资源简介

(共119张PPT)
题型4　主旨大意题
主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查考生速读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。该题型主要包括标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。
在做题时要明确正确选项和干扰选项的特征。
正确选项特征：
①涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
②确定的范围恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小。
③精确性强，不会改变原文语言表意的程度及感彩。
④含有文章关键词或者有象征意义的事物。
干扰选项特征：
①以偏概全——只阐述了局部信息或文章内容的某一个方面。
②主题过大——归纳概括过于宽泛，超出了文章实际所讨论的内容。
③断章取义——以次要的事实或细节代替全文的主要观点。
④无中生有——与文章内容毫不相干或与文章内容相悖。
技法1　标题归纳题——文章主线定标题
标题是文章中心思想的精练表达。此类题目主要考查考生把握文章主旨、理解文章中心思想的能力，要求考生在理解文章的基础上运用判断、归纳、概括等方法，对文章的主题进行提炼或高度概括，最终准确地选出文章的标题。
常见设问方式有：
·Which is the most suitable title for the text
·What can be a suitable title for the text
·Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
·Which of the following can serve as the best title for the passage
[典例1]　(2025·全国二卷阅读C)When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn't have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1，200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70，000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now，” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating，” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants，” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
If you're among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don't beat yourself up if one(or a few！) doesn't make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one，” Detrinidad says.
31．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Time to Replace Houseplants
B．Plants Boost Your Mood
C．Tips on Choosing Houseplants
D．Plants Brighten Your Home
第一步　读文章，理清结构
Para.1：室内植物网店成功案例，反映居家时间增加推动行业兴起。
Para.2：研究员解析植物走红原因——丰富植物环境可提升生活满意度、改善情绪，降低压力激素水平。
Para.3：补充植物益处：助学生成绩提升，减少成年人病假。
Para.4：建议不必因养死植物自责，强调其是耐心学习过程，鼓励再尝试。
解题流程
第二步　析选项，斟酌判断
A 是时候更换室内植物了。文章仅在最后提到若植物养死可以再买，并非核心讨论“更换植物”。 偷梁换柱
B 植物能改善你的情绪。全文围绕室内植物能提升人们的精神状态、带来身心健康益处展开。 涵盖性强，
覆盖全文
C 选择室内植物的技巧。文章未提及任何关于“选择植物”的建议。 无中生有
D 植物能点亮你的家。文中未强调植物对“家居环境美观”的作用，主要聚焦于对人的心理和生理益处。 以偏概全
第三步　比选项，得出答案：Detrinidad的绿植生意火爆体现人们对绿植的喜爱与需求，研究亦表明绿植可改善情绪、减压、提升效率等，故文章主要介绍绿植对情绪的积极影响。
参考答案：___
B
图解技法
技法2　文章大意题——寻找主题明大意
文章大意题主要考查考生对一篇文章的整体理解，要求考生具备在速读中准确掌握全文主旨的能力。考生需要在理解全文内容的基础上，通过归纳概括、推理判断等逻辑思维活动，概括出全文主旨大意。
常见设问方式有：
·What is the text mainly about
·What's the main idea of the text
·What is mainly talked about in the text
[典例2]　(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C)We all know fresh is best when it comes to food.However，most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table.While farmer's markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey，Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system.It can be set up for a family.Additionally，it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital，restaurant or school.The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically，it's a farm that relies on new technology.By connecting through the Cloud，BMF is remotely monitored.Also，there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.Because the system is automated，it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants.Rather than watering rows of soil，the system provides just the right amount to each plant.After harvest，users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover，having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad.In addition，there's no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives.About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office，they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.“We are passionate about reducing waste，carbon and chemicals in our environment，” said a BMF employee.
31．What does the text mainly talk about
A．BMF's major strengths.
B．BMF's general management.
C．BMF's global influence.
D．BMF's technical standards.
第一步　读文章，概括文意
Para.1：以新鲜食物的重要性及商店农产品运输的问题导入，引出巴比伦微农场，指出其可缩短运输路程的优势。
Para.2：强调巴比伦微农场通过创新设计，能保证新鲜蔬菜供应。
Para.3：详细说明巴比伦微农场依靠新技术，在节水等方面的优势。
Para.4：强调了使用BMF系统可以实现农产品从土壤到餐桌运输过程中零排放以及避免农药和其他化学物质的使用，从而减少对环境的污染。
Para.5：指出BMF员工的环保意识。
解题流程
第二步　析选项，斟酌判断
A BMF的主要优势。第一段点明了BMF的优势，即更快地提供新鲜蔬菜的供应，接下来第二、三、四、五段详细介绍了BMF自动化管理、节约用水、无污染和员工的环保意识等，这些都属于BMF的优势。 涵盖性强，覆盖全文
B BMF的综合管理。文中未提及相关内容。 无中生有
C BMF的全球影响。文中未提及相关内容。 无中生有
D BMF的技术标准。原文第三段虽提到运用新技术，但未涉及技术标准的问题。 偷梁换柱
第三步　比选项，得出答案：通过对各选项的分析，本文介绍的是BMF的主要优势。
参考答案：___
A
图解技法
技法3　段落大意题——首尾兼顾知段意
段落大意题主要考查考生对段落核心信息的理解，要求考生在理解段落内容的基础上提炼出核心信息，然后对比选项，选出最契合段落主要内容的选项。
常见设问方式有：
·What is the first/second/...paragraph mainly about
·What does paragraph...mainly talk about
·What does the writer try to express in paragraph...
