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新人教版选择性必修第二册Unit 1知识清单
重 点 单 词 Unit 1 1.blame vt. 把……归咎于;责怪;指责　n. 责备;指责 2.link n. 联系;纽带　vt. 把……连接起来;相关联 3.suspect vt.&vi. 怀疑;疑有;不信任　n. 犯罪嫌疑人;可疑对象 4.handle n. 把手;拉手;柄　vt. 处理;搬动;操纵(车辆、动物、工具等) 5.decrease n. 减少;降低;减少量　vt.&vi. (使大小、数量等)减少;减小;降低 6.pour vt. 倒出;倾泻;斟(饮料) 7.cast vt. 投射;向……投以(视线、笑容等);投掷→cast/cast/casting (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 8.shift n. 改变;转换;轮班　vi.&vt. 转移;挪动;转向 9.trace vt. 追溯;追踪;查出　n. 痕迹;遗迹;踪迹 10.outstanding adj. 优秀的;杰出的;明显的 11.concept n. 概念;观念 12.besides prep. 除……之外(还)　adv. 而且;此外 13.brilliant adj. 聪颖的;绝妙的;明亮的 14.furthermore adv. 此外;再者 15.fault n. 弱点;过错 16.abstract adj. 抽象的;理性的 n. (文献等的)摘要 17.raw adj. 未煮的;生的;未经处理的;原始的 18.multiple adj. 数量多的;多种多样的 19.concrete 　n. 混凝土　adj. 混凝土制的;确实的;具体的 20.cell n. 细胞;小房间;单间牢房 21.virus n. 病毒 22.framework n. 框架;结构 23.shadow n. 阴影;影子;背光处 24.rainbow n. 彩虹 25.solid adj. 可靠的;固体的;坚实的 n. 固体 26.statistic n. (pl.) 统计数字;统计资料;统计学 27.patriotic adj. 爱国的 28.missile n. 导弹 29.household n. 一家人;家庭;同住一所(套)房子的人 30.substantial adj. 大量的;价值巨大的;重大的
词 汇 拓 展 Unit 1 1.initial adj. 最初的;开始的;第一的→initially adv. 最初地 2.subscribe vi. 认购(股份);定期订购;定期交纳(会费)→subscription n. 订阅;会员费→subscriber n. 订户;订阅者 3.transform vt. 使改观;使改变形态　vi. 改变;转变→transformation n. (彻底的) 变化,改观,转变 4.defend vt. 保卫;防守;辩解→defence/defense n. 保护;防御→defensive adj. 防御性的 5.assistant n. 助理;助手→assistance n. 帮助→assist v. 帮助 6.gifted adj. 有天赋的;有天才的;天资聪慧的→gift n. 天赋;礼物 7.astronomer n. 天文学家→astronomy n. 天文学→astronaut n. 宇航员 8.proof n. 证据;证明;检验→prove v. 证明;证实 linking v. 证明是 9.pure adj. 干净的;纯的;纯粹的→purely adv. 仅仅;完全→purify vt. 净化;使纯净→purity n. 纯净;纯洁 10.severe adj. 极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的→severely adv. 极为恶劣地;十分严重地;严厉地 11.vivid adj. 生动的;鲜明的;丰富的→vividly adv. 生动地;鲜明地;丰富地 12.frustrated adj. 懊恼的;沮丧的;失意的→frustrate v. 使懊丧; 使懊恼; 使沮丧→frustration n. 懊丧; 懊恼; 沮丧 13.contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的;对立的;不一致的→contradiction n. (事实、看法、行动等的) 不一致,矛盾→contradict v. 反驳; 驳斥; 批驳 14.thinking n. 思想;思维;见解→think v. 考虑;认为→thinker n. 思想家→thought n. 想法;看法 15.finding n. 发现;调查结果;(法律)判决→find v. 找到;发现 16.infection n. 感染;传染→infect vt. 使感染;传染→infectious adj. 传染性的→infected adj. 受感染的 17.intervention n. 介入;出面;干涉→intervene v. 出面; 介入; 插嘴 18.mechanical adj. 机械的;发动机的;机器的→mechanic n. 机械师;机械修理工→machine n. 机器;设备 19.steady adj. 稳定的;平稳的;稳步的→steadily adv. 稳定地;平稳地;稳步地→(反) unsteady adj. 不稳定的;不平稳的;不稳步的 20.leadership n. 领导;领导地位;领导才能→leader n. 领导→lead v. 引路;引领;领先→leading adj. 领先的;前列的
重 点 短 语 Unit 1 1．once and for all最终地；彻底地 2．subscribe to同意；赞同 3．thanks to幸亏；由于 4．break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发 5．in charge of主管；掌管 6．come down患(病)；染上(小病) 7．above all最重要的是；尤其是
重 点 句 型 1．Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world，until a British doctor，John Snow，showed how it could be overcome. 在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。 2．He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. 他发现尤其在两条街道上的霍乱爆发是如此严重以至于十天内死了500多人。 3．Accordingly，he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. 因此，他让人把水泵的把手去掉，这样水泵就用不成了。 4．Born in Hangzhou in 1911，Qian attended schools in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering. 钱学森1911年出生于杭州，在北京上学，后来考入上海交通大学，学习铁道机械工程。 5．He was willing to say what others were afraid to say，and to dream of what others were afraid to dream about. 他愿意说出别人不敢说的话，做别人不敢做的梦。
After reading the passage，please fill in the following blanks.
