资源简介

(共100张PPT)
题型3　词句猜测题
词句猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个单词、短语或句子的能力。猜测词句能力的高低，直接影响着阅读理解题得分的高低。词句猜测题主要包括词义(包括单词或短语)猜测题、代词指代题和句意猜测题。
常见设问方式有：
·What does the underlined word/phrase/sentence “...” mean/refer to
·What is closest in meaning to “...” in paragraph...
·Which expression can best replace the underlined word/phrase “...”？
利用上下文语境猜测词义
利用上下文语境猜测词义是解决词义猜测题最常用的方法，考生可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义。
技法1　词义猜测题——上下语境猜词义
[典例1]　(2025·全国一卷阅读B)
(Para.3)As a new unit started, I asked everyone to write a persuasive piece on a health-related topic of their choice. This time they found the exercise much more interesting.For the next two assignments, a personal-narrative unit followed by a creative-writing workshop, I only required that the piece meet the specifications of its genre (体裁) and that it contain a thesis. The results were staggering. The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories, 10 to 20 pages each, with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart.
26．What does the underlined word “staggering” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Mixed.　　　　
B．Amazing.
C．Similar.
D．Disturbing.
根据画线词下文“学生们选取了多样的主题，交上来的故事每篇都有10到20页长，其中的人物拓宽了我的视野，也触动了我的心。”可知，学生们写出了内容丰富、打动人心的故事，与之前的表现形成强烈对比。 故推测staggering意为“令人震惊的、惊人的”。
参考答案：___
解题思路
B
图解技法
利用逻辑关系猜测词义
语篇是按照一定的逻辑关系展开的，因此，可以根据逻辑关系大致推断出生词词义。一般来说，能借助的逻辑关系有转折/对比、同位以及因果等。
[典例2]　(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读D)Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革)．
(Para.2)In the wrong hands，such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but，thankfully，Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic，making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which，by the close，will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
32．What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．If read by someone poorly educated.　　　　
B．If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C．If written by someone less competent.
D．If translated by someone unacademic.
判断逻辑关系：信号词but，thankfully表示转折关系，暗示画线短语所在部分与后面的意思相反。
分析解题线索并推断词义：后面的句子提到坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，能把复杂难懂的东西翻译成可以理解的东西。结合转折关系可以推断，前面应该表示“如果是由能力较差的人来写，这样一本书可能会和驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂”，故推测画线短语表示“如果是由能力不足的人来写”。
解题思路
验证词义：后文说她从一个商业人士的实际角度而不是从一个学者的角度来写作，这使得这本指南非常容易理解而且信息丰富。这也证明了她有能力写得好。
参考答案：___
C
图解技法
根据语法关系猜测词义
英语的行文离不开语法，句子中的同位语、定语、代词等分别所起的解释说明、修饰限定、指代等作用，也可以提供相关的猜词线索，帮助猜测词义。
[典例3]　(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读C)The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people's wellbeing.It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia，a serious illness of the mind.Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
...
(Para.7) Wendy Wilson，extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street，one of the first to embark on the project，said，“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions.We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”
30．What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7
A．Improve.　　　
B．Oppose.
C．Begin.
D．Evaluate.
“one of the first to embark on the project”是主语Wendy Wilson的同位语，根据embark on前面的“one of the first”及其后面的“Residents really welcome the idea of...to people here”可知，此处指Wendy Wilson是最早发起这个项目的人之一。
参考答案：____
解题思路
C
图解技法
利用构词法猜测词义
利用构词法不用阅读上下文便能够猜出词义，然后再结合语境猜测，这样事半功倍，而且具有双重保险，大大提高了解题效率和正确率。所以建议考生在做题时，遇到可以利用构词法的，一定先利用构词法，再结合语境解题。
[典例4]　(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C)The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism，including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works，and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you.
To do so，I divided the book into two parts.In part one，I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism，starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people's digital lives increasingly intolerable，before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
(Para.3) Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy：the digital declutter．This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days，you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
29．What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Clear-up.　　
B．Add-on.
C．Check-in.
D．Take-over.
