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新人教版选择性必修第四册Unit 3-4知识清单
重 点 单 词 Unit 3 1.arrest n. 逮捕;拘留;中止 vt. 逮捕;拘留;阻止 2.bond n. 纽带;关系　vt.&vi. 增强信任关系;使牢固结合 3.exploit vt. 开发;利用;剥削 4.tax vt. 对……征税;使纳税　n. 税;税款 5.opponent n. 反对者;对手;竞争者 6.tale n. 故事;叙述 7.league n. 等级;水平;联合会;联赛 8.merchant n. 商人;批发商　adj. 海上货运的 9.log vt. 把……载入正式记录;记录　n. 正式记录;日志;原木 10.royal adj. 皇家的;王室的;高贵的 11.meanwhile adv. 与此同时;(比较两方面)对比之下 12.capsule 　　n. 胶囊;太空舱 13.channel n. 航道;海峡;频道 14.tournament n. 锦标赛;联赛 15.manned adj. 有人控制的;需人操纵的 16.underwater adv. 在水下 adj. 水下的 17.directory n. 名录;电话号码簿;(计算机文件或程序的)目录 Unit 4 1.deserve vt. 值得;应得;应受 2.shade vt. 给……遮挡(光线);加灯罩;把……涂暗　n. 阴凉处;灯罩;阴影部分 3.drag vt. 拖;拽　vt.&vi. 缓慢而费力地移动→dragged/dragged/dragging (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 4.resign vi.&vt. 辞职;辞去 5.wrinkle vt.&vi. (使脸上)起皱纹;皱起　n. 皱纹 6.input n. 情况;信息;投入;输入 vt. 输入 7.contract vt. 感染(疾病);与……订立合同(或契约)　n. 合同;契约 8.grant vt. 同意;准许　n. 拨款 9.parcel n. 包裹　vt. 裹好;打包 10.uniform n. 校服;制服　adj. 一致的;统一的 11.plug vt. 封堵;补足　n. 堵塞物;插头;插座 12.mail n. 邮件;信件;邮政　vt. 邮寄;发电邮给 13.criterion n. 标准;准则;原则→criteria (pl.) 14.tune n. 曲调;曲子　vt. 调音;调节;调频道 15.relay vt. 转发;转播　n. 接力赛;接班的人 16.chorus n. 合唱曲;合唱团　vt. 合唱;齐声说 17.jam 　　n. 果酱;堵塞 18.pray vi.&vt. 企盼;祈祷 19.circuit n. 巡回;环形线路 20.weed n. 杂草;野草 vt.&vi. 除杂草 21.jaw n. 颌;下巴 22.forehead n. 额;前额 23.platform n. 平台;站台;舞台 24.leftover adj. 吃剩的;残留的 n. 吃剩的食物;遗留物 25.rigid adj. 死板的;固执的 26.secondary adj. 中学的;次要的
词 汇 拓 展 Unit 3 1.negotiate vt. 商定;达成(协议) vi. 谈判;磋商;协商→negotiation n. 谈判;协商→negotiable adj. 可协商的 2.politics n. 政治;政治观点→political adj. 政治的;政府的;政党的→politician n. 政客; 政治家 3.withdraw vi.&vt. (使)撤回;撤离→withdrew/withdrawn/withdrawing (过去式/过去分词/现在分词)→withdrawal n. 撤回;撤离 4.profession n. 职业;行业→professional adj. 职业的;专业的 n. 专业人士;职业选手→professionalism n. 专业水准 5.mixture n. 混合;结合体;混合物→mix v. (使)混合,掺和→mixed adj. 混合的;混杂的 6.extend vt. 扩展;使伸长;延长→extension n. 延长;伸展 7.applaud vt.&vi. 鼓掌　vt. 称赞;赞赏→applause n. 鼓掌; 喝彩 8.migration n. 迁移;迁徙;移居→migrate v. (随季节变化)迁徙;移居;迁移;移动;转移 9.murder vt. 谋杀;凶杀;毁坏　n. 谋杀;凶杀→murderer n. 杀人犯;杀人凶手 10.mercy n. 仁慈;宽恕;恩惠→merciful adj. 宽大的;仁慈的;慈悲的→merciless adj. 无情的;毫不怜悯的 11.possession n. 拥有;控制→possessions n. (pl.) 个人财产→possess v. 拥有;占有;控制 12.coverage n. 新闻报道;覆盖范围→cover v. 掩蔽;遮盖;覆盖;涉及;包含,包括;采访,报道　n. 封面,封皮;盖子 Unit 4 1.privilege n. 优惠待遇;特权→privileged adj. 有特权的;受特别优待的 2.disabled adj. 有残疾的;丧失能力的→disable v. 使丧失能力;使伤残→disability n. 缺陷,障碍 3.lately adv. 最近;不久前;近来→late adj. & adv. 迟;晚;接近末期→latest adj. 最新的 4.stability n. 稳定(性);稳固(性)→stable adj. 稳定的→(反) unstable adj. 不稳定的 5.dust n. 沙土;灰尘　vi.&vt. 擦灰→dusty adj. 布满灰尘的 6.chemist n. 化学家;药剂师;药房→chemistry n. 化学→chemical adj. 化学的　n. 化学药品 7.housing n. 住房;住宅→house n. 房屋;房子　v. 给(某人)提供住处, 安置 8.consultation n. 咨询;咨询会→consult v. 咨询;请教→consultant n. 顾问 9.ripe adj. 成熟的;时机成熟的→ripen v. (使)成熟
重 点 短 语 Unit 3 1．set sail 起航；开航 2．in a league of one’s own 独领风骚 3．withdraw from 退出；撤回 4．in hand 在手头；可供使用 5．press conference 记者招待会；新闻发布会 Unit 4 1．a chorus of 齐声；异口同声 2．not to mention 更不用说；且不说 3．take for granted 认为……是理所当然；对……不予重视 4．relay to 转达给……；转发给…… 5．pray that 但愿
重 点 句 型 1．China has invested billions in systems and services along these routes，which will help to greatly develop the whole area for the benefit of future trade and cultural exchange. 中国已经在这些路线的系统和服务上投资了数十亿美元，这将有助于整个地区的大力发展，有利于未来的贸易和文化交流。 2．From a scientific point of view，there is an urgent need to study the Arctic in order to understand climate change and its effects. 从科学的角度看，为了了解气候变化和它的影响，急需研究北极。 3．Hundreds of years on，and with the latest technology in hand，the need to trade and the desire to enhance relationships will drive China to reach out across the sea far into the future. 几百年过去了，在掌握最新技术的情况下，贸易的需要和加强关系的渴望将促使中国未来向海洋发展。 4．To truly understand our planet，we must explore the oceans which cover most of it. 为了充分理解我们的星球，我们必须探索覆盖大部分星球的海洋。 5．We need to understand what is happening to our planet so that we can take action. 我们需要了解我们的星球正在发生什么，以便我们可以采取行动。 6．It takes me only a few minutes to walk to school down a dusty track covered in weeds. 我只要几分钟就走到学校了，路上尘土飞扬，杂草丛生。 7．The other day I was showing the boys a chemistry experiment when，before I knew it，the mixture was bubbling out of the test tube spilling everywhere! 不久前的一天，我正给男孩子们演示一个化学实验，我还没有明白怎么回事，混合剂就从试管里冒了出来，溅的到处都是！ 8．Lately，all of us have seen Chinese people on TV in far-off places in the world，helping other countries to develop. 最近，我们都在电视上看到中国人民在世界上遥远的地方帮助其他国家发展。 9．And we see Chinese miners，oil workers，agricultural experts，mechanics，and doctors working in nearly every corner of the world. 我们看到中国矿工、石油工人、农业专家、机械师和医生几乎在世界的每个角落工作。 10．Now，not only are Tanzanians helped by the hospital，but people in neighbouring countries are helped as well. 现在，不仅坦桑尼亚人得到了医院的帮助，邻国的人们也得到了帮助。
A
Trade and curiosity have often formed the foundation of mankind’s greatest achievements.1_________(merchant) and explorers from the East set sail from east to west many years before Columbus first did.
In ancient times，silk from China found its way along 2._______ became known as the Silk Road，3.______(extend) along the coasts of the Indian Ocean，centred around Ceylon.Here，merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals，4._______ also led to more awareness of each other’s cultures.
Later，the Ming Dynasty sent seven large 5.________(fleet) to sail west on voyages of trade and exploration.6.______ the command of Zheng He，they set sail from the South China Sea across the Indian Ocean to the mouth of the Red Sea，and then to the east coast of Africa.Although China 7.________(withdraw) from further expeditions after 1433，these land and sea routes remained active channels between other cultures for centuries.
To reach out across the sea 8._______---(remain)a strong desire today.The aim of the Belt and Road Initiative is to encourage cooperation and trade across the historic Silk Road areas，and 9.___________(strength) the bonds between China and the rest of the world.China has invested billions in systems and services along these routes.China has also joined its friends across the sea on other important projects.The need to trade and the desire to enhance relationships will drive China 10.__________(reach) out across the sea far into the future.
B
Jo worked at a bush school 1._______ classrooms were made of bamboo and with clay floors and roofs of grass.There’s no electricity 2.______ running water there.It takes some of the students about two hours 3._______(get) to school.The other day，Jo was showing the boys the 4._________(week) experiment when the mixture was bubbling over everywhere and the boys started jumping out of the windows.Jo doubted 5._________ she was making any difference to the children’s lives by teaching 6._______(they)．
Jo and Jenny visited Tombe’s home.When they arrived at the village，Tombe’s mother who 7.________(work) in her garden，started crying “ieee ieee”．Tombe’s father led them to his house，a low bamboo hut with grass 8._______(stick) out of the roof，where they could only see a few possessions.9._____ they ate were sweet potatoes，corn and greens.That night Jo and Jenny slept on a 10._______(new) made platform.They left the village the next morning after many goodbyes and firm handshakes.
知识点
extend vt.扩展；使伸长；延长；提供；伸展，展开(extensive adj.广阔的；大量的；广泛的 extension n．延伸；扩大；延期)
extend...to...提供；给予 extend to延长到 extend by延长了
(1)That’s the logical extension of my approach to extensive reading.(extend)
(2)This road extends to the river，where there are many tourists every day.