In the early 19th century,1._______ a severe cholera hit Europe，John Snow became 2.________(frustrate) because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.3. _____ he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.Snow subscribed to the theory that cholera 4._________(cause) by an 5.______(infect) from germs in food or water.Snow began by 6._______(mark) on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.As 7.____ result，John Snow was able to announce that the pump water 8._______(carry) cholera germs.9._________(according)，he had the handle of the pump 10._________(remove) so that it could not be used.Through this intervention，the disease was stopped in its tracks.
知识点
1. blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n．指责；责备
be to blame (for sth.)(对某事)负有责任，应受责备 blame sb.for sth.因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人 blame sth.on sb./sth.把某事归咎于某人/某事 take the blame承担过错
(1)Furthermore，the boss blamed the mistake on his assistant.
(2)I’m not going to sit around and take the blame for a mistake he made.
(3)当和其他人相处时，我们不应该总是把错误归咎于其他人。毕竟，很多时候我们也负有责任。因此，我们应该多交流、换位思考，而不是指责其他人。(话题写作之人际交往)
When getting along with others，we shouldn’t always blame others for mistakes.After all，many times we are also to blame.So instead of blaming others，we should communicate more and put ourselves in others’ place.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·山东卷·完形填空）
The manager made it clear that no one was to blame for the accident, as it was caused by bad weather.
to blame B. blaming C. blamed D. to be blamed
（2024·江苏卷·语法填空）
People used to （blame） the spread of the disease on “bad air” before John Snow’s research.
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·翻译）
我们应该客观分析问题，而不是一味地指责他人。
2. defend vt.保卫；防守；辩解 [defenc(s)e n．防御；保卫；保护]
defend...against/from (doing...)保护……免受…… defend oneself自卫；为自己辩护 in defence (of)保护；为了保卫；(为……)辩护 in one’s defence为某人辩护
(1)The law allows people to defend themselves from/against a charge.
(2)The assistant stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands as if in defence.
(3)看到这条凶猛的蛇，他像箭一样冲过去保护儿子。(读后续写之肢体动作描写)
①Seeing the fierce snake，he rushed to defend his son like an arrow.(defend)
②Seeing the fierce snake，he rushed in defence of his son like an arrow.(defence)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·北京卷·选择题）
The immune system helps ________ the body against harmful bacteria and viruses.
defend B. prevent C. protect D. guard
（2024·天津卷·语法填空）
In his (defend), he said he had no idea about the wrong data in the report.
3. come down (with...)染上；得了(……病)；患(病)
come across (偶然)遇见；碰见；被理解 come about发生(无被动形式) come on加油；到来；得了吧 come out出版；结果是；(花)开放 come up走近；上来；被提出 come up with提出；想出(主意、计划、回答等) when it comes to...当谈及……
用come的相关短语填空
(1) Above all，tell me how the accident came about immediately.
(2)My assistant’s first novel came out，which made me proud of him.
(3)She came down with this summer flu everyone’s getting and went home before I got in.
(4)When it comes to English learning，I have the following practical suggestions to share.Firstly，when you come across unfamiliar words，don’t always refer to the dictionary.Furthermore，when teachers’ questions come up in class，you should try to come up with answers.Lastly，if you fail，you must say to yourself，“Come on！”(应用文写作之建议信)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国甲卷·完形填空）
When the question of how to improve public health came up in the meeting, Dr. Li came up with a detailed plan.
came up; came up with B. came across; came out
came down with; came on D. came about; came up
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
I came an old friend when I was doing research on cholera in the library.
4. above all最重要的是；首先；尤其是
after all毕竟；终究 first of all首先；第一 all in all整体说来；总而言之 in all全部；合计 at all(否定句)一点也不；(疑问句)到底；究竟
用all的相关短语填空
(1)The university I recommend to you is Beijing Language and Culture University.First of all/Above all，you’d better learn some basic Chinese before you come.After all，you will be under completely unfamiliar circumstances.All in all，studying for a degree in a different culture is not easy at all.(应用文写作之推荐信)
(2) Thanks to your timely and generous help，I managed to handle the four problems in all.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·江苏卷·写作改编·翻译）
最重要的是，我们要养成良好的卫生习惯，毕竟健康是一切的基础。
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·选择题）
All in all, the campaign to prevent the spread of diseases has achieved great success.
