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新人教版选择性必修第四册Unit 1-2知识清单
重 点 单 词 Unit 1 1.fiction n. 小说;虚构的事 2.integrity n. 诚实正直;完整;完好 3.superior adj. 更好的;占优势的;(在级别或重要性上)更高的 4.suspend vt. 悬;挂;暂停;暂缓 5.dismiss vt. 让(某人)离开;解散;解雇;消除 6.fetch vt. (去)拿来;(去)请来 7.pace n. 速度;步伐;节奏　vt.&vi. 确定速度;调整节奏 8.weekly adj. 每周的　n. 周刊 9.bonus n. 意外收获;奖金;红利 10.backwards adv. 向后;倒着;往回 11.dignity n. 庄重;庄严;尊严 12.labour n. 劳动(者);体力劳动 vi. 奋斗;努力工作 13.handkerchief n. 手帕;纸巾 14.random adj. 随机的;不可思议的 15.maximum adj. 最大极限的　n. 最大量;最大限度 16.saleswoman n. 女售货员;女推销员 17.chairwoman n. 女主席;女董事长;女委员长 18.niece n. 侄女;外甥女 19.salary n. 薪水;薪金 20.panel n. 控制板;仪表盘;专家咨询组 21.venue n. 活动场地(如音乐厅、会场等) 22.absurd adj. 荒谬的;荒唐的 23.fare n. 车费;船费;飞机票价 24.nail n. 指甲;趾甲;钉子 vt. (用钉子)钉牢;固定 Unit 2 1.dive vi.&n. 潜水;跳水;俯冲→dived/dived/diving (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 2.sponsor vt. 倡议;赞助;主办　n. (法案等的)倡议者;赞助者 3.straightforward adj. 坦率的;简单的 4.entitle vt. 给……命名(或题名);使享有权利 5.joint n. 公共场所(尤指价格低廉的饮食和娱乐场所);关节　adj. 联合的;共同的 6.phase n. 阶段;时期 7.temporary adj. 暂时的;短暂的 8.sample n. 样本;样品 9.trunk n. 树干 10.arrow n. 箭;箭头 11.hatch vi. 孵出;破壳　vt. 使孵出;策划;(尤指)密谋 12.liberty n. 自由 13.domain n. 领域;领土;范围 14.grand adj. 大;宏大的 15.herb 　n. 药草;香草;草本 16.premier adj. 最著名的;第一的;首要的 n. 总理;首相 17.minister n. 部长;大臣;外交使节 18.equator n. 赤道 19.session n. 一场;一段时间;会议 20.nest n. 巢穴;鸟窝;秘密窝点 21.barbecue n. 户外烧烤;烤架 22.butcher n. 肉贩;屠夫;刽子手
词 汇 拓 展 Unit 1 1.appointment n. 预约;约会;委任→appoint v. 任命;委任;安排,确定(时间、地点)→appointed adj. 约定的 2.declare vt. 表明;宣称;公布→declaration n. 公告;宣告;宣言 3.urge n. 强烈的欲望;冲动　vt. 催促;力劝;大力推荐→urgency n. 紧迫;急迫;急事;紧要→urgent adj. 紧急的;紧迫的;催促的;急切的 4.calculate vt. 计算;核算;预测→calculation n. 计算;估计;预测 5.division n. 分开;分隔;差异;除(法)→divide v. (使)分开,分散,分割→divided adj. 被分割的;分裂的;有分歧的 6.explode vi.&vt. 爆炸;爆破→explosion n. 爆炸;爆破→explosive adj. 爆炸性的 7.mud n. 泥;泥浆→muddy adj. 多泥的;泥泞的 8.guilty adj. 内疚的;有罪的;有过失的→guilt n. 内疚;悔恨;犯罪;罪行→guiltily adv. 有罪地 Unit 2 1.distribution n. 分布;分配;分发→distribute v. 分发;分配;分散 2.licensed adj. 得到正式许可的→license vt. 批准;许可　n. 许可证;执照 3.frequency n. 发生率;重复率;(声波或电磁波振动的)频率→frequent adj. 频繁的;经常发生的→frequently adv. 频繁地;经常 4.biology n. 生理;生物学→biological adj. 生物学的;生物的→biologist n. 生物学家 5.capacity n. 能力;容量→capable adj. 有能力的;能干的→capably adv. 能干地→incapable adj. 没能力的;不能干的 6.prison n. 监狱;监禁→prisoner n. 囚犯;犯人 7.foundation n. 创建;基础;地基→found v. 创建,创办(组织或机构,尤指提供资金);把……基于;把……建立在→founder n. 创始人,创建者 8.political adj. 政治的→politics n. 政治→politician n. 政客,政治家 9.located adj. 位于→locate vt. 指出……的位置→location n. 地方;位置 10.bakery n. 面包(糕饼)店;面包厂→baker n. 面包(糕饼)师傅;面包店老板;面包店→bake v. (在烤炉里)烘烤;焙;(将某物)烤硬 11.freedom n. 自由;不受……影响的状态→free adj. 随心所欲的;不受约束的;自由的　v. 释放;使自由 12.violent adj. 暴力的;猛烈的→violence n. 暴力;暴行
重 点 短 语 Unit 1 1．test out检验；测试 2．more like更像是；更接近 3．on a...basis根据；以……的方式(基准) 4．pros and cons事物的利与弊；支持与反对 5．superior to比……更好；更胜一筹 6．take over占上风；取而代之；接管；接手 7．conflict with与……冲突或抵触 8．turn out关掉；熄灭；在场；使朝外；结果是 9．fall away(逐渐)减少；消失 10．have an urge to有强烈的欲望做某事 Unit 2 1．prime minister首相；总理 2．peak season高峰季节 3．a flock of一群(羊或鸟) 4．a handful of少数人(或物)；一把(的量)
重 点 句 型 1．As she turned around，there stood Gladys Claffern. 她一转身，就看到格拉迪丝·克拉芬站在那儿。 2．She heard him declare that he did not want to leave her the next day，and that he felt more than just the desire to please her. 她听到他说第二天不想离开她，他感觉他不仅仅只是想取悦她。 3．It was at ten o’clock today that the first of all Time Machines began its career. 今天十点钟，第一台时间机器开始投入使用。 4．Looking around，I saw my laboratory exactly as before. 环顾四周，我看到我的实验室和从前一模一样。 5．It felt like I was being driven fast on a winding road. 这感觉就像我在一条蜿蜒的路上疾驰。 6．Located to the south of the equator，below many other countries on the globe，it’s often informally referred to as “down under”． (澳大利亚)位于赤道以南，在地球仪上位于很多国家的下方，它常被非正式地称为“down under”。 7．I can’t wait to see all of them! 我迫不及待地去看所有的动物！ 8．To survive in this vast land on the ocean，the Aborigines had to be in close contact with nature. 为了在这片广阔的海洋陆地上生存，土著居民必须与大自然保持密切联系。 9．Personally speaking，what I like most about Australia is the people themselves. 就我个人而言，关于澳大利亚我最喜欢的是它的人。 10．The noise they make could wake the dead. 它们制造的噪音能够吵醒死人。 11．There are only a small handful of animals in the world that can do that! 世界上只有很少的动物可以那样做！
A
A household robot named Tony was going to 1._______(test) out in a family by Claire.Claire didn’t like the idea at the beginning, but she agreed to it at last.At her first sight of Tony, Claire was 2.______(alarm), for the robot seemed more like a human 3.______ a machine, handsome with smooth hair and a deep voice.When Tony offered to help her 4._________(dress)，Claire felt embarrassed.Claire complained that she wasn’t clever so Tony showed sympathy for her，which she thought was ridiculous.5.__________(gradual), Tony began to win Claire’s trust.As a favour，Tony helped Claire make herself smarter and her home 6._________(elegant)．In an expensive clothes shop, when the saleswoman was rude to her，she 7._________(ring) Tony up for help.Tony made the woman change her attitude and Claire thanked Tony 8.________(say) that he was a “dear”．However, the scene was discovered by Gladys Claffern so Claire felt 9.______(guilt)．Claire wept after arriving home and to comfort her, Tony suggested she 10.________(invite) Gladys and her friends to the house which would have been completely transformed by then.
B
I arrived in Australia on 1st October to visit my friend there.Australia, 1.______(locate) to the south of the equator, is often informally referred to 2.____ “down under”．
My first impressions of Australia have been all about food！3._________(bakery), fast food joints, butcher shops, cafes, and restaurants everywhere provide some of 4._____ premier food experiences in the world.
I learned to play the local instrument—didgeridoo.I put my mouth on one end and blow while 5.______(vibrate) my lips but failed.A skilled player can play for a long time by 6.________(continue) breathing in through his nose while breathing out through his mouth and into the didgeridoo.
After 7._______(experience) Australia, personally speaking, 8.______ I like most about Australia is the people 9.________(they)．Their friendliness and 10.______(warm) made me feel at home wherever I went.
知识点
guilty adj.内疚的；有罪的；有过失的(guilt n．内疚；悔恨；犯罪；罪行)
be guilty of犯有……罪 be/feel guilty for/at/about...对/为……感到内疚/有愧
(1)She had feelings of guilt(guilty) about leaving her children and going to work.
(2)I felt guilty for/at/about my conflict with my dear friend and I must apologize to him.
(3)她说：“可是我已经欺骗了我奶奶，”脸颊上流下了内疚的泪水。(读后续写之愧疚心理描写)
①“But I have cheated my grandmother，” she said，and tears of guilt flowed down her cheeks.(并列句)
②“But I have cheated my grandmother，” she said，tears of guilt flowing down her cheeks.(独立主格结构)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·浙江卷·语法填空）
Feeling (guilty) about forgetting his mother’s birthday, Tom prepared a surprise party immediately after work.
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·翻译）
她因为在考试中作弊而感到无比内疚，主动向老师承认了错误。
urge n．强烈的欲望；冲动 vt.催促；力劝；大力推荐(urgent adj.紧急的；急迫的)
have/feel an urge to do sth.有强烈的欲望做某事 urge sb.to do sth.催促某人做某事 urge that...(should) do sth.极力主张/强调……做某事 It is urged that...(should) do sth.极力主张/强调……做某事
(1)The salesman didn’t work yesterday because he had some urgent(urge) things to handle.
