序→apply v. 申请;应用 fort n. 安慰;令人感到安慰的人或事物;舒服;安逸　vt. 安慰;抚慰→(反) discomfort n. 不适→comfortable adj. 舒适的→(反) uncomfortable adj. 不适的 11.participation n. 参加;参与→participate vi. 参加;参与→participant n. 参加者;参与者 12.expense n. 费用;花费;开销→expend vt. 花费;消耗→expensive adj. 昂贵的 13.cooperate vi. 合作;协作;配合→cooperation n. 合作;协作 14.logical adj. 合乎逻辑的;合情合理的→logically adv. 合乎逻辑地;逻辑上→logic n. 逻辑学 15.dramatic adj. 巨大的;突然的;急剧的;喜剧(般)的→dramatically adv. 戏剧地;剧烈地→drama n. 戏剧 16.behave vt. 表现　vi.&vt. 表现得体;有礼貌→behaviour n. 行为;举止 17.strengthen vi.&vt. 加强;增强;巩固→strength n. 力量;优势→strong adj. 强壮的→strongly adv.强烈地 18.optimistic adj. 乐观的→optimism n. 乐观主义→pessimistic adj. 悲观的 petence n. 能力;胜任;本领→competent adj. 有能力的;称职的20.surroundings n. (pl.)环境;周围的事物→surrounding adj. 周围的;附近的→surround v. 围绕;环绕 21.depressed adj. 沮丧的;意志消沉的→depress vt. 使沮丧;使忧愁→depression n. 沮丧;忧愁;不景气→depressing adj. 令人沮丧的 22.presentation n. 报告;陈述;出示;拿出→present vt. 呈现;提出;颁发;赠送 23.advisor/adviser n. 顾问→advise v. 建议→advice n. 建议 24.firm n. 公司;商行;事务所　adj. 结实的;牢固的;坚定的→firmly adv. 牢固地;坚定地 25.homesickness n. 思乡病;乡愁→homesick adj. 想家的 26.edition n. (报纸、杂志)一份;(广播、电视节目)一期、一辑;版次→edit vt. 编辑;剪辑→editor n. 编辑;主编 27.sincerely adv. 真诚地;诚实地→sincere adj. 真诚的 28.adaptation n. 适应;改编本→adapt v. 改编;(使)适应→adaptable adj. 能适应的 Unit 3 1.consist vi. 组成;在于;一致→consistent adj. 一致的;连续的→consistently adv. 一贯地;始终如一地 2.elegant adj. 精美的;讲究的;文雅的→elegance n. 优雅;端庄→elegantly adv. 精美地;讲究地;文雅地 3.exceptional adj. 特别的;罕见的→exception n. 例外;例外的人/事→except prep. 除……外 4.stable adj. 稳定的;稳重的→stably adv. 稳定地;平稳地 5.modest adj. 些许的;谦虚的;朴素的→modesty n. 谦虚;朴素 6.fundamental adj. 根本的;基础的;基本的　n. 基本规律;根本法则→fundamentally adv. 根本上;完全地 7.trick n. 诀窍;计谋;把戏　vt. 欺骗;哄骗→tricky adj. 难对付的;狡猾的 8.association n. 协会;关联→associated adj. 有关的;有联系的→associate v. 联想;联系;交往 9.consume vt. 吃;喝;饮;消耗→consumer n. 消费者; 顾客; 用户→consumption n. (能量、食物或材料的) 消耗,消耗量
重 点 短 语 Unit 2 1．participate in参加；参与 2．speak up大声点说；明确表态 3．feel at home舒服自在；不拘束 4．engage in (使)从事；参与 5．get involved in参与；卷入；与……有关联 6．comfort zone舒适区；舒适范围 7．cost an arm and a leg (使)花一大笔钱 8．side with支持；站在……的一边 9．as far as I know据我所知 10．as far as I am concerned就我而言；依我看来 11．in summary总的来说；总之 12．generally speaking一般来说 Unit 3 1．prior to在……之前的 2．consist of由……组成(或构成) 3．slice...off切下 4．regardless of不管；不顾
重 点 句 型 1．Prior to coming to China，my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America，with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes. 来中国之前，我只在美国接触过中式烹饪，那里的中国食物已被改变以适应美国人的口味。 2．On the other hand，it does tell us a lot about Americans. 另一方面，它确实让我们对美国人有了很多的了解。 3．Tired，hungry，and not knowing a word of Chinese，we had no idea how to order，so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten. 又累又饿，一个汉字也不认识，我们压根儿不知道如何点餐，于是厨师在我们桌上摆满了食物，那是我们吃过的最可口的佳肴。 4．Everywhere，the food was as varied as the people. 世界各地，食物和人一样多样。 5．And in America，people who receive 25% of their daily calories or more through sugar are twice as likely to die from heart disease than people who receive less than 10% a day. 在美国，每天从糖分中摄取25%或更高卡路里的人死于心脏病的可能性是日摄取量少于10%的人的两倍。 6．It was the first time that she had left China. 这是她第一次离开中国。 7．I had to learn how to use public transport and how to ask for things I didn’t know the English names for. 我不得不学习如何使用公共交通，如何要到我不知道英文名称的东西。 8．Some may struggle and suffer from culture shock when learning how to behave in new surroundings. 在学习如何在新环境中举止得体时，有些人可能会感到吃力，并承受文化冲击的折磨。 9．To sum up，one cannot deny the fact that studying abroad has its disadvantages... 总之，不可否认，出国留学有其弊端…… 10．Studying abroad also helps you to gain a global perspective and improve your general competence.出国留学还有助于你获得全球视野，提高你的综合能力。
Six months ago，Xie Lei boarded a plane for London to complete an exchange programme.She recalled that she 1._______(choose) the year long exchange programme with the 2.______(ambitious) to set up a business in China after graduation.It was the first time that she 3.__________(leave) her motherland.When she came to England，she lived with a host family,4._________ members always helped her.At first，she had to get used to living in a new country and learn how to use public transport and how to ask for things she didn’t know the English names for.Besides，she also had to face another challenge of the academic requirements.When writing an essay，she 5._____(tell) by the tutor to acknowledge 6.______other people had said if she cited their ideas,7.______he wanted to know her own opinions.She also found students’ participation 8._________(include) as part of the final result.9._________(lucky)，after a few weeks，she could speak up in class on traditional Chinese art successfully.And she feels much more at home in the UK now.What seemed very strange before now appears quite normal.Now she has been involved in social 10.__________(activity) as well as studying hard!