首先，观察单词declutter含有前缀de-，前缀de-来自拉丁语，意为“away from”，这个前缀有“除去”“取消”“离开”以及“否定”“非”等意思。结合语境，根据第三段第二句“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.”可知，the digital declutter 要求人们远离一些线上活动，言外之意是，对数字活动进行清理，由此可推测出词义。
参考答案：___
解题思路
A
图解技法
技法2　代词指代题——“就近原则”判指代
代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多，动作转换频繁的语境中，应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词的所指。解答这类题目的时候，可以利用就近原则，结合语境找出语意相关的名词、词组或句子等。
[典例5]　(2025·全国二卷阅读B)Still, in room 386, academics don't come first. Physical health and mental health are the priority. “If you're scared about something and thinking only about that, there's no way you're going to be able to learn，” Ho says. “I'm a coach, an adviser, and a comforter, and that's what it means to be a hospital teacher.”
(Para.4) There are up to 30 students at any given time in Ho's class. She generally works with their regular teachers to get lessons and tests being used at their home schools. Some teachers don't give the kids any assignments; they express sympathy instead. “I feel like it is a disservice to the kids，” Ho says. “They think their teachers don't care about their schoolwork.”
26．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4
A．Offering regular lessons.
B．Paying extra attention.
C．Assigning no schoolwork.
D．Showing no sympathy.
根据画线词后一句“They think their teachers don't care about their schoolwork.”可知，孩子们会以为老师不关心他们的学业。再结合“Some teachers don't give the kids any assignments; they express sympathy instead. ‘I feel like it is a disservice to the kids，’ Ho says.”可知， Ho认为老师不给学生布置作业的做法对他们有损害。因此， 根据上下文语境可知，“it”指代上文“Some teachers don't give the kids any assignments”这一行为。
参考答案：___
C
解题思路
图解技法
技法3　句意猜测题——“意义吻合”推句意
句意猜测题一般出现在前后文有解释的特殊含义的语句或高度概括句中，要求考生用合适的句子解释这一语句或这一语句的某一部分。锁定语句，前后寻找，意义吻合是解题关键。
[典例6]　(2024·全国甲卷阅读B)(Para.3) Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit，but cats take this behavior up a notch．Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners.This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物)．Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you.These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time.So just go along with it!
26．Which best explains the phrase “take...up a notch” in paragraph 3
A．Perform appropriately.　
B．Move faster.
C．Act strangely.
D．Do better.
根据“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit，but cats take this behavior up a notch．”以及接下来的描述可知，猫通过带回物品给主人来表示爱意，这种行为比狗的取物行为更进一步，即做得更好。
参考答案：___
解题思路
D
图解技法
A
(2025·四川省绵阳市第三次诊断)Police officers with the ability to remember the faces of almost everyone they have ever seen are helping to crack down on crime.
跟踪
训练
Gary Collins, an off-duty policeman, watched the London riots (暴乱) on TV. He immediately recognized several people and cut his holiday short to help with identification. Many rioters were caught on BBC cameras, but most of the images were poor and the criminals had covered their faces. He ended up spending six months going through the BBC news and managed to identify 190 people, many from their eyes alone. His help was of decisive importance. Even with 200，000 hours of footage (镜头), facial recognition software managed to identify just one person.
Collins is no ordinary police officer. Soon after joining the police force, he realized he had a special gift: after seeing a face briefly, he could remember it in detail even years later. He is known as a super-recognizer. This term was first used when a study estimated that 1 to 2 percent of the population have severe problems recognizing faces, called “face-blindness”. Another 1 to 2 percent are super-recognizers: they can recall up to 95 percent of faces they see for years, while an average person remembers about 20 percent.
London Police set up a unit of super-recognizers after Collins proved it could be useful. It is the first of its kind in the world. Mick Neville, one of its founders, had realized that BBC news was not used efficiently in the court and did not seem to work as effective evidence.
Neville's unit has changed all that. Since it started, the tiny team of six officers has made nearly a quarter of all identifications in London, mainly by spending hours scanning film and photos. This is impressive, considering that there are 32，000 suspects in the city.
This winning combination of human skill and technology has helped arrest criminals from pocket lifters to murderers. Many pickpockets admit guilt when they realize they have been caught red-handed stealing a wallet from the tourists.
语境猜词：
①identification(派生词)＝identify＋后缀-cation ________________
②founder(派生词)＝found＋后缀-er ________________
③off-duty(合成词)＝off＋duty ________________
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了超强人脸识别能力在打击犯罪中发挥了重要作用。
1．What did Gary Collins do after the riots happened
A．He called the police immediately.
B．He joined the rioters in the streets.
C．He interrupted his vacation to assist.
D．He ignored the situation completely.