[典例3]　(2025·全国二卷阅读D)(Para.5) It should be noted that none of the items on wastED's menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
(Para.6)Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
34．What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A．Why the ingredients were used.　　
B．Which dishes were best liked.
C．What the dishes were made of.
D．Where the ingredients were bought.
第一步　概括段落知大意
该段指出wastED菜单上的菜品并非由垃圾制成，而是使用了大多数餐厅不会考虑供应的食材，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼鳃、被拒收的红薯和黄瓜头，这些食材在优秀厨师的处理下变成了美味佳肴。核心是说明这些菜品的制作原料。
解题流程
第二步　分析选项再斟酌
A 为什么使用这些食材。段落未解释使用这些食材的原因，仅说明食材是什么。 无中生有
B 哪些菜品最受欢迎。段落未提及菜品的受欢迎程度。 无中生有
C 这些菜品是由什么制成的。准确概括了段落核心内容，即菜品的原料构成。 涵盖性强，
覆盖全段
D 这些食材是从哪里购买的。段落未涉及食材的购买地点。 无中生有
第三步 对比选项得答案：本段段首句否定“垃圾食材”的说法，随后列举非常规食材来说明菜品原料的构成。
参考答案：___
C
图解技法
A
I was 17 years old. Along with a dozen other boys I had made a long trip to Iowa in order to see a college that I was thinking of attending. While the trip had been fun for the most part, now that I was there I was feeling depressed and alone. I was missing my family and was realizing that I wouldn't be seeing them very much if I went to school here. I was also missing the mountains, forests, and wild flowers in my hometown. These things were a part of me.
跟踪
训练
Here in Iowa everything was flat. The grass looked burnt and brown. All that I could smell was a mixture of corn, mud, and pigs. I walked outside the dormitory of the college and sat on the grass. I closed my eyes and dreamed of being back home again.
When I finally opened them, however, I saw something that touched my soul. It was a prairie (草原) sunset. It seemed to fill the sky from horizon to horizon. Gold, red, purple and pink clouds all flowed together in a picture painted by Heaven's own hand. It was so huge that it took my breath away. It made our mountain sunsets seem tiny.
I was filled with wonder and felt a special oneness. I realized that I had been foolish and judgmental. This place also had its own special beauty. This place also was a part of magic nature.
Over the years to come I learned something else. Each of us has a special beauty as well. Each of us has our own unique talents and abilities. Each of us has a beautiful, powerful love that only we can share. May you always do so then. May your life always shine bright. And may your love shine from your soul like a sunset on the prairie.
语境猜词：
①foolish (派生)＝fool＋后缀-ish ________________
②judgmental (派生)＝judgement＋后缀-al ________________
③powerful (派生)＝power＋后缀-ful ________________
④hometown (合成)＝home＋town ________________
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。作者通过自己的经历，告诉我们这样一个人生哲理——万事万物都有其存在的独特价值。
1．What made the author feel unhappy in the first paragraph
A．A feeling of homesickness.
B．A sense of being abandoned.
C．Being left alone in the college.
D．Being afraid of the new environment.
解析：A　细节理解题。根据第一段可知，作者之所以感到伤感，是因为想起了家人及家乡的一切。故A项正确。
2．How did the author feel about things in Iowa before he opened his eyes
A．Familiar.　　　　　　 B．Curious.
C．Surprised. D．Disappointed.
解析：D　推理判断题。根据第二段的描述可知，作者对于艾奥瓦州的一切都感到很平淡，不由闭上眼睛思念故乡。由此可知，作者当时是失望的。故D项正确。
3．What does the underlined part “it took my breath away” in paragraph 3 mean
A．It was extremely ordinary. B．It was extremely beautiful.
C．It made me feel confused. D．It made me feel frightened.
解析：B　推理判断题。根据第三段的描述可知，作者看到当地草原上的日落后，被其壮观所震撼。故B项正确。
4．What message is conveyed in this passage
A．Learn from others' strong points.
B．Show the best of you to the world.
C．Seek perfection in whatever you see.
D．Everything exists with a unique value.
解析：D　主旨大意题。最后一段是对全文的总结，作者通过分享自己的经历，告诉我们世界上的一切人或物都有其存在的独特价值。故D项正确。
B
(2025·衡水中学模拟)“Can you finish the work by the end of the day？” This question might cause anxiety for many employees. However, recent research indicates that shorter deadlines can actually help some individuals to complete tasks more efficiently and perceive their workload as less frightening.
In a study focused on retirement planning, volunteers completed a brief online survey under two different deadline conditions. One group had seven days to finish the survey, while the other was given 14 days. The researchers discovered that those facing the longer deadline often viewed the task as more difficult. Although participants with the extended deadline initially invested more time and resources, they were also more likely to procrastinate and less likely to complete the assignment compared to those with shorter deadlines.
Recognizing that people frequently deal with multiple deadlines, researchers explored how individuals manage various tasks at the same time. The findings found a mental tendency: individuals often delay important tasks in favor of urgent but less significant ones. For example, many delay routine medical check-ups crucial for health in favor of rushing to a store for a limited-time sale. This occurs because important tasks feel more complex and distant, while urgent tasks provide immediate satisfaction.
These patterns have significant results for managers and others involved in setting deadlines, Understanding these mental processes can help find strategies to enhance task completion rates. Short deadlines for urgent tasks tend to draw attention more effectively, leading to higher completion rates and reduced procrastination. On the other hand, longer deadlines can lead to excessive careful thought or distraction, resulting in incomplete work.
