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新人教版选择性必修第二册Unit 4-5知识清单
重 点 单 词 Unit 4 1.arise vi. 起身;出现;由……引起→arose/arisen/arising (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 2.bound adj. 准备前往(某地);一定会 3.owe vt. 欠(账、债、情等) 4.highlight n. 最好或最精彩的部分　vt. 突出;强调;使醒目 5.accent n. 口音 6.anyhow adv. (结束交谈或转换话题时)不过;反正 7.drill vi.&vt. 钻(孔);打(眼)　 n. 钻(头);训练;演习 8.proceed vi. 行进;继续做 9.antique n. 古物;古董　adj. 古老的;古董的 10.massive adj. 巨大的;非常严重的 11.awesome adj. 令人惊叹的;可怕的;很好的 12.spectacular adj. 壮观的;壮丽的;惊人的　n. 壮丽的场面;精彩的表演 13.peak n. 顶峰;山峰;尖形 14.dusk n. 黄昏;傍晚 15.bunch n. 束;串;捆 16.duration 　n. 持续时间;期间 17.craft n. 手艺;工艺;技艺 18.scenery n. 风景;景色 19.toast n. 烤面包片;吐司;干杯 vt. 为……干杯 vi. 烤(尤指面包) 20.idiom n. 习语;成语 21.alongside prep. 在……旁边; 与……一起 adv. 在旁边 22.thunder vi. 打雷;轰隆隆地响;轰隆隆地快速移动　n. 雷声;轰隆声 Unit 5 1.ease vi.&vt. (使)宽慰;减轻;缓解　n. 容易;舒适;自在 2.delay vi.&vt. 推迟;延期(做某事)　vt. 耽误;耽搁　n. 延误;耽搁(的时间);推迟 3.panic vi.&vt. (使)惊慌　n. 惊恐;恐慌→panicked/panicked/panicking (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 4.swallow vt.&vi. 吞下;咽下 5.wrap vt. 包、裹;(用手臂等)围住→wrapped/wrapped/wrapping (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 6.slip vi. 滑倒;滑落;溜走　n. 滑倒;小错误;纸条→slipped/slipped/slipping (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 7.drown vi.&vt. (使)淹死;溺死;浸泡;淹没 8.scream vi.&vt. (因愤怒或恐惧)高声喊;大声叫　n. 尖叫;尖锐刺耳的声音 9.choke vi.&vt. (使)窒息;(使)哽咽 10.slap vt. (用手掌)打、拍　n. (用手掌)打、拍;拍击声→slapped/slapped/slapping (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 11.grab vt. 抓住;攫取　n. 抓取;抢夺→grabbed/grabbed/grabbing (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 12.collapse vi. (突然)倒塌;(因病等)昏倒 13.mosquito n. 蚊子→mosquitoes/mosquitos (pl.) 14.fist 　　　n. 拳;拳头 15.motion n. 运动;移动 16.technique n. 技能;技术;技艺 17.victim n. 受害者;患者 18.fellow adj. 同类的;同事的;同伴的;同情况的　n. 男人;家伙;同事;同辈;同类 19.elderly adj. 年纪较大的;上了年纪的(婉辞) 20.ambulance n. 救护车 21.needle n. 针;缝衣针;注射针; 指针 22.ankle n. 踝;踝关节 23.organ n. (人或动植物的)器官 24.welfare n. 幸福;福祉;安康;福利 25.suburb n. 郊区;城外
词 汇 拓 展 Unit 4 1.pleasant adj. 令人愉快的;友好的→pleasure n. 愉快;开心→pleased adj. 高兴的; 满意的 2.astonish vt. 使十分惊讶;使吃惊→astonished adj. 吃惊的;惊讶的→astonishing adj. 令人吃惊的→astonishment n. 吃惊;惊讶 3.breath n. 呼吸的空气→breathe v. 呼吸→breathless adj. 气喘吁吁的 4.freezing adj. 极冷的;冰冻的→frozen adj. 冻僵;冻住→freeze vi.&vt. 结冰;(使)冻住→froze/frozen/freezing (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 5.misty adj. 多雾的;模糊的→mist n. 薄雾;水汽 6.advertisement n. 广告;启事→advertise v. 做广告→advertising n. 广告业 7.photographer n. 摄影师;拍照者→photograph n. 照片→photography n. 照相术; 摄影 8.literally adv. 字面上;真正地→literal adj. 文学的;文学上的→literature n. 文学; 文学作品 9.frost n. 霜;严寒天气;霜冻　vt. 使蒙上霜　vi. 结霜→frosty adj. 结霜的;霜冻的 10.anticipate vt. 预料;预见;期望→anticipation n. 预料;预见;期望 Unit 5 1.foggy adj. 有雾的→fog n. 雾 2.tightly adv. 紧紧地;牢固地;紧密地→tight adj. 牢固的;紧身的;绷紧的;严密的　adv. 紧紧地;牢固地 3.practical adj. 切实可行的;实际的;实践的→practice n.&v. 练习;实践 4.desperate adj. 绝望的;孤注一掷的;非常需要的→desperately adv. 绝望地;孤注一掷地→desperation n. 绝望 5.operator n. 电话接线员;操作员→operate v. 操作;做手术→operation n. 手术; 运行;运转 6.bleeding n. 流血;失血→bleed vi. 流血;失血→bled/bled/bleeding (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 7.interrupt vi.&vt. 打断;打扰　vt. 使暂停;使中断→interruption n. 打断;打扰;暂停;中断 8.loose adj. 松的;未系紧的;宽松的→loosen v. 松开 9.swell vi. 膨胀;肿胀→swollen adj. (身体部位)肿起的;肿胀的→swelled/swollen/swelling (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 10.minor adj. 较小的;次要的;轻微的→minority n. 少数;少数民族→(反) major adj. 主要的;主修的→(反) majority n. 大多数 11.electric adj. 电的;用电的;电动的→electrical adj. 与电有关的→electricity n. 电 12.urgent adj. 紧急的;急迫的;急切的→urgently adv. 迫切地;急切地→urgency n. 紧急情况 13.diner n. (尤指餐馆的)就餐者→dine vi. 进餐 14.membership n. 会员身份;全体会员;会员人数→member n. 会员 15.justify vt. 证明……有道理;为……辩护;是……的正当理由→just adj. 公正的;正义的→justice n. 公正;正义;公道 16.bath n. 洗澡;浴缸;浴盆　vt. 给……洗澡→bathe vt. 使沐浴;使沉浸;浸洗　vt.&vi. 给……洗澡
重 点 短 语 Unit 4 1．take sb.’s breath away令人惊叹 2．a bunch of一束；一串；一群；大量 3．contrary to相反的；相对立的 4．proceed to sth.进而做(参加) 5．owe sth.to sb.欠(某人情)；把……归功于某人 Unit 5 1．sense of touch触觉 2．electric shock触电；电击 3．help sb.to one’s feet帮助某人站起身来 4．vital sign生命体征 5．face up/down面朝上(朝下) 6．sleep in迟起；睡过头；睡懒觉 7．out of shape健康状况不好 8．mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing口对口人工呼吸
重 点 句 型 1．Rather than travel by commercial airline all the way，they decided to fly to Vancouver and then take the train. 没有选择一路坐商务航班旅行，她们决定先飞往温哥华，然后乘坐火车。 2．Seen from the train window，the mountains and forests of Canada looked massive. 从火车的窗户向外看，外面是连绵起伏的山脉和大片的森林。 3．Looking at the beautiful scenery，they both agreed that it was the most awesome journey they had ever taken. 看着这美丽的风景，她们俩人一致认为，这是她们有生以来最棒的旅行。 4．Since it can be too cold to go outdoors，Edmonton is home to many shopping malls. 因为天太冷不能去户外，埃德蒙顿成了许多购物广场的所在地。 5．It was not until 9：30 a．m.that they finally reached the capital of Ontario，Toronto. 直到上午9：30，她们才最终抵达安大略的省会多伦多。 6．As you can imagine，getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries. 正如你能想象的，被灼烧可能会导致非常严重的损伤。 7．You can get burnt by a variety of things：... 你可能会被各种各样的东西烧伤：…… 8．Remove any clothes using scissors if necessary，unless you see the fabric sticking to the burnt skin. 如有必要，用剪刀剪掉烧伤部位的衣服，除非你看到衣服与被烧伤的皮肤粘连在一起。 9．Chen Wei，a high school student in Beijing，had his dinner interrupted when he heard someone screaming from another table. 陈伟是北京的一个高中生，当他听到另一个桌子的一个人正在尖叫时，他停下了吃饭。 10．They suggested he eat more slowly and take smaller bites before they left. 离开前，他们建议他吃饭要细嚼慢咽，小口进食。
A
Li Daiyu and Liu Qian were on a trip to Canada.Before 1._____(start) out，they spent a couple of days in Vancouver,2.______there were some shops selling crafts and 3._____(antique)．After that they took the train to Lake Louise，where the blue water took their breath 4._______.Their next stop was in Edmonton，a city with daily temperatures 5. ______(average) －10℃.They had known that Canada is a country which has vast lands but 6.____small population.However，they didn’t anticipate 7.____(see) such an open country.They were so 8._______-(amaze)．The train thundered on，and the red maple trees outside the window 9.________(confirm) that autumn had arrived in Canada.10.________(eventual)，they reached their destination—Toronto.The whole journey took them four days.
B
The skin is 1.____ essential part of your body which acts 2.____ a barrier against disease，toxins，and the sun’s rays.It also helps control your body temperature，prevents your body 3.______losing too much water，4._____(warn) you when things are too hot or cold，and gives you your sense of touch.As you can imagine，getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries.The first and most important step in the 5.________(treat) of burns is giving first aid.
You can get 6._______(burn) by a variety of things：hot liquids，steam，fire，radiation，the sun，electricity，acids，or other chemicals.Burns are divided into three types，which 7.________(call) first ，second ，or third degree burns,8.________(depend) on the depth of skin damage.Different degree 9.________(burn) can be treated 10.________(different)．Let’s keep these things in mind.
知识点
arise vi.(arose，arisen)发生；出现；产生；起身，起立；(由……)引起
arise from＝arise out of由……引起/产生；从……中产生 arise from one’s chair/seat从椅子/座位上站起来
(1)Seeing her husband pace back and forth，the woman arose(arise) from the seat and asked him to stop.
(2)休息时，我们的班主任开始处理他课上出现的问题。
①At break，our headteacher got down to dealing with the matters arising from his class.(分词短语作定语)
②At break，our headteacher got down to dealing with the matters which/that arose from his class.(定语从句)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·浙江卷·语篇填空）
The design concept of the "Silk Road Garden" (arise) from the spirit of mutual respect and cooperation along the ancient Silk Road.
（2025·山东卷·选择题）
The problems ________ from environmental pollution require joint efforts from all sectors of society.
raising B. arising C. rising D. arousing
contrary adj.相反的；相对立的 n．相反的事实(或事情)
contrary to相反的；相对立的 on the contrary与此相反；恰恰相反
(1)读英文报Youth没有浪费我的时间；恰恰相反，它提高了我的整体能力。
Reading the English newspaper Youth doesn’t waste my time；on the contrary，it improves my overall competence.
(2)最终结果与我们的预期正相反，因此我们正在考虑下一步该做什么。
The final results are contrary to our expectations，and therefore we are considering what to do next.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·山东卷·完形填空）
I thought the task would be boring; on the contrary, it turned out to be a valuable experience of self-challenge.
on the contrary B. in contrast C. as a result D. in addition
（2023·全国乙卷·翻译）
结果与我们的预期相反，但这次经历让我们学会了灵活应变。
astonish vt.使十分惊讶；使吃惊[astonished adj.感到惊讶的(指人的主观感受) astonishing adj.惊人的；令人惊讶的 astonishment n．惊讶]
be astonished at/by sth.因某事感到惊讶 be astonished to do sth.对做某事感到惊讶 in astonishment吃惊地 to one’s astonishment让某人惊讶的是
(1)The photographer was astonished at the astonishing question in his own mind.(astonish)
(2)我们惊讶地张大了嘴。(读后续写之心理描写)
Our mouths dropped open in astonishment.