解析：C　细节理解题。根据第二段“Gary Collins, an off-duty...help with identification.”可知，暴乱发生后，Gary Collins中断假期去协助辨认。故选C。
2．Why is facial recognition software mentioned in the text
A．To prove its advantages over humans.
B．To show the talent of super-recognizers.
C．To suggest it may replace human efforts.
D．To explain its limitations in identification.
解析：B　推理判断题。根据第二段“He ended up spending six months going through the BBC news..., facial recognition software managed to identify just one person.”可知，提到面部识别软件是为了展示超级识别者的才能。故选B。
3．What is the main role of super-recognizers
A．Tracking suspects using software.　　　　　
B．Providing decisive evidence for arrest.
C．Identifying the faces of criminals.
D．Training new officers in facial recognition.
解析：C　细节理解题。根据第五段可知，超级识别者的主要作用是识别罪犯的面孔。故选C。
4．What does the underlined word “red-handed” mean in the last paragraph
A．With handmade gloves. B．In an embarrassing situation.
C．With blood in hands. D．In an act of committing a crime.
解析：D　词义猜测题。根据最后一段“Many pickpockets admit guilt when they realize they have been caught red-handed stealing a wallet from the tourists.”可推测，扒手是正在实施偷窃行为时被抓住的，画线单词red-handed意思是“正在实施犯罪行为时”。故选D。
B
(2025·江西省高三联考)It's a disturbing thought: At this very moment, tiny pieces of plastic are flowing through our bodies，a parade of unwelcome houseguests ready to take up residence in some tissue or organ. A wave of new studies has come out recently, and each one seems to paint an ever more vivid picture of how microplastics—and their smaller counterparts, nanoplastics—have infiltrated (渗入) the deepest corners of our body. The lungs, liver and heart, guts and brain—nothing seems to be spared.
The outpouring of research has brought enormous visibility to how these fragments (碎片) infiltrate our daily lives. Having long studied in oceans, waterways and marine life, researchers have now shifted focus to human health. A decade ago, Heather Leslie could scarcely find anyone to fund her work in this area. “It seemed like nobody wanted to touch it，” says Leslie, a microplastics researcher in the Netherlands whose team was the first to detect these particles in the human bloodstream several years ago.
As the work has made progress, so have questions about the damage microplastics could be doing inside of us. Researchers tend to be cautious about making pronouncements because the field is still in a “pioneering phase”， as Leslie put it. And yet there are undoubtedly concerns. Some of the strongest evidence comes from lab studies using animals as well as what's already known about the damaging effects of chemicals added to plastics. A review of the data published Wednesday concludes that microplastics are suspected to harm human reproductive, digestive and breathing health, with a possible link to colon and lung cancer.
“This is a signal that we should be acting now，” says Tracey Woodruff, a senior author on the study who directs the Program on Reproductive Health & the Environment at the University of California, San Francisco. Susanne Brander, an ecotoxicologist at Oregon State University, says it's not helpful to “trigger a tremendous state of alarm”， but she agrees that we already know enough about the health risks to push for substantive changes, including a global agreement to limit the rising production of plastics.
语境猜词：
①microplastic(派生)＝micro-(前缀)＋plastic ________________
②reproductive(派生)＝reproduce＋去e加后缀-tive ________________
③digestive(派生)＝digest＋后缀-ive ________________
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章旨在警示微塑料对人体健康的潜在威胁，推动社会采取预防性措施，减少塑料污染对人类与环境的长期风险。
5．What does the underlined phrase “a parade of unwelcome houseguests” in paragraph 1 imply
A．Beneficial substances entering the body.
B．Harmful particles invading the body.
C．Organized movement against plastics.
D．Medical treatment for plastics.
解析：B　词义猜测题。根据第一段“It's a disturbing...flowing through our bodies”可知，a parade of unwelcome houseguests直译为“一群不受欢迎的客人”，是对“微小的塑料碎片正渗入我们的身体”的进一步描述，这些微小的塑料碎片是有害的，所以这里指的是有害颗粒侵入身体。故选B。
6．What do lab studies using animals suggest
A．They go against previous findings about plastic additives.
B．They prove the safety of microplastics in controlled conditions.
C．They offer direct evidence of microplastics' harm to humans.
D．They indicate possible risks needing further study in humans.
解析：D　推理判断题。根据第三段可知，使用动物的实验室研究提供了一些证据，表明微塑料被怀疑对人类健康有害，有与结肠癌和肺癌的可能联系，这意味着它们暗示了可能存在的风险，需要在人类身上进一步调查。故选D。
7．Which best shows Susanne Brander's attitude
A．Immediate action isn't needed without definite evidence.