Above all B. After all C. All in all D. In all
5.until引导的时间状从句
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world，until a British doctor，John Snow，showed how it could be overcome.在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。
画线部分是由until引导的时间状语从句，若主句的谓语动词是延续性的，那么这个主句需用肯定形式；若主句的谓语动词是非延续性的，则主句常用否定式，构成not...until...结构。 倒装结构：部分倒装“Not until＋时间状语从句或短语＋谓语助动词＋主语＋谓语动词”。 强调结构：It is/was not until＋时间状语从句或短语＋that＋主句部分。
(1)我将一直在农场工作直到我挣到足够的钱帮助爸爸买辆新拖拉机。(2021·6月浙江，读后续写)
I would keep working on the farm until I earned enough money to help my father buy a new tractor.
(2)直到我经历了这场事故，我才意识到坏运气有可能是正在等待开启的门。(读后续写之升华句)
①I wasn’t aware that bad fortune might be the door waiting to be opened until I experienced the accident.(not...until)
②Not until I experienced the accident was I aware that bad fortune might be the door waiting to be opened.(倒装句)
③It was not until I experienced the accident that I was aware that bad fortune might be the door waiting to be opened.(强调句)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
It was not the 19th century that cholera was finally controlled by modern medicine.
（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·选择题）
Not until the results of the experiment came out ________ the correctness of his theory.
he confirmed B. did he confirm C. confirmed he D. he did confirm
6. so...that...
He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.他发现在两条特别的街道上，霍乱爆发是如此严重以至于十天内死了500多人。
so/such...that...引导结果状语从句，意为“如此……以至于……”。 so...that...句型的常见形式： so＋adj./adv.＋that... so＋adj.＋a/an＋n.(单数)＋that... so＋many/much/few/little(少)＋n.(复数或不可数)＋that... such...that...句型的常见形式： such＋a/an＋adj.＋n.(单数)＋that... such＋adj.＋n.(复数或不可数)＋that... 当so/such放在句首时，主句要用部分倒装语序。
(1)It is normal for such little boys to eat so little food，so don’t blame them.
(2)他是如此紧张，以至于他感觉舌头打结，手心出汗。(读后续写之紧张心理描写)
①He was so nervous that he felt his tongue tied and palms sweating.
②So nervous was he that he felt his tongue tied and palms sweating.(用倒装句改写)
(3)你取得了如此巨大的进步，所以我专门写信祝贺你。(应用文写作之祝贺信)
You have made such great progress，so I am specially writing to congratulate you.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The doctor’s report was so (convince) that the government took immediate action.
（2025·浙江卷·翻译）
他对霍乱的研究如此深入，以至于为后世的防疫工作奠定了基础。
7. have sth. done
　 Accordingly，he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.
因此，他让人把水泵的把手去掉，这样水泵就用不成了。
have sth.done使某事被做；请人做某事；主语遭遇到某事 have sb.do sth.让某人做某事 have sb./sth.doing sth.让某人一直做某事或让某事处于某种状态 can’t have sb.doing sth.不能容忍某人做某事 have sth.to do有某事要做
(1)我们开始帮忙摘桃子，然后让人把它们送到农民家里。(2020·全国Ⅱ，书面表达)
We began to help pick peaches and then had them delivered to the farmers’ houses.
(2)我们班主任不能容忍我们浪费时间。即使我们已完成作业，他也总是让我们阅读经典来开阔我们的视野。
Our headteacher can’t have us wasting our time.Even if we have finished our homework，he always has us read classics to widen our horizons.
(3)我非常抱歉让你等了这么长时间，因为刚才我有一件紧急的事情要处理。(应用文写作之道歉信)
I am terribly sorry for having you waiting for me for so long，because I had an urgent thing to attend to just now.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国甲卷·语法填空）
John Snow had the pump handle (remove) to prevent people from using it.
（2025·山东卷·选择题）
The hospital had the medical equipment ________ regularly to ensure its safety.
check B. checked C. checking D. to check
语法点
Grammar　表语从句
[观察例句]
1．One theory was that bad air caused the disease.
2．The question is who will be the successful applicant for the summer job at the law firm.
3．Her confusion is whether she should stick to her own way of life or follow the American way.
4．What John Snow was determined to find out was why the 1854 outbreak of cholera in London could have caused over 500 deaths within ten days.
5．Taking a year off from school to travel abroad is what is generally called a gap year.