(3)双胞胎非常吃惊地发现他们第一次尝试做早餐失败了。(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ， 读后续写)
The twins were quite astonished to find that their first attempt to cook a breakfast failed.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The vet’s use of acupuncture to treat the injured dog was (astonish), and it made the owner feel relieved.
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·读后续写改编）
当看到弟弟用攒了半年的零花钱给自己买了生日蛋糕时，她惊讶地睁大了眼睛。（翻译）
owe vt.欠(账、钱、人情等)；归功于；归因于
owe sb.sth./owe sth.to sb.欠某人某物 owe sth.to sb./sth.把某事归功于某人/某事 owe it to sb.that/to do...把……归功于某人 owing to因为，由于
(1)我欠你一个道歉，因为周五下午我未能和你一起去书店。(应用文写作之道歉信)
I owe you an apology for not going to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon.
(2)I owe my great progress in English learning to you.
→I owe it to you that I have made great progress in English learning.(用owe it to sb.that改写)
→I owe it to you to make great progress in English learning.(用owe it to sb.to do改写)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·天津卷·翻译）
我把自己的成长归功于父母的理解与支持，这份恩情我永远铭记。
（2025·北京卷·语法填空）
(owe) to the bad weather, the outdoor art class was moved to the school hall.
　 Rather than travel by commercial airline all the way，they decided to fly to Vancouver and then take the train.她们不想一直乘商务航班旅行，而是决定先飞到温哥华，然后乘坐火车。
rather than连接的两个并列成分作主语时，谓语与rather than前面的成分在人称和数上保持一致。 常见的含rather than的句型： 宁愿做……也不做……
(1)It was they rather than I were(be) to blame for the silly mistake.
(2)不是像西方人使用刀叉吃饭，中国人更喜欢用筷子。(话题写作之传统文化)
Rather than use knives and forks as Westerners do，Chinese people prefer to eat with chopsticks.
(3)尽管面对许多巨大的困难，但我宁愿死也不愿放弃。
①In spite of many massive difficulties，I would rather die than give up.(would rather do...than do...)
②In spite of many massive difficulties，I would die rather than give up.(would do...rather than do...)
③In spite of many massive difficulties，I preferred to die rather than give up.(prefer to do...rather than do...)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·选择题）
Rather than ________ time on social media, she prefers to read books to broaden her horizons.
waste B. wasting C. to waste D. wasted
（2025·北京卷·翻译）
中国传统节日的意义在于团聚而非物质享受，这是我们应该传承的核心价值。
　 Since it can be too cold to go outdoors，Edmonton is home to many shopping malls.
因为天太冷不能去户外，埃德蒙顿成了许多购物广场的所在地。
too＋adj./adv.(for sb.)＋to do sth.表示否定的意义，意为“太……而不能”。 当“too...to...”结构用来修饰表达人的态度、情绪倾向的形容词，如anxious，eager，glad，happy，pleased，ready，willing等时，表示肯定意义，意为“非常”。 can’t/can never...too...再怎么……也不过分。
我非常高兴地得知您对长城感兴趣。长城太壮观而不容错过。正如一句老话所说：“不到长城非好汉。” 因此，我怎么强调爬长城的意义都不过分。(传统文化之长城)
I am too pleased to learn that you are keen on the Great Wall.The Great Wall is too spectacular to miss.Just as an old saying goes，“He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.” So I can’t/can never stress the significance of climbing the Great Wall too much.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·北京卷·翻译）
这幅古画太珍贵了，不能暴露在强光下，我们必须妥善保护它。
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
She was too (please) to accept the invitation to the cultural exchange activity.
7. ease n．容易；舒适；自在vt.& vi.减轻；缓解；使安心；(使)宽慰
with ease容易地；不费力地 at ease舒适；悠闲；自在 put/set sb.at ease使某人放松/自在
(1)得知孩子们都安全，他才放心。
His mind was at ease，knowing that the children were safe.
(2)打篮球是缓解我们巨大学习压力的最好方法，同时也能从中找到一些乐趣。(话题写作之体育运动)
Playing basketball serves as the best way to ease our great study pressure and find some pleasure at the same time.
(3)如果你每天坚持用英语写日记，你会很容易提高你的书面英语。(话题写作之语言学习)
①If you insist on keeping diaries in English every day，you can improve your written English with ease.
②Insist on keeping diaries in English every day，and you can improve your written English with ease.(用“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”改写)
【高考真题链接】
（2023·浙江卷·七选五改编）
Using a paper dictionary allows you to look up words （ease） and helps you remember them better.
（2024·天津卷·选择题）
The warm smile of the nurse eased the patient’s fear.
reduced B. eased C. removed D. relieved
8. panic vi.& vt.(panicked；panicked；panicking)(使)惊慌 n．惊慌；惊恐
panic sb.into doing sth.使某人仓惶行事 get into a panic陷入恐慌 in panic惊慌失措地；处在恐慌中
(1)When people heard the urgent news，they fled the village in panic.
(2)简陷入恐慌，她的心如此剧烈跳动，她感觉快要窒息了。(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)
Jane got into a panic，and her heart beat so violently that she felt nearly suffocated.
(3)野狼的嚎叫吓得我尖叫起来。(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)
The roar of the wild wolf panicked me into screaming.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国甲卷·读后续写）
When the storm suddenly hit, the campers didn’t but followed the instructor’s guidance to take shelter.
（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
The false news about the virus made many people get into a panic.
get into a panic B. in panic C. panic D. panicked
9. desperate adj.绝望的；孤注一掷的；非常需要的(desperately adv.绝望地；拼命地；极严重地；非常需要)
be desperate for sth.渴望某物 be desperate to do sth.渴望做某事
(1)I desperately(desperate)need your assistance because I have an urgent matter to handle.
(2)看到考试的结果，我是如此绝望，以至于我感觉好像被扔进了黑暗的世界。(读后续写之绝望心理描写)
①Seeing the result of the exam，I was so desperate that I felt as if I were thrown into a world of darkness.
②Seeing the result of the exam，so desperate was I that I felt as if I were thrown into a world of darkness.(倒装句)
(3)我渴望有机会成为一名志愿者。我的确希望您能给我这个宝贵的机会。(应用文写作之申请信)
①I am desperate for the chance to be a volunteer.I do hope you can offer me the precious opportunity.
②Desperate for the chance to be a volunteer，I do hope you can offer me the precious opportunity.(用形容词短语作状语改写)
【高考真题链接】
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
(desperate) to prove her ability, she volunteered to take charge of the difficult task.
（2025·江苏卷·翻译）
那个迷路的登山者非常渴望得到帮助，当看到救援人员时，他激动得流下了眼泪。
用法点拨　表示“渴望某物/做某事”的短语还有：
be eager for sth./to do sth.，be anxious for sth./to do sth.，long for sth./to do sth.，be dying for sth./to do sth.
10. help sb.to one’s feet帮助某人站起身来
struggle to one’s feet挣扎着站起来 rise to one’s feet站起来；起身 jump to one’s feet跳起来 drag one’s feet拖着脚 stamp one’s feet跺脚
(1)看到那个男孩摔倒了，我冲过去帮他站了起来。
Seeing the boy fall down，I rushed to help him to his feet.
(2)打篮球时这个男孩的腿受伤了，但是他挣扎着站了起来。
While playing basketball，the boy’s leg got injured，but he struggled to his feet.
(3)当来宾进来时，请大家站起来以显示我们的礼貌。
When visitors come in，please rise to our feet to show our politeness.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国甲卷·读后续写）
Seeing the old man fall down, the young man rushed over and helped him gently.
（2025·山东卷·选择题）
Hearing the exciting news, she ________ and cheered loudly.
struggled to her feet B. rose to her feet C. jumped to her feet D. dragged her feet
11. face down/up面朝下/上
be faced with＝face sth.面临 in the face of面对 lose face丢面子/丢脸 make a face (at)皱眉头；做苦相；做鬼脸
(1)当看到一个男孩脸朝下从校车上摔下来时，他冲过去帮忙。
When seeing a boy fall off a school bus，face down，he rushed to his assistance.
(2)我强烈建议你学英语的时候不要害怕丢脸。
I strongly suggest that you shouldn’t be afraid of losing face when you learn English.
(3)面对巨大的挑战，我最好的朋友永远不会放弃，直到她最终成功。
①In the face of great challenges，my best friend will never give up until she finally succeeds.(in the face of)
②Faced with great challenges，my best friend will never give up until she finally succeeds.(过去分词短语作状语；be faced with)
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·完形填空）
In the face of failure, he didn’t give up but tried to find out the reasons for his mistake.
In the face of B. In favor of C. In terms of D. In need of
（2024·天津卷·语法填空）
She (face) the challenge bravely and finally achieved her goal of becoming a volunteer.
12. out of shape健康状况不好；变形
in good/bad shape健康状况良好/不佳 keep/be in shape保持健康 in the shape of以……的形状/形式
(1)You have been sitting on the elderly woman’s hat and now it is badly out of shape.
(2)The lazy fellow hadn’t been training for months and was really out of shape.
(3)She jogs for an hour in the suburbs every morning to keep/be in shape.
(4)Some lanterns are in the shape of fruits and they look beautiful.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·江苏卷·语法填空）
To keep (shape), she goes jogging in the park every morning.
（2024·浙江卷·选择题）
The old book was out of shape because it had been kept in the attic for decades.
in good shape B. out of shape C. in the shape of D. in bad shape
13. as引导的非限制性定语从句
　 As you can imagine，getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries.
正如你能想象的，被灼烧可能会导致非常严重的损伤。
as引导非限制性定语从句时，常在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，从句可位于句首、句中或句末。 as引导定语从句的常用句式有： as is known to us all/as we all know众所周知 as we can see正如我们所看到的 as is reported正如报道的那样 as is often the case这是常有的事 as is mentioned above正如上面所提到的
(1)我们能够从历史中找到一些问题的解决方法，这是常有的事。
As is often the case，we can probably find solutions to some problems from history.
(2)众所周知，兴趣是最好的老师。
①As is known to us all/As we all know，interest is the best teacher.(as引导的非限制性定语从句)
②What is known to us all is that interest is the best teacher.(what引导的主语从句)
③It is known to us all that interest is the best teacher.(it作形式主语)
【高考真题链接】
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
As is reported (report), the number of people participating in volunteer activities has increased significantly.
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·选择题）
________ we all know, protecting the environment is a responsibility shared by everyone.
Which B. As C. What D. That
语法点
Grammar　过去分词作表语和状语
[观察例句]
1．The girls were amazed to see such an open country.
2．Do you feel frightened when going into the wilderness alone
3．Seen from the top of the mountain，the scenery was really fascinating.
4．Finally，the company—headed by its new manager—started to make a profit.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1中的amazed和例句2中的frightened为过去分词作表语。
2．例句3中的Seen和例句4中的headed为过去分词作状语，过去分词与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系，往往含有完成的意思。
一、过去分词作表语
1．意义
位于系动词(如be，get，become，look，feel，seem等)之后，多表示主语的状态或状况，它所体现的是形容词的特性。
She looked disappointed.
她看上去很失望。
We were encouraged at the news.
听到这个消息我们很受鼓舞。
2．过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别
过去分词作表语时，强调主语所处的状态，而动词的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，强调动作。
The cup is broken.
杯子碎了。(系表结构)
The cup was broken by Tom.
杯子是被汤姆打碎的。(被动语态)
3．现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别
过去分词 表示人自身的感受或事物自身的状态，常译作“感到……的”
现在分词 表示事物具有的特性，常译作“令人……的”
They became so worried that they stayed awake all night.
他们变得如此担心，以至于一整晚都没有睡觉。
The situation became so worrying that something should be done at once.
形势变得令人担忧，应该立刻采取措施。
[即学即练1]　 用所给动词的正确形式填空
①I was too (tire) to walk any further.
②When he heard the story，he was deeply ．(move)
③Tom was more (surprise) than (disappoint) at this news.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
(found) in 1921, the hospital has been providing emergency care for over a century.
（2024·浙江卷·选择题）
________ by the doctor's words, the patient felt much more relaxed.
Encouraging B. Encouraged C. To encourage D. Having encouraged
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·翻译）
听到这个令人感动的故事，在场的所有人都感动得说不出话来。
（2025·山东卷·语法填空）
If ________ (ask) about the first-aid knowledge, you should explain it clearly.