B．Global cooperation is important but needs more research.
C．Current data is enough to support policy changes.
D．The public should be alarmed to drive quick solutions.
解析：C　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，Susanne Brander认为不需要引起巨大的恐慌，但现有的关于健康风险的数据已经足够推动实质性的改变，包括达成全球协议来限制不断上升的塑料生产。故选C。
8．What is the purpose of the text
A．To emphasize the health risks of microplastics.
B．To put forward solutions for reducing microplastics.
C．To introduce Heather Leslie's research on microplastics.
D．To compare microplastics and nanoplastics.
解析：A　写作意图题。根据第一段以及纵观全文可知，文章开篇指出微小塑料碎片正渗入人体，接着介绍了新的研究表明微塑料已渗透到人体的各个部位，以及对其可能造成的危害的研究和担忧，最后提到应该采取行动。所以文章的主要目的是强调微塑料对健康的风险。故选A。
语境猜词答案：
A①n.识别、辨认(的过程)　②n.创立者、创始人　　③adj.下班的、非值班的
B①n.微塑料，塑料微粒 ②adj.生殖的，繁殖的；翻印的，复制的 ③adj.消化的
训练5　词义猜测题
(建议用时：25分钟　总分：30分)
阅读理解(每小题2.5分)
A
(2025·河南省五市联考)
“Where can I find your disability section？” This was the question that baffled Waterstones staff when asked by Dr Hannah Barham Brown. It should have been a pretty straightforward answer. Hannah was looking for the part of the shop where non-fiction books about disability and by disabled authors were kept, but the question drew a blank.
限时规范
训练5-6
This is because most bookshops don't have a specific place for non-fiction disabled books. Where there are sections for non-fiction books on important sections of identity such as race, gender and social studies, disability has been forgotten about again.
Hannah took to social media to share her disappointment and it resonated (共鸣) with much of the disabled community. After being asked by one Waterstones staff member if she could fill a shelf, she sourced a long list that could take up a whole bookcase. And there is a huge number of them to choose from. There are also some incredible new and upcoming books by disabled voices. And hopefully, in the coming years, my own memoir book will also sit alongside them.
From my own experience, the book-writing world is a hard space to access as a disabled woman. We're constantly told there isn't a market for our books or cheated off by agents and publishers who say they already have something similar—when often the only similarity is that we're disabled women. Not having our own section feeds these problems. The response I've had to this campaign shows that the demand for these books is there.
Growing up I would get swept up in stories of regular girls having adventures—but as someone treated with multiple conditions from the age of nine onwards, I very rarely saw myself in the pages I was pouring over. Growing up I never saw myself in books and it was one of the reasons I struggled to accept my disabilities. Hopefully disabled kids will grow up learning they're fine just as they are.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了Hannah Barham Brown博士和作者自身的经历，探讨了书店缺乏残障类相关书籍专区所带来的问题。
1．What does the underlined word “baffled” in paragraph 1 probably mean？(　　)
A．Amused.　　　　 B．Moved.
C．Confused. D．Angered.
解析：C　词义猜测题。根据文章第一段可知，Hannah Barham Brown博士问的问题本应是一个相当简单直接就能回答的问题，然而书店工作人员却对此答不上来。问题答不出来，工作人员应该是感到困惑。故选C。
C
2．What is the problem with books for the disabled in the bookstore？
(　　)
A．Few of them are published.
B．No special areas are for them.
C．The latest ones are in short supply.
D．They are seen as non-fiction books.
解析：B　细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容可知，书店里残障相关书籍存在的问题是没有专门为它们设立的区域。故选B。
B
3．What can be inferred about the author？(　　)
A．She is a writer. B．She is a teacher.
C．She is a historian. D．She is a librarian.
解析：A　推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“And hopefully, in the coming years, my own memoir book will also sit alongside them.”以及第四段可知，作者提到希望自己的回忆录能和其他残障人士创作的书籍摆在一起，还讲述了自己作为残障女性在图书创作领域遇到的困难。由此可推测，作者是一名作家。故选A。
A
4．What is the author's purpose in writing the text？(　　)
A．To donate books to the disabled.
B．To promote books from the disabled.
C．To support education for the disabled.
D．To address reading needs for the disabled.