[归纳用法]
1．所有例句中的黑体部分都位于系动词be后，作表语，故都是表语从句，这些表语从句在词性上相当于一个名词。
2．例1由从属连词that引导；例2由连接代词who引导；例3由从属连词whether引导；例4由连接副词why引导；例5由连接代词what引导。
表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。表语从句就是指一个句子作为表语，说明主语是什么或者怎么样。
一般结构为“主语＋系动词＋表语从句”。可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，remain，seem等。
1．从属连词that引导的表语从句
从属连词that的用法：①无意义　②不充当成分
③不可省略
The reason for his absence is that he hasn't been informed.
他缺席的原因是他没接到通知。
My suggestion is that we should tell him.
我的建议是我们应该告诉他。
2．从属连词whether引导的表语从句
The point is whether we should lend him the money.
关键在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
[名师点津]　if不能引导表语从句。
3．连接代词和连接副词引导的表语从句
The problem is who is really fit for the hard job.
问题是谁才真正适合做这份艰苦的工作。
This is what I am interested in.
这就是我所感兴趣的。
That's where I first met her.
那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。
4．because，as if/though等引导的表语从句
It's just because he doesn't know her.
这仅仅是因为他不认识她。
Now it seems as though she had known Millie for years.
现在好像她认识米莉已有好多年了似的。
It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.
听起来好像有人在敲门。
[即学即练1]　用where，when，that填空
①Look at the high mountain.That is we will get.
②The first time we met each other was we studied in that school.
③My advice is we (should) work together.
5．why和because引导的表语从句的区别
That's why... 意为“那是……的原因”，强调结果
That's because... 意为“那是因为……”，强调原因
I didn't phone her，and that's why she got angry with me.(强调“没打电话”这一结果)
我没有给她打电话。那就是她对我生气的原因。
I didn't phone her，and that's because I got angry with her.(强调“生气”这一原因)
我没有给她打电话。那是因为我生她的气了。
[名师点津]
reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because。
6．表语从句中的虚拟语气
在表语从句中，表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是：advice，suggestion，proposal，request，order，idea等，从句谓语形式是“should＋动词原形”(should可以省略)。
My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.
我的建议是你应该尽可能经常地练习说英语。
[即学即练2]　用why，that，because填空
①It was raining hard；that was I came late.
②I came late；that was it was raining hard.
③The reason why I came late was it was raining hard.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．He got caught in the heavy traffic.That was he was late.
2．Energy is makes things work.
3．We didn't set out；it was we wanted to wait until our mother came back.
4．The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is one can be entirely free from dust.
5．A ship in harbor is safe，but that's not ships are built for.
6．The trouble is I can't find my way.
7．What he wants to know is we can finish our work by tomorrow morning.
8．The reason why I was sad was he didn't understand me.
9．That is we are looking forward to.
10．Do not let any failures discourage you，for you can never tell close you may be to victory.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·语法填空）
This is they need an English trainer to help with international communication.
（2024·天津卷·翻译）
我们最担心的是这种疾病是否会再次爆发。
（2025·北京卷·选择题）
The theory that bad air causes diseases turned out to be wrong.
which B. that C. what D. whether
（2024·江苏卷·语法填空）
The fact is cholera can be prevented by clean water and proper hygiene.
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新人教版选择性必修第二册Unit 1知识清单
重 点 单 词 Unit 1 1.blame vt. 把……归咎于;责怪;指责　n. 责备;指责 2.link n. 联系;纽带　vt. 把……连接起来;相关联 3.suspect vt.&vi. 怀疑;疑有;不信任　n. 犯罪嫌疑人;可疑对象 4.handle n. 把手;拉手;柄　vt. 处理;搬动;操纵(车辆、动物、工具等) 5.decrease n. 减少;降低;减少量　vt.&vi. (使大小、数量等)减少;减小;降低 6.pour vt. 倒出;倾泻;斟(饮料) 7.cast vt. 投射;向……投以(视线、笑容等);投掷→cast/cast/casting (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 8.shift n. 改变;转换;轮班　vi.&vt. 转移;挪动;转向 9.trace vt. 追溯;追踪;查出　n. 痕迹;遗迹;踪迹 10.outstanding adj. 优秀的;杰出的;明显的 11.concept n. 概念;观念 12.besides prep. 除……之外(还)　adv. 而且;此外 13.brilliant adj. 聪颖的;绝妙的;明亮的 14.furthermore adv. 此外;再者 15.fault n. 弱点;过错 16.abstract adj. 抽象的;理性的 n. (文献等的)摘要 17.raw adj. 未煮的;生的;未经处理的;原始的 18.multiple adj. 数量多的;多种多样的 19.concrete 　n. 混凝土　adj. 混凝土制的;确实的;具体的 20.cell n. 细胞;小房间;单间牢房 21.virus n. 病毒 22.framework n. 框架;结构 23.shadow n. 阴影;影子;背光处 24.rainbow n. 彩虹 25.solid adj. 可靠的;固体的;坚实的 n. 固体 26.statistic n. (pl.) 统计数字;统计资料;统计学 27.patriotic adj. 爱国的 28.missile n. 导弹 29.household n. 一家人;家庭;同住一所(套)房子的人 30.substantial adj. 大量的;价值巨大的;重大的