二、过去分词(短语)作状语
1．意义
过去分词(短语)作状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且过去分词与主语之间为动宾关系。
2．过去分词(短语)作状语的句法功能和位置
(1) 过去分词(短语)表示被动，表示动作已经完成，其逻辑主语则为句子的主语。过去分词作状语时，可单独使用，也可以在其前面加上适当的连词，可表示时间、条件、原因、让步、方式、伴随等。
When offered help，one often says “Thank you” or “It's kind of you”．(时间状语)
当被提供帮助的时候，人们常说“Thank you”或“It's kind of you”。
Given another chance，I will do it much better.(条件状语)如果再给我一次机会，我会干得更好。
Greatly inspired by what he did，I joined him in helping others.(原因状语)在他所做的事情的鼓励下，我也加入了帮助他人的行列。
Visited many times，the place is still worth visiting again.(让步状语)
虽然已参观了很多次，这个地方仍值得再来。
He has been preparing his paper all day long，locked in his study.(方式状语)
锁在书房里，他一整天都在准备论文。
The guest walked into the room，greeted by the host.(伴随状语)
客人一边和主人打招呼，一边走进了房间。
(2)过去分词(短语)在句中作状语时，既可放在句首，也可放在句尾，中间用逗号隔开。
Caught in a heavy rain，he was all wet.
因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。
He stood there silently，moved to tears.
＝Moved to tears，he stood there silently.
他静静地站在那里，感动得热泪盈眶。
[即学即练2]　写出下列句中黑体部分分别作什么状语
①Clearly and thoughtfully written，the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
②Time，used correctly，is money in the bank.
③If asked to look after luggage for someone else，inform the police at once.
④Seated at the table，my father and I were talking about my job.
⑤When (you are) given a medical examination，you should keep calm.
3．过去分词(短语)作状语的几种情况
(1)过去分词在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步状语时，相当于对应的时间、条件、原因及让步状语从句。
Seen from the top of the mountain(＝When it is seen from the top of the mountain)，the whole town looks more beautiful.从山顶上看，整个城市看起来更美了。
Encouraged by the progress he has made(＝As he is encouraged by the progress he has made)，he works harder.
由于受到所取得成绩的鼓舞，他工作更努力了。
(2)过去分词在句中作伴随、方式等状语时，可改为句子的并列谓语或改为并列分句。
The teacher came into the room，followed by two students(＝and was followed by two students)．
后面跟着两个学生，老师走进了房间。
He spent the whole afternoon，locked in his study(＝and was locked in his study)．
他把自己锁在书房里度过了一整个下午。
(3)过去分词作状语可与与之对应的状语从句互换。而从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成“连词＋过去分词”结构作状语。
Even if I am invited(＝Even if invited)，I will not take part in the party.
即使被邀请，我也不会参加那个宴会。
Unless you are asked to speak(＝Unless asked to speak)，you should remain silent at the meeting.
除非被要求说话，在会上你应该保持沉默。
(4)过去分词(短语)作状语时，过去分词(短语)的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，否则，分词(短语)前应加上自己的主语。这种带有自身主语的过去分词(短语)被称为过去分词(短语)的独立主格结构。过去分词(短语)的独立主格结构通常在句中作状语，可表示时间、原因、条件等。
The test finished，we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假了。
More time given，we could have done it much better.
如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。
[即学即练3]　句型转换
①When they were asked who had broken the vase，the children all kept silent.
→ ，the children all kept silent.
②If we are united，we will make our life better.
→ ，we will make our life better.
③Although we were exhausted by the hard work，we went on with it.
→ ，we went on with it.
4．现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别
现在分词与过去分词作状语的最主要的区别在于两者与其逻辑主语的主动与被动关系。
(1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语发出的动作，它们之间是主动关系。现在分词动作与谓语动作同时发生用一般式doing；如果现在分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，表示已经完成，表示主动就用having done，表示被动就用having been done。
Walking along the street，I met a friend of mine.
沿着大街走时，我碰到了我的一个朋友。
Having finished their work，they went home to have a rest.完成工作后，他们回家休息一下。
(2) 过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention，the tree could have grown better.如果给予更多的关注，小树本来能够长得更好一些。
Grown in rich soil，these seeds can grow fast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。
[即学即练4]　单句语法填空
① (impress) by the beautiful scenery，I forgot to go back home in time.
② (look) out of the window，I found many children playing on the playground.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Both he and I are (satisfy) with the result.
2．The news was (excite) and they were all (excite) at it.
3．We all felt (encourage) at the (encourage) news.
4．When (face) with difficulties，we must try to overcome them.
5．If (give) better attention，the serious accident could have been avoided.
6．The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment， (allow) more patients to be treated.
7． (found) in the early 20th century，the school keeps on inspiring children's love of art.
8．Much time (spend) sitting at a desk，office workers are generally troubled by health problems.
9． (absorb) in painting，John didn't notice evening approaching.
10． (raise)in the poorest area of Glasgow，he had a long，hard road to becoming a football star.
Grammar　复习动词 ing形式
[观察例句]
1．As you can imagine，getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries.
2．You can protect the burnt area by covering it with a loose clean cloth.
3．The first and most important step in the treatment of burns is giving first aid.
4．It is best to place burns under cool running water，especially within the first ten minutes.
5．If you see someone choking，first call the emergency services.
6．In 1974，an American doctor，Henry Heimlich，created the Heimlich manoeuvre，saving thousands of lives around the world.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1中的getting为动词 ing形式在句中作主语。
2．例句2中的covering为动词 ing形式在句中作宾语。
3．例句3中的giving为动词 ing形式在句中作表语。
4．例句4中的running为动词 ing形式在句中作定语。
5．例句5中的choking为动词 ing形式在句中作宾语补足语。
6．例句6中的saving为动词 ing形式在句中作状语。
一、动词 ing形式的基本情况
1．动词 ing形式是动词的一种非谓语形式，包括现在分词和动名词两种。
动词 ing形式在句中的语法作用：动名词在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，现在分词在句中作状语、宾语补足语和定语。
2．动词 ing形式的时态和语态：
　　　　语态 时态　　　 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
Reading aloud is a good way to learn a language.
大声朗读是学习语言的一种好方法。
Having studied his lessons very hard，he passed the exam.
努力学习了功课， 他通过了考试。
The building being built now will be finished next month.
正在建设的建筑物下个月将完工。
二、动词 ing形式作主语
1．动词 ing形式作主语时，往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，通常置于句首。
Saying is one thing，and doing is another.
说是一回事，而做是另一回事。
Having a walk every day helps to make one keep healthy.
每天散步有助于一个人保持健康。
[名师点津]
动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Climbing mountains is really difficult for the old.
对于老人来说爬山确实困难。
2．形式主语it代替动词 ing形式作主语。
此类句式常见的有：
It's a waste of time doing sth.做某事是浪费时间
It's useless/worthwhile doing sth.做某事没用/是值得的
It's no good/use/fun doing sth.做某事没好处/没用/没意思
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.
劝说这种人加入我们是浪费时间。
It is no good/use regretting for the past.
悔恨过去是没用的。
3．v. ing形式和to do作主语时的区别。
v． ing形式和to do都可以作主语。v. ing形式作主语表示比较抽象的一般行为，to do作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。
Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火危险。(泛指)
Singing is my hobby，and to sing at my friend's birthday party is my dream.唱歌是我的爱好，在朋友的生日宴会上唱歌是我的梦想。
[即学即练1]　单句语法填空
①I can't stand (work) with Jane in the same office.
②It's no use (complain) without taking action.
③ (volunteer) just feels so good.
④ (invite) to the party was a great honour to the family.
三、动词 ing形式作宾语
1．作动词的宾语。接v. ing形式作宾语的常用动词(短语)有：
avoid，miss，delay/put off 避免错过少延期
advise，finish，practise 建议完成多练习
enjoy，imagine，can't help 喜欢想象禁不住
admit，deny，envy 承认否定与嫉妒
escape，risk，excuse 逃避冒险莫原谅
stand，keep，mind 忍受保持不介意
He admitted referring to his notes in the exam.
他承认在考试中查阅了笔记。
She can't stand being looked down upon in public.
她忍受不了在公众场合被人看不起的感觉。
Would you mind opening the window
你介意打开窗子吗？
He tried to avoid answering my questions.
他试图对我的问题避而不答。
2．作介词的宾语。在下面的短语中，常用动词 ing形式作介词的宾语： be good at擅长；dream of梦想；care about在乎；be concerned about关心；be interested in对……感兴趣；feel like想要；insist on坚持；think of认为；aim at瞄准；set about开始做；be used to习惯于；get down to开始做；lead to导致；devote oneself to 献身于……；look forward to 期待；stick to 坚持；pay attention to注意；give up放弃等。
I dream of sailing around the world and leading a happy life.
我梦想着环游世界，过上幸福的生活。
He insisted on doing it in his own way.
他坚持要按照自己的方法做。
I'm looking forward to your coming next time.
我期待着你下一次的到来。
Because of the bad weather，they have to give up going out for a picnic tomorrow.
因为天气不好， 他们不得不放弃明天的外出野餐。
3．在以下结构中，动词 ing形式作介词的宾语，介词常省略。
spend...(in) doing花费……做某事
have difficulty/trouble (in) doing...做……有困难/麻烦
stop/prevent...(from) doing阻止……做某事
waste time (in) doing浪费时间做某事
be busy (in) doing忙于做某事
have a good/hard time (in) doing高兴做某事/费了很大劲做某事
There is no point (in) doing做某事毫无意义
He is always busy working every day，which has made him have little time to play with his child.
他每天总是忙于工作，这使他很少有时间和孩子一起玩。
There is no point giving him such a good chance.
给他提供这样一个好机会没有意义。
4．动词 ing形式作主语、宾语时的几个特殊情况
(1)动词 ing的复合结构
＋动词 ing
His/Tom's being late made the teacher very angry.
他的/汤姆的迟到使老师很生气。
Would you mind my/me closing the window
你介意我关上窗户吗？
Would you mind Mary's/Mary closing the window
你介意玛丽关上窗户吗？
[名师点津]
动词 ing的复合结构的否定形式为：形容词性物主代词/代词(宾格)/名词/名词的所有格＋not doing...。
Jerry's not arriving on time made the people present angry.
杰里未能按时到达令在场的人很生气。
(2)某些动词及动词短语后面既可以用不定式也可以用动词 ing作宾语。
①动词begin，start，continue等词后既可跟不定式，又可跟动词 ing作宾语，意义基本相同。
They continued discussing/to discuss the plan after having a rest.
休息了一会后，他们继续讨论这项计划。
②动词love，like，hate等后可跟动词 ing和不定式作宾语，但接动词 ing表示经常性的情况，接不定式表示具体的动作。
I love walking with my friend on a sunny day.(习惯)我喜欢和朋友在一个阳光明媚的日子里散步。
It is a pleasant day today，so I love to have a walk with my friend.(具体)今天是个令人愉快的日子，所以我想和朋友一起散散步。
③一些动词后既可跟动词 ing作宾语，又可跟不定式作宾语，但意义有很大差别。
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯。
The light in the office is still on.He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还亮着。他忘记关了。
[名师点津]
对比记忆作宾语的动词含义
They stopped to have a look at the fantastic scenery.
他们停下来，看了看这美妙绝伦的风景。
They stopped working and had a rest.
他们停止工作，休息了一下。
(3)用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是动词 ing形式。
其结构如下：
主语＋it＋＋doing...
I found it useless/no use arguing about it.
我发现争论这件事没有用。
Do you consider it any good trying again
你觉得再试会有用吗？
(4)在动词need，require，want，deserve后，用动词 ing形式表示被动意义，即need/require/want/deserve doing＝need/require/want/ deserve to be done。
These clothes need washing.＝These clothes need to be washed.这些衣服需要洗。
The house requires repairing.＝The house requires to be repaired.这座房子需要修理。
(5)在(be) worth后面只能用动词 ing形式来表示被动意义。
The film is worth seeing a second time.
这部电影值得再看一次。
[即学即练2]　单句语法填空
(1)①I remember (see) her before，but I can't remember when it was.
②You must remember (tell) Jackson the news tonight.
(2)①I didn't mean (visit) him yesterday afternoon.