1.chose 2. ambition 3. had left 4.whose 5. was told 6. what 7. but 8. included9. Luckily 10.activities
The French author Jean Anthelme Brillat Savarin once wrote，“Tell me what you eat，and I will tell you what you are，”1._______ means “You are what you eat.” In fact，Brillat Savarin was actually 2._______(refer) to our personality，character，and culture.In many ways，this seems to be true.Chinese cuisine is a case in point.China is a country with vast 3.________(area) and a large population.So the food is as 4._____(vary) as the people.For example，people in Shandong like boiled dumplings 5. ______(serve) with vinegar，because the process of making dumplings can bring the family members together.6.__________(traditional)，people in Xinjiang spent most of their time on horse backs，and that is 7.______ they prefer their food to 8._____(cook) over an open fire.In conclusion，through food，Chinese people everywhere show their culture as well as their friendship and 9._______(kind)．So what we can say is that culture and cuisine go hand 10.___ hand，and if you do not experience one，you can never really know the other.
which 2.referring 3.areas 4.varied 5. served 6.Traditionally 7. why 8.be cooked 9.kindness 10. in
知识点
comfort n．舒适；安慰；令人感到安慰的人或事物 vt.安慰；抚慰(comfortable adj.舒适的；舒服的 uncomfortable adj.不舒服的)
be a comfort to sb.对某人来说是个安慰 in comfort＝comfortably舒适地 comfort sb.with sth.用某物安慰某人
(1)My ambition is to live comfortably(comfort) in the suburbs of the city in the future.
(2)每当我感觉低落的时候，我妈妈总是用鼓舞人心的话语安慰我。
Whenever I feel down，my mother always comforts me with inspiring words.
(3)就我个人而言，在寒冷的夜晚喝杯热牛奶真是一种安慰。
As far as I am concerned，drinking a cup of hot milk in cold nights is a real comfort.
(4)看到我不舒服，爸爸站起来，走到我跟前，把我揽入怀中安慰我。(读后续写之动作链描写)
Seeing I was uncomfortable，my father rose to his feet，came up to me and gathered me into his arms to comfort me.
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题：
The soft sofa makes people sit _______, and it’s also a _______ to those who are tired.
comfortable; comfort B. comfortably; comfort
comfortable; comfortable D. comfortably; comfortably
答案：B
解析：第一空需副词修饰动词sit，用comfortably；第二空需名词作表语，用comfort，意为“安慰物”，故选B。
2024·全国乙卷（填空题）：
To make the elderly live in _______ (comfort), the community has equipped the nursing home with new facilities.
答案：comfort
解析：考查固定短语in comfort，意为“舒适地”，此处需名词，故填comfort，句意“为让老人舒适生活，社区为养老院配备了新设施”。
participate vi.参加；参与(participant n．参加者；参与者 participation n．参加；参与)
participate in参加；参与 participate with sb.in sth.与某人一起参与某事
(1)For all the participants，the activity is a good opportunity and the participation in the activity will further strengthen your overall competence.(participate)
(2)那些想参加比赛的人应该在5月21日前交上相关材料。(应用文写作之通知)
Those who want to participate in the competition are supposed to present relevant materials before May 21.
(3)为了提高户外活动的参与度，我们学校于9月10日组织了一项活动——攀登泰山。(应用文写作之活动安排)
In order to increase participation in outdoor activities，our school organized an activity—climbing the Mountain Tai on September 10.
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（翻译题）：
学生的积极参与是这次活动成功的关键。
答案：The active participation of students is the key to the success of this activity.
解析：考查participation的名词用法，“积极参与”译为active participation，“关键”用the key to，符合语境。
2.2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷（选择题）：
Those who wish to _______ the volunteer program should sign up before this Friday.
participate in B. take part C. join to D. attend in
答案：A
解析：考查固定搭配，participate in为“参加”的标准表达；take part后需加in，join直接接宾语，attend不与in连用，故选A。
engage vi.参加；参与(活动) vt.吸引(注意力、兴趣)；聘请；从事(engaged adj.忙于；从事于；已订婚的；占线的；使用中的 engagement n．订婚；婚约；约会)
engage sb.to do sth.雇用某人做某事 engage (sb.) in(使某人)从事；参与 be engaged to sb.与某人订婚 be engaged in忙于；从事于
(1)Mary will be engaged to Tom，and their engagement(engage) attracts many people’s attention.
(2)No one can deny the fact that no one can engage children to do(do) any work.
(3)尽管你忙于你的学习，你也应该抽出一些时间来参加户外运动。
Although (you are) engaged in your study，you should set aside some time to engage (yourself) in outdoor activities.
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（填空题）：
The company decided to engage a lawyer _______ (deal) with the legal issues.