However, it's essential to recognize that longer deadlines may still be necessary for complex tasks particularly when external factors, such as resource availability or cooperation, require additional time for proper completion. In such cases, a balanced approach is crucial: setting realistic deadlines that account for both urgency and complexity can lead to improved outcomes. By recognizing the minor differences of human motivation, individuals and organizations can develop effective strategies for task management.
语境猜词：
①employee(派生)＝employ＋后缀-ee ________________
②retirement(派生)＝retire＋后缀-ment ________________
③complexity (派生)＝complex＋后缀-ity ________________
④realistic(派生)＝real＋后缀-istic ________________
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。本文探讨了不同截止日期对任务完成情况的影响。
5．What does the underlined word “procrastinate” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Finish quickly.　　 B．Put off.
C．Start early. D．Do carefully.
解析：B　词义猜测题。根据第二段“Although participants with the extended deadline initially invested more time and resources”及“less likely to complete the assignment compared to those with shorter deadlines”可知，此处通过Although引导让步关系，表明主从句的转折意义，即延长截止日期会使参与者投入更多时间和资源，但可能会造成任务时间过长。由此推断画线单词的含义是“拖延，延期”。故选B。
6．Why do people tend to delay important tasks for urgent ones
A．Urgent tasks offer instant rewards.　　　　
B．Urgent tasks are more complicated.
C．Important tasks are less challenging.
D．Important tasks need multi-tasking.
解析：A　推理判断题。根据第三段“This occurs because important tasks feel more complex and distant, while urgent tasks provide immediate satisfaction.”可知，人们倾向于把重要的任务推迟到紧急的任务之后是因为紧急任务提供即时奖励。故选A。
7．How should managers set proper deadlines to improve outcomes
A．Set all tasks with shorter deadlines.　　　　
B．Prioritize resources and cooperation.
C．Balance task urgency and complexity.
D．Extend deadlines for significant tasks.
解析：C　推理判断题。根据最后一段“In such cases, a balanced approach is crucial: setting realistic deadlines that account for both urgency and complexity can lead to improved outcomes.”可知，管理者应该平衡任务的紧迫性和复杂性以设定合理的截止日期以提高效果。故选C。
8．What can be the best title for the text
A．The Role of Urgency in Task Completion
B．Strategies for Managing Various Deadlines
C．Influences of Delay on Work Quality
D．The Power of Deadlines in Task Management
解析：D　标题归纳题。根据第一段“However, recent research...their workload as less frightening.”可知，文章主要探讨了截止日期对任务完成情况的影响，说明了截止日期在任务管理中的重要作用。故选D。
语境猜词答案：
A①adj.愚蠢的　　②adj.吹毛求疵的　　③adj强烈的　　　　④n.家乡
B①n.员工 ②n.退休 ③n.复杂性，错综复杂 ④adj.现实的；实事求是
训练7　标题归纳题
(建议用时：25分钟　总分：30分)
阅读理解(每小题2.5分)
A
(2025·福建省适应性练习卷)
By the middle of the last decade, I had been studying Indian Butterflies for over 20 years. However, I had never observed butterflies at high altitudes in the trans-Himalayan habitat. So, in 2015, I decided to visit Ladakh to search for butterflies.
限时规范
训练7-9
My first “butterflying” visit to Ladakh was in June 2016, then in July of the same year, followed by another visit in August 2018. For these visits, I charted out a two-week schedule on each occasion. I covered some of the well-known locations.
Each habitat we explored had its unique mix of butterfly species. By trickling streams and wet areas, we found Small and Dusky Green Underwings, along with numerous Meadowblues, all part of the Blues family. In alpine meadows, countless white and yellow butterflies from the Yellows and Whites family fluttered (翩翩飞舞) about. More than once, I'd spot a white or yellow butterfly flying across the meadow, and chase after it, only to find myself out of breath in Ladakh's thin air while the butterfly gracefully flew away. Once, I chased a Butler's Dwarf butterfly for 15 minutes, managing only a few photos before it disappeared. Another time, I spotted dozens of Clouded Yellow butterflies in an alpine meadow. I spent half an hour chasing them, only for them to fly away each time.
Over the course of multiple visits to Ladakh for butterfly observation, I've had the remarkable opportunity to photograph more than 40 “lifers”—species I encountered for the very first time. These discoveries have added valuable knowledge to the field and led to the publication of two research papers in the Journal of Threatened Taxa.
In addition to this，I partnered with the Snow Leopard Conservancy to create a small booklet showcasing 50 butterfly species found in Ladakh, with the goal of raising awareness and promoting butterfly watching as a unique and sustainable activity. This initiative aims to inspire both locals and tourists to explore the rich biodiversity of the region, while fostering a greater appreciation for Ladakh's delicate ecosystems.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者去拉达克高海拔地区观察蝴蝶，描述了追逐蝴蝶的过程以及感受。
1．Why did the author decide to visit Ladakh？(　　)
A．To survey butterflies at high altitudes.
B．To search for butterfly habitats.
C．To carry out a travel schedule.
D．To recommend tourist attractions.
解析：A　细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, I had never...Ladakh to search for butterflies.”可知，作者决定访问拉达克是为了在高海拔地区观察蝴蝶。故选A。
A
2．Which best describes the author's chasing butterflies？(　　)
A．Challenging and fascinating.
B．Scary and exciting.
C．Embarrassing and amusing.
D．Dangerous and interesting.