②Giving up your plan means (lose) a large amount of money.
(3)①All of us stopped (talk) when we saw our teacher come in.
②She felt thirsty，so she stopped (get) a drink of water.
四、动词 ing形式作表语
作表语的动词 ing形式包括现在分词和动名词。
1．动名词(短语)作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为，用来说明主语的内容，与主语通常是同一概念，表语和主语常可互换位置。
One of his weaknesses is telling lies.
＝Telling lies is one of his weaknesses.
他的缺点之一就是说谎。
His hobby is reading books in his spare time.
＝Reading books in his spare time is his hobby.
他的爱好是在业余时间读书。
2．现在分词(短语)作表语，表示主语的某种性质和特征，这类分词通常可以看作形容词。
Her performance is very entertaining，which brings us much pleasure.
她的表演非常有趣， 给我们带来很多乐趣。
The trip is very exciting，and we have decided to have a similar one.这次旅行很是激动人心， 我们已决定再进行一次类似的旅行。
[名师点津]
作表语的现在分词，许多是由能够表示人们某种感情或情绪的动词变化而来的。常见的有：moving，interesting，encouraging，exciting，inspiring，boring，surprising，puzzling，amusing，astonishing...这类分词有“令人……的”的含义，常修饰物。
[即学即练3]　单句语法填空
①Going into hospital can be very (frighten) for a child.
②Henry's job is (teach) physics in a local middle school.
③Your task is (clean) the old car over there on your own.
五、动词 ing作定语
1．动名词(短语)作定语，表示名词的属性、作用或用途，作“供……用”讲，常置于被修饰的名词前。
There is a swimming pool in our school.
我们学校有一个游泳池。
Students are not permitted to speak aloud in the reading room.在阅览室里学生们不许大声喧哗。
2．现在分词(短语)作定语，表示所修饰词的动作或状态，被修饰词与现在分词之间是主动关系，相当于一个定语从句。
The boys gathering at the school gate are my classmates.＝The boys who are gathering at the school gate are my classmates.
聚集在校门口的那些男孩是我的同学。
The girl performing on the stage has a gift for dance.＝ The girl who is performing on the stage has a gift for dance.
那个在舞台上表演的女孩有舞蹈天赋。
[名师点津]
单个的现在分词作定语时，放在被修饰词前；现在分词短语作定语时，则放在被修饰词后。
[即学即练4]　单句语法填空
①The topic (discuss) now has drawn some experts' attention.
②Grandma came into my bedroom with a (walk) stick in her hand.
六、动词 ing形式作宾语补足语
动词 ing形式作宾语补足语时，表示正在进行的动作或经常存在的状态。动词 ing形式常作以下动词的宾语补足语。
1．动词 ing位于感官动词后：feel，smell，listen to，hear，watch，see，notice，observe 等。
I felt someone patting me on the shoulder.
我感觉有人在拍我的肩膀。
When he passed the swimming pool，he saw someone swimming in it.
当他经过游泳池时， 他看见有人在游泳。
[名师点津]
动词 ing与动词不定式在感官动词后的意义
在see，hear，watch等感官动词后，用动词 ing形式作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行；用省略to的不定式作宾语补足语表示动作从开始到结束的全过程。
I heard Mary singing in the next room.(动作正在进行)
我听到玛丽在隔壁唱歌。
I heard Mary sing a song in the next room last night.(动作全过程)昨晚我听到玛丽在隔壁唱歌。
2．动词 ing位于使役动词后：have，keep，get，leave，set，make，send等。
She couldn't have him getting away with telling lies.
她不能容忍他撒了谎而不受惩罚。
Please don't keep the little boy staying alone.
不要让这个男孩独自待着。
3．用于with复合结构中。
I couldn't do my homework with the noise going on.
由于噪音不断，我没法做家庭作业。
With so many people looking at her，she feels nervous.
这么多人看着她，她感到很紧张。
[即学即练5]　句型转换
①As time passes by，we will have a better and better life.
→ ，we will have a better and better life.
②I saw that they were coming across the street.
→I saw the street.
③I stood on the bridge and watched boats were passing by.
→I stood on the bridge and watched ．
七、动词 ing形式作状语
1．作时间状语。
Hearing the news，he couldn't help laughing.
＝When he heard the news，he couldn't help laughing.一听到那个消息，他禁不住大笑起来。
2．作原因状语。
Not knowing her address，I had better telephone her to come over.
＝As I don't know her address，I had better telephone her to come over.
由于不知道她的地址，我还是打电话让她过来为好。
3．作条件状语。
Working hard，you'll surely succeed.
＝If you work hard，you'll surely succeed.
如果努力工作，你就一定会成功。
4．作结果状语。
The child slipped and fell，hitting his head against the door.
＝The child slipped and fell，and hit his head against the door.
那个男孩滑了一跤，头撞到了门上。
[名师点津]
现在分词作结果状语，是随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果，而不定式作结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果，有时前面可以加only。
I hurried to school，only to find it was Sunday.
我匆忙赶到学校，结果发现是星期天。
5．作让步状语。
Having been told many times，he still didn't learn these rules by heart.
＝Although he had been told many times，he still didn't learn these rules by heart.
尽管被告知了很多次，他还是没把这些规定记住。
6．作伴随状语。
Morris lay on the grass，staring at the sky for a long time.
＝Morris lay on the grass and stared at the sky for a long time.
莫里斯躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。
The boy sat in front of the farmhouse，cutting the branches.
＝The boy sat in front of the farmhouse，and cut the branches.
那个男孩坐在农舍前砍树枝。
7．作方式状语。
He came running back to tell me the news.
他跑回来告诉我这个消息。
[名师点津]
动词 ing形式作状语时，相当于与之对应的状语从句，但是当作伴随状语及结果状语时，可转化为并列谓语。
[即学即练6]　句型转换(用非谓语动词转换句子)
①It rained heavily and it caused great damage.
→It rained heavily， ．
②After he had eaten his dinner，the boy rushed out.
→ ，the boy rushed out.
③All night long he lay awake and he thought of the problem.
→All night long he lay awake， ．
8．现在分词作状语时的注意事项
(1)现在分词的时态
现在分词作状语时，要注意分词的时间性，是用现在分词的一般式(doing)，还是用完成式(having done)。
①当现在分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，用分词的一般式。
Walking in the street，I met an old friend of mine.
我正在大街上行走时，遇到了一位老朋友。(walking和谓语动词met同时发生)
②当现在分词的动作先发生，而谓语动词的动作后发生时，用分词的完成式。
Having finished the letter，he went to post it.
他写完信后就把它寄了出去。(having finished是先发生的，went是后发生的)
(2)现在分词的语态
使用现在分词的主动式还是被动式，这主要取决于现在分词和句子主语之间的关系。句子的主语就是分词的逻辑主语。
Having been shown around the factory，they were very happy.(现在分词的被动式)
被领着参观了工厂后，他们很高兴。
Having finished his homework，he went to bed.(现在分词的主动式)
完成了作业后，他上床睡觉。
(3)动词 ing形式的否定式：not＋v. ing；not having＋v. ed
Not knowing this，he didn't come.
他不知道这件事，所以没来。
Not having made full preparations，we put off the sports meeting.
因为没有做好充分的准备，我们把运动会延期了。
(4)现在分词作评注性状语
有些现在分词在句中没有逻辑主语，它们往往作为句子的评注性状语来修饰整个句子，表明说话者的态度、观点等。例如：generally speaking“一般来说”， judging by/from...“从……判断”，taking everything into consideration“从全局考虑”。
Judging from his behaviour，he must be mad.
从他的行为来判断，他一定是疯了。
[即学即练7]　单句语法填空
① (work) for three hours，he took a rest.
②Tom came (dash) into the room with some film tickets in his hand.
③ (spend) all his money，the boy had to give his mother a call.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1． (talk) with your kid heart to heart is very important.
2．The bird narrowly escaped (shoot) by the hunter.
3．It is no use (regret) your past mistakes.
4．My parents don't allow us (watch) violent TV programs.
5．They are planning to build a (swim) pool for the kids.
6．The student (talk) with the foreigners over there is our monitor.
7．With the temperature (rise)，the leaves and grass begin to appear.
8． (see) from the tower，the city looks very beautiful.
9． (work) harder at English，you'll make greater progress.
10． (finish) the work ahead of time，we have to work hard.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国甲卷·语法填空）
The nurse kept the patient ________ (breathing) normally by patting his back.
（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
________ the first-aid skills, he saved the drowning child successfully.
Mastering B. Mastered C. To master D. Having mastered
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
It is worthwhile ________ (learn) basic first-aid knowledge because it may save lives.