答案：to deal
解析：考查engage sb. to do sth. 固定搭配，意为“聘请某人做某事”，故填to deal。
2.2025·北京卷模拟（选择题）：
While my mother is _______ in household chores, my father is engaged in his work.
engaged B. involving C. participating D. taking
答案：A
解析：考查be engaged in固定短语，意为“忙于”；involve需用be involved in，participate后需加in，故选A。
involve vt.包含；需要；涉及；影响；(使)参加(involved adj.参与的；卷入的 involvement n．参与；卷入；牵连)
involve (doing) sth.包含；需要(做)某事 involve oneself in sth.参加…… be/get involved in参与；卷入；与……有关联；专注于
(1)As far as I am concerned，the involvement(involve) of the foreign ministers was itself a sign of progress.
(2)得知你欢迎来自不同国家的学生，我想参加这次夏令营。
Learning that you welcome students from different countries，I’d like to involve myself in/be involved in the summer camp.(应用文写作之申请信)
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（改写题）：
He involved himself in the community service. （用被动语态改写）
答案：He got involved in the community service.
解析：“使自己参与”可用be/get involved in表达，此处用got involved in更贴合主动参与的语境，也符合被动结构的语义。
2024·浙江卷（填空题）：
The job _______ (involve) a lot of travel, so I need to prepare a suitcase in advance.
答案：involves
解析：主语the job为第三人称单数，陈述客观事实用一般现在时，involve的第三人称单数形式为involves，意为“这份工作需要经常出差”。
expose vt.使接触；使体验；显露；使暴露于(险境)(exposure n．接触；体验；暴露；揭露)
expose...to...使……暴露于……；使……体验…… be exposed to暴露于；接触
(1)Generally speaking，there is a direct link between exposure(expose) to sun and skin cancer.
(2)我从小就接触外教，因此，我能够用英语和其他人自由交流。
①I have been exposed to foreign teachers since a young age，so I can communicate freely with others in English.
②Having been exposed to foreign teachers since a young age，I can communicate freely with others in English.(用having done作状语改写)
【高考真题链接】
新增练习题（翻译题）：
长期暴露在污染环境中对健康有害。
答案：Long-term exposure to polluted environments is harmful to health.
解析：考查exposure的名词用法，“长期暴露”译为long-term exposure，“对……有害”用be harmful to，符合语法。
2.2023·全国甲卷（选择题）：
Being _______ to different cultures helps broaden our horizons.
exposed B. exploded C. expanded D. exported
答案：A
解析：考查固定短语be exposed to，意为“接触……”；explode“爆炸”、expand“扩大”、export“出口”均不符合语境，故选A。
behave vt.表现 vi.&vt.表现得体；有礼貌 [behaviour n．(＝behavior)行为；举止；习性]
behave oneself/well守规矩/举止得体 well-behaved adj.表现好的 Badly-behaved adj.表现差的
(1)What do you think of our advisor’s behavio(u)r(behave) at the meeting that day
(2)强烈建议你参加晚宴时，举止得体。作为举止得体的客人，你不应该把筷子插在食物里，或者用筷子指着其他人。(应用文写作之传统习俗)
It is highly suggested that you (should) behave yourself when attending feasts.As a well-behaved guest，you shouldn’t stick your chopsticks in the food or point them at others.
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（填空题）：
The little boy’s good _______ (behave) won the praise of the guests.
答案：behaviour
解析：此处需名词作主语，behave的名词形式为behaviour（美式behavior），意为“行为”，故填behaviour。
2025·江苏卷模拟（选择题）：
As a _______ child, she always helps her parents with housework and respects the elderly.
well-behaved B. good-behaved C. badly-behaved D. ill-behaved
答案：A
解析：考查复合形容词，“表现好的”为well-behaved，well修饰过去分词behaved；good不能修饰过去分词，故选A。
　 It was the first time that she had left China.
这是她第一次离开中国。
“It/This/That＋was＋the first/second/...time (that)＋过去完成时”表示“某人第一/第二/……次……” “It/This/That＋is＋the first/second/...time (that)＋现在完成时”表示“某人第一/第二/……次……” It is/was (about/high) time that...should do sth./did sth.意为“到了……做某事的时间了”，should不能省略。相当于It is/was time for sb.to do sth.。
(1)This is the second time that the teaching assistant has been blamed(blame) by our headmaster.
(2)这是双胞胎第一次为母亲做早餐，因此他们既激动又紧张。
This was the first time that the twins had prepared a breakfast for their mother，so they were excited and nervous.
(3)到了政府应该采取措施保护野生动物免遭灭绝的时候了。
①It is high time for the government to take effective measures to protect wildlife from extinction.(It is high time for...to do)
②It is high time that the government should take/took effective measures to protect wildlife from extinction.(It is high time that...)
【高考真题链接】
新增练习题（填空题）：
It was the first time that I _______ (see) such a beautiful sunset.
答案：had seen
解析：考查“It was the first time that...”句型，从句需用过去完成时，故填had seen。
2024·天津卷（选择题）：
It is high time that we _______ measures to protect the endangered animals.
take B. took C. are taking D. will take
答案：B
解析：考查“It is high time that...”句型，从句可用did或should do，should不可省略，此处took符合语法，故选B。
I had to learn how to use public transport and how to ask for things I didn’t know the English names for.我不得不学习如何使用公共交通工具，如何要到我不知道英语名字的东西。
“疑问词＋不定式”结构可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等句子成分。 在“疑问词＋不定式”结构中，不定式必须用主动式而不能用被动式。 why或why not后加不定式时，省略不定式符号to。 whether后可接不定式，而if后不可以。
(1)由于他们流露出极强的兴趣，我开始教他们如何泡中国茶。
With their interest greatly sparked，I began to teach them how to make Chinese tea.