(3)这些课程每周上一节课，每节课两小时，持续超过20周。
These courses are based on a weekly two-hour class，extending over a period of twenty weeks.
(4)我要由衷感谢这些年来为我们做了很多的全体老师。(应用文写作之感谢信)
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to all my teachers，who have done so much for us over the years.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
The meeting time was (extend) by 30 minutes because the discussion on environmental protection was heated.
（2025·浙江卷·翻译）
我谨向所有为本次活动付出努力的志愿者表示衷心的感谢。（用extend）
（2023·天津卷·选择题）
The company plans to ________ its business to Southeast Asia next year.
extend B. expand C. spread D. stretch
mercy n．仁慈；宽恕；恩惠(merciful adj.仁慈的；慈悲的；宽容的 merciless adj.残忍的；无慈悲心的)
show mercy to对……怜悯/宽恕 have mercy on/upon对……怜悯/宽恕 without mercy残忍地；毫无同情地 at the mercy of...任由……摆布
(1)The merciful(mercy) king saved him from death，which moved him.
(2)The boss often exploits young employees；that is，young employees are at the mercy of the boss.
(3)尽管Meredith一家不富裕，但他们同情穷人，总是在可能的时候愿意伸出援手。
Although the Merediths weren’t well off，they showed mercy to/had mercy on/upon the poor and were always willing to extend a supporting hand whenever possible.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·山东卷·读后续写改编）
看到受伤的小狗在雨中瑟瑟发抖，女孩心生怜悯，立刻把它抱进了温暖的屋子。（翻译）
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·完形填空）
Trapped in the desert, the travelers were the harsh weather.
at the mercy of B. in the charge of C. in the control of D. at the risk of
possession n．[usually pl.]个人财产；拥有；控制(possess vt.拥有；具有；支配)
take possession of (表动作)占有；拥有 in possession of (表状态)具有；拥有 in the possession of被……拥有；归……所有
(1)幸福不是渴望我们没有的东西，而是享受我们所拥有的东西。
Happiness is not wishing for what we don’t have，but enjoying what we possess/take possession of/are in possession of.
(2)请记住只有拥有良好的心态你才有可能获得成功。
Please keep in mind that only by possessing a good state of mind can you be likely to attain success.(运用倒装句)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·北京卷·语法填空）
Having (possess) the rare book for over 50 years, the old man decided to donate it to the library.
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
The team that is ________ the ball has a better chance to score.
in possession of B. in the possession of
taking possession of D. taken possession of
in hand在手头；可供使用
at hand近在手边；在附近 by hand手工，用手的 hand in hand手挽手；密切关联 on the one hand...on the other(hand)一方面……另一方面(用于表示不同的尤其是相对立的两个方面)
用hand的相关短语填空
(1)As an old saying goes，“Success and failure always go hand in hand.”
(2)Having enough data in hand，we can set out to hold the press conference as scheduled.
(3)Meanwhile，you’d better keep a dictionary close at hand so that you can look up unfamiliar words in it.
(4)Even for personal letters，the merchant would rather use a computer than write by hand.
(5)On the one hand，computers extend our vision；on the other (hand)，they also bring about some harmful problems.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·完形填空）
With the necessary materials , we started to build the community garden.
in hand B. at hand C. by hand D. on hand
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
A dictionary is close (hand) so that I can look up new words anytime.
　...there is an urgent need to study the Arctic in order to understand climate change and its effects.……为了了解气候变化以及其影响，迫切需要对北极进行研究。
There is no need (for sb.) to do sth.(某人)没有必要做某事。 There is a/no possibility that...＝It is possible/impossible that...有/没有可能…… There is no doubt that...毫无疑问…… There is no point/sense (in) doing sth.做某事没有意义。
(1)急需选择一种既健康又环保的旅游方式，那就是骑自行车。(话题写作之环境保护)
There is an urgent need to choose a healthy and environmentally friendly way of traveling，that is bicycle riding.
(2)没有实践只掌握理论是没有意义的。
There is no point/sense (in) only mastering theory without practice.
(3)毫无疑问，我良好的沟通能力能够使我与他人保持良好的关系。
There is no doubt that my good communication skills enable me to keep a good relationship with others.
(4)只要你全神贯注于你的目标，你就有可能实现你的目标。
There is a possibility that you achieve your goal as long as you put your heart into it.
　 We need to understand what is happening to our planet so that we can take action.
我们需要了解我们的星球正在发生什么，以便我们可以采取行动。
本句中so that引导目的状语从句，相当于in order that，从句中往往含有情态动词，如can，could，may，might等。 so that也可以引导结果状语从句，此时从句中往往没有情态动词。
(1)每个学生都会有不同的弱科和强科，所以他们应该互相学习，这样比起劣势来，他们就可以有更多的优势。
Every student may have different weak and strong subjects，so they should learn from each other so that/in order that they can have more advantages than disadvantages.
(2)请制订一个锻炼计划并坚持下去，这样你就能很快恢复健康。
Please come up with a workout schedule and stick to it so that you can recover soon.
(3)她比从前学习努力，因此她轻松地通过了考试。
She studied harder than before so that she passed the exam with ease.
7. drag vt.拖；拉；扯 vt.& vi.缓慢而费力地移动
读后续写之手的肢体动作：drag/draw/pull拉；cup one’s hands over...把手窝成杯状；slide one’s hands into...将手伸进……；put one’s hands to one’s cheeks用双手捂住脸；spread one’s hands摊开双手
(1)The chemist with a wrinkled face dragged(drag) the dusty parcel from under the bed and unfolded it.
(2)这位父亲站起来，盯着大儿子的眼睛，把手窝成杯状托住儿子的脸。
The father stood up，gazed in the eyes of his oldest son and cupped his hands over his son’s face.
(3)汤姆打开车门，把司机拽出来，把他送到警察局。(读后续写之动作链描写)
Tom opened the car door，dragged the driver out and sent him to the police station.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·山东卷·读后续写）
看到洪水即将漫过门槛，他立刻拖起年幼的弟弟，抓起急救包，冲向门外的高地。（翻译）
8. privilege n．特权；特别优待；优惠待遇 v．给予特权；特别优待(privileged adj.有特权的；受特别优待的)
It is a privilege to do sth.做某事是一种殊荣。 have the privilege to do/of doing sth.有特权做某事 be privileged to do sth.有幸做某事
(1)I take it for granted that I have the privilege to enter(enter) the lab at my will.
(2)在这儿做有关如何保护环境的演讲，我倍感荣幸。(应用文写作之演讲稿)
I am greatly privileged to/It is a great privilege for me to deliver a speech on how to protect the environment here.
9. deserve vi.& vt.应受；应得；值得(deserving adj.值得的；应得的)
deserve sth.值得/应得某事/物 deserve doing/to be done值得被……(此处用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，类似用法的动词还有：need，want，require等) deserve it(口语)活该；自作自受
(1)The money saved could be used for more deserving(deserve) causes.
(2)面对新冠疫情的爆发，我姑姑毫不犹豫地前往武汉，在那里，她帮助挽救了成百上千的生命。因此，我姑姑值得尊敬。
Faced with the outbreak of COVID 19，my aunt went to Wuhan without hesitation，where she helped to save hundreds of lives.So my aunt deserves respect/respecting/to be respected.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
The brave firefighter who saved the child from the fire deserves (respect).
（2024·天津卷·翻译）
那些为乡村振兴作出贡献的人值得我们铭记。
10. take...for granted认为……是理所当然；对……不予重视
take it for granted that＋从句　认为……理所当然 take...seriously认真对待…… take one’s time不用急；慢慢来 take pride in以……自豪 take charge of负责，掌管 take advantage of利用
(1)我们总是一厢情愿地认为地球可以提供给我们无穷无尽的自然资源，因此我们过度开发资源。
We always take it for granted that the earth can provide us with limitless natural resources，so we overdevelop the resources.
(2)上个月我负责演讲活动时，我认真对待这件事。我充分利用每个向同学征求意见的机会，因此我完美地组织了这次活动。我的所有同学都以我为骄傲。
When I took charge of the speech activity last month，I took it seriously.I took advantage of every chance to ask my classmates for their opinions so that I organized the activity perfectly.All of my classmates took pride in me.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·完形填空）
Many people that clean water is always available, but in some areas it’s a precious resource.
take it for granted B. take it seriously C. take pride in D. take charge of
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
Don’t take it for granted (that) your parents will always support you financially.
11.since 引导原因状语从句
There is no equipment，and since there isn’t even a washroom，if I need water I have to carry it from my house in a basin! 这里没有设备，甚至连洗手间都没有。如果需要水，我得用盆子从我的房子里端来！
since用作连词，可引导原因状语从句，意为“因为，既然”，侧重大家已知的事实；也可引导时间状语从句，意为“从……以来”，主句谓语动词为延续性动词且多用现在完成时。 since作介词，意为“从……以来；从……以后”，后接名词或代词。 since作副词，意为“从那时以后；后来”。
(1)我已经养成了读英文报的习惯，因为它已经丰富了我枯燥的校园生活。
I have developed the habit of reading the English newspaper since it has enriched my boring campus life.
(2)自从我大学毕业后，我一直梦想着环游世界。
Since I graduated from university，I have been dreaming of traveling all over the world.
(3)总是使我沮丧的是从那以后，我就没收到过他的来信。
What always upsets me is that I have not heard from him since.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
the weather is fine, we plan to have a picnic in the park.
（2024·北京卷·选择题）
—How long have you been learning Chinese —Since I ________ to Beijing three years ago.
came B. have come C. come D. will come
语法点
Grammar　动词不定式
动词不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，组成动词不定式短语。
[观察例句]
1．To complete the great map of the world was a strong passion for the people of early civilizations.
2．It's very important to master a foreign language.
3．The aim of this initiative is to encourage cooperation and trade across the historic Silk Road areas，and strengthen the bonds between China and the rest of the world.
4．Trading has grown greatly in recent years，and will continue to do so in years to come.
5．Marco Polo's tales inspired European explorers to search for sea routes from west to east.