解析：A　推理判断题。根据第三段“More than once, I'd spot...them to fly away each time.”可知，追逐蝴蝶很费力，具有挑战性；根据第四段可知，作者第一次遇到的蝴蝶物种增加了宝贵知识，说明过程很有吸引力。故作者追逐蝴蝶的过程具有挑战性和吸引力。故选A。
A
3．What is the author's purpose of making a booklet？(　　)
A．To document insect species in India.
B．To encourage eco-aware exploration.
C．To promote local tourism in Ladakh.
D．To compare butterfly research findings.
解析：B　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，作者制作小册子的目的是鼓励生态探索。故选B。
B
4．What is the best title for the text？(　　)
A．Uniqueness of Butterflies
B．A Fascinating Journey
C．Biodiversity in Ladakh
D．A Fluttering Discovery
解析：D　标题归纳题。根据第二段中“My first ‘butterflying’ visit...in August 2018.”结合全文可知，本文主要讲述了作者去拉达克高海拔地区观察蝴蝶，描述了追逐蝴蝶的过程以及感受。D选项“翩翩飞舞的发现”最符合文章标题。故选D。
D
B
(2025·安徽省示范高中联考)
According to a new study, climate change will change and reduce the land suitable for growing food and wood, putting the production of these two important resources into direct competition.
The sight of vineyards (葡萄园) in Britain is becoming more common as hotter summers create increasingly suitable conditions for growing grapes. But behind this success story is an acute one: climate change is moving the regions of the world suitable for growing crops.
Researchers at the University of Cambridge have uncovered a looming (迫在眉睫的) issue: As the land suitable for producing our food moves northwards, it will put pressure on the land we need to grow trees. The wood these trees produce is the basis of much of modern life—from paper and cardboard to furniture and buildings.
They say that the increasing competition between land for wood production and food production due to climate change has, until now, been ignored, but is set to be an emerging issue as our demand for both continues to increase.
Under the worst-case scenario (可能的情况) for climate change, where no action is taken to reduce carbon emissions in society, the study found that over a quarter of existing forestry land will become more suitable for farming by the end of the century.
“There's only a limited area of suitable land on the planet where we can produce food and wood—two critical resources for society. As climate change worsens and farming is forced to expand northwards, there's going to be increasing pressure on wood production，” said a researcher in the University of Cambridge's Department of Plant Sciences.
“We've got to be thinking fifty years ahead because if we want wood in the future, we need to be planting it now. The trees that will be cut down by the end of this century are already in the ground—they're on much slower cycles than food crops，” the researcher added.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了气候变化对农业和林业用地的影响。
5．What does the underlined word “acute” in paragraph 2 mean？(　　)
A．Serious.　　　　　 B．Sweet.
C．Slight. D．Graceful.
解析：A　词义猜测题。根据第二段中“But behind this success story...suitable for growing crops.”可知，“success story”和“acute one”逻辑用转折连词“but”连接，说明前后两句话表达的意思相反，“success story”表示成功的故事，说明前面提到的情况是积极的，那么与之相反的“acute one”应该表示的是消极的情况。故选A。
A
6．What is a new issue arising from climate change？(　　)
A．The overproduction of wood.
B．Loss of biodiversity and habitats.
C．A decrease in global food demand.
D．Agriculture and forestry battle for land.
解析：D　细节理解题。根据第三段中“As the land suitable...we need to grow trees.”和第四段中“They say that the increasing...until now, been ignored”可知，气候变化引发的新问题是农业和林业在土地上产生竞争。故选D。
D
7．What does the researcher think of the situation of wood production？
(　　)
A．It's promising. B．It's challenging.
C．It's satisfying. D．It's confusing.
解析：B　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“As climate change...on wood production”可知，研究人员认为木材生产的形势是具有挑战性的。故选B。
B
8．What is the best title for the text？(　　)
A．The Rise of Grape Yards in Britain
B．Climate Change and Wood Production
C．The Impact of Climate Change on Land Use
D．The Future of Agriculture in a Warming World
解析：C　标题归纳题。根据第一段内容以及文章其余部分围绕气候变化对土地利用产生的影响展开可知，文章讲述了农业和林业在土地上产生竞争的情况。由此可知，文章主要讲述的是气候变化对土地利用的影响。故选C。
C
C
(2025·杭州市二模)
When Alexander Fleming returned to his lab in 1928，he found a bacteria culture he had grown was infected by fungus (霉菌), killing any colonies it touched. Rather than simply starting over, Fleming switched his focus to the fungus. He identified the bacteria-killing substance, which he called “penicillin”， and seemingly in a single stroke, created the new field of antibiotics (抗生素)．
That's how most people see innovation: A flash of brilliance and Eureka, a new world is born. The truth, however, is messier. It wasn't until 1943 that penicillin came into widespread use.
To put Fleming's discovery in context, consider Ignaz Semmelweis, who pioneered hand washing in maternity wards (产房), significantly reducing childbed fever but receiving scorn instead of fame. That was because in the 1850s, his ideas conflicted with the popular miasma theory, which attributed disease to “bad airs”. After his death in 1865, germ theory was accepted, paving the way for Fleming's later work.
Fleming was a gifted biologist but a poor communicator. When he published his results in 1929, few took notice. In 1935, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered Fleming's paper, understood its importance, and developed methods to produce penicillin in quantity. By 1943，with World War Ⅱ raging, the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass-produce penicillin, saving countless lives and ushering_in the new age of antibiotics. Fleming, Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945.