（2024·天津卷·翻译）
坚持练习心肺复苏（CPR）能帮助我们在紧急情况下应对自如。
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)/ 让教学更有效 高效备考 | 英语学科
新人教版选择性必修第二册Unit 4-5知识清单
重 点 单 词 Unit 4 1.arise vi. 起身;出现;由……引起→arose/arisen/arising (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 2.bound adj. 准备前往(某地);一定会 3.owe vt. 欠(账、债、情等) 4.highlight n. 最好或最精彩的部分　vt. 突出;强调;使醒目 5.accent n. 口音 6.anyhow adv. (结束交谈或转换话题时)不过;反正 7.drill vi.&vt. 钻(孔);打(眼)　 n. 钻(头);训练;演习 8.proceed vi. 行进;继续做 9.antique n. 古物;古董　adj. 古老的;古董的 10.massive adj. 巨大的;非常严重的 11.awesome adj. 令人惊叹的;可怕的;很好的 12.spectacular adj. 壮观的;壮丽的;惊人的　n. 壮丽的场面;精彩的表演 13.peak n. 顶峰;山峰;尖形 14.dusk n. 黄昏;傍晚 15.bunch n. 束;串;捆 16.duration 　n. 持续时间;期间 17.craft n. 手艺;工艺;技艺 18.scenery n. 风景;景色 19.toast n. 烤面包片;吐司;干杯 vt. 为……干杯 vi. 烤(尤指面包) 20.idiom n. 习语;成语 21.alongside prep. 在……旁边; 与……一起 adv. 在旁边 22.thunder vi. 打雷;轰隆隆地响;轰隆隆地快速移动　n. 雷声;轰隆声 Unit 5 1.ease vi.&vt. (使)宽慰;减轻;缓解　n. 容易;舒适;自在 2.delay vi.&vt. 推迟;延期(做某事)　vt. 耽误;耽搁　n. 延误;耽搁(的时间);推迟 3.panic vi.&vt. (使)惊慌　n. 惊恐;恐慌→panicked/panicked/panicking (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 4.swallow vt.&vi. 吞下;咽下 5.wrap vt. 包、裹;(用手臂等)围住→wrapped/wrapped/wrapping (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 6.slip vi. 滑倒;滑落;溜走　n. 滑倒;小错误;纸条→slipped/slipped/slipping (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 7.drown vi.&vt. (使)淹死;溺死;浸泡;淹没 8.scream vi.&vt. (因愤怒或恐惧)高声喊;大声叫　n. 尖叫;尖锐刺耳的声音 9.choke vi.&vt. (使)窒息;(使)哽咽 10.slap vt. (用手掌)打、拍　n. (用手掌)打、拍;拍击声→slapped/slapped/slapping (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 11.grab vt. 抓住;攫取　n. 抓取;抢夺→grabbed/grabbed/grabbing (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 12.collapse vi. (突然)倒塌;(因病等)昏倒 13.mosquito n. 蚊子→mosquitoes/mosquitos (pl.) 14.fist 　　　n. 拳;拳头 15.motion n. 运动;移动 16.technique n. 技能;技术;技艺 17.victim n. 受害者;患者 18.fellow adj. 同类的;同事的;同伴的;同情况的　n. 男人;家伙;同事;同辈;同类 19.elderly adj. 年纪较大的;上了年纪的(婉辞) 20.ambulance n. 救护车 21.needle n. 针;缝衣针;注射针; 指针 22.ankle n. 踝;踝关节 23.organ n. (人或动植物的)器官 24.welfare n. 幸福;福祉;安康;福利 25.suburb n. 郊区;城外
词 汇 拓 展 Unit 4 1.pleasant adj. 令人愉快的;友好的→pleasure n. 愉快;开心→pleased adj. 高兴的; 满意的 2.astonish vt. 使十分惊讶;使吃惊→astonished adj. 吃惊的;惊讶的→astonishing adj. 令人吃惊的→astonishment n. 吃惊;惊讶 3.breath n. 呼吸的空气→breathe v. 呼吸→breathless adj. 气喘吁吁的 4.freezing adj. 极冷的;冰冻的→frozen adj. 冻僵;冻住→freeze vi.&vt. 结冰;(使)冻住→froze/frozen/freezing (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 5.misty adj. 多雾的;模糊的→mist n. 薄雾;水汽 6.advertisement n. 广告;启事→advertise v. 做广告→advertising n. 广告业 7.photographer n. 摄影师;拍照者→photograph n. 照片→photography n. 照相术; 摄影 8.literally adv. 字面上;真正地→literal adj. 文学的;文学上的→literature n. 文学; 文学作品 9.frost n. 霜;严寒天气;霜冻　vt. 使蒙上霜　vi. 结霜→frosty adj. 结霜的;霜冻的 10.anticipate vt. 预料;预见;期望→anticipation n. 预料;预见;期望 Unit 5 1.foggy adj. 有雾的→fog n. 雾 2.tightly adv. 紧紧地;牢固地;紧密地→tight adj. 牢固的;紧身的;绷紧的;严密的　adv. 紧紧地;牢固地 3.practical adj. 切实可行的;实际的;实践的→practice n.&v. 练习;实践 4.desperate adj. 绝望的;孤注一掷的;非常需要的→desperately adv. 绝望地;孤注一掷地→desperation n. 绝望 5.operator n. 电话接线员;操作员→operate v. 操作;做手术→operation n. 手术; 运行;运转 6.bleeding n. 流血;失血→bleed vi. 流血;失血→bled/bled/bleeding (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 7.interrupt vi.&vt. 打断;打扰　vt. 使暂停;使中断→interruption n. 打断;打扰;暂停;中断 8.loose adj. 松的;未系紧的;宽松的→loosen v. 松开 9.swell vi. 膨胀;肿胀→swollen adj. (身体部位)肿起的;肿胀的→swelled/swollen/swelling (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 10.minor adj. 较小的;次要的;轻微的→minority n. 少数;少数民族→(反) major adj. 主要的;主修的→(反) majority n. 大多数 11.electric adj. 电的;用电的;电动的→electrical adj. 与电有关的→electricity n. 电 12.urgent adj. 紧急的;急迫的;急切的→urgently adv. 迫切地;急切地→urgency n. 紧急情况 13.diner n. (尤指餐馆的)就餐者→dine vi. 进餐 14.membership n. 会员身份;全体会员;会员人数→member n. 会员 15.justify vt. 证明……有道理;为……辩护;是……的正当理由→just adj. 公正的;正义的→justice n. 公正;正义;公道 16.bath n. 洗澡;浴缸;浴盆　vt. 给……洗澡→bathe vt. 使沐浴;使沉浸;浸洗　vt.&vi. 给……洗澡
重 点 短 语 Unit 4 1．take sb.’s breath away令人惊叹 2．a bunch of一束；一串；一群；大量 3．contrary to相反的；相对立的 4．proceed to sth.进而做(参加) 5．owe sth.to sb.欠(某人情)；把……归功于某人 Unit 5 1．sense of touch触觉 2．electric shock触电；电击 3．help sb.to one’s feet帮助某人站起身来 4．vital sign生命体征 5．face up/down面朝上(朝下) 6．sleep in迟起；睡过头；睡懒觉 7．out of shape健康状况不好 8．mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing口对口人工呼吸
重 点 句 型 1．Rather than travel by commercial airline all the way，they decided to fly to Vancouver and then take the train. 没有选择一路坐商务航班旅行，她们决定先飞往温哥华，然后乘坐火车。 2．Seen from the train window，the mountains and forests of Canada looked massive. 从火车的窗户向外看，外面是连绵起伏的山脉和大片的森林。 3．Looking at the beautiful scenery，they both agreed that it was the most awesome journey they had ever taken. 看着这美丽的风景，她们俩人一致认为，这是她们有生以来最棒的旅行。 4．Since it can be too cold to go outdoors，Edmonton is home to many shopping malls. 因为天太冷不能去户外，埃德蒙顿成了许多购物广场的所在地。 5．It was not until 9：30 a．m.that they finally reached the capital of Ontario，Toronto. 直到上午9：30，她们才最终抵达安大略的省会多伦多。 6．As you can imagine，getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries. 正如你能想象的，被灼烧可能会导致非常严重的损伤。 7．You can get burnt by a variety of things：... 你可能会被各种各样的东西烧伤：…… 8．Remove any clothes using scissors if necessary，unless you see the fabric sticking to the burnt skin. 如有必要，用剪刀剪掉烧伤部位的衣服，除非你看到衣服与被烧伤的皮肤粘连在一起。 9．Chen Wei，a high school student in Beijing，had his dinner interrupted when he heard someone screaming from another table. 陈伟是北京的一个高中生，当他听到另一个桌子的一个人正在尖叫时，他停下了吃饭。 10．They suggested he eat more slowly and take smaller bites before they left. 离开前，他们建议他吃饭要细嚼慢咽，小口进食。
A
Li Daiyu and Liu Qian were on a trip to Canada.Before 1._____(start) out，they spent a couple of days in Vancouver,2.______there were some shops selling crafts and 3._____(antique)．After that they took the train to Lake Louise，where the blue water took their breath 4._______.Their next stop was in Edmonton，a city with daily temperatures 5. ______(average) －10℃.They had known that Canada is a country which has vast lands but 6.____small population.However，they didn’t anticipate 7.____(see) such an open country.They were so 8._______-(amaze)．The train thundered on，and the red maple trees outside the window 9.________(confirm) that autumn had arrived in Canada.10.________(eventual)，they reached their destination—Toronto.The whole journey took them four days.
starting 2. where 3. antiques 4.away 5. averaging 6. a 7. seeing 8. amazed 9. confirmed 10.Eventually
B
The skin is 1.____ essential part of your body which acts 2.____ a barrier against disease，toxins，and the sun’s rays.It also helps control your body temperature，prevents your body 3.______losing too much water，4._____(warn) you when things are too hot or cold，and gives you your sense of touch.As you can imagine，getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries.The first and most important step in the 5.________(treat) of burns is giving first aid.
You can get 6._______(burn) by a variety of things：hot liquids，steam，fire，radiation，the sun，electricity，acids，or other chemicals.Burns are divided into three types，which 7.________(call) first ，second ，or third degree burns,8.________(depend) on the depth of skin damage.Different degree 9.________(burn) can be treated 10.________(different)．Let’s keep these things in mind.
an 2.as 3.from 4. warns 5.treatment 6.burnt 7.are called 8.depending 9.burns 10.differently
知识点
arise vi.(arose，arisen)发生；出现；产生；起身，起立；(由……)引起
arise from＝arise out of由……引起/产生；从……中产生 arise from one’s chair/seat从椅子/座位上站起来
(1)Seeing her husband pace back and forth，the woman arose(arise) from the seat and asked him to stop.
(2)休息时，我们的班主任开始处理他课上出现的问题。
①At break，our headteacher got down to dealing with the matters arising from his class.(分词短语作定语)
②At break，our headteacher got down to dealing with the matters which/that arose from his class.(定语从句)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·浙江卷·语篇填空）
The design concept of the "Silk Road Garden" (arise) from the spirit of mutual respect and cooperation along the ancient Silk Road.
答案：arose
解析：考点为arise from固定搭配，“丝路花园设计理念源于丝路精神”贴合文化主题，考一般过去时与语境的匹配。
（2025·山东卷·选择题）
The problems ________ from environmental pollution require joint efforts from all sectors of society.
raising B. arising C. rising D. arousing
答案：B
解析：考点为arise from表“由……产生”，不及物动词作后置定语；A为及物动词“举起”，C为“上升”，D为“引起情绪”，均不符合语境。
contrary adj.相反的；相对立的 n．相反的事实(或事情)
contrary to相反的；相对立的 on the contrary与此相反；恰恰相反
(1)读英文报Youth没有浪费我的时间；恰恰相反，它提高了我的整体能力。
Reading the English newspaper Youth doesn’t waste my time；on the contrary，it improves my overall competence.
(2)最终结果与我们的预期正相反，因此我们正在考虑下一步该做什么。
The final results are contrary to our expectations，and therefore we are considering what to do next.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·山东卷·完形填空）
I thought the task would be boring; on the contrary, it turned out to be a valuable experience of self-challenge.
on the contrary B. in contrast C. as a result D. in addition
答案：A
解析：考点为on the contrary表“转折否定”，“任务从无聊变为宝贵体验”贴合自我成长主题；B需接比较对象，C表结果，D表递进，均不符。
（2023·全国乙卷·翻译）
结果与我们的预期相反，但这次经历让我们学会了灵活应变。
答案：The result was contrary to our expectations, but this experience taught us to adapt flexibly. 解析：考点为contrary to固定搭配，“学会应变”体现思维品质，考语境化表达。
astonish vt.使十分惊讶；使吃惊[astonished adj.感到惊讶的(指人的主观感受) astonishing adj.惊人的；令人惊讶的 astonishment n．惊讶]
be astonished at/by sth.因某事感到惊讶 be astonished to do sth.对做某事感到惊讶 in astonishment吃惊地 to one’s astonishment让某人惊讶的是
(1)The photographer was astonished at the astonishing question in his own mind.(astonish)
(2)我们惊讶地张大了嘴。(读后续写之心理描写)
Our mouths dropped open in astonishment.
(3)双胞胎非常吃惊地发现他们第一次尝试做早餐失败了。(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ， 读后续写)
The twins were quite astonished to find that their first attempt to cook a breakfast failed.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The vet’s use of acupuncture to treat the injured dog was (astonish), and it made the owner feel relieved.
答案：astonishing
解析：考点为-ing形容词修饰事物，“针灸治疗动物令人惊讶”贴合人与动物主题，考词性转换。
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·读后续写改编）
当看到弟弟用攒了半年的零花钱给自己买了生日蛋糕时，她惊讶地睁大了眼睛。（翻译）
答案：When seeing her brother bought her a birthday cake with the pocket money he had saved for half a year, she widened her eyes in astonishment.
解析：考点为in astonishment短语，贴合亲情主题，考情感描写的场景化表达。
owe vt.欠(账、钱、人情等)；归功于；归因于
owe sb.sth./owe sth.to sb.欠某人某物 owe sth.to sb./sth.把某事归功于某人/某事 owe it to sb.that/to do...把……归功于某人 owing to因为，由于
(1)我欠你一个道歉，因为周五下午我未能和你一起去书店。(应用文写作之道歉信)
I owe you an apology for not going to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon.
(2)I owe my great progress in English learning to you.
→I owe it to you that I have made great progress in English learning.(用owe it to sb.that改写)
→I owe it to you to make great progress in English learning.(用owe it to sb.to do改写)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·天津卷·翻译）
我把自己的成长归功于父母的理解与支持，这份恩情我永远铭记。
答案：I owe my growth to my parents’ understanding and support, and I will always remember this kindness.
解析：考点为owe sth. to sb.固定搭配，“成长与感恩”贴合人与家庭主题，考应用文核心表达。
（2025·北京卷·语法填空）
(owe) to the bad weather, the outdoor art class was moved to the school hall.
答案：Owing
解析：考点为owing to表“由于”，作原因状语；“户外美术课调整”贴合校园场景，考介词短语用法。
　 Rather than travel by commercial airline all the way，they decided to fly to Vancouver and then take the train.她们不想一直乘商务航班旅行，而是决定先飞到温哥华，然后乘坐火车。
rather than连接的两个并列成分作主语时，谓语与rather than前面的成分在人称和数上保持一致。 常见的含rather than的句型： 宁愿做……也不做……
(1)It was they rather than I were(be) to blame for the silly mistake.
(2)不是像西方人使用刀叉吃饭，中国人更喜欢用筷子。(话题写作之传统文化)
Rather than use knives and forks as Westerners do，Chinese people prefer to eat with chopsticks.