6．Here，merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals，which also led to more awareness of each other's cultures.
7．Although the ancient sea routes of Zheng He have been travelled many times，there are still many other places left to explore.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作主语。例句2中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的动词不定式短语。
2．例句3中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作表语。
3．例句4中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作宾语。
4．例句5中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作宾语补足语。
5．例句6中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作状语。
6．例句7中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作定语。
一、动词不定式的形式
主动语态 被动语态 意义
一般时 to do to be done 表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后
完成时 to have done to have been done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前
进行时 to be doing 表示谓语动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行
I plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.
我打算参加明天举行的会议。(attend的动作在plan之后发生，且meeting与hold为被动关系)
They are said to be studying psychology.
据说他们正研究心理学。(be said与study同时发生)
I'm very sorry to have kept you sitting around doing nothing.
让你一直无所事事闲坐着我很抱歉。(keep发生在be sorry之前)
No harm seems to have been done.似乎并没有什么危害发生。(do发生在seem之前，且harm与do之间是被动关系)
[名师点津]
动词不定式的否定式
在不定式符号to前加not；不带to的不定式则在动词前加not。
Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day.张明要我别整天待在家里。
My mother let me not do it by myself.妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。
[即学即练1]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①They seem (know) each other for a long time.
②They pretended (work) hard when the teacher came in.
③I wanted the letter (type) at once.
二、不定式的句法功能
动词不定式在句中不能独立作谓语，但可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。
1．作主语
To talk with him is a great pleasure.和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。
[名师点津]
①为了避免头重脚轻，通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后面，用it作形式主语，放在句首。
②若要说明不定式的动作的执行者，可以在不定式前加上“for/of＋n./pron.”结构。当形容词表达事物的特征时用for sb.；当形容词表达人所具有的特征或品质时用of sb.，这样的形容词有careful，cruel，foolish，brave，good，honest，kind，rude，polite，nice，stupid，wise，wrong等。
It's very important for you to remember this.对你来说记住这一点很重要。
It's very kind of you to help me.你能帮我真是太好了。
2．作表语
不定式作表语主要有三种情况，一是用于seem，appear，prove，turn out等连系动词之后的不定式(尤其是to be)；二是像My job is to sweep the floor(我的工作就是擦地板)这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形；三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等。
He seems to be ill.他似乎生病了。
Her wish is to be a teacher.她的愿望是当一名教师。
We are to meet at the bus station at three.我们约定3点钟在车站见面。(表约定)
3．作宾语
常接不定式而不接动名词作宾语的动词及短语有：
“决心学会想希望”：decide/determine，learn，want，hope/wish/expect/long
“设法假装在拒绝”：manage，pretend，refuse
“主动答应选计划”：offer，promise，choose，plan
“同意请求帮一帮”：agree，ask/beg，help
外加 afford，fail，would like/love，threaten。
I can't afford to buy a car.我买不起汽车。
I like swimming，but I don't like to swim this afternoon.我喜欢游泳，但我今天下午不想游泳。
[名师点津]
不定式作宾语后跟宾语补足语时，常把不定式后移而用形式宾语 it 代替，常见句式：think/believe/consider/find/feel，etc.＋it＋adj./n.＋不定式。
I think it necessary to send for an expert.我认为请位专家来是有必要的。
4．作宾语补足语
通常可带不定式作宾语补足语的动词：advise，allow，ask，bear，beg，cause，command，encourage，expect，forbid，force，get，hate，help，intend，invite，leave，like，mean，need，oblige，order，permit，persuade，prefer，request，remind，teach，tell，trouble，want，warn，wish等。
What caused him to change his mind 是什么使他改变主意的？
He didn't allow the students to go there.他没允许学生们去那儿。
5．作定语
I have a question to ask you.我有一个问题要问你。
He is not a man to tell a lie.他不是个说谎的人。
[名师点津]
不定式与被修饰的词有动宾关系，且句中有该不定式的逻辑主语时，该不定式用主动形式表被动意义。如果这个不定式是不及物动词，其后应有相应的介词。
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.布朗家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。
6．不定式作状语
(1)动词不定式可以用作目的状语。其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。
To succeed，one must first of all believe in himself.要想成功，首先必须相信自己。
(2)only to do sth.为不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。
We hurried to the station，only to be told that the train had left.
我们急匆匆赶到车站，结果被告知火车已经开走了。
(3)形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy，lucky，glad，sorry，anxious，proud，disappointed，angry，surprised，ready，delighted，clever，foolish，pleased，fortunate，right等。
You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.你永远不会知道昨天看到她时，我有多么高兴。
(4)在“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词) ＋ to do”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有：easy，hard，difficult，important，impossible，interesting，pleasant，nice，comfortable，safe，dangerous等。
The box is not easy to carry.这个箱子不易携带。
7．动词不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where，how，what等连用，在句中起名词的作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。
How to solve the problem is very important.(主语)如何解决这一问题很重要。
He didn't know what to ask.(宾语)他不知道该问些什么。
My question is when to start.(表语)我的问题是何时开始。
[即学即练2]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①It took years of work (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.
②I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver，but he refused (stop) until we reached the next stop.
③He is thought (act) foolishly.Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.
三、省略to的情况
1．在某些使役动词或感官动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式，常不带to；如果这些动词用于被动结构，其后的to就必须补上。这类词可以用以下口诀助记：
一感：feel　二听：listen to，hear　三让：make，have，let
五看：see，watch，observe，look at，notice。
I often hear him sing the song.我经常听见他唱那首歌。
He is often heard to sing the song.他经常被人听见唱那首歌。
2．在以why引导的疑问句中，表示建议，不定式不带to。
Why congratulate her 为什么要祝贺她呢？
Why not conduct the interview right now 为什么不马上主持面试呢？
3．在cannot but，cannot choose but，cannot help but之后的动词不定式不带to。
I cannot but admire his courage.我只有佩服他的勇气。
4．动词不定式在but，except，besides后面时，如果这些词之前有行为动词do，那么，这些词后的动词不定式不带to，否则要带to。
She could do nothing but cry.她除了哭，不能做任何事。
I have no choice but to work for the firm.除了为这家公司工作，我别无选择。
What do you like to do besides swim 除了游泳，你还喜欢做什么？
5．为了避免重复，动词不定式可省去to。
I'm really puzzled about what to think or say.想什么，说什么，我确实困惑了。
[名师点津]
在expect，hope，wish，mean，prefer，forget，want，try以及be glad，be happy，would like，should love，would love等后面，常用to来代替前面的不定式，以避免重复。
I haven't conducted a performance，but I wish to.
我没有主持过演出，但是我希望主持一场。
[即学即练3]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①I had nothing to do but (wait) outside of the gate.
②Why not (turn) off the gas at once
③They couldn't choose but (stay) there.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Let me hear you (play) the violin.
2．Tom worked hard，only (fail) again at last.
3．The question is very difficult (answer)．
4．The boy was seen (fall) suddenly from the tree.
5．He pretended (read) the text when I came in.
6．It is an honor for me (invite) to attend the meeting.
7．The goal of this activity is (meet) the needs of common people.
8．The engine just won't start.Something seems (go) wrong with it.
9．Jack was in low spirits those days and his friends did all they could (cheer) him up.
10．Martin showed no anxiety about the competition.He seemed (prepare) for it pretty well.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅱ卷·语法填空）
(protect) the ancient buildings, the government has made strict regulations.
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·翻译）
为了提高英语口语，他每天都坚持和外教交流。
（2023·天津卷·语法填空）
We rushed to the station, only (tell) that the train had already left.
（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
I have a lot of tasks ________ today, so I can’t go out with you.
to finish B. finishing C. finished D. to be finished
（2024·北京卷·语法填空）
The teacher often makes us (read) English aloud in the morning. We are often made to read (read) English aloud.
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·选择题）
I heard her ________ in the next room just now.
sing B. to sing C. singing D. sung
Grammar　短语
英语中的短语是有一定意义但不构成独立从句或句子的一组词。从形式结构角度划分，英语的短语可分为名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语、介词短语等。英语短语的句法功能通常与对应的单词的句法功能类似。
[观察例句]
1．So I've been here in the jungle for about a month now.
2．My secondary school is a bush school.
3．It takes me only a few minutes to walk to school down a dusty track covered in weeds.
4．I've had to become much more imaginative in my teaching.
5．Right now I'm feeling very excited.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1中的黑体部分为介词短语。
2．例句2中的黑体部分为名词短语。
3．例句3中的黑体部分为动词短语。
4．例句4中的黑体部分为形容词短语。
5．例句5中的黑体部分为副词短语。
一、名词短语
名词与它的修饰语一起即构成名词短语。完整的名词短语由三个部分组成：限定词、修饰词、名词。名词短语可以充当句子中的主语、宾语、表语等成分。
many good students 许多优秀的学生
his beautiful wife 他美丽的妻子
the best answer 最好的答案
those sweet roses 那些甜美的玫瑰
These red roses are for you.(作主语)这些红玫瑰是送给你的。
He brought a new book with him.(作宾语) 他带来了一本新书。
He is my best friend.(作表语)他是我最好的朋友。
名词短语的三个部分并非每一次都要同时出现，在特定场合下，这三个部分都有可能省略。修饰词是名词短语中最不重要的部分，如果不需要描述名词的状态特征则完全可以省略。比如a book同样是正确的名词短语。如果说话人确信听众知道自己在讨论什么东西，则名词也可以省略。比如Of those answers，this one is the best.这里的the best指的就是the best answer。在面对面交流的时候，修饰词和名词有时甚至可以一起省略。假设你在花店，用手指向一捧玫瑰花，对花店老板说“I want those.”的话，花店老板很清楚你想要什么。
[即学即练1]
找出下列句中的名词短语，并指出其作什么成分。
①I have three close friends.
②There are some red roses on that small table.
③The cute boy wearing blue jeans is my brother.