(2)家长应该积极督促孩子利用这个机会参加户外活动。
①Parents should actively urge their children to take advantage of the opportunity to participate in outdoor activities.(urge sb.to do sth.)
②Parents should actively urge that their children (should) take advantage of the opportunity to participate in outdoor activities.(urge that...)
(3)我渴望减肥，因此，我绝不在两餐之间吃零食。
I have an urge to lose weight，so I will never snack between meals.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·完形填空）
The coach urged the players to keep practicing, saying only hard work could lead to success.
urged B. allowed C. forbade D. begged
（2023·天津卷·语法填空）
It is urged that students （develop ）the habit of reading regularly.
take over占上风；取而代之；接管；接手
take off起飞；匆匆离去；脱下；大获成功 take on呈现；雇用；承担 take in包括；吸收；理解；欺骗；收留 take up占去；占据；开始从事
用take短语的适当形式填空
After taking over the firm from his father，Tom took in some scientific ideas and took on some experienced and hard-working workers，which suggested that his firm would take off soon.Tom held the strong belief that his firm would take on a new look in the near future.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·山东卷·完形填空）
When Mr. Smith retired, his son took over the family business and introduced new management concepts.
took over B. took in C. took up D. took off
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
The project (take in) volunteers from different cities, which ensured its smooth progress.
turn out关掉；熄灭；在场；使朝外；结果是
turn down拒绝；关小；调低 turn in上交 turn over翻身；移交；转变 turn to求助于；转向 turn up出现；调高
(1)所有的候选人必须在截止日期前交上申请表和相关材料。
All the candidates must turn in the application forms and relevant materials before the deadline.
(2)有如此多的数学难题要解决，我必须向我的老师求助。
With so many difficult math problems to handle，I must turn to my teacher for help.
(3)你最好按时出现，或者比约定的时间早几分钟。
You had better turn up punctually or a few minutes earlier than the appointed time.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·选择题）
With no one to turn to for help, the old lady had to call the community service center.
turn to B. turn in C. turn out D. turn down
（2025·北京卷·翻译）
结果证明，他在会议上提出的建议非常实用。（用turn out）
　She heard him declare that he did not want to leave her the next day，and that he felt more than just the desire to please her.她听到他说第二天不想离开她，他感觉他不仅仅只是想取悦她。
more than＋数词，表示“超过；不止”，相当于over。 more than＋名词，意为“不只是；不仅仅……”，相当于not only。 more than＋形容词/副词，意为“非常，很”，相当于very。 more A than B 与其说B不如说A
(1)写出下列句子中more than的汉语意思
①She bought more than ten handkerchiefs and two pairs of leather shoes at a time，which made her mother explode with anger.多于；超过
②I am more than glad to help you analyze the pros and cons of the choice you have made.非常
③The chairwoman is more than our leader；she is also our friend.不仅仅
(2)I would be more than delighted(我会非常高兴) if you could come and join in my birthday party at 7 p．m.next Friday at my home.There will be more than ten friends(将会有十几个朋友) present at the party.The party is more than for fun(派对不仅仅是为了玩)；it is also for mutual communication.So please accept my sincere invitation.(应用文写作之邀请信)
【高考真题链接】
（2023·天津卷·语法填空）
I am more than (delight) to be invited to your graduation ceremony.
（2025·江苏卷·翻译）
这位科学家的成就不仅仅属于他个人，更属于整个团队。
　 It felt like I was being driven fast on a winding road.
这感觉就像我在一条蜿蜒的路上疾驰。
在读后续写中可以适当采用明喻这一修辞方法，增加故事情节的生动性。明喻主要采用比喻词like，as。
(1)当他听我们谈论丰富多彩的生活时，他脸上的笑容灿烂得如钻石一样闪闪发光。
When he heard us talking about the colorful life，the smile on his face shone like a diamond.
(2)它在温柔低语，就像一个小女孩对她的母亲私语一样。
It murmured in a soft voice like a little girl whispering to her mother.
(3)汤姆病得很厉害，不能去聚会。
Tom was as sick as a dog，and couldn’t go to the party.
7. located adj.处于；位于；坐落于[locate vt.找出……的位置；把……设置(在)；使……坐落(于) location n．地点；位置]
be located in/on/at位于；坐落于
(1)The location(locate) of the newly-built entertainment joint is close to the railway.
(2)我们也有三个室内活动室，位于校园的东边。
We have three indoor activity rooms as well，located in the east of our campus.
(3)位于这座城市的西端，这个公园有很大的空间供游客漫步。
Located at the west end of the city，the park has a lot of room for visitors to walk around.
8. freedom n．自由；不受……影响的状态(free adj.免费的；自由的；不受约束的 vt.使自由；解放；释放)
freedom of speech言论自由 have the freedom of.../to do...有(做)……的自由 be free to do sth.自由做某事 set...free使获得自由；释放 free from/of...不受……影响的；无……的
(1)The straightforward prime minister declares that citizens have freedom of speech.
(2)最使我满意的是我有选择所喜欢东西的自由。
①What satisfies me most is that I have the freedom to choose what I like.(freedom)
②What satisfies me most is that I am free to choose what I like.(free)
9. capacity n．能力；容量(capable adj.有能力的；能干的)
have the capacity to do...有做……的能力 be capable of...能够……
我有能力完美组织即将在本市举行的中国画展览。
(1)I have the capacity to perfectly organize the Chinese Painting Exhibition to be held in this local city.(capacity)
(2)I am capable of perfectly organizing the Chinese Painting Exhibition to be held in this local city.(capable)
10. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
Most of their musical instruments are really just sticks found on the ground，among which there is an amazing instrument called the didgeridoo.他们绝大多数的乐器其实就是在地上找到的树枝，其中就有一种令人惊叹的、叫作迪吉里杜管的乐器。
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，我们通常用“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句。如果指“人”，用“介词＋whom”；如果指“物”，用“介词＋which”。 one/two/several/most/each/all/both of which/whom the＋名词＋of which/whom
(1)我积极参加了英语讲座，从中我充分了解了英国和美国的文化。
I have actively attended English lectures，from which I have a good knowledge of British and American cultures.
(2)来自20个班的90名学生参加了比赛，其中有30名女生。
Ninety students from twenty classes participated in the race，among whom were thirty girls.
(3)这个旨在引起人们对环境保护的关注的活动提升了我们关爱大自然的意识。(the aim of which)
The activity，the aim of which is to draw our attention to environmental protection，raises our awareness of caring about nature.
(4)学校门口站了几位老师，其中一个是我的英语老师。
There are several teachers standing at the school gate，one of whom is my English teacher.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
The team members, among whom there are three experts, finished the task ahead of time.
（2025·山东卷·选择题）
The museum ________ which we paid a visit last week has a long history.
to B. for C. at D. 不填
11. 修辞之夸张手法在读后续写中的应用
　 The noise they make could wake the dead.
它们制造的噪音能够吵醒死人。
夸张是比喻修辞的一种，是以言过其实的说法表达强烈的目的，它可以加强语气，增加表达效果。
(1)世界似乎到了末日。
It seems as if the world were at an end.
(2)她几乎笑死了。
She almost dies laughing.
(3)这寒风如此刺骨，直接穿过我的身体。
The cold wind was so bone-chilling that it cut right through me.
(4)第一次站在讲台上，她感觉万箭穿心。
Standing on the platform for the first time，she found scores of arrows piercing her chest.
12. There be +n.+定语从句
　 There are only a small handful of animals in the world that can do that！
世界上具备这一能力的动物屈指可数！
There be＋n./pron.＋定语从句
(1)我们学校有丰富多彩的旨在扩大我们视野的课外活动。
There are colorful after-class activities in our school that/which are designed to broaden our horizons.
(2)在艺术文化会演中，有各种各样的表演，从唱歌、跳舞到背诗不等。
①In the course of the Art and Culture Show，there are various performances，which vary from singing，dancing to reciting poems.(定语从句)
②In the course of the Art and Culture Show，there are various performances varying from singing，dancing to reciting poems.(现在分词短语作定语)
(3)有许多年轻人乐意为残疾人做志愿工作。
①There are many young people who/that are willing to do voluntary work for the disabled.(定语从句)
②There are many young people willing to do voluntary work for the disabled.(形容词短语作定语)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·北京卷·语法填空）
There are many traditional crafts ________ (pass) down from generation to generation in this town.
语法点
Grammar　被动语态
英语中有两种语态，一种是主动语态，一种是被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，或者动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，则用被动语态。
[观察例句]
1．It was going to be tested out by Larry's wife，Claire.
2．All the work has been finished by now.
3．Now she was being looked after by a robot that looked so human，and it was disturbing.
4．You are invited to make a speech in our school.
5．Larry persuaded her that the robot wouldn't harm her or allow her to be harmed.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1中的黑体词部分为过去将来时的被动形式，其构成是was/were going to＋ be＋ done。
2．例句2中的黑体词部分为现在完成时的被动形式，其构成是has/have ＋ been ＋ done。
3．例句3中的黑体词部分为过去进行时的被动形式，其构成是was/were ＋ being ＋ done。
4．例句4中的黑体词部分为一般现在时的被动形式，其构成是is/are ＋done。
5．例句5中的黑体词部分为动词不定式一般式的被动形式，其构成是to＋ be ＋ done。
一、被动语态的基本构成和用法
被动语态由“be＋过去分词”构成，被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其变化形式与系动词be的完全一样。
下面以do为例列举各种时态的被动语态的形式。
时态 被动结构
一般现在时 am/is/are＋done
一般过去时 was/were＋done
一般将来时 shall/will/am/is/are going to＋be＋done
过去将来时 should/would/was/were going to＋be＋done
现在进行时 am/is/are＋being＋done
过去进行时 was/were＋being＋done
现在完成时 have/has＋been＋done
过去完成时 had＋been＋done
将来完成时 shall/will＋have＋been＋done
过去将来完成时 should/would＋have＋been＋done
Everyone is expected to obey the following rules.希望大家遵守以下规定。
Some volunteers will be sent to the remote village to help improve the education there.