Penicillin owes much of its success to government support. For many other groundbreaking innovations like the Internet and GPS, their innovators, while carving their own path, are often uncertain of where the opportunity lies until they team up with other visionaries and corporations, who might have the resources to fast-track their ideas. So, look at any significant innovation and the myth of the lone genius and the “eureka moment” breaks down.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了青霉素的发现和发展历程，通过这一实例揭示了创新是一个复杂且漫长的过程，并非是人们通常认为的天才的灵光一闪。
9．What are the first two paragraphs mainly about？(　　)
A．An account of a lab story.
B．Redefinition of a traditional view.
C．Correction of a popular misconception.
D．An analysis of a scientific phenomenon.
解析：C　段落大意题。第一段讲述弗莱明发现青霉素的过程。根据第二段中“That's how most people see...The truth, however, is messier.”可知，前两段主要是纠正人们对创新的普遍误解，即认为创新是一蹴而就的这种错误观念。故选C。
C
10．What is the message conveyed in paragraph 3？(　　)
A．Great minds think alike.
B．The early bird catches the worm.
C．Luck's got your back when it comes to success.
D．Early work is a stepping stone to later breakthroughs.
解析：D　推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“That was because in...way for Fleming's later work.”可推知，早期塞麦尔维斯的工作为后来弗莱明的突破奠定了基础，即早期工作是后来突破的垫脚石。故选D。
D
11．What does the underlined part “ushering in” in the paragraph 4 mean？(　　)
A．Delaying. B．Introducing.
C．Predicting. D．Transforming.
解析：B　词义猜测题。根据文章第四段中“By 1943, with World War Ⅱ...saving countless lives ”，可知，大规模生产青霉素，使得抗生素进入了新时代。所以“ushering in” 意思是 “引入，开启”。故选B。
B
12．Which of the following can be the best title？(　　)
A．Great Innovations: Individuals Are True Heroes
B．From Failure to Success: The Story of Penicillin
C．The Lone Genius: Fleming's Discovery of Penicillin
D．The Long Road to Penicillin: How Innovation Happens
解析：D　标题归纳题。文章主要讲述了青霉素从弗莱明的发现，到经过一系列的发展，包括前人工作的铺垫、其他人的进一步研究以及政府的支持等，最终才得以广泛应用，开启了抗生素新时代，强调了创新是一个漫长的过程。选项 D“通往青霉素的漫长道路：创新是如何发生的”为短文的最佳标题。故选D。
D
训练8　文章大意题
(建议用时：25分钟　总分：30分)
阅读理解(每小题2.5分)
A
(2025·广东五校联考)
When Bethany Renfree was 26 years old, she and her three young daughters lived in a low-income apartment building in Jackson, California. Like most of the tenants, Renfree was a single mother. Life was tough.
One cold morning, as Renfree shuffled into the kitchen, she looked at the sink piled high with pots and pans and dishes. “These pots were caked in grease and burnt because I actually didn't really know how to cook very well at that time. So I'd always be burning our pans with eggs or other things，” Renfree said.
Her 18-month-old twins sat in their high chairs，and her youngest was just a month old. When her eyes returned to the sink, a feeling of hopelessness washed over her.
“I just couldn't bring myself to do those dishes. And I couldn't look at them any longer. It was a reminder of how overwhelmed I felt in my own life，” Renfree remembered.
So she grabbed a garbage bag and filled it up with all the dirty dishes. She dragged it outside to the trash, but it was full, so she left it on the very edge of the garbage can. Then she packed up her kids and left for the day.
“When I got back that evening, it was dark，” Renfree said. “But as we were coming in, I kind of kicked something. It was a box.”
Renfree brought the box inside and set it on the table. She had no idea what was inside. “It was my pots, pans and dishes. They were all clean, shining and sparkling，” Renfree remembered. “And a little note popped out, a handwritten note on a yellow piece of paper: ‘I've been there before, you will make it, I promise you.’”
To this day, Renfree doesn't know which of her neighbors washed and returned her dishes. She assumes it was one of the other single mums in the building. “I am so grateful to have learned that we are surrounded by kindness and understanding even in our hardest moments. ”
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。Bethany Renfree是一位带着三个幼儿的单身母亲。一天，当她面对一大堆待洗的锅碗瓢盆发愁时，一位神秘陌生人的出现帮她解决了难题。
1．What made Bethany Renfree feel hopeless？(　　)
A．Being a single mother.
B．Three young daughters.
C．Dirty pots and pans and dishes.
D．Living in a low-income building.
解析：C　细节理解题。根据第一至三段可知，当Bethany Renfree盯着水槽里一大堆待洗的锅碗瓢盆时感到手足无措，产生了一种绝望的感觉。故C项正确。
C
2．How did Bethany Renfree plan to deal with her dishes？(　　)
A．Throw them away.
B．Clean them by herself.
C．Sell them at a lower price.
D．Ask someone to wash them.
解析：A　细节理解题。根据第五段可知，Bethany Renfree把所有的脏锅碗瓢盆都装进垃圾袋，然后把它放在垃圾桶的边缘(由于垃圾桶满了)。由此可见她打算把这些脏的锅碗瓢盆扔掉。故A项正确。
A
3．How would Bethany Renfree react to the box with pots and pans？
(　　)
A．Curious and doubtful. B．Surprised and moved.
C．Confused and worried. D．Sorry and disappointed.