词 汇 拓 展 Unit 1 1.initial adj. 最初的;开始的;第一的→initially adv. 最初地 2.subscribe vi. 认购(股份);定期订购;定期交纳(会费)→subscription n. 订阅;会员费→subscriber n. 订户;订阅者 3.transform vt. 使改观;使改变形态　vi. 改变;转变→transformation n. (彻底的) 变化,改观,转变 4.defend vt. 保卫;防守;辩解→defence/defense n. 保护;防御→defensive adj. 防御性的 5.assistant n. 助理;助手→assistance n. 帮助→assist v. 帮助 6.gifted adj. 有天赋的;有天才的;天资聪慧的→gift n. 天赋;礼物 7.astronomer n. 天文学家→astronomy n. 天文学→astronaut n. 宇航员 8.proof n. 证据;证明;检验→prove v. 证明;证实 linking v. 证明是 9.pure adj. 干净的;纯的;纯粹的→purely adv. 仅仅;完全→purify vt. 净化;使纯净→purity n. 纯净;纯洁 10.severe adj. 极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的→severely adv. 极为恶劣地;十分严重地;严厉地 11.vivid adj. 生动的;鲜明的;丰富的→vividly adv. 生动地;鲜明地;丰富地 12.frustrated adj. 懊恼的;沮丧的;失意的→frustrate v. 使懊丧; 使懊恼; 使沮丧→frustration n. 懊丧; 懊恼; 沮丧 13.contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的;对立的;不一致的→contradiction n. (事实、看法、行动等的) 不一致,矛盾→contradict v. 反驳; 驳斥; 批驳 14.thinking n. 思想;思维;见解→think v. 考虑;认为→thinker n. 思想家→thought n. 想法;看法 15.finding n. 发现;调查结果;(法律)判决→find v. 找到;发现 16.infection n. 感染;传染→infect vt. 使感染;传染→infectious adj. 传染性的→infected adj. 受感染的 17.intervention n. 介入;出面;干涉→intervene v. 出面; 介入; 插嘴 18.mechanical adj. 机械的;发动机的;机器的→mechanic n. 机械师;机械修理工→machine n. 机器;设备 19.steady adj. 稳定的;平稳的;稳步的→steadily adv. 稳定地;平稳地;稳步地→(反) unsteady adj. 不稳定的;不平稳的;不稳步的 20.leadership n. 领导;领导地位;领导才能→leader n. 领导→lead v. 引路;引领;领先→leading adj. 领先的;前列的
重 点 短 语 Unit 1 1．once and for all最终地；彻底地 2．subscribe to同意；赞同 3．thanks to幸亏；由于 4．break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发 5．in charge of主管；掌管 6．come down患(病)；染上(小病) 7．above all最重要的是；尤其是
重 点 句 型 1．Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world，until a British doctor，John Snow，showed how it could be overcome. 在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。 2．He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. 他发现尤其在两条街道上的霍乱爆发是如此严重以至于十天内死了500多人。 3．Accordingly，he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. 因此，他让人把水泵的把手去掉，这样水泵就用不成了。 4．Born in Hangzhou in 1911，Qian attended schools in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering. 钱学森1911年出生于杭州，在北京上学，后来考入上海交通大学，学习铁道机械工程。 5．He was willing to say what others were afraid to say，and to dream of what others were afraid to dream about. 他愿意说出别人不敢说的话，做别人不敢做的梦。
After reading the passage，please fill in the following blanks.
In the early 19th century,1._______ a severe cholera hit Europe，John Snow became 2.________(frustrate) because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.3. _____ he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.Snow subscribed to the theory that cholera 4._________(cause) by an 5.______(infect) from germs in food or water.Snow began by 6._______(mark) on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.As 7.____ result，John Snow was able to announce that the pump water 8._______(carry) cholera germs.9._________(according)，he had the handle of the pump 10._________(remove) so that it could not be used.Through this intervention，the disease was stopped in its tracks.
1.when 2. frustrated 3. But 4.was caused 5.infection 6.marking 7. a 8. carried 9.Accordingly 10. removed
知识点
1. blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n．指责；责备
be to blame (for sth.)(对某事)负有责任，应受责备 blame sb.for sth.因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人 blame sth.on sb./sth.把某事归咎于某人/某事 take the blame承担过错
(1)Furthermore，the boss blamed the mistake on his assistant.
(2)I’m not going to sit around and take the blame for a mistake he made.