(2)如果你能给我们一些如何改进机器人的建议，我会感激不尽的。(应用文写作之征求建议)
I would appreciate it if you could give us some advice on how to improve our robots.
(3)我真不知道是否该接受她的邀请。
I really have no idea whether to accept her invitation or not.
(4)为何不参加讨论小组，以便你能找到志同道合的朋友呢？(应用文写作之建议信)
Why not join in discussion groups so that you can find friends with similar interests
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（选择题）：
The key is _______ to balance work and life effectively.
what B. how C. that D. if
答案：B
解析：考查“疑问词+不定式”作表语，结合语境“关键是如何有效平衡工作与生活”，用how，if不可接不定式，故选B。
2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷（填空题）：
Could you please tell me whether _______ (accept) the invitation or not
答案：to accept
解析：考查“whether+不定式”结构，whether可接不定式，if不可，故填to accept，句意“你能告诉我是否接受邀请吗？”。
　Some may struggle and suffer from culture shock when learning how to behave in new surroundings.
在学习如何在新环境中举止得体时，有些人可能会感到吃力，并承受文化冲击的折磨。
状语从句的省略有两种形式： 当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句中含有be动词时，可将从句的主语和be动词一起省略。 当从句中含有“it＋be动词”时，可将it和be动词省略。
(1)If I am accepted，I will introduce Chinese painting skills to visitors，which can help them know more about Chinese culture.(应用文写作之传统文化)
→If accepted，I will introduce Chinese painting skills to visitors，which can help them know more about Chinese culture.
(2)If it is possible，I am going to visit some homes of the old in the city.
→If possible，I am going to visit some homes of the old in the city.
(3)工作的时候，我意识到在烈日下在田间工作是多么地辛苦。(2019·北京，书面表达)
When working，I realized how hard it was to work in the fields under a hot sun.
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（改写题）：
When he was asked about his plan, he remained silent. （省略状语从句主语和be动词）
答案：When asked about his plan, he remained silent.
解析：从句主语he与主句主语一致，且含was，省略he和was，用过去分词asked作状语。
2025·浙江卷模拟（填空题）：
_______ (be) late for the meeting, you will be asked to give an explanation.
答案：If (you are)
解析：考查状语从句省略，完整句为“If you are late...”，省略you are后可填If，也可直接填Being（现在分词作条件状语），此处If更贴合语境逻辑。
10. association n．协会；社团；关联；联想；交往(associate vt.联想；联系；交往 adj.副的 associated adj.联合的；有关联的)
in association with...与……合作；与……有关联 associate...with...把……和……联系在一起 associate with与……交往 be associated with...与……有关
(1)Prior to participating in the activity，I used to think that happiness was associated with money.
(2)这次展览是由当地政府联合一些剪纸艺术家共同组织的。
This exhibition was organized by the local government in association with several paper-cutting artists.
(3)只要你和思想积极的人交往，你一定会获得成功。
As long as you associate with people who think positively，it is certain that you are going to achieve success.
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（翻译题）：
人们常把红色与幸福和好运联系在一起。
答案：People often associate red with happiness and good luck.
解析：考查associate...with...固定搭配，“幸福和好运”译为happiness and good luck，符合表达习惯。
2024·全国甲卷（选择题）：
The new policy is closely _______ with the development of the digital economy.
associated B. connected C. joined D. linked
答案：A
解析：考查固定短语be associated with，意为“与……有关联”，为高考高频搭配；connect with“连接”、join with“加入”、link with“链接”均无“关联”的抽象含义，故选A。
11. quantity n．数量；数额
a large/small quantity of；large/small quantities of“大量的/少量的”，修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词。“a quantity of＋名词”作主语时，谓语的数与其后所接名词的数保持一致；而“quantities of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 in quantity/in large quantities大量地
(1)A large quantity of ingredients are(be) used by the chef working in the school canteen every day.
(2)Large quantities of desserts are(be) consumed by the madam，who receives more calories than necessary.
(3)我想推荐成都作为你的旅游目的地，因为成都有许多景点，例如都江堰。(应用文写作之推荐信)
I’d like to recommend Chengdu as your travel destination，because Chengdu has a large quantity of/large quantities of tourist attractions，such as Dujiangyan.
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（选择题）：
A large quantity of rice _______ sent to the flood-stricken area yesterday.
was B. were C. is D. are
答案：A
解析：a large quantity of修饰不可数名词rice，谓语动词随名词单复数，rice为不可数，且yesterday表过去，故选A。
2023·北京卷（填空题）：
The factory produces goods in large _______ (quantity) to meet the market demand.
答案：quantities
解析：考查固定短语in large quantities，意为“大量地”，quantity需用复数形式，故填quantities。
12. trick n．诀窍；计谋；诡计；把戏 vt.欺骗；欺诈(tricky adj.棘手的；难对付的)
play a trick/tricks on sb.捉弄某人 trick sb.out of sth.骗取某人某物 trick sb.into doing sth.欺骗某人做某事
(1)These naughty boys played tricks on the shy girl，who at last lost her temper.
(2)He was tricked into giving(give) up a large quantity of money belonging to him.
(3)作为一名来自美国的交换生，我喜欢吃水饺。你可以告诉我包水饺的诀窍吗？(应用文写作之求助信)
As an exchange student from America，I like eating dumplings.Would you please tell me the trick of making dumplings？
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（填空题）：
The salesman tricked the old man _______ (buy) a useless product.