解析：B　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段可知，Bethany Renfree打开箱子一看，里面装着她打算扔掉的那些锅碗瓢盆，但都是被洗得干干净净的。根据当时的情景可以判断她既吃惊又感动。故B项正确。
B
4．What message does the author try to convey by writing the text？
(　　)
A．Doing the chores can be easy.
B．All difficulties can be overcome.
C．Kindness occurs everywhere in our life.
D．We should stay strong facing difficulties.
解析：C　文章大意题。综合全文可知，本文主要讲述了Bethany Renfree在生活中遇到困境时得到陌生邻居帮助的事。这充分揭示了我们生活中“处处有好人、处处有关爱”这一主题。故C项正确。
C
B
(2025·成都模拟)
Perfectionism is always encouraged in our society. In one study, researchers found that over the time period studied, college students reported increasing levels of perfectionism: they held themselves to higher standards, felt there were higher expectations placed on them, and held others to higher standards.
Importantly, what increased the most were the social expectations that young adults picked up on from the surrounding environment. The researchers believe that this could be because society is increasingly competitive: college students might pick up on these pressures from their parents and from society, which would increase perfectionist tendencies.
Since perfectionism is associated with negative outcomes, what can someone with perfectionist tendencies do to change their behavior
One possible alternative to perfectionism involves developing what psychologists call a growth mindset. Researchers at Stanford University have found that cultivating a growth mindset is a crucial way to help us learn from our failures. Unlike those with fixed mindsets (who see their skill levels as unchangeable), those with growth mindsets believe they can improve their abilities by learning from their mistakes. Psychologists point out that parents can play a crucial role in helping their children develop healthier attitudes towards failure: they can praise their children for making an effort and help children learn to persevere when they make mistakes.
Another potential alternative to perfectionism is to develop self-compassion. To understand self-compassion, think about how you would respond to a close friend if they made a mistake. Chances are, you'd probably respond with kindness and understanding, knowing that your friend meant well. The idea behind self-compassion is that we should treat ourselves kindly when we make mistakes, remind ourselves that mistakes are part of being human, and avoid being consumed by negative emotions.
Although people are sometimes hesitant to give up their perfectionist tendencies, psychologists point out that giving up on perfection doesn't mean being less successful. In fact, because mistakes are an important part of learning and growing, embracing imperfection can actually help us in the long run.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。很多人都喜欢追求完美，可是，本文建议我们放弃完美主义。
5．What leads to college students' increasing levels of perfectionism？
(　　)
A．Personal choices.
B．National policies.
C．Family background.
D．Social environment.
解析：D　细节理解题。根据第二段可知，研究人员认为，导致年轻人对完美主义的追求加剧的主要原因是全社会激烈的竞争。故D项正确。
D
6．What should we do to have a growth mindset？(　　)
A．Try to avoid making mistakes.
B．Reduce the number of failures.
C．Change the way we look at failure.
D．Change our attitude towards success.
解析：C　细节理解题。根据第四段可知，成长的心态强调我们要将错误和失败看作学习的机会。故C项正确。
C
7．What is the key to developing self-compassion？(　　)
A．Thinking in a positive way.
B．Sticking to your principles.
C．Challenging and improving yourself.
D．Understanding and accepting yourself.
解析：D　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段可知，自我同情的关键在于认识到任何人(包括自己)都会犯错、接受不完美的世界(包括别人和自己)，然后善待别人，也善待自己。故D项正确。
D
8．What is this text mainly about？(　　)
A．How to deal with perfectionism.
B．Why perfectionism is on the rise.
C．The problems with perfectionism.
D．The possible effects of perfectionism.
解析：A　主旨大意题。本文第一段指出大学生当中完美主义在加剧，第二段分析其原因，后面全部是告诉我们如何放弃完美主义。故A项正确。
A
C
(2025·南宁模拟)
In 1984, the World Chess Championship was called off suddenly, due to the worryingly thin body of Anatoly Karpov, a top Russian player who was competing for the title. Over the past five months and dozens of matches, Karpov had lost 22 lbs. (10 kilograms)!
Karpov's wasn't alone in experiencing the extreme physical effects of the game. Actually, many chess players are under intense pressure that causes stress, which can lead to an elevated heart rate, faster breathing and sweating. While no chess competitor has experienced such profound weight loss since then, excellent players can reportedly burn up to about 6，000 calories in one day—all without moving from their seats, ESPN reported.
Is the brain responsible for this use of energy And does that mean that thinking harder is a simple route to losing weight To answer that question, we first need to understand how much energy is used up by a regular brain.
When the body is at rest—not engaged in any activity besides the basics of breathing, digesting and keeping itself warm—we know that the brain uses up a startling 20% to 25% of the body's overall energy.
That translates to 350 or 450 calories per day for the average woman or man, respectively. During childhood, the brain is even more ravenous. “In the average 5-to 6-year-old, the brain can use upwards of 60% of the body's energy，” said Doug Boyer, an associate professor from Duke University.
The brain is the most energy-expensive organ in the body, and yet it makes up only 2% of the body's weight, overall. Boyer believes the reason is that despite brains being lightweight, human brains are large relative to the rest of the body.
In addition, the brain never really rests, he explained; when we sleep, it still requires fuel to keep firing off signals between cells to maintain our body's functions.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要告诉我们这样一个事实——我们的大脑每天也在消耗大量的卡路里。
9．Why was the World Chess Championship called off in 1984？(　　)
A．Because of Anatoly Karpov's poor health.
B．Because of great stress.
C．Because of Anatoly Karpov's bad performance.