一些志愿者将被派往那个偏远的村庄来帮助提高那里的教育水平。
English lessons are being broadcast on the radio.收音机上正在播英语课程。
The work will have been finished by the end of next month.到下个月底这项工作将会已经完成。
[即学即练1]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①The tourists (accompany) by a guide when they travelled in Beijing.
②He (envy) by many men，because he has a big house，a car and a good family.
③The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts (reward) with success in the end.
二、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题
1．否定词not的位置在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。
He was extremely disappointed to hear that he would not be given a doctor's degree.
听到不会获得博士学位，他沮丧到了极点。
2．“get＋过去分词”也表被动
We got separated when we entered the big hall.我们进入大厅时被挤散了。
3．“be＋过去分词”并非都是被动语态
系动词 be，feel，seem，look等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，作表语用，构成系表结构，表示某种状态。
I'm interested in mathematics.我对数学感兴趣。
He seems unsatisfied with his work.他似乎对自己的工作不满意。
4．某些情况用主动语态来表示被动含义
有些动词如read，write，clean，wash，iron，burn，draw，cook，keep，cut，open，blow，peel，sell，act等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，常和副词well，easily，smoothly等连用，且通常用主动结构表示被动含义。
这些动词的主语一般是表物的词，且这些物往往具有某种内在的特点，这些句子的时态多用一般现在时或一般将来时。
The door doesn't open easily.门不容易打开。
Bikes of that kind sell well.那种自行车好卖。
5．动词短语
动词短语在主动结构中是不可分割的，在被动结构中也是如此，不可去掉后面的介词或副词。
The old man was often laughed at.那位老人经常受人嘲笑。(不可省掉介词at)
[即学即练2]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①As we all know，this pen (write) smoothly.
②I (take) good care of by my uncle when I was young.
三、动词不定式的被动形式
动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词与其是被动关系时，动词不定式一般使用被动形式。不定式的被动式可分为一般式和完成式。
构 成 意 义
一般式 to be done 表示发生在谓语动词之后或同时发生的被动动作
完成式 to have been done 表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动动作
1.动词不定式被动式的句法功能
(1)作主语
Sometimes to be understood is not an easy job.有时被人理解并不是一件容易的事。
[名师点津]
①动词不定式(短语)作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。
It is an honour to be invited to speak here.能被邀请在这儿讲话，真是一件荣幸的事。
②单个动词不定式(短语)作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
To be adopted by a key university is difficult for him.对他来说，被一所重点大学录取是困难的。
(2)作表语
The task is to be finished by next month.这项工作要到下个月才能完成。
(3)作宾语
The boy asked to be given an opportunity to try again.那男孩要求给他再试一次的机会。
(4)作宾语补足语
He wanted the boy to be punished for telling lies.他想让那个男孩因说谎而受到惩罚。
(5)作定语
He is not a man to be defeated easily.他不是一个容易被打败的人。
(6)作状语
She is sent abroad to be trained.她被送到国外培训。
[即学即练3]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①It's important for the figures (update) regularly.
②We've had a good start，but next，more work needs (do) to achieve the final success.
③There are still many problems (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
2．不定式的主动形式表示被动意义
(1)动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系时，不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.
今天下午我有许多事要做。(to do 与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系)
对比：
I'll go to the post office.Do you have a letter to be posted
我要去邮局。你有信要寄吗？(post与主语you之间不存在主谓关系，只和前面的letter构成动宾关系)
(2)在某些“形容词＋不定式”作表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
This problem is difficult to work out.这个问题很难计算出来。
(3)在too...to...结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。
This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.这本书太贵，我买不起。
(4)be to blame常用主动表示被动。
Who is to blame for starting the fire 谁应为放火受责备？
[即学即练4]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①The chair is comfortable (sit) on.
②The driver is (blame) for the accident happening just now.
③The old man found the computer was hard (operate)．
④We have four reading passages (complete) in the coming holiday.
四、动词 ing的被动形式
动词 ing形式所表示的动作是一个被动动作时，要用动词 ing的被动形式。包括其一般形式和完成形式。
(一)动词 ing被动形式的构成
形式 用法
一般式 being done 被动的动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生
完成式 having been done 被动的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前
The building being built will be our school library.
正在建造的那座大楼将是我们学校的图书馆。
Having been invited，Mr.Li went there to give a speech though he was busy.
李先生受邀去那儿做演讲，尽管很忙，但他还是去了。
[即学即练5]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
① (warn) about typhoon，the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor.
②The question (discuss) now has something to do with nature.
(二)动词 ing被动形式的用法
动词 ing的被动式在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语、状语。
She doesn't remember having ever been given a chance to go abroad.(作宾语)
她不记得曾被给过出国的机会。
You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere.(作宾语补足语)
你会发现到处都在讨论这个话题。
Being selected Chairman of the students' union made him feel proud.(作主语)
被选为学生会主席，他很自豪。
Having been told many times，he still repeated the same mistakes.(作状语)
被告知多次了，他仍然犯同样的错误。
What made his parents happy was his being admitted to a famous university.(作表语)
让他父母高兴的是他被一所名牌大学录取了。
The museum being repaired will be reopened to visitors next year.(作定语)
正在维修的博物馆明年将开始接待访客。
[名师点津]
在动词 ing被动式前加否定副词not便可构成其否定形式。
Tony was veny unhappy for not having been invited to the party.(作宾语)
托尼因未受邀请参加晚会甚为不满。
Not being allowed to go out makes him very angry.(作主语)
不被允许出去，他非常生气。
[名师点津]
being done，to be done 与done作定语的区别
to be done作定语一般表示未来的动作；done表示被动完成的动作；being done 表示被动的、正在进行的动作。
The problem to be discussed(＝which will be discussed) at the meeting is very important.
会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。
The problem discussed (＝which was discussed) at the meeting is very important.
会上讨论过的问题非常重要。
The problem being discussed(＝which is being discussed) at the meeting is very important.
会上正在讨论的问题非常重要。
[即学即练6]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①I still remember (take) to the Great Wall and what I saw there.
② (hit)by the big boy on the nose，the little boy began to cry.
③I heard this song (sing) in English then.
几种特殊用法
1．在deserve，need，require，want等词之后，总是用动词 ing的主动形式表达被动意义，相当于“to be＋过去分词”。
The blackboard needs cleaning.＝The blackboard needs to be cleaned.黑板需要擦干净。
The broken window wants repairing.＝The broken window wants to be repaired.
那个破窗户需要修理。
2．be worth后也常跟动词 ing的主动形式表达被动意义。
The book is worth reading again.＝The book is worthy of being read again.＝The book is worthy to be read again.这本书值得再读一遍。
3．动词 ing被动式的复合结构
当动词 ing被动式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动词 ing形式之前加上物主代词或名词所有格(整个复合结构不作主语时，可用人称代词宾格代替物主代词，名词普通格代替名词所有格)
I am very pleased at you/your having been honored with a medal.
我很高兴你获得了一枚奖牌。
The decision having been made，the next problem was how to make a good plan.
决定已经做出，下一个问题就是如何制订一个好的计划了。
[即学即练7]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①The road is covered with some fallen trees and they require (remove) immediately.
②The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft，the most recent one
(launch) at the end of last year.
③If a thing is worthy of (do)，it is worth (do) well.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Truly elegant chopsticks might (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
2．The billionaire is reported in the local newspaper (rob) last week.
3．The giant panda (love) by people throughout the world.
4．We won't start the work until all the preparations (make)．
5．These small trees require (take) good care of.
6．Despite the previous rounds of talks，no agreement (reach) so far by the two sides.
7．The airport (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.
8．As we approached the village，we saw new houses (build)．
9．I appreciated (give) the chance to study abroad two years ago.
10．He narrowly escaped (run) over.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
A new library (build) in our community and it will open next year.
（2024·浙江卷·选择题）
The documents ________ by the secretary before the meeting started.
have been prepared B. were prepared C. had been prepared D. are prepared
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·翻译）
这些珍贵的文物需要被妥善保护以传承给后代。
Grammar　过去分词
过去分词(past participle)是分词的一种。规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加 ed构成，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。过去分词是一种非谓语动词，在句中不能单独做谓语。但它具有形容词和副词的特性，因此在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。
[观察例句]
1．When the delayed flight will take off depends mainly on the weather.
2．The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honour in this summer's games.
3．Seen from the top of the Tiger Hill，the city of Suzhou was very beautiful.
4．I heard the door pulled.
5．She is married.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1和例句2中的黑体部分为过去分词(短语)作定语，过去分词一般位于所修饰的名词之前，而过去分词短语通常位于所修饰的名词之后。
2．例句3中的黑体部分为过去分词短语作状语，说明动作发生的时间，用于句首较为常见。
3．例句4中的黑体部分为过去分词作宾语补足语，说明宾语的性状。
4．例句5中的黑体部分为过去分词作表语，表示主语的特征或性状。
一、过去分词作定语
1．过去分词作定语时，相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。分词所表示的动作与其所修饰的名词构成动宾关系。
The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举办的音乐会很成功。
2．单个的过去分词作定语时，常常置于其所修饰的名词前；而过去分词短语作定语时，常常置于其所修饰的名词后。　
They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard.他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。
The meeting，attended by over five thousand people，welcomed the great hero.
(他们举行了)欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有五千多人。
3．过去分词及过去分词短语作定语一般可转换为一个定语从句。
We must adapt our regulations to the changed conditions.
＝We must adapt our regulations to the conditions that have been changed.
我们必须调整规章制度来适应变化了的情况。
4．有些过去分词作前置定语与后置定语时意义不同。
in the given time在既定的时间内
with the words given用所给的单词
a concerned look一个关切的神情
the people concerned有关人士
[名师点津]
及物动词的过去分词除表示“完成”的动作之外，还表示“被动”的意义。如：spoken English(英语口语)；iced beer(冰镇啤酒)；cooked food(熟食)；fried chips(炸土豆条)。不及物动词的过去分词常表示“完成”的动作，而不表示“被动”意义。如：boiled water(开水)；fallen leaves(落叶)；the risen sun(升起的太阳)等。
[即学即练1]　把下面的句子改为简单句
①Most of the people who had been questioned were students.
→ .