(3)尽管面对许多巨大的困难，但我宁愿死也不愿放弃。
①In spite of many massive difficulties，I would rather die than give up.(would rather do...than do...)
②In spite of many massive difficulties，I would die rather than give up.(would do...rather than do...)
③In spite of many massive difficulties，I preferred to die rather than give up.(prefer to do...rather than do...)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·选择题）
Rather than ________ time on social media, she prefers to read books to broaden her horizons.
waste B. wasting C. to waste D. wasted
答案：A
解析：考点为prefer to do...rather than do...句型，rather than后接动词原形；“阅读与社交媒体对比”贴合学习主题，考固定句型用法。
（2025·北京卷·翻译）
中国传统节日的意义在于团聚而非物质享受，这是我们应该传承的核心价值。
答案：The significance of Chinese traditional festivals lies in family reunion rather than material enjoyment, which is the core value we should inherit.
解析：考点为rather than表“对比否定”，“传统节日”贴合文化主题，考句型在议论文中的应用。
　 Since it can be too cold to go outdoors，Edmonton is home to many shopping malls.
因为天太冷不能去户外，埃德蒙顿成了许多购物广场的所在地。
too＋adj./adv.(for sb.)＋to do sth.表示否定的意义，意为“太……而不能”。 当“too...to...”结构用来修饰表达人的态度、情绪倾向的形容词，如anxious，eager，glad，happy，pleased，ready，willing等时，表示肯定意义，意为“非常”。 can’t/can never...too...再怎么……也不过分。
我非常高兴地得知您对长城感兴趣。长城太壮观而不容错过。正如一句老话所说：“不到长城非好汉。” 因此，我怎么强调爬长城的意义都不过分。(传统文化之长城)
I am too pleased to learn that you are keen on the Great Wall.The Great Wall is too spectacular to miss.Just as an old saying goes，“He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.” So I can’t/can never stress the significance of climbing the Great Wall too much.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·北京卷·翻译）
这幅古画太珍贵了，不能暴露在强光下，我们必须妥善保护它。
答案：This ancient painting is too precious to be exposed to strong light, and we must protect it properly.
解析：考点为too...to...的被动形式，“保护古画”贴合文化主题，考否定意义与被动结合。
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
She was too (please) to accept the invitation to the cultural exchange activity.
答案：pleased
解析：考点为too...to...表肯定意义，“非常高兴接受邀请”贴合文化主题，考情感形容词用法。
7. ease n．容易；舒适；自在vt.& vi.减轻；缓解；使安心；(使)宽慰
with ease容易地；不费力地 at ease舒适；悠闲；自在 put/set sb.at ease使某人放松/自在
(1)得知孩子们都安全，他才放心。
His mind was at ease，knowing that the children were safe.
(2)打篮球是缓解我们巨大学习压力的最好方法，同时也能从中找到一些乐趣。(话题写作之体育运动)
Playing basketball serves as the best way to ease our great study pressure and find some pleasure at the same time.
(3)如果你每天坚持用英语写日记，你会很容易提高你的书面英语。(话题写作之语言学习)
①If you insist on keeping diaries in English every day，you can improve your written English with ease.
②Insist on keeping diaries in English every day，and you can improve your written English with ease.(用“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”改写)
【高考真题链接】
（2023·浙江卷·七选五改编）
Using a paper dictionary allows you to look up words （ease） and helps you remember them better.
答案：with ease
解析：考点为with ease固定短语，“纸质字典查词容易”贴合学习工具主题，考短语在语篇中的衔接。
（2024·天津卷·选择题）
The warm smile of the nurse eased the patient’s fear.
reduced B. eased C. removed D. relieved
答案：B
解析：考点为ease表“缓解恐惧”，“护士安抚病人”贴合医疗主题；A为“减少”，C为“移除”，D为“释放”，均不如ease贴合情感缓解。
8. panic vi.& vt.(panicked；panicked；panicking)(使)惊慌 n．惊慌；惊恐
panic sb.into doing sth.使某人仓惶行事 get into a panic陷入恐慌 in panic惊慌失措地；处在恐慌中
(1)When people heard the urgent news，they fled the village in panic.
(2)简陷入恐慌，她的心如此剧烈跳动，她感觉快要窒息了。(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)
Jane got into a panic，and her heart beat so violently that she felt nearly suffocated.
(3)野狼的嚎叫吓得我尖叫起来。(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)
The roar of the wild wolf panicked me into screaming.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国甲卷·读后续写）
When the storm suddenly hit, the campers didn’t but followed the instructor’s guidance to take shelter.
答案：panic
解析：考点为动词原形作谓语，“暴风雨中不惊慌”贴合应急主题，考语境中动词的应用。
（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
The false news about the virus made many people get into a panic.
get into a panic B. in panic C. panic D. panicked
答案：A
解析：考点为固定短语，“虚假消息引发恐慌”贴合健康主题；B为介词短语不可作谓语，C为动词需调整句式，D为形容词，均不符。
9. desperate adj.绝望的；孤注一掷的；非常需要的(desperately adv.绝望地；拼命地；极严重地；非常需要)
be desperate for sth.渴望某物 be desperate to do sth.渴望做某事
(1)I desperately(desperate)need your assistance because I have an urgent matter to handle.
(2)看到考试的结果，我是如此绝望，以至于我感觉好像被扔进了黑暗的世界。(读后续写之绝望心理描写)
①Seeing the result of the exam，I was so desperate that I felt as if I were thrown into a world of darkness.
②Seeing the result of the exam，so desperate was I that I felt as if I were thrown into a world of darkness.(倒装句)
(3)我渴望有机会成为一名志愿者。我的确希望您能给我这个宝贵的机会。(应用文写作之申请信)
①I am desperate for the chance to be a volunteer.I do hope you can offer me the precious opportunity.
②Desperate for the chance to be a volunteer，I do hope you can offer me the precious opportunity.(用形容词短语作状语改写)
【高考真题链接】
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
(desperate) to prove her ability, she volunteered to take charge of the difficult task.
答案：Desperate
解析：考点为形容词短语作状语，“渴望证明能力”贴合自我成长主题，考非谓语用法。
（2025·江苏卷·翻译）
那个迷路的登山者非常渴望得到帮助，当看到救援人员时，他激动得流下了眼泪。
答案：The lost climber was desperate for help, and when he saw the rescuers, he burst into tears with excitement.
解析：考点为be desperate for短语，“登山救援”贴合应急主题，考情感与动作结合描写。
用法点拨　表示“渴望某物/做某事”的短语还有：
be eager for sth./to do sth.，be anxious for sth./to do sth.，long for sth./to do sth.，be dying for sth./to do sth.
10. help sb.to one’s feet帮助某人站起身来
struggle to one’s feet挣扎着站起来 rise to one’s feet站起来；起身 jump to one’s feet跳起来 drag one’s feet拖着脚 stamp one’s feet跺脚
(1)看到那个男孩摔倒了，我冲过去帮他站了起来。
Seeing the boy fall down，I rushed to help him to his feet.
(2)打篮球时这个男孩的腿受伤了，但是他挣扎着站了起来。
While playing basketball，the boy’s leg got injured，but he struggled to his feet.
(3)当来宾进来时，请大家站起来以显示我们的礼貌。
When visitors come in，please rise to our feet to show our politeness.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国甲卷·读后续写）
Seeing the old man fall down, the young man rushed over and helped him gently.
答案：to his feet
解析：考点为help sb. to one’s feet固定短语，“搀扶老人”贴合助人主题，考动作描写的真实性。
（2025·山东卷·选择题）
Hearing the exciting news, she ________ and cheered loudly.
struggled to her feet B. rose to her feet C. jumped to her feet D. dragged her feet
答案：C
解析：考点为jump to one’s feet表“激动地跳起来”，“听到好消息欢呼”贴合情感场景；A为“挣扎起身”，B为“庄重起身”，D为“拖沓行走”，均不符。
11. face down/up面朝下/上
be faced with＝face sth.面临 in the face of面对 lose face丢面子/丢脸 make a face (at)皱眉头；做苦相；做鬼脸
(1)当看到一个男孩脸朝下从校车上摔下来时，他冲过去帮忙。
When seeing a boy fall off a school bus，face down，he rushed to his assistance.
(2)我强烈建议你学英语的时候不要害怕丢脸。
I strongly suggest that you shouldn’t be afraid of losing face when you learn English.
(3)面对巨大的挑战，我最好的朋友永远不会放弃，直到她最终成功。
①In the face of great challenges，my best friend will never give up until she finally succeeds.(in the face of)
②Faced with great challenges，my best friend will never give up until she finally succeeds.(过去分词短语作状语；be faced with)
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·完形填空）
In the face of failure, he didn’t give up but tried to find out the reasons for his mistake.
In the face of B. In favor of C. In terms of D. In need of
答案：A
解析：考点为in the face of表“面对”，“面对失败不放弃”贴合自我成长主题；B为“支持”，C为“就……而言”，D为“需要”，均不符。
（2024·天津卷·语法填空）
She (face) the challenge bravely and finally achieved her goal of becoming a volunteer.
答案：faced
解析：考点为face sth.表“面临”，“成为志愿者”贴合社会服务主题，考一般过去时。
12. out of shape健康状况不好；变形
in good/bad shape健康状况良好/不佳 keep/be in shape保持健康 in the shape of以……的形状/形式
(1)You have been sitting on the elderly woman’s hat and now it is badly out of shape.
(2)The lazy fellow hadn’t been training for months and was really out of shape.
(3)She jogs for an hour in the suburbs every morning to keep/be in shape.
(4)Some lanterns are in the shape of fruits and they look beautiful.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·江苏卷·语法填空）
To keep (shape), she goes jogging in the park every morning.
答案：in shape
解析：考点为keep in shape固定短语，“晨跑健身”贴合健康主题，考介词搭配。
（2024·浙江卷·选择题）
The old book was out of shape because it had been kept in the attic for decades.
in good shape B. out of shape C. in the shape of D. in bad shape
答案：B
解析：考点为out of shape表“变形”，“旧书因存放久变形”贴合物品描述；A为“状态好”，C为“形状”，D为“健康差”，均不符。
13. as引导的非限制性定语从句
　 As you can imagine，getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries.
正如你能想象的，被灼烧可能会导致非常严重的损伤。
as引导非限制性定语从句时，常在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，从句可位于句首、句中或句末。 as引导定语从句的常用句式有： as is known to us all/as we all know众所周知 as we can see正如我们所看到的 as is reported正如报道的那样 as is often the case这是常有的事 as is mentioned above正如上面所提到的
(1)我们能够从历史中找到一些问题的解决方法，这是常有的事。
As is often the case，we can probably find solutions to some problems from history.
(2)众所周知，兴趣是最好的老师。
①As is known to us all/As we all know，interest is the best teacher.(as引导的非限制性定语从句)
②What is known to us all is that interest is the best teacher.(what引导的主语从句)
③It is known to us all that interest is the best teacher.(it作形式主语)
【高考真题链接】
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
As is reported (report), the number of people participating in volunteer activities has increased significantly.
答案：As; reported
解析：考点为as is reported句式，“志愿者人数增加”贴合社会服务主题，考被动语态与定语从句结合。
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·选择题）
________ we all know, protecting the environment is a responsibility shared by everyone.
Which B. As C. What D. That
答案：B
解析：考点为as引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句内容；A不可置于句首，C为连接代词，D不可引导非限制性从句，均不符。
语法点
Grammar　过去分词作表语和状语
[观察例句]
1．The girls were amazed to see such an open country.
2．Do you feel frightened when going into the wilderness alone
3．Seen from the top of the mountain，the scenery was really fascinating.
4．Finally，the company—headed by its new manager—started to make a profit.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1中的amazed和例句2中的frightened为过去分词作表语。
2．例句3中的Seen和例句4中的headed为过去分词作状语，过去分词与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系，往往含有完成的意思。
一、过去分词作表语
1．意义
位于系动词(如be，get，become，look，feel，seem等)之后，多表示主语的状态或状况，它所体现的是形容词的特性。
She looked disappointed.
她看上去很失望。
We were encouraged at the news.
听到这个消息我们很受鼓舞。
2．过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别
过去分词作表语时，强调主语所处的状态，而动词的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，强调动作。
The cup is broken.
杯子碎了。(系表结构)
The cup was broken by Tom.