解析：D　写作意图题。根据文章内容可知，文章开篇讲述了Hannah Barham Brown博士在书店找不到残障类书籍专区的经历，接着指出书店普遍缺乏这类专区的现象，然后作者结合自身作为残障女性在图书创作领域的艰难经历，说明残障类相关书籍有需求却面临诸多困境，最后提到自己成长过程中很少在书中看到与自己相关的内容，希望残障儿童能通过相关书籍认识到自己本来的样子就很好。所以作者写这篇文章的目的是强调满足残障人士的阅读需求。故选D。
D
B
(2025·雅礼中学测试卷)
A new study involving nearly 50，000 people from four continents offers new insights into identifying the quantity of daily walking steps that will best improve adults' health and longevity (长寿), and whether the ideal number of steps differs across people of different ages. The study represents an effort to develop an evidence-based public health message about the benefits of physical activity. The often-repeated 10，000-step-a-day saying grew out of a decades-old marketing activity for a Japanese pedometer (计步器), with no science to back it up.
Led by physical activity professor Amanda Paluch, an international group of scientists conducted an experiment among adults aged 18 and older. They grouped the nearly 50，000 participants into four comparative groups according to average steps per day. The lowest step group averaged 3，500 steps; the second, 5，800; the third, 7，800; and the fourth, 10，900 steps per day. Among the three higher active groups, there was a 40－53% lower risk of death, compared to the lowest step group.
More specifically, for adults 60 and older, the risk of early death leveled off at about 6，000－8，000 steps per day, meaning that more steps than that provided no additional benefit for longevity, while for adults younger than 60, about 8，000－10，000 steps per day.
“So, what we saw was this continuing reduction in risk as the number of steps increases, until it levels off. Interestingly, the study found no definitive association with walking speed，” Paluch says.
The new study supports and expands findings from another study led by Paluch before, which found that walking at least 7，000 steps a day reduced middle-aged people's risk of early death. “There's a lot of evidence suggesting that moving even a little more is beneficial, particularly for those who are doing very little activity，” Paluch says. “More steps per day are better for your health.”
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项新研究对四大洲近5万人进行了分析，确定了能够最大程度改善健康、延长寿命的每日步数，同时调查了不同年龄段的人每日最佳步数是否有所不同。
5．Why did the scientists carry out the new study？(　　)
A．To know about people's health condition.
B．To explain the pedometer's working principles.
C．To determine the best physical activity for people.
D．To provide a scientific guideline on daily walking.
解析：D　推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“The study represents...science to back it up.”可知，本研究旨在为日常走路锻炼提供科学指导。故选D。
D
6．What does the underlined phrase “leveled off” in paragraph 3 mean？(　　)
A．Turned higher. B．Became stable.
C．Fell sharply. D．Changed rapidly.
解析：B　词义猜测题。根据画线短语后面的“meaning that more steps than that provided no additional benefit for longevity”可知，多余的步数并不会增加额外的好处，由此可推知步数到达一定量之后降低死亡的风险趋于稳定，不再变化。leveled off意为“保持水平，保持平稳发展”，与B项意思相近。故选B。
B
7．What does the experiment find？(　　)
A．The old should walk as much as possible.
B．Young people usually walk more than the old.
C．The most beneficial steps differ by age groups.
D．Walking pace is the key to avoiding early death.
解析：C　推理判断题。根据第三段可推知，年龄不同，最佳效果步数也不一样。故选C。
C
8．What does Paluch advise people doing little activity to do？(　　)
A．To walk more steps.
B．To control walking speed.
C．To limit walking distance.
D．To track the number of steps.
解析：A　细节理解题。根据最后一段Paluch所说的“There's a lot of evidence...little activity”和“More steps per day are better for your health”可知，不运动的人，增加走路步数对健康有益，因此可知Paluch建议不运动的人应该增加走路步数。故选A。
A
C
(2025·河南省名校大联考)
New research from the University of South Australia (UniSA) highlights a critical but often overlooked factor in student success—wellbeing. In the study of more than 215，000 students, researchers from UniSA found that while standardized tests measure academic skills, different dimensions of wellbeing—emotional wellbeing, engagement, and learning readiness—can play a crucial role in performance.
Specifically, the study found that learning readiness, which includes foundational skills such as perseverance, confidence, and engagement, was not just a desirable outcome, but a catalyst for academic success.
“When we talk about learning readiness, we mean how prepared a child is to learn, not just academically, but also in their ability to stay focused, to overcome challenges, and believe in their ability to succeed，” says UniSA researcher Dr Rebecca Marrone. “It's about having good learning habits, and a motivation to learn, which together can help them perform better at school.”