②Do you know the number of the books which have been ordered
→
二、过去分词作表语
过去分词作表语，总是在系动词be，appear，seem，look，remain，feel，get等之后，通常表示主语所处的状态，这时过去分词可以被看作一个形容词，是形容词化的过去分词。常见的有seated，surprised，astonished，amazed，moved，exhausted，worried，devoted，pleased，inspired，encouraged，excited，delighted，satisfied，scared，frightened，disappointed 等。
I am pleased with the result of the experiment.我对试验结果很满意。
The door remained locked.门仍然锁着。
I hope we can get more involved in our community and our life will be colorful.
我希望我们更多地参与到社区中来，我们的生活将变得丰富多彩。
[名师点津]
过去分词作表语时，强调主语所处的状态；动词的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，强调动作。
The cup is broken.杯子破了。(强调杯子的状态)
The cup was broken by Jim.杯子是吉姆打破的。(强调动作)
[即学即练2]　完成句子
①For those with family members far away，the personal computer and ．
对于那些与家人相距遥远的人来说，个人电脑和电话在保持联系方面很重要。
②While waiting for ，Henry did his best to perform his duty.
当等待机会被提升的时候，亨利尽力履行好他的职责。
三、过去分词作宾语补足语
能用作宾语补足语的过去分词一般都是及物动词，表示被动意义或已完成意义，有时候两者兼而有之。作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系，即宾语是过去分词动作的对象。在下面结构中常用过去分词作补语。
1．在感官动词(see，hear，notice，watch等)和表示心理状态的动词(feel，find等)后。
He watched the TV set carried out of the room.他看到电视机被搬到房间外面了。
2．表示“致使”意义的动词，如have，make，get，keep，leave等后可接过去分词作宾语补足语。
I had my leg broken in the football game.我的腿在足球赛中摔断了。
3．表示思维活动的动词，如consider，know，think等后可接过去分词作宾语补足语。
I considered the matter settled.我认为这件事解决了。
4．表示爱憎、意愿的动词，如want，wish，like，hate等。
I wanted two tickets reserved.我要预定两张机票。
5．在with的复合结构中。
He sat there，with his hands tied behind.他双手被捆在后面坐在那里。
[名师点津]
过去分词、现在分词与动词不定式作宾语
补足语时的区别
(1)过去分词作宾语补足语，表示“被动和完成”含义，或仅仅表示“状态”。
(2)现在分词作宾语补足语表示其与所修饰的词之间为主谓关系。由延续性动词转化而来的现在分词作补足语，表示过程的一部分；而由瞬间性动词转化而来的现在分词作宾语补足语，表示动作的反复。
(3)动词不定式作宾语补足语，表示动作的全过程或者是动作已经结束。
[即学即练3]　单句语法填空
①He worked so hard that he got his pay (raise)．
②People in the south have their houses (make) of bamboo.
③With the whole city (build)around water，Guilin is one of the most popular tourist destinations in China.
四、过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且过去分词与主语之间为动宾关系。
(一)过去分词(短语)作状语的句法功能和位置
1．过去分词(短语)表示被动，表示动作已经完成，其逻辑主语则为句子的主语。过去分词作状语时，可单独使用，也可以在其前面加上适当的连词，可表示时间、条件、原因、让步、方式、伴随等。
When offered help，one often says “Thank you” or “It's kind of you”．(时间状语)
当被提供帮助的时候，人们常说“Thank you”或“It's kind of you”。
Given another chance，I will do it much better.(条件状语)如果再给我一次机会，我会做得更好。
Greatly inspired by what he did，I joined him in helping others.(原因状语)
在他所做的事情的巨大鼓舞下，我也加入了帮助他人的行列。
Visited many times，the place is still worth visiting again.(让步状语)
虽然已参观了很多次，这个地方仍值得再来。
He has been preparing his paper all day long，locked in the host.(方式状语)
锁在书房里，他一整天都在准备论文。
The guest walked into the room，greeted by the host.(伴随状语)
客人一边和主人打招呼，一边走进了房间。
2．过去分词(短语)在句中作状语时，既可放在句首，也可放在句尾，中间用逗号隔开。
Caught in a heavy rain，he was all wet.因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。
He stood there silently，moved to tears.
＝Moved to tears，he stood there silently.他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。
[即学即练4]
写出下列句中黑体部分分别充当什么状语
①Clearly and thoughtfully written，the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
②Time，used correctly，is money in the bank.
③If asked to look after luggage for someone else，inform the police at once.
④Seated at the table，my father and I were talking about my job.
⑤When(you are) given a medical examination，you should keep calm.
(二)过去分词(短语)作状语的几种情况
1．过去分词在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步状语时，相当于对应的时间、条件、原因及让步状语从句。
Seen from the top of the mountain(＝When it is seen from the top of the mountain)，the whole town looks more beautiful.
从山顶上看，整个城市看起来更美了。
Encouraged by the progress he has made，he works harder.＝As he is encouraged by the progress he has made，he works harder.
由于受到所取得进步的鼓舞，他工作更努力了。
2．过去分词在句中作伴随、方式等状语时，可改为句子的并列谓语或改为并列分句。
The teacher came into the room，followed by two students(＝and was followed by two students)．老师走进了房间，后面跟着两个学生。
He spent the whole afternoon，locked in his study(＝and was locked in his study)．
他把自己锁在书房里度过了一整个下午。
3．过去分词作状语可与与之对应的状语从句互换。而从句连词改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成“连词＋过去分词”结构作状语。
Even if I am invited(＝Even if invited)，I will not take part in the party.即使被邀请，我也不会参加那个宴会。
Unless you are asked to speak(＝Unless asked to speak)，you should remain silent at the meeting.
除非被要求发言，在会上你应该保持沉默。
4．过去分词(短语)作状语时，过去分词(短语)的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，否则，分词(短语)前应加上自己的主语。这种带有自身主语的过去分词(短语)被称为过去分词(短语)的独立结构。过去分词(短语)的独立结构通常在句中作状语，可表示时间、原因、条件等。
The test finished，we began our holiday.测试结束了，我们开始放假了。
More time given，we could have done it much better.如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。
[即学即练5]　句型转换
①When they were asked who had broken the vase，the children all kept silent.
→ ，the children all kept silent.
②If we are united，we will make our life better.
→ ，we will make our life better.
③Although we were exhausted by the hard work，we went on with it.
→ ，we went on with it.
(三)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别
现在分词与过去分词作状语的最主要的区别在于两者与其逻辑主语的主动与被动关系。
1．现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语发出的动作，它们之间是主动关系。现在分词动作与谓语动作同时发生用一般式doing；如果现在分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，表示已经完成、表示主动就用having done，表示被动就用having been done。
Walking along the street，I met a friend of mine.沿着大街走时，我碰到了我的一个朋友。
Having finished their work，they went home to have a rest.完成工作后，他们回家休息一下。
2．过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention，the tree could have grown better.如果给予更多的关注，小树本来能够长得更好一些。
Grown in rich soil，these seeds can grow fast.如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。
[即学即练6]　单句语法填空
① (impress) by the beautiful scenery，I forgot to go back home in time.
② (look) out of the window，I found many children playing on the playground.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I heard my name (call) when I came in.
2．She looked (disappoint) at the results of the exam.
3．Who were the so called guests (invite) to your party last night
4．Back from his two year medical service in Africa，Dr Lee was very happy to see his mother
(take)good care of at home.
5．John Snow told the story about the (astonish) people in Broad Street.
6．In art criticism，you must assume the artist has a secret message (hide) within the work.
7． (found) in the early 20th century，the school keeps on inspiring children's love of art.
8． (face) with the increasing unemployment，many people went on strike in most of the European countries.
9．If (give) better attention，the serious accident could have been avoided.
10．The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment， (allow) more patients to be treated.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·语法填空）
The painting ________ (donate) by a local artist is now on display.
（2025·山东卷·语法填空）
________ (inspire) by her teacher’s words, she decided to pursue her dream of becoming a doctor.
（2024·北京卷·完形填空）
The mother found her baby ________ (wrap) in a warm blanket when she got home.