杯子是被汤姆打碎的。(被动语态)
3．现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别
过去分词 表示人自身的感受或事物自身的状态，常译作“感到……的”
现在分词 表示事物具有的特性，常译作“令人……的”
They became so worried that they stayed awake all night.
他们变得如此担心，以至于一整晚都没有睡觉。
The situation became so worrying that something should be done at once.
形势变得令人担忧，应该立刻采取措施。
[即学即练1]　 用所给动词的正确形式填空
①I was too (tire) to walk any further.
②When he heard the story，he was deeply ．(move)
③Tom was more (surprise) than (disappoint) at this news.
【答案】1.tired 2.moving ，moved3.surprised ，disappointed
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
(found) in 1921, the hospital has been providing emergency care for over a century.
答案：Founded
解析：考点为过去分词作原因状语，“医院被建立”与逻辑主语the hospital为被动关系，贴合U4“急救”主题；易错点：易误写为Founding，忽略被动逻辑。
（2024·浙江卷·选择题）
________ by the doctor's words, the patient felt much more relaxed.
Encouraging B. Encouraged C. To encourage D. Having encouraged
答案：B
解析：考点为过去分词作原因状语，“病人被鼓励”与逻辑主语the patient为被动关系；A表主动，C表目的，D表主动完成，均不符语境。
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·翻译）
听到这个令人感动的故事，在场的所有人都感动得说不出话来。
答案：Moved by the moving story, all the people present were too moved to speak.
解析：考点为过去分词作状语及-ed/-ing形容词区别；“令人感动的故事”用moving，“人被感动”用moved，贴合U5“情感表达”主题。
（2025·山东卷·语法填空）
If ________ (ask) about the first-aid knowledge, you should explain it clearly.
答案：asked
解析：考点为“连词+过去分词”结构，ask与逻辑主语you为被动关系，还原为“If you are asked”，呼应U4“急救知识”话题。
二、过去分词(短语)作状语
1．意义
过去分词(短语)作状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且过去分词与主语之间为动宾关系。
2．过去分词(短语)作状语的句法功能和位置
(1) 过去分词(短语)表示被动，表示动作已经完成，其逻辑主语则为句子的主语。过去分词作状语时，可单独使用，也可以在其前面加上适当的连词，可表示时间、条件、原因、让步、方式、伴随等。
When offered help，one often says “Thank you” or “It's kind of you”．(时间状语)
当被提供帮助的时候，人们常说“Thank you”或“It's kind of you”。
Given another chance，I will do it much better.(条件状语)如果再给我一次机会，我会干得更好。
Greatly inspired by what he did，I joined him in helping others.(原因状语)在他所做的事情的鼓励下，我也加入了帮助他人的行列。
Visited many times，the place is still worth visiting again.(让步状语)
虽然已参观了很多次，这个地方仍值得再来。
He has been preparing his paper all day long，locked in his study.(方式状语)
锁在书房里，他一整天都在准备论文。
The guest walked into the room，greeted by the host.(伴随状语)
客人一边和主人打招呼，一边走进了房间。
(2)过去分词(短语)在句中作状语时，既可放在句首，也可放在句尾，中间用逗号隔开。
Caught in a heavy rain，he was all wet.
因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。
He stood there silently，moved to tears.
＝Moved to tears，he stood there silently.
他静静地站在那里，感动得热泪盈眶。
[即学即练2]　写出下列句中黑体部分分别作什么状语
①Clearly and thoughtfully written，the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
原因状语
②Time，used correctly，is money in the bank.
条件状语
③If asked to look after luggage for someone else，inform the police at once.
条件状语
④Seated at the table，my father and I were talking about my job.
方式状语
⑤When (you are) given a medical examination，you should keep calm.
时间状语
3．过去分词(短语)作状语的几种情况
(1)过去分词在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步状语时，相当于对应的时间、条件、原因及让步状语从句。
Seen from the top of the mountain(＝When it is seen from the top of the mountain)，the whole town looks more beautiful.从山顶上看，整个城市看起来更美了。
Encouraged by the progress he has made(＝As he is encouraged by the progress he has made)，he works harder.
由于受到所取得成绩的鼓舞，他工作更努力了。
(2)过去分词在句中作伴随、方式等状语时，可改为句子的并列谓语或改为并列分句。
The teacher came into the room，followed by two students(＝and was followed by two students)．
后面跟着两个学生，老师走进了房间。
He spent the whole afternoon，locked in his study(＝and was locked in his study)．
他把自己锁在书房里度过了一整个下午。
(3)过去分词作状语可与与之对应的状语从句互换。而从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成“连词＋过去分词”结构作状语。
Even if I am invited(＝Even if invited)，I will not take part in the party.
即使被邀请，我也不会参加那个宴会。
Unless you are asked to speak(＝Unless asked to speak)，you should remain silent at the meeting.
除非被要求说话，在会上你应该保持沉默。
(4)过去分词(短语)作状语时，过去分词(短语)的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，否则，分词(短语)前应加上自己的主语。这种带有自身主语的过去分词(短语)被称为过去分词(短语)的独立主格结构。过去分词(短语)的独立主格结构通常在句中作状语，可表示时间、原因、条件等。
The test finished，we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假了。
More time given，we could have done it much better.
如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。
[即学即练3]　句型转换
①When they were asked who had broken the vase，the children all kept silent.
→ ，the children all kept silent.
②If we are united，we will make our life better.
→ ，we will make our life better.
③Although we were exhausted by the hard work，we went on with it.
→ ，we went on with it.
【答案】1.When asked who had broken the vase
2.If united3.Exhausted by the hard work
4．现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别
现在分词与过去分词作状语的最主要的区别在于两者与其逻辑主语的主动与被动关系。
(1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语发出的动作，它们之间是主动关系。现在分词动作与谓语动作同时发生用一般式doing；如果现在分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，表示已经完成，表示主动就用having done，表示被动就用having been done。
Walking along the street，I met a friend of mine.
沿着大街走时，我碰到了我的一个朋友。
Having finished their work，they went home to have a rest.完成工作后，他们回家休息一下。
(2) 过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention，the tree could have grown better.如果给予更多的关注，小树本来能够长得更好一些。
Grown in rich soil，these seeds can grow fast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。
[即学即练4]　单句语法填空
① (impress) by the beautiful scenery，I forgot to go back home in time.
② (look) out of the window，I found many children playing on the playground.
【答案】1.Impressed 2.Looking
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Both he and I are (satisfy) with the result.
2．The news was (excite) and they were all (excite) at it.
3．We all felt (encourage) at the (encourage) news.
4．When (face) with difficulties，we must try to overcome them.
5．If (give) better attention，the serious accident could have been avoided.
6．The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment， (allow) more patients to be treated.
7． (found) in the early 20th century，the school keeps on inspiring children's love of art.
8．Much time (spend) sitting at a desk，office workers are generally troubled by health problems.
9． (absorb) in painting，John didn't notice evening approaching.
10． (raise)in the poorest area of Glasgow，he had a long，hard road to becoming a football star.
【答案】1.satisfied 2.exciting 3.encouraged ，encouraging4.faced 5.given 6.allowing 7.Founded 8.spent 9.Absorbed 10.Raised
Grammar　复习动词 ing形式
[观察例句]
1．As you can imagine，getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries.
2．You can protect the burnt area by covering it with a loose clean cloth.
3．The first and most important step in the treatment of burns is giving first aid.
4．It is best to place burns under cool running water，especially within the first ten minutes.
5．If you see someone choking，first call the emergency services.
6．In 1974，an American doctor，Henry Heimlich，created the Heimlich manoeuvre，saving thousands of lives around the world.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1中的getting为动词 ing形式在句中作主语。
2．例句2中的covering为动词 ing形式在句中作宾语。
3．例句3中的giving为动词 ing形式在句中作表语。
4．例句4中的running为动词 ing形式在句中作定语。
5．例句5中的choking为动词 ing形式在句中作宾语补足语。
6．例句6中的saving为动词 ing形式在句中作状语。
一、动词 ing形式的基本情况
1．动词 ing形式是动词的一种非谓语形式，包括现在分词和动名词两种。
动词 ing形式在句中的语法作用：动名词在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，现在分词在句中作状语、宾语补足语和定语。
2．动词 ing形式的时态和语态：
　　　　语态 时态　　　 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
Reading aloud is a good way to learn a language.
大声朗读是学习语言的一种好方法。
Having studied his lessons very hard，he passed the exam.
努力学习了功课， 他通过了考试。
The building being built now will be finished next month.
正在建设的建筑物下个月将完工。
二、动词 ing形式作主语
1．动词 ing形式作主语时，往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，通常置于句首。
Saying is one thing，and doing is another.
说是一回事，而做是另一回事。
Having a walk every day helps to make one keep healthy.
每天散步有助于一个人保持健康。
[名师点津]
动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Climbing mountains is really difficult for the old.
对于老人来说爬山确实困难。
2．形式主语it代替动词 ing形式作主语。
此类句式常见的有：
It's a waste of time doing sth.做某事是浪费时间
It's useless/worthwhile doing sth.做某事没用/是值得的
It's no good/use/fun doing sth.做某事没好处/没用/没意思
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.
劝说这种人加入我们是浪费时间。
It is no good/use regretting for the past.
悔恨过去是没用的。
3．v. ing形式和to do作主语时的区别。
v． ing形式和to do都可以作主语。v. ing形式作主语表示比较抽象的一般行为，to do作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。
Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火危险。(泛指)
Singing is my hobby，and to sing at my friend's birthday party is my dream.唱歌是我的爱好，在朋友的生日宴会上唱歌是我的梦想。
[即学即练1]　单句语法填空
①I can't stand (work) with Jane in the same office.
②It's no use (complain) without taking action.
③ (volunteer) just feels so good.
④ (invite) to the party was a great honour to the family.
【答案】1.working 2.complaining 3.Volunteering 4.Being invited
三、动词 ing形式作宾语
1．作动词的宾语。接v. ing形式作宾语的常用动词(短语)有：
avoid，miss，delay/put off 避免错过少延期
advise，finish，practise 建议完成多练习
enjoy，imagine，can't help 喜欢想象禁不住
admit，deny，envy 承认否定与嫉妒
escape，risk，excuse 逃避冒险莫原谅
stand，keep，mind 忍受保持不介意
He admitted referring to his notes in the exam.
他承认在考试中查阅了笔记。
She can't stand being looked down upon in public.
她忍受不了在公众场合被人看不起的感觉。
Would you mind opening the window
你介意打开窗子吗？
He tried to avoid answering my questions.
他试图对我的问题避而不答。
2．作介词的宾语。在下面的短语中，常用动词 ing形式作介词的宾语： be good at擅长；dream of梦想；care about在乎；be concerned about关心；be interested in对……感兴趣；feel like想要；insist on坚持；think of认为；aim at瞄准；set about开始做；be used to习惯于；get down to开始做；lead to导致；devote oneself to 献身于……；look forward to 期待；stick to 坚持；pay attention to注意；give up放弃等。
I dream of sailing around the world and leading a happy life.
我梦想着环游世界，过上幸福的生活。
He insisted on doing it in his own way.
他坚持要按照自己的方法做。
I'm looking forward to your coming next time.
我期待着你下一次的到来。
Because of the bad weather，they have to give up going out for a picnic tomorrow.
因为天气不好， 他们不得不放弃明天的外出野餐。
3．在以下结构中，动词 ing形式作介词的宾语，介词常省略。
spend...(in) doing花费……做某事
have difficulty/trouble (in) doing...做……有困难/麻烦
stop/prevent...(from) doing阻止……做某事
waste time (in) doing浪费时间做某事
be busy (in) doing忙于做某事
have a good/hard time (in) doing高兴做某事/费了很大劲做某事
There is no point (in) doing做某事毫无意义
He is always busy working every day，which has made him have little time to play with his child.
他每天总是忙于工作，这使他很少有时间和孩子一起玩。
There is no point giving him such a good chance.
给他提供这样一个好机会没有意义。
4．动词 ing形式作主语、宾语时的几个特殊情况
(1)动词 ing的复合结构
＋动词 ing
His/Tom's being late made the teacher very angry.