答案：into buying
解析：考查trick sb. into doing sth. 固定搭配，into为介词，后接动名词，故填into buying。
2025·山东卷模拟（选择题）：
Do you know the _______ to keeping flowers fresh for a long time
trick B. method C . way D. means
答案：A
解析：考查固定搭配the trick to doing sth.，意为“做某事的诀窍”；method/way/means均与of连用，故选A。
13. consist of由……组成(或构成)(consistent adj.一致的；连续的)
consist in在于；存在于 consist of＝be made up of＝be comprised of＝be composed of由……组成 be consistent with...与……一致
(1)Keep in mind that our ideal life is not always consistent with the reality.
(2)大家都知道，生活中不仅有阳光，还有风雨。(读后续写之升华句)
①It is universally acknowledged that life consists of not only sunshine but also storms.(consist of)
②It is universally acknowledged that life is made up of not only sunshine but also storms.(be made up of)
③It is universally acknowledged that not only sunshine but also storms make up life.(make up)
用法点拨　consist of没有进行时态和被动语态；make up意为“组成，构成”。
【高考真题链接】
新增练习题（改写题）：
Our class is made up of 45 students. （用consist of改写）
答案：Our class consists of 45 students.
解析：consist of与be made up of同义，均表“由……组成”，consist of无被动，主语our class为单数，用consists of。
2024·浙江卷（选择题）：
The success of the project _______ in the cooperation of all team members.
consists B. makes C. composes D. forms
答案：A
解析：考查consist in固定短语，意为“在于”；make in“制造于”、compose“组成”需用be composed of、form“形成”均不符合，故选A。
14. regardless of不顾；不管
regardless of the fact that...不顾……的事实 in spite of＝despite尽管(后常接名词，不接从句) with regard to关于；至于
不管有多大的挑战，为了给妹妹赢一双新鞋，阿里决定参加跑步比赛。尽管在比赛中意外摔倒，阿里还是跳了起来，冲向终点线。至于结果，阿里赢得了三等奖，获得了新鞋，像鸟儿一样飞奔回家。(读后续写片段)
Regardless of great challenges，Ali was determined to take part in the running race to win a new pair of shoes for his younger sister.In spite of/Despite an unexpected fall during the race，Ali jumped to his feet and dashed towards the finish line.With regard to the result，Ali won the third prize，got the new shoes，and flew to his home like a bird.
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（翻译题）：
不管天气如何，我们都要按时完成任务。
答案：Regardless of the weather, we must finish the task on time.
解析：考查regardless of后接名词的用法，“按时”译为on time，符合语境。
2023·全国乙卷（选择题）：
_______ the difficulty, we will try our best to achieve our goal.
Regardless of B. In spite C. Despite of D. Regard to
答案：A
解析：regardless of后接名词，in spite后需加of，despite不与of连用，with regard to“关于”，故选A。
15. 形容词（短语）作状语
Tired，hungry，and not knowing a word of Chinese，we had no idea how to order，so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten.又累又饿，一个汉字也不认识，我们压根儿不知道如何点餐，于是厨师在我们桌上摆满了食物，那是我们吃过的最可口的佳肴。
形容词tired，hungry和现在分词短语not knowing a word of Chinese在本句中作状语。 形容词(短语)作状语： 说明谓语动词表示的动作发生时，主语所处的状态。 表示行为方式、伴随状况、原因、时间或条件等。
(1)使我们欣慰的是，丢失的孩子10天后返回了家，虽筋疲力尽但很健康。
To our relief，the missing child returned home ten days later，exhausted but healthy.
(2)既兴奋又感动，他们泪流满面。(读后续写之兴奋心理描写)
Excited and moved，they were in tears.
(3)害怕找不到我们回农场的路，我坐在树旁，胳膊紧紧地抱着肩膀。(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)
Afraid of not finding our way to the farm，I sat beside a tree and held my shoulders in my arms tightly.
【高考真题链接】
新增练习题（填空题）：
_______ (surprise) and happy, she couldn’t say a word.
答案：Surprised
解析：形容词作伴随状语，主语she与surprise为被动关系，“感到惊讶的”用surprised，句首首字母大写。
2025·湖北卷模拟（翻译题）：
又累又渴，他径直走向冰箱拿水喝。
答案：Tired and thirsty, he went straight to the fridge to get some water to drink.
解析：考查形容词作伴随状语，“又累又渴”译为tired and thirsty，置于句首修饰主语he的状态，符合语法。
16.倍数表达法
And in America，people who receive 25% of their daily calories or more through sugar are twice as likely to die from heart disease than people who receive less than 10% a day.
在美国，每天从糖分中摄取25%或更高卡路里的人死于心脏病的可能性是日摄取量少于10%的人的两倍。
倍数的表达方式： A＋be＋倍数＋as＋adj./adv.原级＋as B A＋be＋倍数＋adj./adv.比较级＋than B A＋be＋倍数＋the＋名词(size/weight/length/...)＋of B
这部短片讲述了我们学校的发展。现在，我们新学校的面积是10年前的三倍大。
(1)The short film tells about the development of our school.Now our new school is three times as large as what it was ten years ago.(倍数＋adj./adv.原级)
(2)The short film tells about the development of our school.Now our new school is three times larger than what it was ten years ago.(倍数＋adj./adv.比较级)
(3)The short film tells about the development of our school.Now our new school is three times the size of what it was ten years ago.(倍数＋the＋名词＋of)
【高考真题链接】
模拟练习题（选择题）：
The new stadium is three times _______ the old one.
as big as B. bigger than C. the size of D. as size as
答案：C
解析：考查倍数+the+名词+of结构，空格后为the old one，用the size of符合语法；as big as后需接完整比较对象，bigger than前需be动词，故选C。
2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷（翻译题）：
这座新建的图书馆的藏书量是旧图书馆的四倍。
答案：The number of books in the newly-built library is four times as large as that in the old one. 解析：考查倍数+as+原级+as结构，“藏书量”用the number of books，用that指代the number of books避免重复，符合倍数表达规范。
语法点
Grammar　名词性从句
[观察例句]
1．What seemed strange before now appears quite normal to Xie Lei.