二、形容词短语
形容词短语是指由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的短语。
1．两个或多个形容词可以由and，but等对等连词连接，构成形容词短语。
Your room is large and beautiful.(作表语)你的房间大且美丽。
He is young but clever.(作表语)他年轻但聪明。
2．very等程度副词作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。
It is very hot today.(作表语)今天很热。
The road is long enough.(作表语)这路够长的。
3．介词及其宾语可用在形容词后修饰形容词，可与形容词构成形容词短语。
I am sure of success.(作表语)我确信会成功的。
The bottle is full of water.(作表语)瓶子里装满了水。
4．不定式在形容词后作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。
He is sure to come.(作表语)他一定会来的。
[名师点津]
形容词短语在句中还可以作状语和后置定语。
1．形容词短语作状语说明主语的情况，可以表示动作或状态发生的原因、方式、时间等，或对谓语作补充说明。
Afraid of difficulty，he prefers to do the easy maths problem.(作原因状语)
他害怕困难，宁愿做容易的数学题。
The lost boy spent three days in the forest cold and hungry.(作伴随状语)
那个迷路的男孩又冷又饿地在森林中过了三天。
Wet or fine，he got up at six and took a walk in the park.(作让步状语)
不管天晴还是下雨他总是六点起床在公园里散散步。
2．形容词短语作后置定语
Factories，big or small，can be seen there.在那里你可以看到大大小小的工厂。
The house worth is 500，000 yuan was sold by his son.那栋价值高达五十万人民币的房子被他儿子卖掉了。
[即学即练2]
找出下列句中的形容词短语，并指出其作什么成分。
①Glad to accept，the girl nodded her agreement.
②The room was awfully dirty.
③He cast it a second time，and drew in an old basket full of sand.
三、副词短语
副词短语是指由几个副词或副词及其修饰语构成的短语。在句中主要作状语。
1．两个或多个副词可以由and，but等对等连词构成副词短语。
I tried again and again.(作状语)我试了一遍又一遍。
2．very，extremely，clearly等程度副词作修饰语，可与其他副词构成副词短语。
He runs extremely fast.(作状语)他跑得快极了。
The teacher speaks clearly enough.(作状语)老师说得够清楚的。
3．其他类型的副词短语
I was so deeply moved by his deeds that I couldn't fall asleep deep into the night.(作状语)
他的行为深深打动了我，在深夜我无法入睡。
We air the bedrooms every day.(作状语)我们每天给卧室通通风。
[即学即练3]　找出下列句中的副词短语
①He can finish that much quicker.
②She types quickly and correctly.
③That man talked too much.
四、动词短语
动词短语就是有些动词可以和一些别的词构成短语(以动词为中心)，表达一个概念，其作用和一个单独动词差不多的一种固定搭配。在实际使用中，通常会把动词短语当成一个整体。动词短语的搭配可分为下列五种基本类型：
1．动词＋介词
go over 复习，listen to 听，think about 考虑，look for 寻找，rely/depend on 依靠，look into 调查，play with 玩，send for 派人去请，consist of 由……构成，arrive at 到达
He wants to check with his secretary before he signs the paper.
在签署该项文件之前，他想跟他的秘书商议一下。
He has been asked to account for his absence.
他已被要求说明缺席的原因。
2．动词＋副词
eat up 吃光，give up 放弃，hold up 举起，put on 穿，上演，turn on 打开，try on 试穿
They were so far away that I couldn't make out their faces clearly.
他们离得那么远，我没法把他们的脸辨认清楚。
Trains stop here in order to pick up passengers only.
火车在这里停车，只让乘客上车。
[名师点津]
“动词＋副词”这类短语动词较容易出错。这类短语动词的宾语若是名词，这个宾语可在短语的中间，亦可在短语的后面。如：Turn the light on.或 Turn on the light.宾语若是代词，这个宾语只能放在短语的中间。如：Turn it on.
3．动词＋副词＋介词
catch up with 赶上，get on with 与……相处，keep up with 跟上，do away with 废除，look down upon 轻视，look forward to 期待，keep away with 脱离，go on with 继续
Have the lawyers checked up on the court proceedings very carefully
律师们是否打算把法庭的记录仔细审查一遍呢？
There are some things that teachers will not put up with.
有些事情教师是不会容忍的。
4．动词＋名词＋介词
catch hold of 抓住，give lessons to 给……上课，make friends with 与……交朋友，take care of 照料
We must keep pace with the new development of modern scientific research.
我们必须跟上现代科学研究的新发展。
People who take part in sports must be in condition.
参加运动的人一定能保持良好的健康状态。
5．动词＋形容词＋介词
be fond of 爱好，be familiar with 熟悉，be suitable for 适合于，be late for 迟到，be good at 擅长于，be afraid of 害怕
Others may be fond of titles and honors，but I am not.人皆好名，我则不然。
You coward! What are you afraid of 你这胆小鬼！你怕什么呢？
[即学即练4]　找出下列句中的动词短语
①I don't get on with the people at work.
②I don't much care for television.
③I'm afraid I'll have to ring off.Someone is calling me.
五、介词短语
介词短语是介词和其他代词或名词或词组搭配形成的短语。在句中作状语、表语、补语、定语等。
1．常见的介词短语
(1)介词＋名词：at the door，into the bag
(2)介词＋代词：for me，of others
(3)介词＋动名词：in doing so，to my saying that
(4)介词＋连接副词/连接代词/what从句：over what he had better do
(5)介词＋连接副词/连接代词＋不定式：on how to do this
(6)介词＋介词短语：from across the street，until after dinner
(7)介词＋副词：from below
(8)介词＋复合结构：with the light on
(9)介词＋不定式(but/except)：...did nothing but sleep
2．介词短语的用法
(1)用作表语
The house is in fairly good condition.这所房子状况尚好。
She looks like her mother.她像她母亲。
(2)用作宾语
Choose a book from among these.从这些书中选一本吧。
The window is never opened except in summer.除夏天外，这扇窗户从未打开。
(3)用作定语
I like the design on his tie.我喜欢他领带上的图案。
I've decided to leave on the afternoon of the 18th.我决定18号下午离开。
(4)用作状语
Mr Smith was injured in the war.史密斯先生在战争期间受过伤。
He walked by me without noticing me.他从我身旁走过而没有注意到我。
(5)用作补语
Kelly is employed as a mechanic.(宾语补足语)凯利受雇当技工。
He is regarded as the best doctor in town.(主语补足语)他被认为是本城最好的医生。
[即学即练5]　找出下列句中的介词短语
①A man stepped out from behind the wall.
②Change the oil in the car every 5，000 miles.
③I saw him walking along the street.
Ⅰ.指出下列句中的黑体部分属于哪种类型的短语
1．The kids are playing on the grass rather happily.
2．They picnicked in the woods.
3．I won't go home until after the exam.
4．It was no surprise when we were told that our grandfather had passed away.
5．Do you know the reason why the automobile breaks down？
6．At last，the police found out the car full of drugs.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．I can to catch you at least.我跑得足够快，至少能抓到你。
2．I know he is slow at understanding，but you have to ．
我知道他理解力差，但你得对他耐心些。
3．Did you do this 你这样做是有意的还是无意的？
4．This is an article ．这是一篇很值得研究的文章。
5．They need more materials relevant to ．他们需要更多的和目前问题有关的资料。
【高考真题链接】
（2025·山东卷·语法填空）
The light is too bright. Please it (turn off) .
（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·语法填空）
With a smile (face), she accepted the award.
（2023·浙江卷·选择题）
________ the help of my teacher, I made great progress in math.
With B. Under C. In D. For
（2025·江苏卷·语法填空）
The girl dogs (afraid ) always keeps away from the pet shop.
