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高考语法专题复习一
非谓语动词（一）
非谓语动词是高中英语语法中的重要部分,是高考的必考项目。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词(现在分词、过去分词)和动名词,在句子中可以作除谓语以外的其他成分。非谓语动词常考考点主要有动词不定式的功能、现在分词和过去分词的用法区别及非谓语动词的时态、语态、省略等。该项内容考查考生在具体语言环境中理解句子结构和分析句子成分的能力。
考点1　非谓语动词的时态和语态
类别 时态 语态形式 语态形式
主动 被动
动词不定式 一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
动词-ing 一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
动词-ed 一般式 done
1.时态形式
根据非谓语动词与谓语动词表示的动作之间的先后顺序确定时态。
(1)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生,用非谓语动词的一般式。
He heard the song being sung next door.
他听到隔壁有人在唱这首歌。
(2)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,用非谓语动词的完成式。
Having finished his homework,he went to bed.
他完成作业之后就去睡觉了。
2.语态形式
非谓语动词与逻辑主语(通常是句子的主语)之间往往存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系:与逻辑主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系时,用主动形式;与逻辑主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系时,用被动形式。
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.
明天举行的会议非常重要。
　单句语法填空
①Since the volunteers were cut off from the outside world,they had to rely on their body clock to know when 　　　　　　(wake) up,go to sleep and eat.
② “The 　　　　　　(combine) length of the electric cables on the ship is more than 4,200 kilometers,” Chen said,　　　　　(note) that his shipyard has used a lot of advanced techniques and machinery to build the ship.
③Because of the fact that the artifacts were very small in size,traditionally considered too small 　　　　　　　　　(study),little was known about the stone technology and tool making skills of these ancestors.
to wake
combined
noting
to study
考点2　非谓语动词作状语
1.动词不定式作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等
(1)作目的状语,有时用in order to或so as to。
We will continue our campaign so as to prevent and control air pollution to make our skies blue again.　
我们将继续我们的运动,以预防和控制空气污染,使我们的天空再次变得蔚蓝。
(2)作结果状语,常用结构enough to,too...to...,only to 等。
I’m too tired to stay up any longer.
我太累了,实在不能熬夜了。
(3)作原因状语,此时常与表示情感的形容词连用,如:glad,happy,frightened,surprised 等。
I was frightened to find that in front of my door sat a dog.
我惊恐地发现门前坐着一条狗。
2.分词作状语
(1)现在分词短语作状语,常表原因、伴随、时间、结果等,与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
His parents died,leaving him an orphan.
他的父母去世了,留下他成了孤儿。
【点津】
动词不定式短语作结果状语时,常表示意想不到的结果;而现在分词短语作结果状语时,常表示自然而然的结果。
(2)过去分词作状语,分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
Seriously injured,she had to be sent to hospital at once.
她受伤严重,不得不被立刻送往医院。
(3)某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化,且往往用于一些系表结构中,此时这些过去分词既不表示被动,也不表示完成,而表示一种状态,如:lost(迷路的),seated(坐着的),hidden(隐瞒的),lost/absorbed in(沉溺于),dressed in(穿着……的),tired of(对……感到厌倦的)等。
Absorbed in this book,he didn’t notice me enter the room.
他完全被这本书所吸引,没有注意到我进入房间。
单句语法填空
①　　　　　　(integrate) boxing with dance,the musical drama “Mission Must Be Reached” mixes Lingnan-style music with rock & roll,pop music and rap.
②As it swims,its muscles move,　　　　　　(result) in reflections of many colors.
③We plan to move it out of the dry dock in June
　　　　　　　　　(continue) the fitting process.
Integrating
resulting
to continue
④The ceremony also contained elements of Liangzhu culture and the Qiantang River tides,　　　　　　　　(reflect) China’s long and storied history.
⑤　　　　　　(face) with the challenge of balancing conservation and tourism,Fan knew that a solution had to be found.
reflecting
Faced
考点3　非谓语动词作定语
一、动词不定式作定语
动词不定式作定语通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后,与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓、动宾关系或同位关系。
She is always the first to come and the last to leave.(主谓关系)
她总是第一个来最后一个离开。
I have so many clothes to wash today.
今天我有许多衣服要洗。
His last appeal,to come and see her,went unanswered.(同位关系)
没有人答应他最后要来看她的请求。
二、分词作定语
1.现在分词作定语
当该动词与被修饰的名词之间为逻辑上的主谓关系或用来表示被修饰的名词的用途时,用现在分词形式。
The lecture,starting at 7:00 p.m.last night,was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.
讲座于昨晚7点开始,之后是用望远镜观察地球。
【点津】
被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表正在进行时,用现在分词的被动式作定语,表示该动作的被动和进行。
2.过去分词作定语
过去分词作定语,分词与被修饰的名词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
Tsinghua University,founded in 1911,is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
清华大学创建于1911年,许多杰出人物从这里毕业。
【点津】
作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为doing和done,doing 表示正在进行,done 表示已经完成。
三、动名词作定语
表示被修饰词的某种用途,在意义上相当于“名词+for+doing”,此时动名词常置于被修饰词的前面。
No flying machine will fly from New York to Paris.
没有飞行器会从纽约飞到巴黎。
　单句语法填空
①A recent study,published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,shows that people choose to humblebrag as an attempt
　　　　　　　(impress) others.
②“Dragon Boat Racing” is also a classical dance drama_________ 　　　　　　(base) on several Guangdong musicians.
③The Great Wall is a place steeped in history and has much______ 　　　　　　　　(offer) you.
to impress
based
to offer
④However,a recently 　　　　　　　(launch) WeChat miniprogram is allowing every history enthusiast to be a hero in a virtual world,where one not just climbs the Great Wall,but also protects it.
⑤To follow the market,tea chains including Hey Tea,CoCo and Chabaidao,are continuously launching new products
　　　　　　(feature) Chinese tea or other Chinese cultural elements.
launched
featuring
thank you ！

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