D．Because of fierce competition.
解析：A　细节理解题。根据第一段可知，俄罗斯棋手Anatoly Karpov面对高强度的比赛，5个月里体重降了10公斤。正是由于他的身体原因比赛才被叫停。故A项正确。
A
10．How many calories does an average man need every day？(　　)
A．1，400 to 1，750.　 B．1，500 to 1，850.
C．1，800 to 2，250. D．1，900 to 2，350.
解析：C　数字计算题。根据第四、五段可知，大脑消耗人体卡路里总量的20%到25%，而一个男人每天大脑消耗450卡路里。故C项正确。
C
11．What does the underlined word “ravenous” in paragraph 5 mean？
(　　)
A．Active. B．Hungry.
C．Important. D．Intelligent.
解析：B　词义猜测题。根据上下文可知，成年人每天大脑消耗身体卡路里总量的20%到25%，而5、6岁小孩的大脑要消耗身体卡路里总量的60%。故B项正确。
B
12．What message does this text mainly convey？(　　)
A．How our brain works indeed.
B．Why our brain needs energy.
C．Our brain burns many calories.
D．Our brain is of great importance.
解析：C　文章大意题。综合全文可知，本文主要告诉我们这样一个事实——我们的大脑每天也在消耗大量的卡路里。故C项正确。
C
训练9　段落大意题
(建议用时：25分钟　总分：30分)
阅读理解(每小题2.5分)
A
(2025·河南省五市联考)
My father's thrift (节俭) philosophy shaped my youth. Unlike peers receiving pocket money, I never got a penny—not from cruelty, but to build self-reliance. Each morning, he'd note, “Mrs. Wilson needs her garden weeded; Mr. Carter requires help sorting bottles.” I earned coins through seasonal work in the neighborhood: sweeping leaves, shoveling snow and babysitting.
Savings filled the tin under my bed, its weight showing my growing pride. Though he occasionally borrowed for emergencies (a flat tire or a medical bill), repayment was exact and timely. When I lost two months' earnings in a failed lemonade business, his only words were, “Live and learn.” At twelve, I considered this cruel; at thirty, I value its wisdom—true lessons grow through doing.
Modern thrift education focuses on saving, but ignores its key point: earning. Father believed “earned coins teach value; given coins generate greed”—a truth wealthy families overlook while advocating thrift. By delivering papers at dawn and mowing lawns at dusk, I learned that true thrift is a triad (三位一体)—earn through labor, save with intention, spend with care. This trio, unteachable in classrooms, roots in blistered (满是水泡的) hands and difficult situations.
Locally, supermarkets throws outdated bread (still eatable) as shelters beg for donations. Witnessing global contrasts inspires my resolve: 1.3 billion tons of food go bad annually—enough to feed all the hungry—while 800 million starve. This phenomenon fuels my Food Rescue project—redirecting bakery remains to food banks and training youth to reuse deserted furniture for schools. Through such acts, thrift becomes social justice. As Father said, “Earning teaches respect for resources.” In our wasteful era, thrift transforms from personal discipline to collective duty.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者父亲的节俭哲学对其成长的影响，阐述了真正节俭的核心，并通过全球食物浪费现象说明节俭有助于建立社会正义。
1．Why did the author work for neighbors during his youth？(　　)
A．To raise fund for his project.
B．To help neighbors in need.
C．To meet his father's principle.
D．To solve weight problems.
解析：C　细节理解题。根据第一段可知，作者在年轻时为邻居工作是为了遵循父亲培养他自立的原则。故选C。
C
2．What does the author now think about his father's words “Live and learn”？(　　)
A．A plus.　　　　　 B．A burden.
C．A dilemma. D．A cruelty.
解析：A　细节理解题。根据第二段中“When I lost two months' earnings...lessons grow through doing.”可知，作者现在认为父亲说的“吃一堑，长一智”是有价值的。故选A。
A
3．What is the main idea of paragraph 3？(　　)
A．The role of true thrift.
B．The examples of true thrift.
C．The core of true thrift.
D．The challenges of true thrift.
解析：C　段落大意题。通读第三段可知，该段主要阐述了真正节俭的核心。故选C。
C
4．Why does the author mention the global food waste data？(　　)
A．To evaluate modern school systems.
B．To stress thrift's application in society.
C．To urge stricter laws against food waste.
D．To compare different consumption habits.
解析：B　推理判断题。根据第四段可知，作者提及全球食物浪费数据让人震惊，为的是强调节俭在社会中的应用。故选B。
B
B
(2025·南京市、盐城市模拟)
Inspired by an event held by the Dallas-based Daddy Stroller (婴儿车) Social Club (DSSC) , a group for fathers, Brandon Shaw wrote an 83-page typed letter to his father. From the Blacklit bookstore, Kalvin Bridgewater led 15 dads, including his own father, who was seated next to Shaw, in an emotional event where the men dug into what they hated, loved, misunderstood and appreciated about their fathers as they grew up.
Founded by Bridgewater in 2021, DSSC initially met with about 30 dads per event but skyrocketed in popularity after two online videos became hits in April 2024. It now attracts over 150 dads at events, where fathers bond over shared experiences and provide emotional backing for one another.
DSSC's appeal is broad, attracting dads from various professions, including doctors, engineers, and electricians. The group emphasizes emotional support, with members regularly checking in on one another. As Shaw shared, the group provides a space where men can be open, asking, “How are you feeling？” Shaw, who joined the group when he first became a father, said it has made him more patient and understanding.
