资源简介

(共37张PPT)
Summary writing
What is a good summary
How to write a good summary
概要写作
A summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer composition.
A summary is a short statement that gives only the main points of sth, not the details.
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》
What is a summary
概要是一种对原始文献或文章的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文。
不是简单的换句话说，更不是评论，而是作者思想中最本质部分的准确的再现。
(丁往道,英语写作手册)
基于短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。
（1）对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；
（2）应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；
（3）上下文的连续性；
（4）对各要点表达的独立性情况。
correctness
coherence
A shortened passage (60words)
Retain the key points of the original
A restatement in your own words
A readable continuous whole
概要写作
Summary writing
概要写作各档评分标准对比
★
★
概要写作
读
写
概要写作读写结合
读
A
文体结构
主旨大意
关键词
关键句
写
B
概要框架
改述要点
衔接成文
Criteria for a good summary
A summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer composition.
Cover all the key points.
Use brief, concise, original and correct academic language.
Show clear logic of the article by using proper linking words.
Within limited number of words.
学生概要写作中存在的主要问题
卷面上：颜值不高---表现在: 有涂改、书写潦草、字母不够饱满、标点符号与大小写不够规范等。
内容上：没有读懂文本主旨，写不好第一句；要点遗漏或主观添加；
表达的是次要点或非主要信息，偏离文章中心思想，概括不到位。
语言上：不够简洁；单词拼写和语法错误多；或照抄原句；字数不符合要求等。
结构上：缺少连接词或不够连贯，句与句之间不符合逻辑结构。
Step 1. 确定文章的体裁（说明文、议论文、记叙文）与题材。
Step 2. 根据体裁特点，理清段落之间的关系，圈连接词，划关键词（句），辨别关键信息与次要信息。
Step 3.根据连接词与过渡词（句），有时可用思维导图（Mind Map)确定段落之间的逻辑关系。
Step 4.围绕体裁与题材特点，概括每段的主要大意。注意：用平时积累的词块或句型去替换原先的表达。
Step 5. 撰写初稿，注意书写、句与句之间的逻辑关系，排除次要信息、用自己的语言概括，尤其是不要遗漏重要信息点。
Step 6. （平时）修改初稿，进行二次写作。
How to write a good summary
概要写作读写结合
概要写作----读
概要写作的读，应以短文体裁为切入点，利用各类体裁的文本结构特征，快速获取短文大意，确定要点信息。
体裁 读 取 信 息
议论文
说明文
记叙文
主题句+支撑句+结论句（论点+论据+结论）
现象＋原因＋结果
问题十原因+对策
事物发展（时间/ 空间)
六要素+（感悟，启示）
体裁决定框架
5w&1h (who+what+when+where+why+how)
+moral
opinion + supporting details (evidences)
*a phenomenon/problem + causes + effect/ solution
*an object + characteristics/function+ significance
*development (time/space)
+conclusion
Discussion 1
03
说明文的概要写作
01
关键句（信息）的确定
*a phenomenon/problem + causes + effect/ solution
*an object + characteristics/function+ significance
体裁
话题
要点
说明文的概要写作
01
1.搭建框架：
说明文
procrastination（拖延症）
Problem: we all procrastinate
Effects: financial loss and pain in mind
Solution: daily visualization
*a phenomenon/problem + causes + effect/ solution
*an object + characteristics/function+ significance
*development (time/space)
Cause: avoid pain
记叙文的概要写作
02
On 30 April 2016, Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta set alight the largest ever pile of ivory for destruction in the Nairobi National Park. The pile consisted of 105 tons of elephant ivory from about 8,000 elephants. The total black market value of the ivory in the pile was estimated(估价) to be more than $172 million.
The destruction of ivory is a technique used by governments and conservation groups to prevent the illegal ivory trade. It was an extremely successful publicity performance, attracting international attention while the fire burned for three days. Ivory does not easily burn, but the choice to use fire rather than other means to destroy it was intentional as they wanted the event to produce powerful images for the global media. To make the destruction spectacular(壮观的), they worked with a Hollywood special effects professional to develop a new technique.The conservationists, governments, and non-governmental organizations that subscribe to the strategy(策略) argue that it gains public support for the protection of elephants and that it sends a message to poachers(偷猎者) that they are in a dying, dangerous, and useless market. It also proved influential among conservationists, inspiring others to deal with their stockpiles in a similar manner and leading, in part, to the international ban on the ivory trade passed at The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The ban proved effective for about a decade and elephant populations were on the rise, but starting in 1997, it began giving exceptions to the ban to allow countries such as Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia to sell a limited amount of ivory. From then on, the African elephant population has decreased in size rapidly and elephant poaching has been widespread. According to a 2014 report by the Wildlife Conservation Society, about 96 African elephants are killed for their tusks every day.