2．It's important that Xie Lei keeps a balance between her studies and her social life.
3．That is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.
4．Her tutor explained that she was supposed to read lots of information to help form a wise opinion of her own.
5．He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English.
6．The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging.
[归纳用法]
1．以上所有例句皆为主从复合句，句中用了相当于名词作用的从句(即名词性从句)在句中充当成分。
2．例句1为what引导的主语从句。例句2中it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面that引导的主语从句。
3．例句3为why引导的表语从句。
4．例句4为that引导的宾语从句。例句5中it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为后面that引导的宾语从句。
5．例句6为that引导的同位语从句。
名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的句子。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词有三个连词、五个连接代词、四个连接副词。
连接词 词形 词义 在从句中所作的成分
连词 that × ×
if/whether 是否 ×
连接代词 who(ever) (无论)谁(主格) 主语、表语、宾语
whom(ever) (无论)谁(宾格) 表语、宾语
whose(ever) (无论)谁的(所有格) 定语
what(ever) (无论)什么 主语、宾语、表语、定语
which(ever) (无论)哪个 主语、宾语、定语
连接副词 when(ever) (无论)什么时候 状语
where(ever) (无论)在哪里 状语
how(ever) (无论)怎样，怎么 状语
why 为什么 状语
二、主语从句
主语从句是指在句中作主语的从句，位置与陈述句的主语相同。
What is not to our satisfaction is that the price of the meal is a little too high.
我们不满意的是饭菜的价格稍微有点高。
How the book will sell depends on its author.
这本书如何销售取决于作者本人。
Where we shall have the meeting makes no difference.
我们在哪儿开会都无所谓。
1．that引导主语从句，在从句中不充当任何成分，仅起连接作用，但不可省略。
That you will win the medal seems unlikely.
你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。
2．whether引导的主语从句既可放在句首也可放在句尾，但if引导的主语从句只能放在句尾，前面需要用it作形式主语。
Whether the sports meeting will be held is not certain now.
运动会是否将举行现在不能确定。
Whether the work can be completed on time is doubtful.
＝It is doubtful whether/if the work can be completed on time.
这项工作能否按时完成还不确定。
3．若主语部分结构较长，可以使用形式主语it，把真正的主语从句放于后面。
It is announced that our school is going to start an activity of “Crazy English” before daily morning exercises.
学校通知每日早操前将开展“疯狂英语”活动。
It is necessary that people should learn to face the reality.
人们应该学会面对现实是有必要的。
[即学即练1]　单句语法填空
① is certain that she will do well in her exam.
② we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
③It is reported a new film will be put on in the cinema.
【答案】1.It 2.How 3.that
三、宾语从句
在主从复合句中作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句在句中可以作及物动词、介词或一些形容词的宾语。
Everyone knows that the earth is made up of matter.
每个人都知道地球是由物质构成的。
I doubt whether he will be elected as chairman.
我怀疑他是否会当选为主席。
These two areas are similar in that they both have high rainfall in summer.
这两个地区相似，因为在夏天降水都很多。
I'm not certain whether the train will arrive on time.
我不确信火车是否将会按时到达。
1．that引导宾语从句，既无语法功能，也无词汇意义，常被省略。但多个并列从句出现时，第一个that可以省略，其他的不能省略。
She said (that) she would come here and that I should wait for her till Monday.
她说她将会来这儿并让我等到星期一。
2．if和whether引导宾语从句的区别：
①在动词不定式之前只能用 whether。
②在whether...or not 的固定搭配中，只用 whether。
③在介词后，只能用whether。
④作 discuss 的宾语时，只能用 whether。
⑤宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用 whether。
3．带复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后面，而用it作形式宾语。
4．表示喜欢、憎恶等心理活动的动词后习惯上先加个形式宾语it，再接宾语从句。例如：hate，dislike，love，don't mind，feel like，appreciate，rely on，count on，see to等。
We think it possible that you can finish the work today.我们认为你今天能够完成这项工作。
5．宾语从句的否定转移：think，believe，suppose，imagine等动词后的宾语从句中的否定词要转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don't think we need to waste much time on it.
我想我们不必在这上面浪费太多时间。(形式上否定)
四、表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语，出现在连系动词之后，一般结构为“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，remain，seem等。
The question is whether we can finish the work in time.
问题在于我们是否能及时完成这项工作。
1．that在引导表语从句时无词义，在从句中不充当任何成分，仅起连接作用，不可以省略。
The fact remains that we are still not advanced enough.
事实依然是我们还是不够先进。
2．whether可引导表语从句，但if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
His first question was whether Tom had arrived yet.
他的首要问题是汤姆是否已经到达。
3．引导表语从句的引导词还可用because，as if，as though，as。
The sky is overcast with dark clouds.It seems as if it is going to rain soon.
天空乌云密布，似乎很快就要下雨了。
[即学即练2]　单句语法填空
①The problem is we can get to replace her.
②I'm afraid he's more of a talker than a doer，which is he never finishes anything.
③The system works well in the lab，but the question is it will work in reality.