他的/汤姆的迟到使老师很生气。
Would you mind my/me closing the window
你介意我关上窗户吗？
Would you mind Mary's/Mary closing the window
你介意玛丽关上窗户吗？
[名师点津]
动词 ing的复合结构的否定形式为：形容词性物主代词/代词(宾格)/名词/名词的所有格＋not doing...。
Jerry's not arriving on time made the people present angry.
杰里未能按时到达令在场的人很生气。
(2)某些动词及动词短语后面既可以用不定式也可以用动词 ing作宾语。
①动词begin，start，continue等词后既可跟不定式，又可跟动词 ing作宾语，意义基本相同。
They continued discussing/to discuss the plan after having a rest.
休息了一会后，他们继续讨论这项计划。
②动词love，like，hate等后可跟动词 ing和不定式作宾语，但接动词 ing表示经常性的情况，接不定式表示具体的动作。
I love walking with my friend on a sunny day.(习惯)我喜欢和朋友在一个阳光明媚的日子里散步。
It is a pleasant day today，so I love to have a walk with my friend.(具体)今天是个令人愉快的日子，所以我想和朋友一起散散步。
③一些动词后既可跟动词 ing作宾语，又可跟不定式作宾语，但意义有很大差别。
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯。
The light in the office is still on.He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还亮着。他忘记关了。
[名师点津]
对比记忆作宾语的动词含义
They stopped to have a look at the fantastic scenery.
他们停下来，看了看这美妙绝伦的风景。
They stopped working and had a rest.
他们停止工作，休息了一下。
(3)用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是动词 ing形式。
其结构如下：
主语＋it＋＋doing...
I found it useless/no use arguing about it.
我发现争论这件事没有用。
Do you consider it any good trying again
你觉得再试会有用吗？
(4)在动词need，require，want，deserve后，用动词 ing形式表示被动意义，即need/require/want/deserve doing＝need/require/want/ deserve to be done。
These clothes need washing.＝These clothes need to be washed.这些衣服需要洗。
The house requires repairing.＝The house requires to be repaired.这座房子需要修理。
(5)在(be) worth后面只能用动词 ing形式来表示被动意义。
The film is worth seeing a second time.
这部电影值得再看一次。
[即学即练2]　单句语法填空
(1)①I remember (see) her before，but I can't remember when it was.
②You must remember (tell) Jackson the news tonight.
(2)①I didn't mean (visit) him yesterday afternoon.
②Giving up your plan means (lose) a large amount of money.
(3)①All of us stopped (talk) when we saw our teacher come in.
②She felt thirsty，so she stopped (get) a drink of water.
【答案】1.seeing ，to tell2.to visit，losing3.talking ， to get
四、动词 ing形式作表语
作表语的动词 ing形式包括现在分词和动名词。
1．动名词(短语)作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为，用来说明主语的内容，与主语通常是同一概念，表语和主语常可互换位置。
One of his weaknesses is telling lies.
＝Telling lies is one of his weaknesses.
他的缺点之一就是说谎。
His hobby is reading books in his spare time.
＝Reading books in his spare time is his hobby.
他的爱好是在业余时间读书。
2．现在分词(短语)作表语，表示主语的某种性质和特征，这类分词通常可以看作形容词。
Her performance is very entertaining，which brings us much pleasure.
她的表演非常有趣， 给我们带来很多乐趣。
The trip is very exciting，and we have decided to have a similar one.这次旅行很是激动人心， 我们已决定再进行一次类似的旅行。
[名师点津]
作表语的现在分词，许多是由能够表示人们某种感情或情绪的动词变化而来的。常见的有：moving，interesting，encouraging，exciting，inspiring，boring，surprising，puzzling，amusing，astonishing...这类分词有“令人……的”的含义，常修饰物。
[即学即练3]　单句语法填空
①Going into hospital can be very (frighten) for a child.
②Henry's job is (teach) physics in a local middle school.
③Your task is (clean) the old car over there on your own.
【答案】1.frightening 2.teaching/to teach3.cleaning
五、动词 ing作定语
1．动名词(短语)作定语，表示名词的属性、作用或用途，作“供……用”讲，常置于被修饰的名词前。
There is a swimming pool in our school.
我们学校有一个游泳池。
Students are not permitted to speak aloud in the reading room.在阅览室里学生们不许大声喧哗。
2．现在分词(短语)作定语，表示所修饰词的动作或状态，被修饰词与现在分词之间是主动关系，相当于一个定语从句。
The boys gathering at the school gate are my classmates.＝The boys who are gathering at the school gate are my classmates.
聚集在校门口的那些男孩是我的同学。
The girl performing on the stage has a gift for dance.＝ The girl who is performing on the stage has a gift for dance.
那个在舞台上表演的女孩有舞蹈天赋。
[名师点津]
单个的现在分词作定语时，放在被修饰词前；现在分词短语作定语时，则放在被修饰词后。
[即学即练4]　单句语法填空
①The topic (discuss) now has drawn some experts' attention.
②Grandma came into my bedroom with a (walk) stick in her hand.
【答案】1. being discussed 2.walking
六、动词 ing形式作宾语补足语
动词 ing形式作宾语补足语时，表示正在进行的动作或经常存在的状态。动词 ing形式常作以下动词的宾语补足语。
1．动词 ing位于感官动词后：feel，smell，listen to，hear，watch，see，notice，observe 等。
I felt someone patting me on the shoulder.
我感觉有人在拍我的肩膀。
When he passed the swimming pool，he saw someone swimming in it.
当他经过游泳池时， 他看见有人在游泳。
[名师点津]
动词 ing与动词不定式在感官动词后的意义
在see，hear，watch等感官动词后，用动词 ing形式作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行；用省略to的不定式作宾语补足语表示动作从开始到结束的全过程。
I heard Mary singing in the next room.(动作正在进行)
我听到玛丽在隔壁唱歌。
I heard Mary sing a song in the next room last night.(动作全过程)昨晚我听到玛丽在隔壁唱歌。
2．动词 ing位于使役动词后：have，keep，get，leave，set，make，send等。
She couldn't have him getting away with telling lies.
她不能容忍他撒了谎而不受惩罚。
Please don't keep the little boy staying alone.
不要让这个男孩独自待着。
3．用于with复合结构中。
I couldn't do my homework with the noise going on.
由于噪音不断，我没法做家庭作业。
With so many people looking at her，she feels nervous.
这么多人看着她，她感到很紧张。
[即学即练5]　句型转换
①As time passes by，we will have a better and better life.
→ ，we will have a better and better life.
②I saw that they were coming across the street.
→I saw the street.
③I stood on the bridge and watched boats were passing by.
→I stood on the bridge and watched ．
【答案】1.With time passing by 2.them coming across 3.boats passing by
七、动词 ing形式作状语
1．作时间状语。
Hearing the news，he couldn't help laughing.
＝When he heard the news，he couldn't help laughing.一听到那个消息，他禁不住大笑起来。
2．作原因状语。
Not knowing her address，I had better telephone her to come over.
＝As I don't know her address，I had better telephone her to come over.
由于不知道她的地址，我还是打电话让她过来为好。
3．作条件状语。
Working hard，you'll surely succeed.
＝If you work hard，you'll surely succeed.
如果努力工作，你就一定会成功。
4．作结果状语。
The child slipped and fell，hitting his head against the door.
＝The child slipped and fell，and hit his head against the door.
那个男孩滑了一跤，头撞到了门上。
[名师点津]
现在分词作结果状语，是随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果，而不定式作结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果，有时前面可以加only。
I hurried to school，only to find it was Sunday.
我匆忙赶到学校，结果发现是星期天。
5．作让步状语。
Having been told many times，he still didn't learn these rules by heart.
＝Although he had been told many times，he still didn't learn these rules by heart.
尽管被告知了很多次，他还是没把这些规定记住。
6．作伴随状语。
Morris lay on the grass，staring at the sky for a long time.
＝Morris lay on the grass and stared at the sky for a long time.
莫里斯躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。
The boy sat in front of the farmhouse，cutting the branches.
＝The boy sat in front of the farmhouse，and cut the branches.
那个男孩坐在农舍前砍树枝。
7．作方式状语。
He came running back to tell me the news.
他跑回来告诉我这个消息。
[名师点津]
动词 ing形式作状语时，相当于与之对应的状语从句，但是当作伴随状语及结果状语时，可转化为并列谓语。
[即学即练6]　句型转换(用非谓语动词转换句子)
①It rained heavily and it caused great damage.
→It rained heavily， ．
②After he had eaten his dinner，the boy rushed out.
→ ，the boy rushed out.
③All night long he lay awake and he thought of the problem.
→All night long he lay awake， ．
【答案】1.causing great damage2.Having eaten his dinner3.thinking of the problem
8．现在分词作状语时的注意事项
(1)现在分词的时态
现在分词作状语时，要注意分词的时间性，是用现在分词的一般式(doing)，还是用完成式(having done)。
①当现在分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，用分词的一般式。
Walking in the street，I met an old friend of mine.
我正在大街上行走时，遇到了一位老朋友。(walking和谓语动词met同时发生)
②当现在分词的动作先发生，而谓语动词的动作后发生时，用分词的完成式。
Having finished the letter，he went to post it.
他写完信后就把它寄了出去。(having finished是先发生的，went是后发生的)
(2)现在分词的语态
使用现在分词的主动式还是被动式，这主要取决于现在分词和句子主语之间的关系。句子的主语就是分词的逻辑主语。
Having been shown around the factory，they were very happy.(现在分词的被动式)
被领着参观了工厂后，他们很高兴。
Having finished his homework，he went to bed.(现在分词的主动式)
完成了作业后，他上床睡觉。
(3)动词 ing形式的否定式：not＋v. ing；not having＋v. ed
Not knowing this，he didn't come.
他不知道这件事，所以没来。
Not having made full preparations，we put off the sports meeting.
因为没有做好充分的准备，我们把运动会延期了。
(4)现在分词作评注性状语
有些现在分词在句中没有逻辑主语，它们往往作为句子的评注性状语来修饰整个句子，表明说话者的态度、观点等。例如：generally speaking“一般来说”， judging by/from...“从……判断”，taking everything into consideration“从全局考虑”。
Judging from his behaviour，he must be mad.
从他的行为来判断，他一定是疯了。
[即学即练7]　单句语法填空
① (work) for three hours，he took a rest.
②Tom came (dash) into the room with some film tickets in his hand.
③ (spend) all his money，the boy had to give his mother a call.
【答案】1.Having worked2.dashing 3.Having spent
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1． (talk) with your kid heart to heart is very important.
2．The bird narrowly escaped (shoot) by the hunter.
3．It is no use (regret) your past mistakes.
4．My parents don't allow us (watch) violent TV programs.
5．They are planning to build a (swim) pool for the kids.
6．The student (talk) with the foreigners over there is our monitor.
7．With the temperature (rise)，the leaves and grass begin to appear.
8． (see) from the tower，the city looks very beautiful.
9． (work) harder at English，you'll make greater progress.
10． (finish) the work ahead of time，we have to work hard.
【答案】1.Talking 2.being shot 3.regretting 4.to watch5.swimming 6.talking 7.rising 8.Seen 9.Working 10.To finish
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国甲卷·语法填空）
The nurse kept the patient ________ (breathing) normally by patting his back.
答案：breathing
解析：考点为现在分词作宾补，keep sb. doing表“使某人持续做”，“保持呼吸正常”贴合U4“急救场景”；易错点：易误写为breathe，忽略“持续状态”要求。
（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
________ the first-aid skills, he saved the drowning child successfully.
Mastering B. Mastered C. To master D. Having mastered
答案：D
解析：考点为现在分词完成式作原因状语，“掌握技能”先于“救人”发生，master与逻辑主语he为主动关系；A表同时发生，B表被动，C表目的，均不符。
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
It is worthwhile ________ (learn) basic first-aid knowledge because it may save lives.
答案：learning
解析：考点为动名词作主语，It's worthwhile doing为固定句型，呼应U4“急救知识重要性”主题。
（2024·天津卷·翻译）
坚持练习心肺复苏（CPR）能帮助我们在紧急情况下应对自如。
答案：Keeping practising CPR can help us deal with emergencies with ease.
解析：考点为动名词作主语（坚持练习=keeping practising），“心肺复苏”为U4核心词汇，符合“应用型”命题趋势。
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