This study draws on data from the South Australian Wellbeing and Engagement Collection (WEC) to assess the impact of student wellbeing and engagement of students in Years 4－10, and their academic achievement in tests between 2016 and 2019. The results show that schools need to shift towards a model that values both student wellbeing and academic achievement as vital components of education.
UniSA's Benjamin Lam says, “Student learning is complex, and it is affected by a range of contextual and individual differences. When students are mentally and emotionally healthy, they're more likely to be engaged and motivated and perform better academically. But the relationship is certainly not linear (线性的), and we can't infer that low-achieving students have low levels of wellbeing, or high-achieving students have high levels of wellbeing.”
“This means that schools must look beyond test scores and take a more personal, holistic (整体的) approach to supporting students，” adds Lam. “They can do this by adopting learner profiles that include wellbeing and engagement metrics (指标) alongside traditional grades, so that schools can better understand and respond to each student's needs.”
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍南澳大学研究发现学生幸福感对学业成功至关重要。
9．What does the underlined word “catalyst” in paragraph 2 mean？
(　　)
A．Definition.　　　　 B．Estimator.
C．Facilitator. D．Certificate.
解析：C　词义猜测题。根据第二段内容可知，学习准备度不仅是理想结果，更是学业成功的促进因素，catalyst的意思是“促进因素，催化剂”，与facilitator意思相符。故选C。
C
10．What does Dr Marrone try to explain in paragraph 3？(　　)
A．The benefits of good habits.
B．The way to pick up readiness.
C．The internal motivation to learn.
D．The concept of learning readiness.
解析：D　推理判断题。通读第三段可知，她在解释学习准备度的概念。故选D。
D
11．What do the researchers do for the study？(　　)
A．They analyze student-related data.
B．They organize happiness-themed tests.
C．They design various education models.
D．They interview students for more than 4 years.
解析：A　细节理解题。根据第四段可知，研究者分析了学生相关数据。故选A。
A
12．Which of the following does Benjamin Lam approve of？(　　)
A．A holistic education mode is far from practical.
B．Student learning is less complex than expected.
C．More engaged students are emotionally healthier.
D．Schools shouldn't just focus on traditional grades.
解析：D　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“‘This means that schools must look beyond test scores and take a more personal, holistic (整体的) approach to supporting students，’ adds Lam.”可推知，他认为学校不应只关注传统成绩。故选D。
D
训练6　代词指代题
(建议用时：25分钟　总分：30分)
阅读理解(每小题2.5分)
A
(2025·南京市考前综合训练)
In Warsaw, late October 1943, two nurses, Irena Sendler and Janina Grabowska, were enjoying a rare moment of peace in their war-torn city. But their laughter froze when they heard the Gestapo pounding on Sendler's door. Knowing she was minutes from arrest, she threw Janina her most dangerous possession: a glass bottle containing the names of over 2，000 Jewish children she brought to safety secretly.
This arrest wasn't the first scenes Sendler had faced in her lifelong struggles. She grew up in a town with many Jewish people, where her father treated poor Jewish patients other doctors refused to help. Sendler was angry at the constant discrimination against her Jewish friends.
In 1940, Hitler announced that Jews in Warsaw were to be forced into just over one square mile of land. Bordered by high walls and subject to constant monitoring, families living in the Warsaw Ghetto (犹太区) quickly became starving and sick. Sendler and her colleagues secured the passes to the ghetto by reason of checking for disease outbreaks. Moved by the scenes where desperate parents struggled to send their children out of the ghetto, Sendler and her associates developed an organized campaign of rescue missions. Children were hidden in dirty clothes, packed into boxes on trains, and carried beneath the Gestapo's noses in toolboxes and briefcases. To keep track of every child, Sendler kept painstaking records on thin cigarette paper and stored them in glass bottles.
At 3 a．m. on October 20th, the Gestapo burst into Sendler's apartment and arrested her. Despite months of physical and mental sufferings, Sendler disclosed no information. She was sentenced to death on January 20th, 1944, but, fortunately, was rescued by her associates as she walked to her death.
After the war, Sendler reconnected with the children she'd helped escape. Despite all the lives she saved, Sendler remained hesitant to accept praise for her actions, remarking, “I continue to feel uneasy in my conscience (良心) because I did so little.”