Bridgewater, who became a certified doula (产妇陪护师) to better support his wife through pregnancy (孕期), also ensures DSSC allows partners some time for themselves. At a May event, scheduled just before Mother's Day, mothers had the day off while fathers spent time bonding with their children.
Brandon Shaw described the experience as transformative, saying it helped him connect with his own weaknesses, something he had previously kept hidden. He sent the letter he wrote to his father for Father's Day. It arrives soon. He said he doesn't expect a response and just hopes his father reads it. As Bridgewater puts it, fatherhood is just about “being honest and sharing”．
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了达拉斯Daddy Stroller Social Club (DSSC)如何通过组织活动促进父亲们的情感支持和相互理解，改善他们的心理健康。
5．What can be inferred about DSSC from the first two paragraphs？
(　　)
A．It creates a group of father influencers.
B．It repairs broken father-son relationships.
C．It promotes fathers' emotional well-being.
D．It highlights fathers' vital role in childcare.
解析：C　推理判断题。根据第一段内容以及第二段中“It now attracts...for one another.”可知，在DSSC组织的活动中，父亲们挖掘自己对父亲的情感，并且在活动中通过共同的经历建立联系，互相提供情感支持，故可推知，DSSC促进了父亲们的情感健康。故选C。
C
6．What makes DSSC appealing？(　　)
A．Parenting instructions.
B．Good childcare service.
C．Supportive atmosphere.
D．Diverse member backgrounds.
解析：C　细节理解题。根据第三段可知，DSSC吸引人的是其支持性的氛围。故选C。
C
7．Why is the May event mentioned in paragraph 4？(　　)
A．To illustrate another aim of DSSC.
B．To justify the founder's personal experience.
C．To stress the importance of DSSC.
D．To show an ideal husband-wife relationship.
解析：A　推理判断题。根据第四段可推知，第四段提到5月的活动是为了说明DSSC的另一个目标，即让伴侣们有一些自己的时间。故选A。
A
8．What is the main idea of the last paragraph？(　　)
A．The severity of parental issues.
B．DSSC's influence on its members.
C．The necessity to identify weaknesses.
D．Bridgewater's devotion to fatherhood.
解析：B　段落大意题。通读最后一段可知，最后一段主要讲的是DSSC对其成员的影响。故选B。
B
C
(2025·福建省适应性练习卷)
In today's fast-paced world, the art of mindful living has become increasingly essential. Mindfulness, the practice of being fully present in the moment, offers a pathway to inner peace and clarity among the chaos of modern life. It is not merely a technique but a way of being that transforms our relationship with ourselves and the world around us.
At its core, mindful living involves paying attention to our thoughts, feelings, and sensations without judgment. By observing our experiences with curiosity and openness, we can break free from automatic reactions and cultivate a deeper understanding of ourselves. This awareness allows us to respond to life's challenges with greater wisdom and kindness.
One of the key benefits of mindfulness is its ability to reduce pressure. When we focus on the present moment, we let go of worries about the past or future. Simple practices, such as mindful breathing or mindful walking, can root us in the here and now, creating a sense of calm and stability. Over time, these practices can rewire our brains, making us more resilient (有韧性的) to stress and challenges.
Moreover, mindful living enhances our relationships. By being fully present with others, we listen more deeply and communicate with greater effectiveness. This fosters empathy (共情) and connection, strengthening the bonds we share with family, friends, and colleagues. Mindfulness also encourages gratitude, helping us appreciate the small joys of life that often go unnoticed.
In essence, the art of mindful living is a journey of self-discovery and growth. It invites us to slow down, treasure each moment, and welcome life with a sense of wonder. As we cultivate mindfulness, we not only improve our own well-being but also contribute to a more kind and harmonious world. In a society that often values speed and productivity over presence and reflection, mindful living offers a timeless reminder of what truly matters.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了什么是正念生活以及正念生活带来的好处。
9．What can we know about mindfulness from the first two paragraphs？
(　　)
A．It is combination of life chaos with inner peace.
B．It is awareness of the present without judgement.
C．It is absence of observing our experiences.
D．It is wisdom of understanding with openness.
解析：B　细节理解题。根据第一段中“Mindfulness, the practice of...modern life.”以及第二段中“At its core, mindful living...sensations without judgment.”可知，正念是不加判断的对当下的意识。故选B。
B
10．What is the main idea of paragraph 3？(　　)
A．Simple actions make a big difference.
B．Calm and stability enhance life quality.
C．Mindfulness eases stress and builds toughness.
D．Mindfulness recalls the past and values the future.
解析：C　段落大意题。通读第三段可知，第三段的主旨是正念可以缓解压力，增强韧性。故选C。
C
11．Which is a practice of mindful living？(　　)
A．Checking emails while socializing.
B．Listening to music while doing homework.
C．Enjoying each bite while having meals.
D．Doing housework while watching a movie.
解析：C　细节理解题。根据第一段中“Mindfulness, the practice of...modern life.”以及第三段中“Simple practices, such as...a sense of calm and stability.”可知，正念强调的是活在当下的感觉，扎根于此时此地，故C选项“享受吃饭时的每一口”是正念生活的实践。故选C。
C
12．What is the author's overall attitude toward mindful living？(　　)
A．Sympathetic. B．Reserved.
C．Critical. D．Supportive.
解析：D　观点态度题。根据最后一段中“As we cultivate...reminder of what truly matters.”可知，作者对正念生活的总体态度是支持的。故选D。
D

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