(3)当和其他人相处时，我们不应该总是把错误归咎于其他人。毕竟，很多时候我们也负有责任。因此，我们应该多交流、换位思考，而不是指责其他人。(话题写作之人际交往)
When getting along with others，we shouldn’t always blame others for mistakes.After all，many times we are also to blame.So instead of blaming others，we should communicate more and put ourselves in others’ place.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·山东卷·完形填空）
The manager made it clear that no one was to blame for the accident, as it was caused by bad weather.
to blame B. blaming C. blamed D. to be blamed
答案：A
解析：考点为be to blame固定结构，主动形式表被动含义，“不应被追责”符合语境；B为现在分词，C为过去分词，D为被动不定式，均不符合语法。
（2024·江苏卷·语法填空）
People used to （blame） the spread of the disease on “bad air” before John Snow’s research.
答案：blame
解析：考点为blame sth. on sb./sth.固定搭配，“将疾病传播归咎于污浊空气”呼应U1约翰·斯诺霍乱研究主题，考动词原形在used to后的用法。
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·翻译）
我们应该客观分析问题，而不是一味地指责他人。
答案：We should analyze problems objectively instead of blaming others blindly.
解析：考点为blame sb.短语，“客观分析”贴合理性思维主题，考blame在否定语境中的应用。
2. defend vt.保卫；防守；辩解 [defenc(s)e n．防御；保卫；保护]
defend...against/from (doing...)保护……免受…… defend oneself自卫；为自己辩护 in defence (of)保护；为了保卫；(为……)辩护 in one’s defence为某人辩护
(1)The law allows people to defend themselves from/against a charge.
(2)The assistant stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands as if in defence.
(3)看到这条凶猛的蛇，他像箭一样冲过去保护儿子。(读后续写之肢体动作描写)
①Seeing the fierce snake，he rushed to defend his son like an arrow.(defend)
②Seeing the fierce snake，he rushed in defence of his son like an arrow.(defence)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·北京卷·选择题）
The immune system helps ________ the body against harmful bacteria and viruses.
defend B. prevent C. protect D. guard
答案：A
解析：考点为defend...against固定搭配，“免疫系统保卫身体”贴合健康主题；B需接from，C为protect...from，D为guard...against，此处defend更强调“主动抵御”，符合语境。
（2024·天津卷·语法填空）
In his (defend), he said he had no idea about the wrong data in the report.
答案：defence
解析：考defend→defence的名词转换，in one’s defence为固定短语，表“为某人辩解”。
3. come down (with...)染上；得了(……病)；患(病)
come across (偶然)遇见；碰见；被理解 come about发生(无被动形式) come on加油；到来；得了吧 come out出版；结果是；(花)开放 come up走近；上来；被提出 come up with提出；想出(主意、计划、回答等) when it comes to...当谈及……
用come的相关短语填空
(1) Above all，tell me how the accident came about immediately.
(2)My assistant’s first novel came out，which made me proud of him.
(3)She came down with this summer flu everyone’s getting and went home before I got in.
(4)When it comes to English learning，I have the following practical suggestions to share.Firstly，when you come across unfamiliar words，don’t always refer to the dictionary.Furthermore，when teachers’ questions come up in class，you should try to come up with answers.Lastly，if you fail，you must say to yourself，“Come on！”(应用文写作之建议信)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国甲卷·完形填空）
When the question of how to improve public health came up in the meeting, Dr. Li came up with a detailed plan.
came up; came up with B. came across; came out
came down with; came on D. came about; came up
答案：A
解析：第一空come up表“问题被提出”，第二空come up with表“提出计划”，“公共健康问题”呼应U1主题；B、C、D短语语义均不匹配。
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
I came an old friend when I was doing research on cholera in the library.
答案：across
解析：考come across表“偶遇”，“霍乱研究”呼应U1核心内容，考短语固定搭配。
4. above all最重要的是；首先；尤其是
after all毕竟；终究 first of all首先；第一 all in all整体说来；总而言之 in all全部；合计 at all(否定句)一点也不；(疑问句)到底；究竟
用all的相关短语填空
(1)The university I recommend to you is Beijing Language and Culture University.First of all/Above all，you’d better learn some basic Chinese before you come.After all，you will be under completely unfamiliar circumstances.All in all，studying for a degree in a different culture is not easy at all.(应用文写作之推荐信)
(2) Thanks to your timely and generous help，I managed to handle the four problems in all.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·江苏卷·写作改编·翻译）
最重要的是，我们要养成良好的卫生习惯，毕竟健康是一切的基础。
答案：Above all, we should develop good hygiene habits—after all, health is the foundation of everything.
解析：考点为above all和after all的衔接，“卫生习惯”呼应U1健康主题，考写作中的逻辑表达。
（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷·选择题）
All in all, the campaign to prevent the spread of diseases has achieved great success.
