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(共29张PPT)
Optional compulsory 2
Unit 3　Back to the past
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2025·河北沧州)
The United Kingdom is hosting the AI Safety Summit, bringing politicians, computer scientists and big AI company leaders to a site chosen for its symbolism: Bletchley Park, the birthplace of computing and code breaking (密码破译).
During World War Ⅱ, a group of mathematicians, chess masters and other experts gathered at the Victorian country house 72 kilometers northwest of London to start a secret war against Nazi Germany. Their goal was to break a set of constantly changing codes produced by Nazi Germany's Enigma machine. To do it, Bletchley Park's wartime scientists—building on work done by Polish code breakers—developed Colossus, the first programmable digital computer. Some historians say cracking the code helped shorten the war by up to two years.
“It has oversimplified its true contribution by describing Bletchley Park as a playground for Turing and other scientists,” said historian Chris Smith, author of The Hidden History of Bletchley Park. “Although it fits into the romantic idea that a group of smart men with a bit of wool and some yards of wire can win the war. In fact, almost 10,000 people worked at Bletchley Park during the war. Three quarters of them were women. It's basically a factory…Twenty four hours a day, seven days a week. When peace came, the code breakers returned to civilian life and promised to keep secret about their wartime work. It was not until the 1970s that the work at Bletchley Park became widely known in Britain.”
In 1994, the site opened as a museum, after local historians banded together to prevent it from being pulled down to build a supermarket. It was restored to its 1940s appearance, complete with old typewriters, phones and cups—including the one tied to a heater in Hut 8, where Turing led the Enigma team.
1. What can we learn about Colossus
A. It was invented by Nazi Germany.
B. It was designed to send secret messages.
C. Polish code breakers also made a contribution to it.
D. The project's goal was to produce the first computer.
2. What did Chris Smith most probably imply
A. Women's hard work was overlooked.
B. The secret should not be kept for so long.
C. The computer ought to be more powerful.
D. It is silly to say the machine shortened the war.
3. Why is the cup mentioned in the last paragraph
A. To highlight the government's support.
B. To show the perfect restoration of the site.
C. To stress Turing's important role in the project.
D. To tell the difficulty in collecting the lost items.
4. What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A. To advocate women's equal rights with men.
B. To advertise a newly restored computer museum.
C. To show the significance of an important meeting.
D. To add some background to the AI safety meeting.
答案及解析：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国举办人工智能安全峰会，选址是具有象征意义的布莱切利园——计算与密码破译发源地，回顾二战期间该地数千工作者，对破译纳粹德国防御代码、加速战争结束的重要贡献，并提及该地作为博物馆的保存历程。
1. C　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“To do it, Bletchley Park's wartime scientists—building on work done by Polish code breakers—developed Colossus, the first programmable digital computer. (为了实现这一目标，布莱切利园的战时科学家们在波兰密码破译人员的基础上，开发了第一台可编程数字计算机‘Colossus’。)”可知，波兰密码破译人员对Colossus的开发做出了贡献。故选C。
2. A　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“It has oversimplified its true contribution by describing Bletchley Park as a playground for Turing and other scientists. (它把布莱切利园描述成Turing和其他科学家的游乐场，这过于简化了它的真正贡献。)”和“In fact, almost 10,000 people worked at Bletchley Park during the war. Three quarters of them were women. It's basically a factory…Twenty four hours a day, seven days a week.(事实上，战争期间有近一万人在布莱切利园工作。其中四分之三是女性。它基本上就是一个工厂……一天二十四小时，一周七天。)”可推断，Chris Smith 认为女性的付出被忽视了。故选A。
3. B　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“It was restored to its 1940s appearance, complete with old typewriters, phones and cups—including the one tied to a heater in Hut 8, where Turing led the Enigma team. (它被恢复到20世纪40年代的样子，里面有旧打字机、电话和杯子——包括Turing领导的Enigma团队所在的8号营房里的一个加热器上拴住的那个杯子。)”可知，作者提到杯子这一细节是为了说明复原工作做得非常到位。故选B。
4. D　文章意图题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段“The United Kingdom is hosting the AI Safety Summit, bringing politicians, computer scientists and big AI company leaders to a site chosen for its symbolism: Bletchley Park, the birthplace of computing and code breaking (密码破译). (英国正在主办人工智能安全峰会，将政治家、计算机科学家和大型人工智能公司的领导人聚集在一个具有象征意义的地点：布莱切利园，计算和密码破译的发源地。)”可知，文章主要是为读者提供一些有关人工智能安全峰会举办地的背景知识。故选D。
B
(2024·广东深圳)
The arm bones of women who lived 7,000 years ago show a surprising level of strength—even higher than today's professional athletes. That's according to a first ever study comparing prehistoric(史前的) bones to those of living people. The finding suggests a revision of history—the everyday lives of prehistoric women were filled with hard labor, rather than just sitting at home doing lighter tasks while the men struggled and fought for life.
“Before the study, there are no clear records describing how our ancient ancestors lived. It can be easy to forget that bone is a living tissue, one that responds to the difficulties we put our bodies through,” said lead author Alison Macintosh. “Physical force and muscle activity both put pressure on the bone. The bone reacts by changing in shape, thickness and other aspects over time.”