wrapping B. wrapped C. to wrap D. be wrapped
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)/ 让教学更有效 高效备考 | 英语学科
新人教版选择性必修第四册Unit 1-2知识清单
重 点 单 词 Unit 1 1.fiction n. 小说;虚构的事 2.integrity n. 诚实正直;完整;完好 3.superior adj. 更好的;占优势的;(在级别或重要性上)更高的 4.suspend vt. 悬;挂;暂停;暂缓 5.dismiss vt. 让(某人)离开;解散;解雇;消除 6.fetch vt. (去)拿来;(去)请来 7.pace n. 速度;步伐;节奏　vt.&vi. 确定速度;调整节奏 8.weekly adj. 每周的　n. 周刊 9.bonus n. 意外收获;奖金;红利 10.backwards adv. 向后;倒着;往回 11.dignity n. 庄重;庄严;尊严 12.labour n. 劳动(者);体力劳动 vi. 奋斗;努力工作 13.handkerchief n. 手帕;纸巾 14.random adj. 随机的;不可思议的 15.maximum adj. 最大极限的　n. 最大量;最大限度 16.saleswoman n. 女售货员;女推销员 17.chairwoman n. 女主席;女董事长;女委员长 18.niece n. 侄女;外甥女 19.salary n. 薪水;薪金 20.panel n. 控制板;仪表盘;专家咨询组 21.venue n. 活动场地(如音乐厅、会场等) 22.absurd adj. 荒谬的;荒唐的 23.fare n. 车费;船费;飞机票价 24.nail n. 指甲;趾甲;钉子 vt. (用钉子)钉牢;固定 Unit 2 1.dive vi.&n. 潜水;跳水;俯冲→dived/dived/diving (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 2.sponsor vt. 倡议;赞助;主办　n. (法案等的)倡议者;赞助者 3.straightforward adj. 坦率的;简单的 4.entitle vt. 给……命名(或题名);使享有权利 5.joint n. 公共场所(尤指价格低廉的饮食和娱乐场所);关节　adj. 联合的;共同的 6.phase n. 阶段;时期 7.temporary adj. 暂时的;短暂的 8.sample n. 样本;样品 9.trunk n. 树干 10.arrow n. 箭;箭头 11.hatch vi. 孵出;破壳　vt. 使孵出;策划;(尤指)密谋 12.liberty n. 自由 13.domain n. 领域;领土;范围 14.grand adj. 大;宏大的 15.herb 　n. 药草;香草;草本 16.premier adj. 最著名的;第一的;首要的 n. 总理;首相 17.minister n. 部长;大臣;外交使节 18.equator n. 赤道 19.session n. 一场;一段时间;会议 20.nest n. 巢穴;鸟窝;秘密窝点 21.barbecue n. 户外烧烤;烤架 22.butcher n. 肉贩;屠夫;刽子手
词 汇 拓 展 Unit 1 1.appointment n. 预约;约会;委任→appoint v. 任命;委任;安排,确定(时间、地点)→appointed adj. 约定的 2.declare vt. 表明;宣称;公布→declaration n. 公告;宣告;宣言 3.urge n. 强烈的欲望;冲动　vt. 催促;力劝;大力推荐→urgency n. 紧迫;急迫;急事;紧要→urgent adj. 紧急的;紧迫的;催促的;急切的 4.calculate vt. 计算;核算;预测→calculation n. 计算;估计;预测 5.division n. 分开;分隔;差异;除(法)→divide v. (使)分开,分散,分割→divided adj. 被分割的;分裂的;有分歧的 6.explode vi.&vt. 爆炸;爆破→explosion n. 爆炸;爆破→explosive adj. 爆炸性的 7.mud n. 泥;泥浆→muddy adj. 多泥的;泥泞的 8.guilty adj. 内疚的;有罪的;有过失的→guilt n. 内疚;悔恨;犯罪;罪行→guiltily adv. 有罪地 Unit 2 1.distribution n. 分布;分配;分发→distribute v. 分发;分配;分散 2.licensed adj. 得到正式许可的→license vt. 批准;许可　n. 许可证;执照 3.frequency n. 发生率;重复率;(声波或电磁波振动的)频率→frequent adj. 频繁的;经常发生的→frequently adv. 频繁地;经常 4.biology n. 生理;生物学→biological adj. 生物学的;生物的→biologist n. 生物学家 5.capacity n. 能力;容量→capable adj. 有能力的;能干的→capably adv. 能干地→incapable adj. 没能力的;不能干的 6.prison n. 监狱;监禁→prisoner n. 囚犯;犯人 7.foundation n. 创建;基础;地基→found v. 创建,创办(组织或机构,尤指提供资金);把……基于;把……建立在→founder n. 创始人,创建者 8.political adj. 政治的→politics n. 政治→politician n. 政客,政治家 9.located adj. 位于→locate vt. 指出……的位置→location n. 地方;位置 10.bakery n. 面包(糕饼)店;面包厂→baker n. 面包(糕饼)师傅;面包店老板;面包店→bake v. (在烤炉里)烘烤;焙;(将某物)烤硬 11.freedom n. 自由;不受……影响的状态→free adj. 随心所欲的;不受约束的;自由的　v. 释放;使自由 12.violent adj. 暴力的;猛烈的→violence n. 暴力;暴行
重 点 短 语 Unit 1 1．test out检验；测试 2．more like更像是；更接近 3．on a...basis根据；以……的方式(基准) 4．pros and cons事物的利与弊；支持与反对 5．superior to比……更好；更胜一筹 6．take over占上风；取而代之；接管；接手 7．conflict with与……冲突或抵触 8．turn out关掉；熄灭；在场；使朝外；结果是 9．fall away(逐渐)减少；消失 10．have an urge to有强烈的欲望做某事 Unit 2 1．prime minister首相；总理 2．peak season高峰季节 3．a flock of一群(羊或鸟) 4．a handful of少数人(或物)；一把(的量)
重 点 句 型 1．As she turned around，there stood Gladys Claffern. 她一转身，就看到格拉迪丝·克拉芬站在那儿。 2．She heard him declare that he did not want to leave her the next day，and that he felt more than just the desire to please her. 她听到他说第二天不想离开她，他感觉他不仅仅只是想取悦她。 3．It was at ten o’clock today that the first of all Time Machines began its career. 今天十点钟，第一台时间机器开始投入使用。 4．Looking around，I saw my laboratory exactly as before. 环顾四周，我看到我的实验室和从前一模一样。 5．It felt like I was being driven fast on a winding road. 这感觉就像我在一条蜿蜒的路上疾驰。 6．Located to the south of the equator，below many other countries on the globe，it’s often informally referred to as “down under”． (澳大利亚)位于赤道以南，在地球仪上位于很多国家的下方，它常被非正式地称为“down under”。 7．I can’t wait to see all of them! 我迫不及待地去看所有的动物！ 8．To survive in this vast land on the ocean，the Aborigines had to be in close contact with nature. 为了在这片广阔的海洋陆地上生存，土著居民必须与大自然保持密切联系。 9．Personally speaking，what I like most about Australia is the people themselves. 就我个人而言，关于澳大利亚我最喜欢的是它的人。 10．The noise they make could wake the dead. 它们制造的噪音能够吵醒死人。 11．There are only a small handful of animals in the world that can do that! 世界上只有很少的动物可以那样做！
A
A household robot named Tony was going to 1._______(test) out in a family by Claire.Claire didn’t like the idea at the beginning, but she agreed to it at last.At her first sight of Tony, Claire was 2.______(alarm), for the robot seemed more like a human 3.______ a machine, handsome with smooth hair and a deep voice.When Tony offered to help her 4._________(dress)，Claire felt embarrassed.Claire complained that she wasn’t clever so Tony showed sympathy for her，which she thought was ridiculous.5.__________(gradual), Tony began to win Claire’s trust.As a favour，Tony helped Claire make herself smarter and her home 6._________(elegant)．In an expensive clothes shop, when the saleswoman was rude to her，she 7._________(ring) Tony up for help.Tony made the woman change her attitude and Claire thanked Tony 8.________(say) that he was a “dear”．However, the scene was discovered by Gladys Claffern so Claire felt 9.______(guilt)．Claire wept after arriving home and to comfort her, Tony suggested she 10.________(invite) Gladys and her friends to the house which would have been completely transformed by then.
1.be tested 2.alarmed 3. than 4.dressing 4 Gradually 6.more elegant 7.rang 8. saying 9. guilty 10. (should) invite
B
I arrived in Australia on 1st October to visit my friend there.Australia, 1.______(locate) to the south of the equator, is often informally referred to 2.____ “down under”．
My first impressions of Australia have been all about food！3._________(bakery), fast food joints, butcher shops, cafes, and restaurants everywhere provide some of 4._____ premier food experiences in the world.
I learned to play the local instrument—didgeridoo.I put my mouth on one end and blow while 5.______(vibrate) my lips but failed.A skilled player can play for a long time by 6.________(continue) breathing in through his nose while breathing out through his mouth and into the didgeridoo.
After 7._______(experience) Australia, personally speaking, 8.______ I like most about Australia is the people 9.________(they)．Their friendliness and 10.______(warm) made me feel at home wherever I went.
1.located 2. as 3.Bakeries 4.the 5.vibrating 6. continually 7. experiencing 8.what 9.themselves 10.warmth
知识点
guilty adj.内疚的；有罪的；有过失的(guilt n．内疚；悔恨；犯罪；罪行)
be guilty of犯有……罪 be/feel guilty for/at/about...对/为……感到内疚/有愧
(1)She had feelings of guilt(guilty) about leaving her children and going to work.
(2)I felt guilty for/at/about my conflict with my dear friend and I must apologize to him.
(3)她说：“可是我已经欺骗了我奶奶，”脸颊上流下了内疚的泪水。(读后续写之愧疚心理描写)
①“But I have cheated my grandmother，” she said，and tears of guilt flowed down her cheeks.(并列句)
②“But I have cheated my grandmother，” she said，tears of guilt flowing down her cheeks.(独立主格结构)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·浙江卷·语法填空）
Feeling (guilty) about forgetting his mother’s birthday, Tom prepared a surprise party immediately after work.
答案：guilty
解析：考点为形容词作伴随状语，“忘记生日的愧疚”贴合家庭情感主题；易错点：易误写为名词guilt，忽略此处需形容词体现状态。
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·翻译）
她因为在考试中作弊而感到无比内疚，主动向老师承认了错误。
答案：She felt extremely guilty about cheating in the exam and took the initiative to admit her mistake to the teacher.
解析：考点为feel guilty about短语及并列谓语，“考试作弊”场景贴近学生生活，强化语境应用。
urge n．强烈的欲望；冲动 vt.催促；力劝；大力推荐(urgent adj.紧急的；急迫的)
have/feel an urge to do sth.有强烈的欲望做某事 urge sb.to do sth.催促某人做某事 urge that...(should) do sth.极力主张/强调……做某事 It is urged that...(should) do sth.极力主张/强调……做某事
(1)The salesman didn’t work yesterday because he had some urgent(urge) things to handle.
(2)家长应该积极督促孩子利用这个机会参加户外活动。
①Parents should actively urge their children to take advantage of the opportunity to participate in outdoor activities.(urge sb.to do sth.)
②Parents should actively urge that their children (should) take advantage of the opportunity to participate in outdoor activities.(urge that...)
(3)我渴望减肥，因此，我绝不在两餐之间吃零食。
I have an urge to lose weight，so I will never snack between meals.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·完形填空）
The coach urged the players to keep practicing, saying only hard work could lead to success.
urged B. allowed C. forbade D. begged
答案：A
解析：考点为动词词义辨析，“教练督促球员”符合运动场景逻辑，B“允许”、C“禁止”、D“恳求”均不符；且urge sb. to do为核心搭配。
（2023·天津卷·语法填空）
It is urged that students （develop ）the habit of reading regularly.
答案：(should) develop
解析：考点为It is urged that...的虚拟结构，“倡导学生阅读”贴合教育主题，虚拟语气为必考点。
take over占上风；取而代之；接管；接手
take off起飞；匆匆离去；脱下；大获成功 take on呈现；雇用；承担 take in包括；吸收；理解；欺骗；收留 take up占去；占据；开始从事
用take短语的适当形式填空
After taking over the firm from his father，Tom took in some scientific ideas and took on some experienced and hard-working workers，which suggested that his firm would take off soon.Tom held the strong belief that his firm would take on a new look in the near future.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·山东卷·完形填空）
When Mr. Smith retired, his son took over the family business and introduced new management concepts.
took over B. took in C. took up D. took off
答案：A
解析：考点为短语辨析，“儿子接管家族企业”符合“传承”主题，A“接管”匹配语境；B“吸收”、C“从事”、D“起飞”均不符。
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
The project (take in) volunteers from different cities, which ensured its smooth progress.