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)/ 让教学更有效 高效备考 | 英语学科
新人教版选择性必修第四册Unit 3-4知识清单
重 点 单 词 Unit 3 1.arrest n. 逮捕;拘留;中止 vt. 逮捕;拘留;阻止 2.bond n. 纽带;关系　vt.&vi. 增强信任关系;使牢固结合 3.exploit vt. 开发;利用;剥削 4.tax vt. 对……征税;使纳税　n. 税;税款 5.opponent n. 反对者;对手;竞争者 6.tale n. 故事;叙述 7.league n. 等级;水平;联合会;联赛 8.merchant n. 商人;批发商　adj. 海上货运的 9.log vt. 把……载入正式记录;记录　n. 正式记录;日志;原木 10.royal adj. 皇家的;王室的;高贵的 11.meanwhile adv. 与此同时;(比较两方面)对比之下 12.capsule 　　n. 胶囊;太空舱 13.channel n. 航道;海峡;频道 14.tournament n. 锦标赛;联赛 15.manned adj. 有人控制的;需人操纵的 16.underwater adv. 在水下 adj. 水下的 17.directory n. 名录;电话号码簿;(计算机文件或程序的)目录 Unit 4 1.deserve vt. 值得;应得;应受 2.shade vt. 给……遮挡(光线);加灯罩;把……涂暗　n. 阴凉处;灯罩;阴影部分 3.drag vt. 拖;拽　vt.&vi. 缓慢而费力地移动→dragged/dragged/dragging (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 4.resign vi.&vt. 辞职;辞去 5.wrinkle vt.&vi. (使脸上)起皱纹;皱起　n. 皱纹 6.input n. 情况;信息;投入;输入 vt. 输入 7.contract vt. 感染(疾病);与……订立合同(或契约)　n. 合同;契约 8.grant vt. 同意;准许　n. 拨款 9.parcel n. 包裹　vt. 裹好;打包 10.uniform n. 校服;制服　adj. 一致的;统一的 11.plug vt. 封堵;补足　n. 堵塞物;插头;插座 12.mail n. 邮件;信件;邮政　vt. 邮寄;发电邮给 13.criterion n. 标准;准则;原则→criteria (pl.) 14.tune n. 曲调;曲子　vt. 调音;调节;调频道 15.relay vt. 转发;转播　n. 接力赛;接班的人 16.chorus n. 合唱曲;合唱团　vt. 合唱;齐声说 17.jam 　　n. 果酱;堵塞 18.pray vi.&vt. 企盼;祈祷 19.circuit n. 巡回;环形线路 20.weed n. 杂草;野草 vt.&vi. 除杂草 21.jaw n. 颌;下巴 22.forehead n. 额;前额 23.platform n. 平台;站台;舞台 24.leftover adj. 吃剩的;残留的 n. 吃剩的食物;遗留物 25.rigid adj. 死板的;固执的 26.secondary adj. 中学的;次要的
词 汇 拓 展 Unit 3 1.negotiate vt. 商定;达成(协议) vi. 谈判;磋商;协商→negotiation n. 谈判;协商→negotiable adj. 可协商的 2.politics n. 政治;政治观点→political adj. 政治的;政府的;政党的→politician n. 政客; 政治家 3.withdraw vi.&vt. (使)撤回;撤离→withdrew/withdrawn/withdrawing (过去式/过去分词/现在分词)→withdrawal n. 撤回;撤离 4.profession n. 职业;行业→professional adj. 职业的;专业的 n. 专业人士;职业选手→professionalism n. 专业水准 5.mixture n. 混合;结合体;混合物→mix v. (使)混合,掺和→mixed adj. 混合的;混杂的 6.extend vt. 扩展;使伸长;延长→extension n. 延长;伸展 7.applaud vt.&vi. 鼓掌　vt. 称赞;赞赏→applause n. 鼓掌; 喝彩 8.migration n. 迁移;迁徙;移居→migrate v. (随季节变化)迁徙;移居;迁移;移动;转移 9.murder vt. 谋杀;凶杀;毁坏　n. 谋杀;凶杀→murderer n. 杀人犯;杀人凶手 10.mercy n. 仁慈;宽恕;恩惠→merciful adj. 宽大的;仁慈的;慈悲的→merciless adj. 无情的;毫不怜悯的 11.possession n. 拥有;控制→possessions n. (pl.) 个人财产→possess v. 拥有;占有;控制 12.coverage n. 新闻报道;覆盖范围→cover v. 掩蔽;遮盖;覆盖;涉及;包含,包括;采访,报道　n. 封面,封皮;盖子 Unit 4 1.privilege n. 优惠待遇;特权→privileged adj. 有特权的;受特别优待的 2.disabled adj. 有残疾的;丧失能力的→disable v. 使丧失能力;使伤残→disability n. 缺陷,障碍 3.lately adv. 最近;不久前;近来→late adj. & adv. 迟;晚;接近末期→latest adj. 最新的 4.stability n. 稳定(性);稳固(性)→stable adj. 稳定的→(反) unstable adj. 不稳定的 5.dust n. 沙土;灰尘　vi.&vt. 擦灰→dusty adj. 布满灰尘的 6.chemist n. 化学家;药剂师;药房→chemistry n. 化学→chemical adj. 化学的　n. 化学药品 7.housing n. 住房;住宅→house n. 房屋;房子　v. 给(某人)提供住处, 安置 8.consultation n. 咨询;咨询会→consult v. 咨询;请教→consultant n. 顾问 9.ripe adj. 成熟的;时机成熟的→ripen v. (使)成熟
重 点 短 语 Unit 3 1．set sail 起航；开航 2．in a league of one’s own 独领风骚 3．withdraw from 退出；撤回 4．in hand 在手头；可供使用 5．press conference 记者招待会；新闻发布会 Unit 4 1．a chorus of 齐声；异口同声 2．not to mention 更不用说；且不说 3．take for granted 认为……是理所当然；对……不予重视 4．relay to 转达给……；转发给…… 5．pray that 但愿
重 点 句 型 1．China has invested billions in systems and services along these routes，which will help to greatly develop the whole area for the benefit of future trade and cultural exchange. 中国已经在这些路线的系统和服务上投资了数十亿美元，这将有助于整个地区的大力发展，有利于未来的贸易和文化交流。 2．From a scientific point of view，there is an urgent need to study the Arctic in order to understand climate change and its effects. 从科学的角度看，为了了解气候变化和它的影响，急需研究北极。 3．Hundreds of years on，and with the latest technology in hand，the need to trade and the desire to enhance relationships will drive China to reach out across the sea far into the future. 几百年过去了，在掌握最新技术的情况下，贸易的需要和加强关系的渴望将促使中国未来向海洋发展。 4．To truly understand our planet，we must explore the oceans which cover most of it. 为了充分理解我们的星球，我们必须探索覆盖大部分星球的海洋。 5．We need to understand what is happening to our planet so that we can take action. 我们需要了解我们的星球正在发生什么，以便我们可以采取行动。 6．It takes me only a few minutes to walk to school down a dusty track covered in weeds. 我只要几分钟就走到学校了，路上尘土飞扬，杂草丛生。 7．The other day I was showing the boys a chemistry experiment when，before I knew it，the mixture was bubbling out of the test tube spilling everywhere! 不久前的一天，我正给男孩子们演示一个化学实验，我还没有明白怎么回事，混合剂就从试管里冒了出来，溅的到处都是！ 8．Lately，all of us have seen Chinese people on TV in far-off places in the world，helping other countries to develop. 最近，我们都在电视上看到中国人民在世界上遥远的地方帮助其他国家发展。 9．And we see Chinese miners，oil workers，agricultural experts，mechanics，and doctors working in nearly every corner of the world. 我们看到中国矿工、石油工人、农业专家、机械师和医生几乎在世界的每个角落工作。 10．Now，not only are Tanzanians helped by the hospital，but people in neighbouring countries are helped as well. 现在，不仅坦桑尼亚人得到了医院的帮助，邻国的人们也得到了帮助。
A
Trade and curiosity have often formed the foundation of mankind’s greatest achievements.1_________(merchant) and explorers from the East set sail from east to west many years before Columbus first did.
In ancient times，silk from China found its way along 2._______ became known as the Silk Road，3.______(extend) along the coasts of the Indian Ocean，centred around Ceylon.Here，merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals，4._______ also led to more awareness of each other’s cultures.
Later，the Ming Dynasty sent seven large 5.________(fleet) to sail west on voyages of trade and exploration.6.______ the command of Zheng He，they set sail from the South China Sea across the Indian Ocean to the mouth of the Red Sea，and then to the east coast of Africa.Although China 7.________(withdraw) from further expeditions after 1433，these land and sea routes remained active channels between other cultures for centuries.
To reach out across the sea 8._______---(remain)a strong desire today.The aim of the Belt and Road Initiative is to encourage cooperation and trade across the historic Silk Road areas，and 9.___________(strength) the bonds between China and the rest of the world.China has invested billions in systems and services along these routes.China has also joined its friends across the sea on other important projects.The need to trade and the desire to enhance relationships will drive China 10.__________(reach) out across the sea far into the future.
1.Merchants 2.what 3.extending 4. which 5. fleets 6.Under 7.withdrew 8.remains 9.strengthen 10.to reach
B
Jo worked at a bush school 1._______ classrooms were made of bamboo and with clay floors and roofs of grass.There’s no electricity 2.______ running water there.It takes some of the students about two hours 3._______(get) to school.The other day，Jo was showing the boys the 4._________(week) experiment when the mixture was bubbling over everywhere and the boys started jumping out of the windows.Jo doubted 5._________ she was making any difference to the children’s lives by teaching 6._______(they)．
Jo and Jenny visited Tombe’s home.When they arrived at the village，Tombe’s mother who 7.________(work) in her garden，started crying “ieee ieee”．Tombe’s father led them to his house，a low bamboo hut with grass 8._______(stick) out of the roof，where they could only see a few possessions.9._____ they ate were sweet potatoes，corn and greens.That night Jo and Jenny slept on a 10._______(new) made platform.They left the village the next morning after many goodbyes and firm handshakes.
1.whose 2. or 3. to get 4. weekly 5.whether 6. them 7. had been working 8.sticking 9.What 10. newly
知识点
extend vt.扩展；使伸长；延长；提供；伸展，展开(extensive adj.广阔的；大量的；广泛的 extension n．延伸；扩大；延期)
extend...to...提供；给予 extend to延长到 extend by延长了
(1)That’s the logical extension of my approach to extensive reading.(extend)
(2)This road extends to the river，where there are many tourists every day.
(3)这些课程每周上一节课，每节课两小时，持续超过20周。
These courses are based on a weekly two-hour class，extending over a period of twenty weeks.
(4)我要由衷感谢这些年来为我们做了很多的全体老师。(应用文写作之感谢信)
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to all my teachers，who have done so much for us over the years.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
The meeting time was (extend) by 30 minutes because the discussion on environmental protection was heated.
答案：extended
解析：考点为被动语态与extend by短语，“会议延长”贴合“环保讨论”场景，主语time与extend为被动关系，用过去分词。
（2025·浙江卷·翻译）
我谨向所有为本次活动付出努力的志愿者表示衷心的感谢。（用extend）
答案：I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to all the volunteers who have made efforts for this activity.
解析：考点为extend...to...表“提供”，贴合“活动致谢”应用文场景，符合高考应用文常用表达。
（2023·天津卷·选择题）
The company plans to ________ its business to Southeast Asia next year.
extend B. expand C. spread D. stretch
答案：A
解析：考点为动词词义辨析，extend强调“范围延伸”，“业务拓展至东南亚”贴合商业场景；B“扩张”侧重规模，C“传播”侧重范围扩散，D“拉伸”侧重物理形态，均不符。
mercy n．仁慈；宽恕；恩惠(merciful adj.仁慈的；慈悲的；宽容的 merciless adj.残忍的；无慈悲心的)
show mercy to对……怜悯/宽恕 have mercy on/upon对……怜悯/宽恕 without mercy残忍地；毫无同情地 at the mercy of...任由……摆布
(1)The merciful(mercy) king saved him from death，which moved him.
(2)The boss often exploits young employees；that is，young employees are at the mercy of the boss.
(3)尽管Meredith一家不富裕，但他们同情穷人，总是在可能的时候愿意伸出援手。
Although the Merediths weren’t well off，they showed mercy to/had mercy on/upon the poor and were always willing to extend a supporting hand whenever possible.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·山东卷·读后续写改编）
看到受伤的小狗在雨中瑟瑟发抖，女孩心生怜悯，立刻把它抱进了温暖的屋子。（翻译）
答案：Seeing the injured puppy trembling in the rain, the girl showed mercy to it and immediately held it into the warm house.