However, critics say that the technique may increase poaching by increasing ivory's value on the black market, and that evidence for the technique's effectiveness is insufficient to justify the opportunity cost for countries struggling with poverty.
5w&1h (who+what+when+where+why+how)
+moral
Kenyan government
on 30 April 2016
Nairobi National Park
the largest pile of ivory was burnt
burned
to prevent the illegal ivory trade
international attention
public support+increasing ivory’s value
记叙文的概要写作
02
1.搭建框架：
who：
when：
where：
what：
how：
why：
effect：
comments:
5w&1h (who+what+when+where+why+how)
+moral
记叙文
体裁：
议论文的概要写作
03
opinion + supporting details (evidences)
+conclusion
1.Humankind has tried to improve its standard of living since the very beginning of civilization. Back then, as well as today, providing food and security was the basic task for a person. However, nowadays the range of required goods has expanded significantly. People feel the need for not only some primary things, such as a piece of bread and a roof over their heads, but also for various facilities and luxuries. Providing humanity with these things is connected to the use of natural resources, which requires energy. In turn, the common sources of energy we use today cause pollution, so economic growth is almost inevitably associated with environmental damage.
2.There are certain aspects of economic growth which affect the environment. One of these is the fact that in order to produce more goods and products, at a faster rate, the construction of large industrial plants is required. These plants produce a lot of waste, leading to the pollution of water and the atmosphere, which may cause negative long- term health effects to nearby populations of animals, or people. They also lead to global warming.
3.Industrial manufacturing leads to the constantly increasing energy consumption. The traditional energy sources, which are commonly used nowadays, are considered to be the greatest polluters to the environment. There also exist so-called eco-friendly sources of energy. They are sometimes preferred but replacing the traditional sources with them also requires time, during which people have to make some sacrifices to support these undertakings. What’s more, to produce economically practical energy, people unavoidably have to transform the natural site. This is expensive and, has harmful effects on the environment. For example, application of wind energy would block airflows’ natural speed, which is the reason for their decrease in strength, after crossing the windmill. Consequently, the pressure balance that is brought about by this current will be affected, and it is important to remember that the environment and weather conditions are directly affected by atmospheric pressure.
4.For these reasons, bringing about economic growth without resulting in any environmental damage is impossible.
议论文的概要写作
03
opinion + supporting details (evidences)
+conclusion
1.Humankind has tried to improve its standard of living since the very beginning of civilization. Back then, as well as today, providing food and security was the basic task for a person. However, nowadays the range of required goods has expanded significantly. People feel the need for not only some primary things, such as a piece of bread and a roof over their heads, but also for various facilities and luxuries. Providing humanity with these things is connected to the use of natural resources, which requires energy. In turn, the common sources of energy we use today cause pollution, so economic growth is almost inevitably associated with environmental damage.
2.There are certain aspects of economic growth which affect the environment. One of these is the fact that in order to produce more goods and products, at a faster rate, the construction of large industrial plants is required. These plants produce a lot of waste, leading to the pollution of water and the atmosphere, which may cause negative long- term health effects to nearby populations of animals, or people. They also lead to global warming.
3.Industrial manufacturing leads to the constantly increasing energy consumption. The traditional energy sources, which are commonly used nowadays, are considered to be the greatest polluters to the environment. There also exist so-called eco-friendly sources of energy. They are sometimes preferred but replacing the traditional sources with them also requires time, during which people have to make some sacrifices to support these undertakings. What’s more, to produce economically practical energy, people unavoidably have to transform the natural site. This is expensive and, has harmful effects on the environment. For example, application of wind energy would block airflows’ natural speed, which is the reason for their decrease in strength, after crossing the windmill. Consequently, the pressure balance that is brought about by this current will be affected, and it is important to remember that the environment and weather conditions are directly affected by atmospheric pressure.
4.For these reasons, bringing about economic growth without resulting in any environmental damage is impossible.
Introduction to the topic
Reasons
Conclusion
1.搭建框架：
体裁
观点
段落 大意
议论文的概要写作
03
议论文
opinion + supporting details (evidences)
+conclusion
Humans’ desire for material comforts has led to environmental damage.