Above all B. After all C. All in all D. In all
答案：C
解析：考点为all in all表“总而言之”，用于总结“疾病防控活动成效”；A为“最重要”，B为“毕竟”，D为“总共”，语义不符。
5.until引导的时间状从句
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world，until a British doctor，John Snow，showed how it could be overcome.在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。
画线部分是由until引导的时间状语从句，若主句的谓语动词是延续性的，那么这个主句需用肯定形式；若主句的谓语动词是非延续性的，则主句常用否定式，构成not...until...结构。 倒装结构：部分倒装“Not until＋时间状语从句或短语＋谓语助动词＋主语＋谓语动词”。 强调结构：It is/was not until＋时间状语从句或短语＋that＋主句部分。
(1)我将一直在农场工作直到我挣到足够的钱帮助爸爸买辆新拖拉机。(2021·6月浙江，读后续写)
I would keep working on the farm until I earned enough money to help my father buy a new tractor.
(2)直到我经历了这场事故，我才意识到坏运气有可能是正在等待开启的门。(读后续写之升华句)
①I wasn’t aware that bad fortune might be the door waiting to be opened until I experienced the accident.(not...until)
②Not until I experienced the accident was I aware that bad fortune might be the door waiting to be opened.(倒装句)
③It was not until I experienced the accident that I was aware that bad fortune might be the door waiting to be opened.(强调句)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
It was not the 19th century that cholera was finally controlled by modern medicine.
答案：until
解析：考点为It is/was not until...that...强调结构，“霍乱被控制”呼应U1核心事件，考强调句与时间状语结合。
（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·选择题）
Not until the results of the experiment came out ________ the correctness of his theory.
he confirmed B. did he confirm C. confirmed he D. he did confirm
答案：B
解析：考点为Not until开头的倒装结构，助动词did提前；“实验结果”贴合科学研究主题，考倒装语序。
6. so...that...
He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.他发现在两条特别的街道上，霍乱爆发是如此严重以至于十天内死了500多人。
so/such...that...引导结果状语从句，意为“如此……以至于……”。 so...that...句型的常见形式： so＋adj./adv.＋that... so＋adj.＋a/an＋n.(单数)＋that... so＋many/much/few/little(少)＋n.(复数或不可数)＋that... such...that...句型的常见形式： such＋a/an＋adj.＋n.(单数)＋that... such＋adj.＋n.(复数或不可数)＋that... 当so/such放在句首时，主句要用部分倒装语序。
(1)It is normal for such little boys to eat so little food，so don’t blame them.
(2)他是如此紧张，以至于他感觉舌头打结，手心出汗。(读后续写之紧张心理描写)
①He was so nervous that he felt his tongue tied and palms sweating.
②So nervous was he that he felt his tongue tied and palms sweating.(用倒装句改写)
(3)你取得了如此巨大的进步，所以我专门写信祝贺你。(应用文写作之祝贺信)
You have made such great progress，so I am specially writing to congratulate you.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The doctor’s report was so (convince) that the government took immediate action.
答案：convincing
解析：考点为so+adj.+that结构，“报告有说服力”推动情节，考形容词形式转换与句型结合。
（2025·浙江卷·翻译）
他对霍乱的研究如此深入，以至于为后世的防疫工作奠定了基础。
答案：He studied cholera so deeply that he laid the foundation for future epidemic prevention work.
解析：考点为so+adv.+that，“霍乱研究”呼应U1，考句型在主题写作中的应用。
7. have sth. done
　 Accordingly，he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.
因此，他让人把水泵的把手去掉，这样水泵就用不成了。
have sth.done使某事被做；请人做某事；主语遭遇到某事 have sb.do sth.让某人做某事 have sb./sth.doing sth.让某人一直做某事或让某事处于某种状态 can’t have sb.doing sth.不能容忍某人做某事 have sth.to do有某事要做
(1)我们开始帮忙摘桃子，然后让人把它们送到农民家里。(2020·全国Ⅱ，书面表达)
We began to help pick peaches and then had them delivered to the farmers’ houses.
(2)我们班主任不能容忍我们浪费时间。即使我们已完成作业，他也总是让我们阅读经典来开阔我们的视野。
Our headteacher can’t have us wasting our time.Even if we have finished our homework，he always has us read classics to widen our horizons.
(3)我非常抱歉让你等了这么长时间，因为刚才我有一件紧急的事情要处理。(应用文写作之道歉信)
I am terribly sorry for having you waiting for me for so long，because I had an urgent thing to attend to just now.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国甲卷·语法填空）
John Snow had the pump handle (remove) to prevent people from using it.