解析：考点为show mercy to的场景应用，“救助小狗”贴合温情主题，符合读后续写情感表达要求。
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·完形填空）
Trapped in the desert, the travelers were at the mercy of the harsh weather.
at the mercy of B. in the charge of C. in the control of D. at the risk of
答案：A
解析：考点为固定短语辨析，“旅行者受恶劣天气摆布”贴合“沙漠求生”场景；B“由……负责”、C“被……控制”（主动）、D“冒……风险”均不符。
possession n．[usually pl.]个人财产；拥有；控制(possess vt.拥有；具有；支配)
take possession of (表动作)占有；拥有 in possession of (表状态)具有；拥有 in the possession of被……拥有；归……所有
(1)幸福不是渴望我们没有的东西，而是享受我们所拥有的东西。
Happiness is not wishing for what we don’t have，but enjoying what we possess/take possession of/are in possession of.
(2)请记住只有拥有良好的心态你才有可能获得成功。
Please keep in mind that only by possessing a good state of mind can you be likely to attain success.(运用倒装句)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·北京卷·语法填空）
Having (possess) the rare book for over 50 years, the old man decided to donate it to the library.
答案：Having possessed
解析：考点为现在分词完成式，“拥有珍书50年”动作先于“捐赠”，用having done表主动完成，贴合“文化传承”主题。
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
The team that is ________ the ball has a better chance to score.
in possession of B. in the possession of
taking possession of D. taken possession of
答案：A
解析：考点为短语辨析，“拥有球权”表状态，用in possession of；C表“正在接管”动作，与语境不符；B、D表被动，排除。
in hand在手头；可供使用
at hand近在手边；在附近 by hand手工，用手的 hand in hand手挽手；密切关联 on the one hand...on the other(hand)一方面……另一方面(用于表示不同的尤其是相对立的两个方面)
用hand的相关短语填空
(1)As an old saying goes，“Success and failure always go hand in hand.”
(2)Having enough data in hand，we can set out to hold the press conference as scheduled.
(3)Meanwhile，you’d better keep a dictionary close at hand so that you can look up unfamiliar words in it.
(4)Even for personal letters，the merchant would rather use a computer than write by hand.
(5)On the one hand，computers extend our vision；on the other (hand)，they also bring about some harmful problems.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·完形填空）
With the necessary materials in hand, we started to build the community garden.
in hand B. at hand C. by hand D. on hand
答案：A
解析：考点为短语辨析，“材料在手边”表“已准备好的状态”，用in hand；B“在附近”、D“现有”侧重客观存在，C“手工”不符语境。
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
A dictionary is close (hand) so that I can look up new words anytime.
答案：at hand
解析：考点为at hand表“近在手边”，“词典常备”贴合学习场景，符合高频用法。
　...there is an urgent need to study the Arctic in order to understand climate change and its effects.……为了了解气候变化以及其影响，迫切需要对北极进行研究。
There is no need (for sb.) to do sth.(某人)没有必要做某事。 There is a/no possibility that...＝It is possible/impossible that...有/没有可能…… There is no doubt that...毫无疑问…… There is no point/sense (in) doing sth.做某事没有意义。
(1)急需选择一种既健康又环保的旅游方式，那就是骑自行车。(话题写作之环境保护)
There is an urgent need to choose a healthy and environmentally friendly way of traveling，that is bicycle riding.
(2)没有实践只掌握理论是没有意义的。
There is no point/sense (in) only mastering theory without practice.
(3)毫无疑问，我良好的沟通能力能够使我与他人保持良好的关系。
There is no doubt that my good communication skills enable me to keep a good relationship with others.
(4)只要你全神贯注于你的目标，你就有可能实现你的目标。
There is a possibility that you achieve your goal as long as you put your heart into it.
　 We need to understand what is happening to our planet so that we can take action.
我们需要了解我们的星球正在发生什么，以便我们可以采取行动。
本句中so that引导目的状语从句，相当于in order that，从句中往往含有情态动词，如can，could，may，might等。 so that也可以引导结果状语从句，此时从句中往往没有情态动词。
(1)每个学生都会有不同的弱科和强科，所以他们应该互相学习，这样比起劣势来，他们就可以有更多的优势。
Every student may have different weak and strong subjects，so they should learn from each other so that/in order that they can have more advantages than disadvantages.
(2)请制订一个锻炼计划并坚持下去，这样你就能很快恢复健康。
Please come up with a workout schedule and stick to it so that you can recover soon.
(3)她比从前学习努力，因此她轻松地通过了考试。
She studied harder than before so that she passed the exam with ease.
7. drag vt.拖；拉；扯 vt.& vi.缓慢而费力地移动
读后续写之手的肢体动作：drag/draw/pull拉；cup one’s hands over...把手窝成杯状；slide one’s hands into...将手伸进……；put one’s hands to one’s cheeks用双手捂住脸；spread one’s hands摊开双手
(1)The chemist with a wrinkled face dragged(drag) the dusty parcel from under the bed and unfolded it.
(2)这位父亲站起来，盯着大儿子的眼睛，把手窝成杯状托住儿子的脸。
The father stood up，gazed in the eyes of his oldest son and cupped his hands over his son’s face.
(3)汤姆打开车门，把司机拽出来，把他送到警察局。(读后续写之动作链描写)
Tom opened the car door，dragged the driver out and sent him to the police station.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·山东卷·读后续写）
看到洪水即将漫过门槛，他立刻拖起年幼的弟弟，抓起急救包，冲向门外的高地。（翻译）答案：Seeing the flood was about to overflow the threshold, he immediately dragged his young brother, grabbed the first-aid kit, and rushed to the high ground outside the door.
解析：考点为drag在动作链中的应用，“拖起弟弟”体现紧急与费力，贴合“洪水逃生”场景，符合读后续写动作描写要求。
8. privilege n．特权；特别优待；优惠待遇 v．给予特权；特别优待(privileged adj.有特权的；受特别优待的)
It is a privilege to do sth.做某事是一种殊荣。 have the privilege to do/of doing sth.有特权做某事 be privileged to do sth.有幸做某事
(1)I take it for granted that I have the privilege to enter(enter) the lab at my will.
(2)在这儿做有关如何保护环境的演讲，我倍感荣幸。(应用文写作之演讲稿)
I am greatly privileged to/It is a great privilege for me to deliver a speech on how to protect the environment here.
9. deserve vi.& vt.应受；应得；值得(deserving adj.值得的；应得的)
deserve sth.值得/应得某事/物 deserve doing/to be done值得被……(此处用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，类似用法的动词还有：need，want，require等) deserve it(口语)活该；自作自受
(1)The money saved could be used for more deserving(deserve) causes.
(2)面对新冠疫情的爆发，我姑姑毫不犹豫地前往武汉，在那里，她帮助挽救了成百上千的生命。因此，我姑姑值得尊敬。
Faced with the outbreak of COVID 19，my aunt went to Wuhan without hesitation，where she helped to save hundreds of lives.So my aunt deserves respect/respecting/to be respected.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·语法填空）
The brave firefighter who saved the child from the fire deserves (respect).
答案：respecting/to be respected
解析：考点为deserve的特殊用法，“消防员值得尊重”贴合“英雄事迹”主题，两种形式均正确，易错点为漏用主动表被动结构。
（2024·天津卷·翻译）
那些为乡村振兴作出贡献的人值得我们铭记。
答案：Those who have contributed to rural revitalization deserve our remembrance/to be remembered by us.
解析：考点为deserve的语境应用，“乡村振兴”贴合时政主题，强化“贡献者值得铭记”的褒义表达。
10. take...for granted认为……是理所当然；对……不予重视
take it for granted that＋从句　认为……理所当然 take...seriously认真对待…… take one’s time不用急；慢慢来 take pride in以……自豪 take charge of负责，掌管 take advantage of利用
(1)我们总是一厢情愿地认为地球可以提供给我们无穷无尽的自然资源，因此我们过度开发资源。
We always take it for granted that the earth can provide us with limitless natural resources，so we overdevelop the resources.
(2)上个月我负责演讲活动时，我认真对待这件事。我充分利用每个向同学征求意见的机会，因此我完美地组织了这次活动。我的所有同学都以我为骄傲。
When I took charge of the speech activity last month，I took it seriously.I took advantage of every chance to ask my classmates for their opinions so that I organized the activity perfectly.All of my classmates took pride in me.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·完形填空）
Many people that clean water is always available, but in some areas it’s a precious resource.
take it for granted B. take it seriously C. take pride in D. take charge of
答案：A
解析：考点为短语辨析，“认为清水易得”符合“资源保护”主题，A贴合语境；其他选项语义不符。
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
Don’t take it for granted (that) your parents will always support you financially.
答案：that
解析：考点为take it for granted that从句，“不要认为父母经济支持理所当然”贴合“成长教育”主题，it为形式宾语，that不可省略。
11.since 引导原因状语从句
There is no equipment，and since there isn’t even a washroom，if I need water I have to carry it from my house in a basin! 这里没有设备，甚至连洗手间都没有。如果需要水，我得用盆子从我的房子里端来！
since用作连词，可引导原因状语从句，意为“因为，既然”，侧重大家已知的事实；也可引导时间状语从句，意为“从……以来”，主句谓语动词为延续性动词且多用现在完成时。 since作介词，意为“从……以来；从……以后”，后接名词或代词。 since作副词，意为“从那时以后；后来”。
(1)我已经养成了读英文报的习惯，因为它已经丰富了我枯燥的校园生活。
I have developed the habit of reading the English newspaper since it has enriched my boring campus life.
(2)自从我大学毕业后，我一直梦想着环游世界。
Since I graduated from university，I have been dreaming of traveling all over the world.
(3)总是使我沮丧的是从那以后，我就没收到过他的来信。
What always upsets me is that I have not heard from him since.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
the weather is fine, we plan to have a picnic in the park.
答案：Since
解析：考点为since引导原因状语从句，“天气好”是已知事实，表“既然”，贴合“日常活动”场景。
（2024·北京卷·选择题）
—How long have you been learning Chinese —Since I ________ to Beijing three years ago.
came B. have come C. come D. will come
答案：A
解析：考点为since引导时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时，“三年前来到北京”为过去动作，用came。
语法点
Grammar　动词不定式
动词不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，组成动词不定式短语。
[观察例句]
1．To complete the great map of the world was a strong passion for the people of early civilizations.