3. Both types of energy consumption cause serious pollution.
4. Economic growth is bound to result in environmental damage.
2. The construction of large industrial plants affects the
environment
Topic sentences
Vacations are good for us. (Para.1)
Many of us return home with a feeling that our last
vacation was OK -- but not great. In order to change
this, some mistakes should be avoided. (Para.2)
Vacation happiness is based on the following top rules.
(Para.3)
Tip 1: Leave out the repeated information.
(the words expressing the same or similar meaning)
Tips
supporting facts
two mistakes
A typical one for vacation planners is attempting to
maximize value for money by planning trips that
have too many things. Another mistake is that we
worry too much about strategic issues such as how
to find a good flight deal, how to get from A to B,
or which destinations to add or subtract from our
journey.
supporting facts
two mistakes
One mistake is planners are attempting to
maximize value for money. Another mistake is
that we worry too much about strategic issues.
Tip 2: Leave out the complementary (补充的)
information which is to list details, give examples or reasons and modify the key word.
Discussion 2: How to Paraphrase
5. use synonyms(同义)
2. summarize examples (概括)
1. combine sentences(并句)
3. change the voice (语态)
4. change the sentence structure(句型)
积累常用概要写作的词组
benefits
development/ growth
despite/in spite of
shows/ conveys/ reveals
available
symptoms
reasons
generally/normally/usually
ruin/spoil/limit/affect
in financial difficulties
make better preparations
say no/goodbye to; resist
be addicted to
focus on/ concentrate on
is of great benefit
is beneficial to sb/is good for sb
face= be faced with
shoulder responsibility
be exposed/accessible to
mainly due to/ for lack of
become common/popular
attach great importance to
Word Bank
积累常用的同义词替换
be good at/know well
express
make
take part in
make sure
interest
prefer
difficult
important
know
cause
show
so
thing
have a good command of
convey
enable
participate in
ensure
attract/ appeal to
favor
challenging
vital
be aware of / realize
lead to/result in/ contribute to/ bring about
indicate/ illustrate/ imply
therefore/ consequently/ accordingly/ as a result
affair/ business/ matter
积累概要写作常见句型
科普类文章（发明、发现、新事物、新现象）
1．For years/centuries/…, people have considered sth _____.
→… which have long been considered …(in history),
2．描写A比B好
→…, which has many advantages/ benefits over …
3．（结尾）发明物或发现目前还无法实现，但科学家仍在努力。
Although some problems about … remain unsolved, we’ll …
4. 用with短语作定语，描述人或事物的特征
如an animal with a high level of intelligence
用with+宾语+宾补，表示状况
如with a book in his hand, he came in.
Passage 4
We shouldn’t judge a person by their appearance but we do. In fact, the experts say that when we meet someone for the first time we make a decision about what that person is like in three seconds. But what do we look at One of the most important things is clothes, but it isn't the brand of clothes that people wear that is important. The important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion.
Schools have always understood this and a lot of them ask their students to wear a uniform. Why A lot of teachers think a uniform makes students feel that they are part of their school and that their uniform helps them to be serious about their studies. Teachers say that uniforms can help in other ways too. If all the students wear uniforms, they can't judge each other because of their clothes. It also avoids arguments about who or what is fashionable.
However, it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way. We all have fixed ideas about what the people in a certain profession should wear. If we visit a doctor, we expect to see respectable clothes under the doctor’s white coat. When we go into a bank we expect the staff to wear suits or dresses. Police officers wear uniforms to deter crime by establishing a visible presence while on patrol, to make themselves easily identifiable to non-police officers or their colleagues who require assistance, and to quickly identify each other at crime scenes for ease of coordination. In fact, a lot of companies have dress codes for their staff because they know that the customers expect to see them dressed in certain types of clothes.
But can our clothes really tell people what we are like Maybe not, but they can show our attitude to what we are doing at the moment. When people see us in the right clothes, they think we are serious about what we are doing. Furthermore, if we are clean, smart and polite, people will have confidence in us.
Para.1
Para.3
Para.2
Para.4
List the Key Points
Para. Key points
1
2
3
4
Opinion
Evidence
Evidence
Conclusion
But what do we look at One of the most important things is clothes. The important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion.
Schools ask their students to wear a uniform. Why A lot of teachers think a uniform makes students feel that they are part of their school and that their uniform helps them to be serious about their studies. Teachers say that uniforms can help in other ways too.