答案：removed
解析：考点为have sth. done表“让人拆除水泵手柄”，直接呼应U1核心情节，考过去分词作宾语补足语。
（2025·山东卷·选择题）
The hospital had the medical equipment ________ regularly to ensure its safety.
check B. checked C. checking D. to check
答案：B
解析：考点为have sth. done表“请人检查设备”，“医疗设备”贴合健康主题；A为动词原形，C为现在分词，D为不定式，均不符合结构。
语法点
Grammar　表语从句
[观察例句]
1．One theory was that bad air caused the disease.
2．The question is who will be the successful applicant for the summer job at the law firm.
3．Her confusion is whether she should stick to her own way of life or follow the American way.
4．What John Snow was determined to find out was why the 1854 outbreak of cholera in London could have caused over 500 deaths within ten days.
5．Taking a year off from school to travel abroad is what is generally called a gap year.
[归纳用法]
1．所有例句中的黑体部分都位于系动词be后，作表语，故都是表语从句，这些表语从句在词性上相当于一个名词。
2．例1由从属连词that引导；例2由连接代词who引导；例3由从属连词whether引导；例4由连接副词why引导；例5由连接代词what引导。
表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。表语从句就是指一个句子作为表语，说明主语是什么或者怎么样。
一般结构为“主语＋系动词＋表语从句”。可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，remain，seem等。
1．从属连词that引导的表语从句
从属连词that的用法：①无意义　②不充当成分
③不可省略
The reason for his absence is that he hasn't been informed.
他缺席的原因是他没接到通知。
My suggestion is that we should tell him.
我的建议是我们应该告诉他。
2．从属连词whether引导的表语从句
The point is whether we should lend him the money.
关键在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
[名师点津]　if不能引导表语从句。
3．连接代词和连接副词引导的表语从句
The problem is who is really fit for the hard job.
问题是谁才真正适合做这份艰苦的工作。
This is what I am interested in.
这就是我所感兴趣的。
That's where I first met her.
那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。
4．because，as if/though等引导的表语从句
It's just because he doesn't know her.
这仅仅是因为他不认识她。
Now it seems as though she had known Millie for years.
现在好像她认识米莉已有好多年了似的。
It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.
听起来好像有人在敲门。
[即学即练1]　用where，when，that填空
①Look at the high mountain.That is we will get.
②The first time we met each other was we studied in that school.
③My advice is we (should) work together.
【答案】1.where 2.when 3.that
5．why和because引导的表语从句的区别
That's why... 意为“那是……的原因”，强调结果
That's because... 意为“那是因为……”，强调原因
I didn't phone her，and that's why she got angry with me.(强调“没打电话”这一结果)
我没有给她打电话。那就是她对我生气的原因。
I didn't phone her，and that's because I got angry with her.(强调“生气”这一原因)
我没有给她打电话。那是因为我生她的气了。
[名师点津]
reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because。
6．表语从句中的虚拟语气
在表语从句中，表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是：advice，suggestion，proposal，request，order，idea等，从句谓语形式是“should＋动词原形”(should可以省略)。
My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.
我的建议是你应该尽可能经常地练习说英语。
[即学即练2]　用why，that，because填空
①It was raining hard；that was I came late.
②I came late；that was it was raining hard.
③The reason why I came late was it was raining hard.
【答案】1.why 2.because 3.that
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．He got caught in the heavy traffic.That was he was late.
2．Energy is makes things work.
3．We didn't set out；it was we wanted to wait until our mother came back.
4．The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is one can be entirely free from dust.
5．A ship in harbor is safe，but that's not ships are built for.
6．The trouble is I can't find my way.
7．What he wants to know is we can finish our work by tomorrow morning.
8．The reason why I was sad was he didn't understand me.
9．That is we are looking forward to.
10．Do not let any failures discourage you，for you can never tell close you may be to victory.
【答案】1.why 2.what 3.because 4.that 5.what 6.that 7.whether 8.that 9.what 10.how
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·语法填空）
This is they need an English trainer to help with international communication.
答案：why
解析：考点为连接副词why引导表语从句，表“结果”，“需要英语培训师”贴合场景，考逻辑衔接。
（2024·天津卷·翻译）
我们最担心的是这种疾病是否会再次爆发。
答案：What we are most worried about is whether this disease will break out again.
解析：考点为whether引导表语从句（if不可用），“疾病爆发”呼应U1，考疑问逻辑表达。
（2025·北京卷·选择题）
The theory that bad air causes diseases turned out to be wrong.
which B. that C. what D. whether
答案：B
解析：考点为that引导表语从句，无义不缺成分，“污浊空气致病理论”呼应U1早期错误认知，考从属连词用法。
（2024·江苏卷·语法填空）
The fact is cholera can be prevented by clean water and proper hygiene.
答案：that
解析：考点为that引导表语从句，“霍乱可预防”呼应U1结论，考事实陈述的语法结构。
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