【答案】1.who/whom2.why 3.whether
五、同位语从句
在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某个名词后面，用来说明前面名词的具体内容。常见的这类名词有：fact，news，hope，truth，idea，suggestion，thought，question，promise，order，problem，belief，word，message，information，proof，announcement，desire，doubt，proposal，advice，possibility等。
The news that he was admitted to Peking University is exciting.
他被北京大学录取了的消息真是令人激动。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
谁应当做这份工作，这个问题需要考虑。
I have no idea that you have applied for the post.
我不知道你已经申请了这个职位。
[名师点津]　同位语从句和定语从句的区别
同位语从句 定语从句
功能不同 对名词加以补充说明 与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系，起连接作用
that 不作成分，只起连接作用，不可省略 作主语或宾语，起连接作用；并且作从句的宾语时可省略
whether/ how/what 起连接作用，其中whether不作成分，而how和what作成分 不引导定语从句
其他wh 类词 作成分；起连接作用；有自己的含义，但与先行词无关 作成分；起连接作用；没有自己的含义，但是代替先行词在从句中作成分
Jim got to know the news that the whole village was in great danger.
吉姆得知整个村子都处在极度危险中的消息。(that引导同位语从句，解释说明the news的内容)
Do you know the news(that/which)Jim told me
你知道吉姆告诉我的那个消息吗？(that/which引导定语从句，且在从句中作宾语)
[即学即练3]　将下列句子合并为同位语从句
①Will the sports meeting be held on time？The question will be discussed tomorrow.
.
②The headmaster will join us in hiking this Sunday.We are glad at the news.
.
③A new teacher will teach us English next term.The message reached me yesterday.
.
【答案】1.The question whether the sports meeting will be held on time will be discussed tomorrow
2.We are glad at the news that the headmaster will join us in hiking this Sunday
3.The message that a new teacher will teach us English next term reached me yesterday
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．There is no doubt he will succeed in time.
2．We can't solve the problem we can travel faster than light.
3．Pick yourself up.Courage is doing you're afraid to do.
4．Upon graduation he asked to be sent to he was most needed.
5．It is reported the government is going to close the factory.
6． surprises me most is that he is too vain.
7． Mike didn't turn up at the meeting yesterday made the chairman of the meeting unhappy.
8．You may depend on it I shall always help you.
9．The problem is we can get in touch with her.
10．The message responsibility it was is known to all.
【答案】1.that 2.how 3.what 4.where 5.that 6.What 7.That 8.that 9.whether 10.whose
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
It is clear the integration of AI and traditional art (like the Go art exhibition) opens new possibilities.
答案：that
解析：考点为it作形式主语，that引导真正主语从句；“围棋艺术展”呼应U2-3文化主题，考从属连词用法。
（2025·北京卷·选择题）
My foreign friend asked me ________ Chinese names carry special cultural meanings.
that B. whether C. what D. how
答案：B
解析：考点为宾语从句引导词，“外国朋友询问中文名是否有文化意义”贴合跨文化主题；A无疑问语气，C/D语义不符，故选B。
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
The question ________ we can promote cultural exchange through food remains to be discussed.答案：how
解析：考点为表语从句引导词，表“方式”；“通过食物促进文化交流”呼应U2饮食文化主题，考连接副词逻辑判断。
（2023·浙江卷·翻译）
我们都很清楚，尊重不同的文化习俗有助于建立良好的人际关系。
答案：We all know clearly that respecting different cultural customs helps build good interpersonal relationships.
解析：考点为that引导宾语从句，“尊重文化习俗”贴合U2主题，考从句与主句的逻辑衔接。
Grammar　过去完成时与过去完成时的被动语态
[观察例句]
1．When my family and I had just arrived in China，we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing.
2．Tired，hungry，and not knowing a word of Chinese，we had no idea how to order，so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten.
3．A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend，and finally，we found it.
4．Prior to coming to China，my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America，with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1和2的黑体部分为过去完成时，其构成为“had＋动词过去分词”，表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。
2．例句3和4的黑体部分为过去完成时的被动语态形式，其构成为“had＋been＋动词过去分词”，表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作。
一、过去完成时
表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。在英语时态中，“时”指动作发生的时间，“态”指动作的样子和状态。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，侧重事情的结果。由“had＋过去分词”构成。
基本结构：had＋动词过去分词
(1)肯定句：主语＋had＋动词过去分词＋其他。
He had already been to New York earlier in the week.
本周早些时候他去过纽约。
(2)否定句：主语＋had＋not＋动词过去分词＋其他。
At that time we hadn't met her.
那时我们还没有见到她。
(3)疑问句：Had＋主语＋动词过去分词＋其他？
肯定回答：Yes，主语＋had.
否定回答：No，主语＋hadn't.
—Had you visited here before
——你以前参观过这里吗？
—Yes，I had./No，I hadn't.
——是，我去过。/没有，我以前没有去过。
(4)特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组＋had＋主语＋过去分词＋其他？
Where had you been before you came here
你来这里前还去过哪儿？
(5)被动语态：主语＋had (not)＋been＋动词过去分词＋其他。
By the end of last year all the preparatory work had been done.
到去年底为止，所有的准备工作都完成了。
[即学即练1]　单句语法填空
①He (work) in the store for five years before he moved here.
②When I got to the station，the train (leave)．
③The task (finish) before 12：00 yesterday.
【答案】1.had worked2.had left3.had been finished
二、基本用法
1．表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。
By nine o'clock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。
2．表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
3．叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。
Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn't know a thing about the verbs，for I had not studied my lesson.
我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。
4．在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。
I returned the book that I had borrowed.
我已归还了我借的书。
She found the key that she had lost.
她丢失的钥匙找到了。
5．过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
He said that he had known her well.