However, it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way. …visit a doctor…go into a bank …Police officers …a lot of companies …
…but they can show our attitude to what we are doing at the moment.. Furthermore, people will have confidence in us.
Paraphrase Key Points
Key point 1 But what do we look at One of the most important things is clothes. The important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion.
Paraphrase
1. Wearing the right clothes is important because people look at our clothes.
2. Wearing the right clothes for the occasion is important if we want to leave good first impressions.
3. Wearing proper clothes is important for first impressions.
Paraphrase Key Points
Key point 2 Schools ask their students to wear a uniform. Why A lot of teachers think a uniform makes students feel that they are part of their school and that their uniform helps them to be serious about their studies. Teachers say that uniforms can help in other ways too.
Paraphrase
1. Schools ask students to wear a uniform because it helps them in many ways.
2. Students are required to wear a uniform because it benefits in various ways.
Paraphrase Key Points
Key point 3 However, it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way. …visit a doctor…go into a bank …Police officers …a lot of companies …
Paraphrase
1. However, not only schools but also places such as hospitals, banks, police stations and some companies want people to dress in a certain way.
2. Besides students, other people who work for hospitals, banks, police stations and some companies are also supposed to wear uniforms because of convenience.
Paraphrase Key Points
Key point 4 …but they can show our attitude to what we are doing at the moment.. Furthermore, people will have confidence in us.
Paraphrase
1. Our clothes can show our attitude and make people have confidence in us.
2. Our clothes represent/ stand for our attitude and help us win trust from others.
Connect!
but, yet, however, though
thus, therefore
meanwhile, on the other hand
firstly/secondly/lastly,
because of these…
for example/such as
in short, in conclusion
…
Connect Key Points
Point1 Wearing proper clothes is important for first impressions.
Point2 Schools ask students to wear a uniform because it helps them in many ways.
Point3 Besides schools, other places, like hospitals, banks, police stations and some companies also want their staff to wear uniforms because of convenience.
Point4 Our clothes represent our attitude and help us win trust from others.
For example,
In conclusion,
Write and Edit
Wearing proper clothes is important for first impressions. (要点1) For example, schools ask students to wear a uniform because it benefits them in various ways.(要点2) Besides schools, other places, like hospitals, banks, police stations and some companies also want their staff to dress in uniforms because of convenience. (要点3)In conclusion, our clothes can show our attitude and win trust from others.(要点4)
(60词)
In our daily life, almost each of us has experienced procrastination, which has a great influence on our financial loss and peace of mind. When we put off our actions, we are actually avoiding pain, since a majority of us spare no efforts never to leave a comfort zone. One way to get rid of the procrastination is to overcome the pain of avoidance using daily visualization.
体裁
话题
要点
Passage 1
01
1.搭建框架：
说明文
procrastination（拖延症）
Problem: we all procrastinate
Effects: financial loss and pain in mind
Solution: daily visualization
Cause: avoid pain
who：Kenyan government
when：on 30 April 2016
where：Nairobi National Park
what：the largest pile of ivory was burnt
how：burned
why：to prevent the illegal ivory trade
affect：international attention
comments: public support+increasing ivory’s value
In order to prevent the illegal ivory trade, the largest pile of ivory was burnt at the Nairobi National Park by Kenyan government on 30 April 2016, which attracted international attention successfully. The conservationists agree that it fosters public support for the protection of elephants. While the critics thought it may increase poaching by increasing ivory’s value on the black market.
Passage 2
02
1.搭建框架：
Passage 3
03
Humans’ desire for material comforts has led to serious environmental damage. （要点1） In order to produce more goods, we have constructed large industrial plants, which causes pollution. （要点2） Besides, Industrial manufacturing needs to consume energy, however, both traditional sources and eco-friendly energy have harmful influence on the environment. （要点3）Therefore, economic growth is bound to result in environmental damage.
（要点4）
(56 words)
Checklist for summary writing
□ Have I covered all the main points and left out the unimportant details
□ Have I used concise language and avoided redundancy
□ Have I avoided copying sentences from the given text
□ Have I used linking words to connect sentences logically and naturally
□ Does my writing contain awkward clauses or non-standard wording that affect meaning
□ Are there any grammatical errors in tenses, plurals and verb forms
□ Have I checked spelling, punctuation and capitalization
□ Is my handwriting neat and legible
THANKS

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