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Irena Sendler在二战期间勇敢救援犹太儿童的故事。
1．Why did Irena Sendler and her associates enter the Warsaw Ghetto？
(　　)
A．To give passes to the starving Jews.
B．To help Jewish children escape.
C．To check for disease outbreaks.
D．To monitor Jewish patients.
解析：B　细节理解题。 根据第三段中“Moved by the scenes...of rescue missions.”可知，Irena Sendler和她的同伴进入华沙犹太区是为了帮助犹太儿童逃离。故选B。
B
2．What does “them” in paragraph 3 refer to？(　　)
A．Gestapo's cigarettes.
B．Rescue missions.
C．Painful memories.
D．Children's names.
解析：D　代词指代题。 根据第三段中“To keep track of...them in glass bottles.”可知，为了追踪每个孩子，Sendler把记录写在薄烟纸上并储存在玻璃瓶里，them指代“记录”，即孩子们的名字。故选D。
D
3．Which of the following can best describe Sendler？(　　)
A．Independent and brave.
B．Communicative and patient.
C．Confident and energetic.
D．Courageous and sympathetic.
解析：D　推理判断题。 根据第三段中“Moved by the scenes...of rescue missions.”，倒数第二段中“At 3 a．m. on October 20th, the Gestapo burst into...Sendler disclosed no information.”和最后一段可知，Sendler冒着生命危险组织救援犹太儿童，面对盖世太保的逮捕和酷刑仍不屈服，体现“勇敢”；她因同情犹太朋友遭受的歧视而投身救援，看到犹太区的惨状后发起营救行动，体现“富有同情心”。故选D。
D
4．What is the best title for the text？(　　)
A．The Glass Bottles: Secrets Revealed
B．The Warsaw Ghetto: a Dark History
C．The Brave Rescuer of Jewish Children in Warsaw
D．The Everlasting Friendship in the Second World War
解析：C　标题归纳题。 根据文章内容可知，本文主要讲述了Irena Sendler在二战期间勇敢地拯救犹太儿童的故事，她不顾个人安危，秘密地将这些孩子带出华沙犹太区，并记录下他们的名字以确保他们能安全地生活。因此，选项C“华沙犹太儿童的勇敢救援者”最能概括文章的主旨。故选C。
C
B
(2025·济南市模拟)
Wildlife photographer Ingo Arndt discovered his first enormous ant mound (蚁丘) as a child exploring the forest with his father near their home almost 50 years ago. They were bird-watching and came around a bend in a thickly wooded area when there it was: a five-foot-tall mound, standing upward like a large stalagmite (石笋). Arndt wanted to investigate more closely, but a very particular smell suggested he rethink that. The air felt thick and sharp, discomforting his nose. “All my life，” he says, “I could remember the smell.”
Several years later, Arndt moved to the countryside. He continued his fascination with the mounds and their armies of tiny engineers. Outfitted with a high-resolution camera, he began photographing the mounds and sharing his imagery with researchers for a scientific perspective. It turned out the mound makers were indeed special. They were red wood ants—one of the smallest of all so-called keystone species. Keystone species such as elephants and sharks are watched closely because their behaviors affect so many aspects of the ecosystem that if they disappeared, it would struggle to adapt. Researchers also explained the smell from the mound. As the insects build a nest, they generate formic acid (蚁酸), the origin of the smell, which helps to fight against enemies.
But in recent decades, the population of ants has been declining as the forests have fallen victim to logging, urbanization, and wildfires, as well as drought and higher temperatures that have become more frequent with climate change. This has led several countries across the ants' range, including Germany, to enlist them as a protected species by law.
Today Arndt's photos put on display that as social insects, these small ants not only form complex societies, but they also cohabitate with a wide variety of species, creating a mass of coexisting relationships across a variety of plant and animal species. They are also a reminder that by protecting these unnoticed creatures, we are actually protecting ourselves.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章通过Arndt的经历和对红木蚁的研究，强调了这些微小物种在自然界中的重要性，尤其是它们对生态系统的影响。
5．How was Arndt's first encounter with the ant mound？(　　)
A．It reminded him of a bad experience.
B．It left him an unforgettable memory.
C．It aroused his enthusiasm for nature.
D．It inspired him to protect the forests.
解析：B　细节理解题。根据第一段中“Arndt wanted to investigate...‘I could remember the smell.’”可知，Arndt对蚁丘的气味留下了深刻的印象，这段经历给他留下了难忘的记忆。故选B。
B
6．What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refer to？
(　　)
A．The wooded area.