答案：took in
解析：考点为take in表“吸收、接纳”，“项目接纳各地志愿者”贴合公益主题，强调短语的语境适配性。
turn out关掉；熄灭；在场；使朝外；结果是
turn down拒绝；关小；调低 turn in上交 turn over翻身；移交；转变 turn to求助于；转向 turn up出现；调高
(1)所有的候选人必须在截止日期前交上申请表和相关材料。
All the candidates must turn in the application forms and relevant materials before the deadline.
(2)有如此多的数学难题要解决，我必须向我的老师求助。
With so many difficult math problems to handle，I must turn to my teacher for help.
(3)你最好按时出现，或者比约定的时间早几分钟。
You had better turn up punctually or a few minutes earlier than the appointed time.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·选择题）
With no one to turn to for help, the old lady had to call the community service center.
turn to B. turn in C. turn out D. turn down
答案：A
解析：考点为短语辨析，“无人可求助”符合老年服务主题，turn to表“求助于”为固定搭配；其他选项语义不符。
（2025·北京卷·翻译）
结果证明，他在会议上提出的建议非常实用。（用turn out）
答案：It turned out that the suggestion he put forward at the meeting was very practical.
解析：考点为It turns out that...句型，“会议建议”贴合职场场景，强调形式主语与从句的衔接。
　She heard him declare that he did not want to leave her the next day，and that he felt more than just the desire to please her.她听到他说第二天不想离开她，他感觉他不仅仅只是想取悦她。
more than＋数词，表示“超过；不止”，相当于over。 more than＋名词，意为“不只是；不仅仅……”，相当于not only。 more than＋形容词/副词，意为“非常，很”，相当于very。 more A than B 与其说B不如说A
(1)写出下列句子中more than的汉语意思
①She bought more than ten handkerchiefs and two pairs of leather shoes at a time，which made her mother explode with anger.多于；超过
②I am more than glad to help you analyze the pros and cons of the choice you have made.非常
③The chairwoman is more than our leader；she is also our friend.不仅仅
(2)I would be more than delighted(我会非常高兴) if you could come and join in my birthday party at 7 p．m.next Friday at my home.There will be more than ten friends(将会有十几个朋友) present at the party.The party is more than for fun(派对不仅仅是为了玩)；it is also for mutual communication.So please accept my sincere invitation.(应用文写作之邀请信)
【高考真题链接】
（2023·天津卷·语法填空）
I am more than delighted (delight) to be invited to your graduation ceremony.
答案：delighted
解析：考点为more than+形容词表“非常”，“受邀参加毕业典礼”贴合校园场景，形容词化过去分词作表语。
（2025·江苏卷·翻译）
这位科学家的成就不仅仅属于他个人，更属于整个团队。
答案：The scientist’s achievements are more than his own; they belong to the whole team.
解析：考点为more than+名词表“不仅仅”，“科研团队”主题贴合创新话题，强化并列句逻辑。
　 It felt like I was being driven fast on a winding road.
这感觉就像我在一条蜿蜒的路上疾驰。
在读后续写中可以适当采用明喻这一修辞方法，增加故事情节的生动性。明喻主要采用比喻词like，as。
(1)当他听我们谈论丰富多彩的生活时，他脸上的笑容灿烂得如钻石一样闪闪发光。
When he heard us talking about the colorful life，the smile on his face shone like a diamond.
(2)它在温柔低语，就像一个小女孩对她的母亲私语一样。
It murmured in a soft voice like a little girl whispering to her mother.
(3)汤姆病得很厉害，不能去聚会。
Tom was as sick as a dog，and couldn’t go to the party.
7. located adj.处于；位于；坐落于[locate vt.找出……的位置；把……设置(在)；使……坐落(于) location n．地点；位置]
be located in/on/at位于；坐落于
(1)The location(locate) of the newly-built entertainment joint is close to the railway.
(2)我们也有三个室内活动室，位于校园的东边。
We have three indoor activity rooms as well，located in the east of our campus.
(3)位于这座城市的西端，这个公园有很大的空间供游客漫步。
Located at the west end of the city，the park has a lot of room for visitors to walk around.
8. freedom n．自由；不受……影响的状态(free adj.免费的；自由的；不受约束的 vt.使自由；解放；释放)
freedom of speech言论自由 have the freedom of.../to do...有(做)……的自由 be free to do sth.自由做某事 set...free使获得自由；释放 free from/of...不受……影响的；无……的
(1)The straightforward prime minister declares that citizens have freedom of speech.
(2)最使我满意的是我有选择所喜欢东西的自由。
①What satisfies me most is that I have the freedom to choose what I like.(freedom)
②What satisfies me most is that I am free to choose what I like.(free)
9. capacity n．能力；容量(capable adj.有能力的；能干的)
have the capacity to do...有做……的能力 be capable of...能够……
我有能力完美组织即将在本市举行的中国画展览。
(1)I have the capacity to perfectly organize the Chinese Painting Exhibition to be held in this local city.(capacity)
(2)I am capable of perfectly organizing the Chinese Painting Exhibition to be held in this local city.(capable)
10. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
Most of their musical instruments are really just sticks found on the ground，among which there is an amazing instrument called the didgeridoo.他们绝大多数的乐器其实就是在地上找到的树枝，其中就有一种令人惊叹的、叫作迪吉里杜管的乐器。
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，我们通常用“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句。如果指“人”，用“介词＋whom”；如果指“物”，用“介词＋which”。 one/two/several/most/each/all/both of which/whom the＋名词＋of which/whom
(1)我积极参加了英语讲座，从中我充分了解了英国和美国的文化。
I have actively attended English lectures，from which I have a good knowledge of British and American cultures.
(2)来自20个班的90名学生参加了比赛，其中有30名女生。
Ninety students from twenty classes participated in the race，among whom were thirty girls.
(3)这个旨在引起人们对环境保护的关注的活动提升了我们关爱大自然的意识。(the aim of which)
The activity，the aim of which is to draw our attention to environmental protection，raises our awareness of caring about nature.
(4)学校门口站了几位老师，其中一个是我的英语老师。
There are several teachers standing at the school gate，one of whom is my English teacher.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
The team members, among whom there are three experts, finished the task ahead of time.
答案：whom
解析：考点为among whom引导非限制性定语从句，“团队含专家”贴合协作主题，先行词为人，故用whom。
（2025·山东卷·选择题）
The museum ________ which we paid a visit last week has a long history.
to B. for C. at D. 不填
答案：D
解析：考点为“介词+关系代词”的省略，pay a visit to为固定搭配，但此处visit为名词，关系代词作宾语可省略，也可填to which。
11. 修辞之夸张手法在读后续写中的应用
　 The noise they make could wake the dead.
它们制造的噪音能够吵醒死人。
夸张是比喻修辞的一种，是以言过其实的说法表达强烈的目的，它可以加强语气，增加表达效果。
(1)世界似乎到了末日。
It seems as if the world were at an end.
(2)她几乎笑死了。
She almost dies laughing.
(3)这寒风如此刺骨，直接穿过我的身体。
The cold wind was so bone-chilling that it cut right through me.
(4)第一次站在讲台上，她感觉万箭穿心。
Standing on the platform for the first time，she found scores of arrows piercing her chest.
12. There be +n.+定语从句
　 There are only a small handful of animals in the world that can do that！
世界上具备这一能力的动物屈指可数！
There be＋n./pron.＋定语从句
(1)我们学校有丰富多彩的旨在扩大我们视野的课外活动。
There are colorful after-class activities in our school that/which are designed to broaden our horizons.
(2)在艺术文化会演中，有各种各样的表演，从唱歌、跳舞到背诗不等。
①In the course of the Art and Culture Show，there are various performances，which vary from singing，dancing to reciting poems.(定语从句)
②In the course of the Art and Culture Show，there are various performances varying from singing，dancing to reciting poems.(现在分词短语作定语)
(3)有许多年轻人乐意为残疾人做志愿工作。
①There are many young people who/that are willing to do voluntary work for the disabled.(定语从句)
②There are many young people willing to do voluntary work for the disabled.(形容词短语作定语)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·北京卷·语法填空）
There are many traditional crafts ________ (pass) down from generation to generation in this town.
答案：passed
解析：考点为There be句型+过去分词作定语，“传统工艺传承”贴合文化主题，passed表被动完成，相当于which are passed。
语法点
Grammar　被动语态
英语中有两种语态，一种是主动语态，一种是被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，或者动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，则用被动语态。
[观察例句]
1．It was going to be tested out by Larry's wife，Claire.
2．All the work has been finished by now.
3．Now she was being looked after by a robot that looked so human，and it was disturbing.
4．You are invited to make a speech in our school.
5．Larry persuaded her that the robot wouldn't harm her or allow her to be harmed.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1中的黑体词部分为过去将来时的被动形式，其构成是was/were going to＋ be＋ done。
2．例句2中的黑体词部分为现在完成时的被动形式，其构成是has/have ＋ been ＋ done。
3．例句3中的黑体词部分为过去进行时的被动形式，其构成是was/were ＋ being ＋ done。
4．例句4中的黑体词部分为一般现在时的被动形式，其构成是is/are ＋done。
5．例句5中的黑体词部分为动词不定式一般式的被动形式，其构成是to＋ be ＋ done。
一、被动语态的基本构成和用法
被动语态由“be＋过去分词”构成，被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其变化形式与系动词be的完全一样。
下面以do为例列举各种时态的被动语态的形式。
时态 被动结构
一般现在时 am/is/are＋done
一般过去时 was/were＋done
一般将来时 shall/will/am/is/are going to＋be＋done
过去将来时 should/would/was/were going to＋be＋done
现在进行时 am/is/are＋being＋done
过去进行时 was/were＋being＋done
现在完成时 have/has＋been＋done
过去完成时 had＋been＋done
将来完成时 shall/will＋have＋been＋done
过去将来完成时 should/would＋have＋been＋done
Everyone is expected to obey the following rules.希望大家遵守以下规定。
Some volunteers will be sent to the remote village to help improve the education there.