2．It's very important to master a foreign language.
3．The aim of this initiative is to encourage cooperation and trade across the historic Silk Road areas，and strengthen the bonds between China and the rest of the world.
4．Trading has grown greatly in recent years，and will continue to do so in years to come.
5．Marco Polo's tales inspired European explorers to search for sea routes from west to east.
6．Here，merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals，which also led to more awareness of each other's cultures.
7．Although the ancient sea routes of Zheng He have been travelled many times，there are still many other places left to explore.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作主语。例句2中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的动词不定式短语。
2．例句3中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作表语。
3．例句4中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作宾语。
4．例句5中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作宾语补足语。
5．例句6中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作状语。
6．例句7中的黑体部分为动词不定式短语作定语。
一、动词不定式的形式
主动语态 被动语态 意义
一般时 to do to be done 表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后
完成时 to have done to have been done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前
进行时 to be doing 表示谓语动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行
I plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.
我打算参加明天举行的会议。(attend的动作在plan之后发生，且meeting与hold为被动关系)
They are said to be studying psychology.
据说他们正研究心理学。(be said与study同时发生)
I'm very sorry to have kept you sitting around doing nothing.
让你一直无所事事闲坐着我很抱歉。(keep发生在be sorry之前)
No harm seems to have been done.似乎并没有什么危害发生。(do发生在seem之前，且harm与do之间是被动关系)
[名师点津]
动词不定式的否定式
在不定式符号to前加not；不带to的不定式则在动词前加not。
Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day.张明要我别整天待在家里。
My mother let me not do it by myself.妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。
[即学即练1]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①They seem (know) each other for a long time.
②They pretended (work) hard when the teacher came in.
③I wanted the letter (type) at once.
【答案】1.to have known2.to be working3.to be typed
二、不定式的句法功能
动词不定式在句中不能独立作谓语，但可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。
1．作主语
To talk with him is a great pleasure.和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。
[名师点津]
①为了避免头重脚轻，通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后面，用it作形式主语，放在句首。
②若要说明不定式的动作的执行者，可以在不定式前加上“for/of＋n./pron.”结构。当形容词表达事物的特征时用for sb.；当形容词表达人所具有的特征或品质时用of sb.，这样的形容词有careful，cruel，foolish，brave，good，honest，kind，rude，polite，nice，stupid，wise，wrong等。
It's very important for you to remember this.对你来说记住这一点很重要。
It's very kind of you to help me.你能帮我真是太好了。
2．作表语
不定式作表语主要有三种情况，一是用于seem，appear，prove，turn out等连系动词之后的不定式(尤其是to be)；二是像My job is to sweep the floor(我的工作就是擦地板)这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形；三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等。
He seems to be ill.他似乎生病了。
Her wish is to be a teacher.她的愿望是当一名教师。
We are to meet at the bus station at three.我们约定3点钟在车站见面。(表约定)
3．作宾语
常接不定式而不接动名词作宾语的动词及短语有：
“决心学会想希望”：decide/determine，learn，want，hope/wish/expect/long
“设法假装在拒绝”：manage，pretend，refuse
“主动答应选计划”：offer，promise，choose，plan
“同意请求帮一帮”：agree，ask/beg，help
外加 afford，fail，would like/love，threaten。
I can't afford to buy a car.我买不起汽车。
I like swimming，but I don't like to swim this afternoon.我喜欢游泳，但我今天下午不想游泳。
[名师点津]
不定式作宾语后跟宾语补足语时，常把不定式后移而用形式宾语 it 代替，常见句式：think/believe/consider/find/feel，etc.＋it＋adj./n.＋不定式。
I think it necessary to send for an expert.我认为请位专家来是有必要的。
4．作宾语补足语
通常可带不定式作宾语补足语的动词：advise，allow，ask，bear，beg，cause，command，encourage，expect，forbid，force，get，hate，help，intend，invite，leave，like，mean，need，oblige，order，permit，persuade，prefer，request，remind，teach，tell，trouble，want，warn，wish等。
What caused him to change his mind 是什么使他改变主意的？
He didn't allow the students to go there.他没允许学生们去那儿。
5．作定语
I have a question to ask you.我有一个问题要问你。
He is not a man to tell a lie.他不是个说谎的人。
[名师点津]
不定式与被修饰的词有动宾关系，且句中有该不定式的逻辑主语时，该不定式用主动形式表被动意义。如果这个不定式是不及物动词，其后应有相应的介词。
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.布朗家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。
6．不定式作状语
(1)动词不定式可以用作目的状语。其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。
To succeed，one must first of all believe in himself.要想成功，首先必须相信自己。
(2)only to do sth.为不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。
We hurried to the station，only to be told that the train had left.
我们急匆匆赶到车站，结果被告知火车已经开走了。
(3)形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy，lucky，glad，sorry，anxious，proud，disappointed，angry，surprised，ready，delighted，clever，foolish，pleased，fortunate，right等。
You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.你永远不会知道昨天看到她时，我有多么高兴。
(4)在“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词) ＋ to do”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有：easy，hard，difficult，important，impossible，interesting，pleasant，nice，comfortable，safe，dangerous等。
The box is not easy to carry.这个箱子不易携带。
7．动词不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where，how，what等连用，在句中起名词的作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。
How to solve the problem is very important.(主语)如何解决这一问题很重要。
He didn't know what to ask.(宾语)他不知道该问些什么。
My question is when to start.(表语)我的问题是何时开始。
[即学即练2]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①It took years of work (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.
②I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver，but he refused (stop) until we reached the next stop.
③He is thought (act) foolishly.Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.
【答案】1. to reduce2.to stop3.to have acted
三、省略to的情况
1．在某些使役动词或感官动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式，常不带to；如果这些动词用于被动结构，其后的to就必须补上。这类词可以用以下口诀助记：
一感：feel　二听：listen to，hear　三让：make，have，let
五看：see，watch，observe，look at，notice。
I often hear him sing the song.我经常听见他唱那首歌。
He is often heard to sing the song.他经常被人听见唱那首歌。
2．在以why引导的疑问句中，表示建议，不定式不带to。
Why congratulate her 为什么要祝贺她呢？
Why not conduct the interview right now 为什么不马上主持面试呢？
3．在cannot but，cannot choose but，cannot help but之后的动词不定式不带to。
I cannot but admire his courage.我只有佩服他的勇气。
4．动词不定式在but，except，besides后面时，如果这些词之前有行为动词do，那么，这些词后的动词不定式不带to，否则要带to。
She could do nothing but cry.她除了哭，不能做任何事。
I have no choice but to work for the firm.除了为这家公司工作，我别无选择。
What do you like to do besides swim 除了游泳，你还喜欢做什么？
5．为了避免重复，动词不定式可省去to。
I'm really puzzled about what to think or say.想什么，说什么，我确实困惑了。
[名师点津]
在expect，hope，wish，mean，prefer，forget，want，try以及be glad，be happy，would like，should love，would love等后面，常用to来代替前面的不定式，以避免重复。
I haven't conducted a performance，but I wish to.
我没有主持过演出，但是我希望主持一场。
[即学即练3]　用所给动词的适当形式填空
①I had nothing to do but (wait) outside of the gate.
②Why not (turn) off the gas at once
③They couldn't choose but (stay) there.
【答案】1.wait 2.turn3.stay
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Let me hear you (play) the violin.
2．Tom worked hard，only (fail) again at last.
3．The question is very difficult (answer)．
4．The boy was seen (fall) suddenly from the tree.
5．He pretended (read) the text when I came in.
6．It is an honor for me (invite) to attend the meeting.
7．The goal of this activity is (meet) the needs of common people.
8．The engine just won't start.Something seems (go) wrong with it.
9．Jack was in low spirits those days and his friends did all they could (cheer) him up.
10．Martin showed no anxiety about the competition.He seemed (prepare) for it pretty well.
【答案】1.play 2.to fail3.to answer4. to fall5.to be reading6.to be invited7.to meet8.to have gone9.to cheer10.to have prepared
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅱ卷·语法填空）
(protect) the ancient buildings, the government has made strict regulations.
答案：To protect
解析：考点为不定式作目的状语，“为保护古建筑”贴合“文化遗产”主题，放句首表强调。
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·翻译）
为了提高英语口语，他每天都坚持和外教交流。
答案：To improve his oral English, he insists on communicating with foreign teachers every day. 解析：考点为不定式作目的状语，“提升英语”贴合学习场景，符合高考写作常用结构。
（2023·天津卷·语法填空）
We rushed to the station, only (tell) that the train had already left.
答案：to be told
解析：考点为only to do表意外结果，“被告知火车已开”为出乎意料的结果，用被动语态，贴合“出行场景”。
（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
I have a lot of tasks ________ today, so I can’t go out with you.
to finish B. finishing C. finished D. to be finished
答案：A
解析：考点为不定式作定语，tasks与finish为主动关系（主语I完成），用to do，表“待完成的任务”；D表“被他人完成”，不符语境。
（2024·北京卷·语法填空）
The teacher often makes us (read) English aloud in the morning. We are often made (read) English aloud.
答案：read；to read
解析：考点为使役动词后不定式的省略，主动态省to，被动态补to，贴合“课堂场景”。
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·选择题）
I heard her ________ in the next room just now.
sing B. to sing C. singing D. sung
答案：A
解析：考点为感官动词后省略to，hear sb. do表“听到动作全过程”，“刚才听到她唱歌”符合场景；C表“正在唱”，与just now不符。
Grammar　短语
英语中的短语是有一定意义但不构成独立从句或句子的一组词。从形式结构角度划分，英语的短语可分为名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语、介词短语等。英语短语的句法功能通常与对应的单词的句法功能类似。
[观察例句]
1．So I've been here in the jungle for about a month now.
2．My secondary school is a bush school.
3．It takes me only a few minutes to walk to school down a dusty track covered in weeds.
4．I've had to become much more imaginative in my teaching.