B．The mound maker.
C．The keystone species.
D．The entire ecosystem.
解析：D　代词指代题。根据第二段中“Keystone species such as...would struggle to adapt.”可知，大象和鲨鱼等关键物种的行为影响生态系统的许多方面，如果它们消失，整个生态系统将会很难适应，所以，画线代词it指的是上文提到的生态系统。故选D。
D
7．What contributed to the decrease in the number of ants？(　　)
A．Their worsened habitats.
B．Their changing behavior.
C．Their severe competition.
D．Their limited population.
解析：A　细节理解题。根据第三段可知，蚂蚁数量的减少是由于森林砍伐、城市化、野火、干旱和气温升高等因素导致的栖息地恶化。故选A。
A
8．What is the text mainly intended to tell us？(　　)
A．Massive lives exist on earth.
B．Tiny species count in nature.
C．Social creatures live in groups.
D．Little ants are master architects.
解析：B　推理判断题。全文通过Arndt的经历和对红木蚁的研究，强调了这些微小物种在自然界中的重要性，尤其是它们对生态系统的影响。最后一段最后一句进一步点明了保护微小物种的意义。故选B。
B
C
(2025·厦门市第二次质量检测)
Snow can be a powerful reminder of childhood snow days—that joyful surprise when another expected day of sitting in school turned into one that was instead filled with snowball fights or skating. But there are also plenty of reasons why snow can appeal to people without that fond nostalgia (怀旧).
Snow quite literally changes our physical experience of the world. For example, freshly fallen snow is porous (多孔的) enough to absorb sound well, making the world quieter. And it plays even more strongly on our sense of sight. One aspect of that visual appeal is the way snow reflects light in the darker months. “A lot of people really struggle with winter darkness as much as they struggle with the cold，” says Leibowitz, who has written a book about mental health in winter.“The brightening effect of the snow, I think, is really powerful.”
Snow changes the very shape of the world people see around them, Leibowitz says, pointing to the way a fresh blanket of it hides and yet reveals the surroundings. “Things that you look at every day suddenly can appear very different，” she says.
In the right conditions, snow can be fascinating. But for certain people, the same weather can become the very opposite: annoying, exhausting or depressing. Leibowitz recommends welcoming changing seasons, taking inspiration from the long nights and cold days—and argues that snow can be a helpful cue to do so. “It's such a clear visual reminder that we're in a different season that perhaps it inspires people to respond more adaptively，” she says.
But as climate change continues to unfold, some historically snowy areas will lose the most magical precipitation (降水) and face nothing but cold rain. “There are a lot of places in the world that are right on this borderline where the difference of a couple of degrees of warming is the difference between a white, snowy winter...and a gray, rainy winter，” Leibowitz says. “I think there's a lot that is lost when we lose the cold and when we lose the snow.”
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了雪能唤起人们对童年的回忆，改变人们对世界的体验，还建议人们适应季节变化，同时表达了对因气候变化雪减少的担忧。
9．What does the underlined word “one” refer to in paragraph 1？
(　　)
A．A reminder.　　　　 B．A surprise.
C．A day. D．A snowball.
解析：C　代词指代题。根据画线词所在部分“when another expected day of sitting in school turned into one that was instead filled with snowball fights or skating”可知，one是代词，与“another expected day”词义相关，结合其后定语从句“that was instead filled with snowball fights or skating”可推知，指的是“充满打雪仗或滑冰的一天”，即a day。故选C。
C
10．How does snow change our experience of the world？(　　)
A．By making musical sounds.
B．By increasing the cold of winter.
C．By exercising our sense of sight.
D．By offering a new look of the world.
解析：D　细节理解题。根据第二段可知，雪改变了我们对世界的物理体验，即通过呈现世界的新面貌改变了我们对世界的体验。故选D。
D
11．What is Leibowitz's suggestion to snow haters？(　　)
A．Searching for visual cues.
B．Ignoring negative emotions.
C．Adjusting to seasonal changes.
D．Cleaning unpleasant surroundings.
解析：C　细节理解题。根据第四段可知，莱博维茨给讨厌雪的人的建议是去适应季节变化。故选C。
C
12．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph？(　　)
A．Express concern for snow loss.
B．Make predictions of climate change.
C．Present reasons for increased rainfall.
D．Summarize consequences of cold rain.
解析：A　推理判断题。根据最后一段可推知，作者在最后一段表达了对雪减少的担忧。故选A。
A

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