一些志愿者将被派往那个偏远的村庄来帮助提高那里的教育水平。
English lessons are being broadcast on the radio.收音机上正在播英语课程。
The work will have been finished by the end of next month.到下个月底这项工作将会已经完成。
[即学即练1]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①The tourists (accompany) by a guide when they travelled in Beijing.
②He (envy) by many men，because he has a big house，a car and a good family.
③The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts (reward) with success in the end.
二、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题
1．否定词not的位置在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。
He was extremely disappointed to hear that he would not be given a doctor's degree.
听到不会获得博士学位，他沮丧到了极点。
2．“get＋过去分词”也表被动
We got separated when we entered the big hall.我们进入大厅时被挤散了。
3．“be＋过去分词”并非都是被动语态
系动词 be，feel，seem，look等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，作表语用，构成系表结构，表示某种状态。
I'm interested in mathematics.我对数学感兴趣。
He seems unsatisfied with his work.他似乎对自己的工作不满意。
4．某些情况用主动语态来表示被动含义
有些动词如read，write，clean，wash，iron，burn，draw，cook，keep，cut，open，blow，peel，sell，act等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，常和副词well，easily，smoothly等连用，且通常用主动结构表示被动含义。
这些动词的主语一般是表物的词，且这些物往往具有某种内在的特点，这些句子的时态多用一般现在时或一般将来时。
The door doesn't open easily.门不容易打开。
Bikes of that kind sell well.那种自行车好卖。
5．动词短语
动词短语在主动结构中是不可分割的，在被动结构中也是如此，不可去掉后面的介词或副词。
The old man was often laughed at.那位老人经常受人嘲笑。(不可省掉介词at)
[即学即练2]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①As we all know，this pen (write) smoothly.
②I (take) good care of by my uncle when I was young.
【答案】1.writes2.was taken
三、动词不定式的被动形式
动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词与其是被动关系时，动词不定式一般使用被动形式。不定式的被动式可分为一般式和完成式。
构 成 意 义
一般式 to be done 表示发生在谓语动词之后或同时发生的被动动作
完成式 to have been done 表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动动作
1.动词不定式被动式的句法功能
(1)作主语
Sometimes to be understood is not an easy job.有时被人理解并不是一件容易的事。
[名师点津]
①动词不定式(短语)作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。
It is an honour to be invited to speak here.能被邀请在这儿讲话，真是一件荣幸的事。
②单个动词不定式(短语)作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
To be adopted by a key university is difficult for him.对他来说，被一所重点大学录取是困难的。
(2)作表语
The task is to be finished by next month.这项工作要到下个月才能完成。
(3)作宾语
The boy asked to be given an opportunity to try again.那男孩要求给他再试一次的机会。
(4)作宾语补足语
He wanted the boy to be punished for telling lies.他想让那个男孩因说谎而受到惩罚。
(5)作定语
He is not a man to be defeated easily.他不是一个容易被打败的人。
(6)作状语
She is sent abroad to be trained.她被送到国外培训。
[即学即练3]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①It's important for the figures (update) regularly.
②We've had a good start，but next，more work needs (do) to achieve the final success.
③There are still many problems (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
【答案】1.to be updated2.doing/to be done3.to be solved
2．不定式的主动形式表示被动意义
(1)动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系时，不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.
今天下午我有许多事要做。(to do 与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系)
对比：
I'll go to the post office.Do you have a letter to be posted
我要去邮局。你有信要寄吗？(post与主语you之间不存在主谓关系，只和前面的letter构成动宾关系)
(2)在某些“形容词＋不定式”作表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
This problem is difficult to work out.这个问题很难计算出来。
(3)在too...to...结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。
This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.这本书太贵，我买不起。
(4)be to blame常用主动表示被动。
Who is to blame for starting the fire 谁应为放火受责备？
[即学即练4]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①The chair is comfortable (sit) on.
②The driver is (blame) for the accident happening just now.
③The old man found the computer was hard (operate)．
④We have four reading passages (complete) in the coming holiday.
【答案】1.to sit2.to blame3.to operate4.to complete
四、动词 ing的被动形式
动词 ing形式所表示的动作是一个被动动作时，要用动词 ing的被动形式。包括其一般形式和完成形式。
(一)动词 ing被动形式的构成
形式 用法
一般式 being done 被动的动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生
完成式 having been done 被动的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前
The building being built will be our school library.
正在建造的那座大楼将是我们学校的图书馆。
Having been invited，Mr.Li went there to give a speech though he was busy.
李先生受邀去那儿做演讲，尽管很忙，但他还是去了。
[即学即练5]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
① (warn) about typhoon，the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor.
②The question (discuss) now has something to do with nature.
【答案】1.Having been warned 2.being discussed
(二)动词 ing被动形式的用法
动词 ing的被动式在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语、状语。
She doesn't remember having ever been given a chance to go abroad.(作宾语)
她不记得曾被给过出国的机会。
You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere.(作宾语补足语)
你会发现到处都在讨论这个话题。
Being selected Chairman of the students' union made him feel proud.(作主语)
被选为学生会主席，他很自豪。
Having been told many times，he still repeated the same mistakes.(作状语)
被告知多次了，他仍然犯同样的错误。
What made his parents happy was his being admitted to a famous university.(作表语)
让他父母高兴的是他被一所名牌大学录取了。
The museum being repaired will be reopened to visitors next year.(作定语)
正在维修的博物馆明年将开始接待访客。
[名师点津]
在动词 ing被动式前加否定副词not便可构成其否定形式。
Tony was veny unhappy for not having been invited to the party.(作宾语)
托尼因未受邀请参加晚会甚为不满。
Not being allowed to go out makes him very angry.(作主语)
不被允许出去，他非常生气。
[名师点津]
being done，to be done 与done作定语的区别
to be done作定语一般表示未来的动作；done表示被动完成的动作；being done 表示被动的、正在进行的动作。
The problem to be discussed(＝which will be discussed) at the meeting is very important.
会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。
The problem discussed (＝which was discussed) at the meeting is very important.
会上讨论过的问题非常重要。
The problem being discussed(＝which is being discussed) at the meeting is very important.
会上正在讨论的问题非常重要。
[即学即练6]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①I still remember (take) to the Great Wall and what I saw there.
② (hit)by the big boy on the nose，the little boy began to cry.
③I heard this song (sing) in English then.
【答案】1.being taken 2.Having been hit 3.being sung
几种特殊用法
1．在deserve，need，require，want等词之后，总是用动词 ing的主动形式表达被动意义，相当于“to be＋过去分词”。
The blackboard needs cleaning.＝The blackboard needs to be cleaned.黑板需要擦干净。
The broken window wants repairing.＝The broken window wants to be repaired.
那个破窗户需要修理。
2．be worth后也常跟动词 ing的主动形式表达被动意义。
The book is worth reading again.＝The book is worthy of being read again.＝The book is worthy to be read again.这本书值得再读一遍。
3．动词 ing被动式的复合结构
当动词 ing被动式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动词 ing形式之前加上物主代词或名词所有格(整个复合结构不作主语时，可用人称代词宾格代替物主代词，名词普通格代替名词所有格)
I am very pleased at you/your having been honored with a medal.
我很高兴你获得了一枚奖牌。
The decision having been made，the next problem was how to make a good plan.
决定已经做出，下一个问题就是如何制订一个好的计划了。
[即学即练7]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①The road is covered with some fallen trees and they require (remove) immediately.
②The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft，the most recent one
(launch) at the end of last year.
③If a thing is worthy of (do)，it is worth (do) well.
【答案】1.removing/to be removed 2.having been launched 3.being done，doing
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Truly elegant chopsticks might (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
2．The billionaire is reported in the local newspaper (rob) last week.
3．The giant panda (love) by people throughout the world.
4．We won't start the work until all the preparations (make)．
5．These small trees require (take) good care of.
6．Despite the previous rounds of talks，no agreement (reach) so far by the two sides.
7．The airport (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.
8．As we approached the village，we saw new houses (build)．
9．I appreciated (give) the chance to study abroad two years ago.
10．He narrowly escaped (run) over.
【答案】1.be made2.to have been robbed3.is loved4.have been made5.taking/to be taken6.has been reached7. to be completed8.being built9.having been given10.being run
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
A new library (build) in our community and it will open next year.
答案：is being built
解析：考点为现在进行时被动，“社区建图书馆”贴合民生主题，强调动作正在进行。
（2024·浙江卷·选择题）
The documents ________ by the secretary before the meeting started.
have been prepared B. were prepared C. had been prepared D. are prepared
答案：C
解析：考点为过去完成时被动，“会议前准备文件”动作发生在started之前，用过去完成时，强调动作先后顺序。
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·翻译）
这些珍贵的文物需要被妥善保护以传承给后代。
答案：These precious cultural relics need to be properly protected to be passed on to future generations.
解析：考点为不定式被动，“文物保护”贴合文化主题，need to be done表被动需求。
Grammar　过去分词
过去分词(past participle)是分词的一种。规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加 ed构成，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。过去分词是一种非谓语动词，在句中不能单独做谓语。但它具有形容词和副词的特性，因此在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。
[观察例句]
1．When the delayed flight will take off depends mainly on the weather.
2．The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honour in this summer's games.
3．Seen from the top of the Tiger Hill，the city of Suzhou was very beautiful.
4．I heard the door pulled.
5．She is married.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1和例句2中的黑体部分为过去分词(短语)作定语，过去分词一般位于所修饰的名词之前，而过去分词短语通常位于所修饰的名词之后。
2．例句3中的黑体部分为过去分词短语作状语，说明动作发生的时间，用于句首较为常见。
3．例句4中的黑体部分为过去分词作宾语补足语，说明宾语的性状。
4．例句5中的黑体部分为过去分词作表语，表示主语的特征或性状。
一、过去分词作定语
1．过去分词作定语时，相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。分词所表示的动作与其所修饰的名词构成动宾关系。
The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举办的音乐会很成功。
2．单个的过去分词作定语时，常常置于其所修饰的名词前；而过去分词短语作定语时，常常置于其所修饰的名词后。　
They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard.他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。
The meeting，attended by over five thousand people，welcomed the great hero.