5．Right now I'm feeling very excited.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1中的黑体部分为介词短语。
2．例句2中的黑体部分为名词短语。
3．例句3中的黑体部分为动词短语。
4．例句4中的黑体部分为形容词短语。
5．例句5中的黑体部分为副词短语。
一、名词短语
名词与它的修饰语一起即构成名词短语。完整的名词短语由三个部分组成：限定词、修饰词、名词。名词短语可以充当句子中的主语、宾语、表语等成分。
many good students 许多优秀的学生
his beautiful wife 他美丽的妻子
the best answer 最好的答案
those sweet roses 那些甜美的玫瑰
These red roses are for you.(作主语)这些红玫瑰是送给你的。
He brought a new book with him.(作宾语) 他带来了一本新书。
He is my best friend.(作表语)他是我最好的朋友。
名词短语的三个部分并非每一次都要同时出现，在特定场合下，这三个部分都有可能省略。修饰词是名词短语中最不重要的部分，如果不需要描述名词的状态特征则完全可以省略。比如a book同样是正确的名词短语。如果说话人确信听众知道自己在讨论什么东西，则名词也可以省略。比如Of those answers，this one is the best.这里的the best指的就是the best answer。在面对面交流的时候，修饰词和名词有时甚至可以一起省略。假设你在花店，用手指向一捧玫瑰花，对花店老板说“I want those.”的话，花店老板很清楚你想要什么。
[即学即练1]
找出下列句中的名词短语，并指出其作什么成分。
①I have three close friends.
②There are some red roses on that small table.
③The cute boy wearing blue jeans is my brother.
【答案】1.three close friends作宾语2.some red roses作主语；that small table作宾语
3.the cute boy作主语；blue jeans作宾语；my brother作表语
二、形容词短语
形容词短语是指由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的短语。
1．两个或多个形容词可以由and，but等对等连词连接，构成形容词短语。
Your room is large and beautiful.(作表语)你的房间大且美丽。
He is young but clever.(作表语)他年轻但聪明。
2．very等程度副词作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。
It is very hot today.(作表语)今天很热。
The road is long enough.(作表语)这路够长的。
3．介词及其宾语可用在形容词后修饰形容词，可与形容词构成形容词短语。
I am sure of success.(作表语)我确信会成功的。
The bottle is full of water.(作表语)瓶子里装满了水。
4．不定式在形容词后作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。
He is sure to come.(作表语)他一定会来的。
[名师点津]
形容词短语在句中还可以作状语和后置定语。
1．形容词短语作状语说明主语的情况，可以表示动作或状态发生的原因、方式、时间等，或对谓语作补充说明。
Afraid of difficulty，he prefers to do the easy maths problem.(作原因状语)
他害怕困难，宁愿做容易的数学题。
The lost boy spent three days in the forest cold and hungry.(作伴随状语)
那个迷路的男孩又冷又饿地在森林中过了三天。
Wet or fine，he got up at six and took a walk in the park.(作让步状语)
不管天晴还是下雨他总是六点起床在公园里散散步。
2．形容词短语作后置定语
Factories，big or small，can be seen there.在那里你可以看到大大小小的工厂。
The house worth is 500，000 yuan was sold by his son.那栋价值高达五十万人民币的房子被他儿子卖掉了。
[即学即练2]
找出下列句中的形容词短语，并指出其作什么成分。
①Glad to accept，the girl nodded her agreement.
②The room was awfully dirty.
③He cast it a second time，and drew in an old basket full of sand.
【答案】1.glad to accept作原因状语
2.awfully dirty作表语
3.full of sand作后置定语
三、副词短语
副词短语是指由几个副词或副词及其修饰语构成的短语。在句中主要作状语。
1．两个或多个副词可以由and，but等对等连词构成副词短语。
I tried again and again.(作状语)我试了一遍又一遍。
2．very，extremely，clearly等程度副词作修饰语，可与其他副词构成副词短语。
He runs extremely fast.(作状语)他跑得快极了。
The teacher speaks clearly enough.(作状语)老师说得够清楚的。
3．其他类型的副词短语
I was so deeply moved by his deeds that I couldn't fall asleep deep into the night.(作状语)
他的行为深深打动了我，在深夜我无法入睡。
We air the bedrooms every day.(作状语)我们每天给卧室通通风。
[即学即练3]　找出下列句中的副词短语
①He can finish that much quicker.
②She types quickly and correctly.
③That man talked too much.
【答案】1.much quicker
2.quickly and correctly
3.too much
四、动词短语
动词短语就是有些动词可以和一些别的词构成短语(以动词为中心)，表达一个概念，其作用和一个单独动词差不多的一种固定搭配。在实际使用中，通常会把动词短语当成一个整体。动词短语的搭配可分为下列五种基本类型：
1．动词＋介词
go over 复习，listen to 听，think about 考虑，look for 寻找，rely/depend on 依靠，look into 调查，play with 玩，send for 派人去请，consist of 由……构成，arrive at 到达
He wants to check with his secretary before he signs the paper.
在签署该项文件之前，他想跟他的秘书商议一下。
He has been asked to account for his absence.
他已被要求说明缺席的原因。
2．动词＋副词
eat up 吃光，give up 放弃，hold up 举起，put on 穿，上演，turn on 打开，try on 试穿
They were so far away that I couldn't make out their faces clearly.
他们离得那么远，我没法把他们的脸辨认清楚。
Trains stop here in order to pick up passengers only.
火车在这里停车，只让乘客上车。
[名师点津]
“动词＋副词”这类短语动词较容易出错。这类短语动词的宾语若是名词，这个宾语可在短语的中间，亦可在短语的后面。如：Turn the light on.或 Turn on the light.宾语若是代词，这个宾语只能放在短语的中间。如：Turn it on.
3．动词＋副词＋介词
catch up with 赶上，get on with 与……相处，keep up with 跟上，do away with 废除，look down upon 轻视，look forward to 期待，keep away with 脱离，go on with 继续
Have the lawyers checked up on the court proceedings very carefully
律师们是否打算把法庭的记录仔细审查一遍呢？
There are some things that teachers will not put up with.
有些事情教师是不会容忍的。
4．动词＋名词＋介词
catch hold of 抓住，give lessons to 给……上课，make friends with 与……交朋友，take care of 照料
We must keep pace with the new development of modern scientific research.
我们必须跟上现代科学研究的新发展。
People who take part in sports must be in condition.
参加运动的人一定能保持良好的健康状态。
5．动词＋形容词＋介词
be fond of 爱好，be familiar with 熟悉，be suitable for 适合于，be late for 迟到，be good at 擅长于，be afraid of 害怕
Others may be fond of titles and honors，but I am not.人皆好名，我则不然。
You coward! What are you afraid of 你这胆小鬼！你怕什么呢？
[即学即练4]　找出下列句中的动词短语
①I don't get on with the people at work.
②I don't much care for television.
③I'm afraid I'll have to ring off.Someone is calling me.
【答案】1.get on with2.care for3.ring off
五、介词短语
介词短语是介词和其他代词或名词或词组搭配形成的短语。在句中作状语、表语、补语、定语等。
1．常见的介词短语
(1)介词＋名词：at the door，into the bag
(2)介词＋代词：for me，of others
(3)介词＋动名词：in doing so，to my saying that
(4)介词＋连接副词/连接代词/what从句：over what he had better do
(5)介词＋连接副词/连接代词＋不定式：on how to do this
(6)介词＋介词短语：from across the street，until after dinner
(7)介词＋副词：from below
(8)介词＋复合结构：with the light on
(9)介词＋不定式(but/except)：...did nothing but sleep
2．介词短语的用法
(1)用作表语
The house is in fairly good condition.这所房子状况尚好。
She looks like her mother.她像她母亲。
(2)用作宾语
Choose a book from among these.从这些书中选一本吧。
The window is never opened except in summer.除夏天外，这扇窗户从未打开。
(3)用作定语
I like the design on his tie.我喜欢他领带上的图案。
I've decided to leave on the afternoon of the 18th.我决定18号下午离开。
(4)用作状语
Mr Smith was injured in the war.史密斯先生在战争期间受过伤。
He walked by me without noticing me.他从我身旁走过而没有注意到我。
(5)用作补语
Kelly is employed as a mechanic.(宾语补足语)凯利受雇当技工。
He is regarded as the best doctor in town.(主语补足语)他被认为是本城最好的医生。
[即学即练5]　找出下列句中的介词短语
①A man stepped out from behind the wall.
②Change the oil in the car every 5，000 miles.
③I saw him walking along the street.
【答案】1.from behind the wall
2.in the car
3.along the street
Ⅰ.指出下列句中的黑体部分属于哪种类型的短语
1．The kids are playing on the grass rather happily.
2．They picnicked in the woods.
3．I won't go home until after the exam.
4．It was no surprise when we were told that our grandfather had passed away.
5．Do you know the reason why the automobile breaks down？
6．At last，the police found out the car full of drugs.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．I can to catch you at least.我跑得足够快，至少能抓到你。
2．I know he is slow at understanding，but you have to ．
我知道他理解力差，但你得对他耐心些。
3．Did you do this 你这样做是有意的还是无意的？
4．This is an article ．这是一篇很值得研究的文章。
5．They need more materials relevant to ．他们需要更多的和目前问题有关的资料。
【答案】1. run fast enough2.be patient with him3.by design or by accident4.worthy of careful study5.the present question
【高考真题链接】
（2025·山东卷·语法填空）
The light is too bright. Please it (turn off) .
答案：turn it off
解析：考点为“动词+副词”短语的宾语位置，代词it放中间，贴合“日常场景”，易错点为误写为turn off it。
（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·语法填空）
With a smile (face), she accepted the award.
答案：on her face
解析：考点为介词短语作伴随状语，“脸上带着微笑”贴合“获奖场景”，表状态。
（2023·浙江卷·选择题）
________ the help of my teacher, I made great progress in math.
With B. Under C. In D. For
答案：A
解析：考点为固定介词短语with the help of，“在老师帮助下”贴合“学习场景”，为高频搭配。
（2025·江苏卷·语法填空）
The girl dogs (afraid ) always keeps away from the pet shop.
答案：afraid of
解析：考点为形容词短语作后置定语，“怕狗的女孩”贴合“日常场景”，形容词短语不可前置。
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