他说他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before.
我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
6．状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如：when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导的复合句。
When I woke up，it had already stopped raining.
我醒来时雨已停了。
She didn't go to bed until she had finished her work.
她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
After he arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English.
马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。
7．动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you.
我们本来希望能来看看你。
8．过去完成时还可用在hardly...when...，no sooner...than ...，it was the first (second，etc) time (that)．..等固定句型中。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
他刚到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.
这是他那一年第三次失业了。
[即学即练2]　单句语法填空
①We (build) five new buildings by the end of last year.
②I could see from her face that she (receive) some good news.
③He said he (be) there before.
④We realized we (lose) our way.
⑤We (hope) that you would be able to visit us.
【答案】1.had built 2.had received 3.had been 4.had lost 5.had hoped
三、与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以now的时间为基点，但侧重对now产生的结果或造成的影响；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。
比较：I have learned 1，000 English words so far.
到目前为止我已经学会了1 000个英语单词。
I had learned 1，000 English words till then.
到那时为止我已经学会了1 000个英语单词。
—I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
——对不起，让你久等了。
—Oh，not at all.I have been here only a few minutes.
——没什么，我只等了几分钟。
[即学即练3]　单句语法填空
①The concert (start)．We have to look for our seats in the dark.
②You're too late；the train (leave)．
③He (teach) English for twenty years when he retired.
④They (get) everything ready before I came.
【答案】1.has started 2.has left 3.had taught 4.had got
四、过去完成时的被动语态
过去完成时的被动语态是过去完成时态和被动语态的结合。表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。由“had＋been＋过去分词”构成。
1．过去完成时的被动语态有以下三种形式
(1)肯定结构：主语＋ had been done ＋其他成分。
(2)否定结构：主语＋ had not been done ＋其他成分。
(3)疑问句结构：had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分？
疑问词＋ had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分？
2．过去完成时的被动语态常用于以下三种情况
(1)表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。
By the time he got to the school，the first class had been finished.
当他到达学校时，第一节课已经结束了。
The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came.
老师来之前，教室还没有打扫过。
How many buildings had been destroyed when the earthquake ended
地震结束时有多少建筑物被毁？
(2)根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。
As the assignment had been done，he went on to search the Internet.
任务完成后，他继续上网搜索。
He did what he had been told to.
他做了别人叫他做的事。
另：当从句由after，before，when或 as soon as引导时，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时。
When he arrived，he called her.
他到达时，给她打了电话。
They locked the door before they left.
在离开前，他们把门锁上了。
(3)在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。
They said the production costs had been reduced.
他们说生产成本已经降低了。
The girl was reminded that her homework had not been handed in.
那个女孩被提醒她的家庭作业还没有交。
The media reported more than 1，000 people had been killed in the earthquake.
媒体报道有1 000多人在地震中丧生。
[名师点津]
过去完成时被动语态与现在完成时被动语态用法区别：现在完成时被动语态表示相对于现在来说已被完成的动作，过去完成时被动语态表示相对于过去某一时刻来说已被完成的动作。
例如：This polluted river has been cleaned.
这条被污染了的河流已被净化。
析：该句表示到现在为止这条河流已被净化。
例如：He said this book had been translated into Japanese.
他说这本书已被译成日语。
析：该句表示到他说话时所体现的时间为止这本书已被译成日语。
[即学即练4]　单句语法填空
①The earthquake (predict) several days before.
②The device (use) operationally some months previously.
③Our classroom (clean)．You needn't clean it now.
④The child (take) care of by grandma all these years.
【答案】1.had been predicted 2.had been used3.has been cleaned4. has been taken
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I surfed the net and (see) an online advertisement，so I sent an email，saying that I wanted the job.
2．The universities in Britain (take) in many students from China and other Asian countries over the past few years.
3．The interviewer was interested in the grades I (get) in the exams.
4．By the time we got a report，the firemen (put) out the fire in the bar already.
5．We'll have to wait in line.The fast food restaurant (be) short handed for weeks.
6．She (want) to help you but she had no time then.
7．All the film tickets (sell) out when I got to the cinema.
8．The wallet (wrap) up in newspaper and it contained half the money he had lost.
9．By the end of that day，most of the inhabitants (leave) their homes.
10．It was the third time that he (make) the same mistake.
【答案】1.saw 2.have taken 3.had got4.had put5.has been6.had wanted 7.had been sold 8.had been wrapped9.had left10.had made
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅱ卷·语法填空）
By the end of last year, the project of translating Chinese folk tales into English ________ (complete).
答案：had been completed
解析：考点为过去完成时被动，“by the end of last year”为时间标志；“翻译民间故事”贴合U2文化传播主题，考被动语态与时态结合。
（2024·全国甲卷·选择题）
The foreign visitor found that the local snacks ________ a lot before he came to China.
changed B. have changed C. had changed D. would change
答案：C
解析：考点为过去完成时，“来中国前小吃已变化”表“过去的过去”；“当地小吃”贴合U2饮食主题，A为一般过去时，B为现在完成时，D为过去将来时，均不符。
（2024·天津卷·语法填空）
She told me that she ________ (want) to attend the Chinese traditional festival but had no chance.答案：had wanted
解析：考点为“未曾实现的打算”，want用过去完成时，“本想参加节日”贴合文化主题，考特殊用法。
（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·翻译）
当我们意识到问题的严重性时，相关的预防措施已经实施了。
答案：When we realized the seriousness of the problem, the relevant preventive measures had already been carried out.
解析：考点为过去完成时被动，“意识到前已实施”表时间逻辑，考被动语态与时态的结合。
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