(他们举行了)欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有五千多人。
3．过去分词及过去分词短语作定语一般可转换为一个定语从句。
We must adapt our regulations to the changed conditions.
＝We must adapt our regulations to the conditions that have been changed.
我们必须调整规章制度来适应变化了的情况。
4．有些过去分词作前置定语与后置定语时意义不同。
in the given time在既定的时间内
with the words given用所给的单词
a concerned look一个关切的神情
the people concerned有关人士
[名师点津]
及物动词的过去分词除表示“完成”的动作之外，还表示“被动”的意义。如：spoken English(英语口语)；iced beer(冰镇啤酒)；cooked food(熟食)；fried chips(炸土豆条)。不及物动词的过去分词常表示“完成”的动作，而不表示“被动”意义。如：boiled water(开水)；fallen leaves(落叶)；the risen sun(升起的太阳)等。
[即学即练1]　把下面的句子改为简单句
①Most of the people who had been questioned were students.
→ .
②Do you know the number of the books which have been ordered
→
【答案】1Most of the people questioned were students. 2.Do you know the number of the books ordered
二、过去分词作表语
过去分词作表语，总是在系动词be，appear，seem，look，remain，feel，get等之后，通常表示主语所处的状态，这时过去分词可以被看作一个形容词，是形容词化的过去分词。常见的有seated，surprised，astonished，amazed，moved，exhausted，worried，devoted，pleased，inspired，encouraged，excited，delighted，satisfied，scared，frightened，disappointed 等。
I am pleased with the result of the experiment.我对试验结果很满意。
The door remained locked.门仍然锁着。
I hope we can get more involved in our community and our life will be colorful.
我希望我们更多地参与到社区中来，我们的生活将变得丰富多彩。
[名师点津]
过去分词作表语时，强调主语所处的状态；动词的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，强调动作。
The cup is broken.杯子破了。(强调杯子的状态)
The cup was broken by Jim.杯子是吉姆打破的。(强调动作)
[即学即练2]　完成句子
①For those with family members far away，the personal computer and ．
对于那些与家人相距遥远的人来说，个人电脑和电话在保持联系方面很重要。
②While waiting for ，Henry did his best to perform his duty.
当等待机会被提升的时候，亨利尽力履行好他的职责。
【答案】1.the phone are important in staying connected 2.the opportunity to get promoted
三、过去分词作宾语补足语
能用作宾语补足语的过去分词一般都是及物动词，表示被动意义或已完成意义，有时候两者兼而有之。作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系，即宾语是过去分词动作的对象。在下面结构中常用过去分词作补语。
1．在感官动词(see，hear，notice，watch等)和表示心理状态的动词(feel，find等)后。
He watched the TV set carried out of the room.他看到电视机被搬到房间外面了。
2．表示“致使”意义的动词，如have，make，get，keep，leave等后可接过去分词作宾语补足语。
I had my leg broken in the football game.我的腿在足球赛中摔断了。
3．表示思维活动的动词，如consider，know，think等后可接过去分词作宾语补足语。
I considered the matter settled.我认为这件事解决了。
4．表示爱憎、意愿的动词，如want，wish，like，hate等。
I wanted two tickets reserved.我要预定两张机票。
5．在with的复合结构中。
He sat there，with his hands tied behind.他双手被捆在后面坐在那里。
[名师点津]
过去分词、现在分词与动词不定式作宾语
补足语时的区别
(1)过去分词作宾语补足语，表示“被动和完成”含义，或仅仅表示“状态”。
(2)现在分词作宾语补足语表示其与所修饰的词之间为主谓关系。由延续性动词转化而来的现在分词作补足语，表示过程的一部分；而由瞬间性动词转化而来的现在分词作宾语补足语，表示动作的反复。
(3)动词不定式作宾语补足语，表示动作的全过程或者是动作已经结束。
[即学即练3]　单句语法填空
①He worked so hard that he got his pay (raise)．
②People in the south have their houses (make) of bamboo.
③With the whole city (build)around water，Guilin is one of the most popular tourist destinations in China.
【答案】1.raised 2.made 3.built
四、过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且过去分词与主语之间为动宾关系。
(一)过去分词(短语)作状语的句法功能和位置
1．过去分词(短语)表示被动，表示动作已经完成，其逻辑主语则为句子的主语。过去分词作状语时，可单独使用，也可以在其前面加上适当的连词，可表示时间、条件、原因、让步、方式、伴随等。
When offered help，one often says “Thank you” or “It's kind of you”．(时间状语)
当被提供帮助的时候，人们常说“Thank you”或“It's kind of you”。
Given another chance，I will do it much better.(条件状语)如果再给我一次机会，我会做得更好。
Greatly inspired by what he did，I joined him in helping others.(原因状语)
在他所做的事情的巨大鼓舞下，我也加入了帮助他人的行列。
Visited many times，the place is still worth visiting again.(让步状语)
虽然已参观了很多次，这个地方仍值得再来。
He has been preparing his paper all day long，locked in the host.(方式状语)
锁在书房里，他一整天都在准备论文。
The guest walked into the room，greeted by the host.(伴随状语)
客人一边和主人打招呼，一边走进了房间。
2．过去分词(短语)在句中作状语时，既可放在句首，也可放在句尾，中间用逗号隔开。
Caught in a heavy rain，he was all wet.因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。
He stood there silently，moved to tears.
＝Moved to tears，he stood there silently.他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。
[即学即练4]
写出下列句中黑体部分分别充当什么状语
①Clearly and thoughtfully written，the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers. 原因状语
②Time，used correctly，is money in the bank. 条件状语
③If asked to look after luggage for someone else，inform the police at once. 条件状语
④Seated at the table，my father and I were talking about my job.方式状语
⑤When(you are) given a medical examination，you should keep calm.时间状语
(二)过去分词(短语)作状语的几种情况
1．过去分词在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步状语时，相当于对应的时间、条件、原因及让步状语从句。
Seen from the top of the mountain(＝When it is seen from the top of the mountain)，the whole town looks more beautiful.
从山顶上看，整个城市看起来更美了。
Encouraged by the progress he has made，he works harder.＝As he is encouraged by the progress he has made，he works harder.
由于受到所取得进步的鼓舞，他工作更努力了。
2．过去分词在句中作伴随、方式等状语时，可改为句子的并列谓语或改为并列分句。
The teacher came into the room，followed by two students(＝and was followed by two students)．老师走进了房间，后面跟着两个学生。
He spent the whole afternoon，locked in his study(＝and was locked in his study)．
他把自己锁在书房里度过了一整个下午。
3．过去分词作状语可与与之对应的状语从句互换。而从句连词改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成“连词＋过去分词”结构作状语。
Even if I am invited(＝Even if invited)，I will not take part in the party.即使被邀请，我也不会参加那个宴会。
Unless you are asked to speak(＝Unless asked to speak)，you should remain silent at the meeting.
除非被要求发言，在会上你应该保持沉默。
4．过去分词(短语)作状语时，过去分词(短语)的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，否则，分词(短语)前应加上自己的主语。这种带有自身主语的过去分词(短语)被称为过去分词(短语)的独立结构。过去分词(短语)的独立结构通常在句中作状语，可表示时间、原因、条件等。
The test finished，we began our holiday.测试结束了，我们开始放假了。
More time given，we could have done it much better.如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。
[即学即练5]　句型转换
①When they were asked who had broken the vase，the children all kept silent.
→ ，the children all kept silent.
②If we are united，we will make our life better.
→ ，we will make our life better.
③Although we were exhausted by the hard work，we went on with it.
→ ，we went on with it.
【答案】1.Asked who had broken the vase 2.United 3.Exhausted by the hard work
(三)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别
现在分词与过去分词作状语的最主要的区别在于两者与其逻辑主语的主动与被动关系。
1．现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语发出的动作，它们之间是主动关系。现在分词动作与谓语动作同时发生用一般式doing；如果现在分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，表示已经完成、表示主动就用having done，表示被动就用having been done。
Walking along the street，I met a friend of mine.沿着大街走时，我碰到了我的一个朋友。
Having finished their work，they went home to have a rest.完成工作后，他们回家休息一下。
2．过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention，the tree could have grown better.如果给予更多的关注，小树本来能够长得更好一些。
Grown in rich soil，these seeds can grow fast.如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。
[即学即练6]　单句语法填空
① (impress) by the beautiful scenery，I forgot to go back home in time.
② (look) out of the window，I found many children playing on the playground.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I heard my name (call) when I came in.
2．She looked (disappoint) at the results of the exam.
3．Who were the so called guests (invite) to your party last night
4．Back from his two year medical service in Africa，Dr Lee was very happy to see his mother
(take)good care of at home.
5．John Snow told the story about the (astonish) people in Broad Street.
6．In art criticism，you must assume the artist has a secret message (hide) within the work.
7． (found) in the early 20th century，the school keeps on inspiring children's love of art.
8． (face) with the increasing unemployment，many people went on strike in most of the European countries.
9．If (give) better attention，the serious accident could have been avoided.
10．The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment， (allow) more patients to be treated.
【答案】1.called 2.disappointed 3.invited 4.taken 5.astonished 6.hidden 7.Founded 8.Faced 9.given 10.allowing
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·语法填空）
The painting ________ (donate) by a local artist is now on display.
答案：donated
解析：考点为过去分词作定语，“画家捐赠的画”表被动完成，相当于which was donated，贴合艺术主题。
（2025·山东卷·语法填空）
________ (inspire) by her teacher’s words, she decided to pursue her dream of becoming a doctor.答案：Inspired
解析：考点为过去分词作原因状语，“受老师鼓励”与逻辑主语she为被动关系，贴合励志主题。
（2024·北京卷·完形填空）
The mother found her baby ________ (wrap) in a warm blanket when she got home.
wrapping B. wrapped C. to wrap D. be wrapped
答案：B
解析：考点为过去分词作宾补，“婴儿被包裹”与宾语baby为被动关系，find+宾语+done表“发现某物处于某状态”。
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