“Previous studies only compared female bones to contemporary male bones,” the researchers said, “and that's a problem, because the response of male bones to stress and change is much bigger than that of women.” For instance, as humans moved from a hunter gatherer lifestyle constantly on the move to a more settled agrarian (耕地的) one, changes can be observed in the structure of the shinbone(胫骨)—and these changes were much more evident in men.
However, a comparison of the bones of prehistoric women to the bones of living female athletes can help us work out a more accurate picture of what those prehistoric women were doing. “By analyzing the bones of living people and comparing them to the ancient bones, we can start to explain the kinds of labor our ancestors were reforming,” Macintosh said. What they found was that women's leg strength hasn't changed a great deal, but their arms used to be very powerful. Prehistoric women, the researchers found, had arm strength 11－16 percent stronger than those of modern rowers(桨手), and 30 percent stronger than those of non athletes.
5. What does the study tell about prehistoric women
A. They were stronger than men.
B. They had lighter bones than men.
C. They did tough tasks as the men.
D. They spent most time staying at home.
6. What problem did previous studies on prehistoric bones have
A. They lacked enough comparison.
B. They only studied men's bones.
C. They focused little on bones.
D. They ignored the lifestyles.
7. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Bones' structure.
B. Bones' thickness.
C. Bones' response to stress.
D. Bones' stress from hard labor.
8. What can we learn from the last paragraph
A. It's still hard to explain our ancestors' lifestyle.
B. Prehistoric women went through much suffering.
C. Women's arms have become much stronger over time.
D. Prehistoric women are stronger than contemporary females.
答案及解析：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了根据一项针对生活在7 000年前的女性骨骼研究显示，这些史前女性的手臂力量大于如今的女性。
5. C　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The finding suggests a revision of history—the everyday lives of prehistoric women were filled with hard labor, rather than just sitting at home doing lighter tasks while the men struggled and fought for life.”得知研究发现史前女性所从事的体力劳动和男性一样艰苦。故选C。
6. A　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Previous studies only compared female bones to contemporary male bones”得知此前的研究只是将女性骨骼和男性骨骼对比，但这种方法很可能低估了女性的工作强度，可以推断出缺乏比较。故选A。
7. C　代词指代题。根据“because the response of male bones to stress and change is much bigger than that of women”得知男性骨骼相对于女性骨骼来说对压力作出的反应更明显，前后在对比the response of bones to stress。故选C。
8. D　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Prehistoric women, the researchers found, had arm strength 11－16 percent stronger than those of modern rowers(桨手), and 30 percent stronger than those of non athletes.”得知研究发现史前女性比现代女性更强壮。故选D。
Ⅱ.完形填空
(2024·江苏无锡)
Born and raised in Dunhuang, Northwest China's Gansu Province, Yao Yanbei has long been lost in the cultural heritage of the city. She __1__ to Dunhuang as a promising __2__ after graduating from a college in Xiamen.
In 2016, inspired by patterns in Dunhuang murals (壁画), Yao __3__ a toy camel. “Through the toy camel, I intended to __4__ the spirit of the locals who are usually tough minded and hard working,” Yao said.
In August 2017, Yao spent nearly a month inside grottoes (石窟) drawing the murals. “Staying in the grottoes from dawn to dusk, I felt __5__ connected with the ancient artists who __6__ the murals. It was an amazing __7__,” she
said. Inspired by the sculptures and murals, Yao later designed some innovative products, including T shirts, bookmarks, pocket mirrors and key rings.
Thanks to the efforts of designers like Yao, the __8__ and creative industry began to take root in Dunhuang. Starting from 2018, every year the city has __9__ an international design week to help __10__ the industry. “By pooling the wisdom of designers from home and abroad, we want to make Dunhuang's creative __11__ more fashionable,” said Liu Mengxing, a vice general manager of a local company.
Looking ahead at her __12__ in design, Yao plans to __13__ Dunhuang's ancient art further and apply the wisdom of ancient artists to products of modern life. “I want to design more creative products that __14__ more international customers,” said Yao. “I hope my design can bring people __15__ to Dunhuang.”
1. A.travelled B. escaped C. came D. returned
2. A.architect B. designer C. author D. engineer
3. A.drew B. bought C. imagined D. created
4. A.obtain B. test C. convey D. comment
5. A.spiritually B. emotionally C. physically D. materially
6. A.wrote B. painted C. displayed D. watched
7. A.experience B. memory C. discovery D. attempt
8. A.traditional B. modern C. cultural D. ancient
9. A.pooled B. showed C. held D. taken
10. A.promote B. strengthen C. change D. enlarge
11. A.industry B. products C. environment D. pictures
12. A.preparations B. job C. future D. career
13. A.apply B. explore C. conduct D. touch
14. A.test out B. result in C. rely on D. appeal to
15. A.closer B. deeper C. stronger D. better
答案及解析：本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述文创设计师姚彦贝在文创设计上做出了突出贡献，弘扬了敦煌的艺术文化，在他们这些文创设计师的影响下，文创产业在敦煌扎根。
1. D　考查动词词义辨析。句意：从厦门的一所大学毕业后，她回到敦煌，成为一名有前途的设计师。A.travelled旅行；B.escaped逃跑；C.came来；D.returned返回。根据上文中的“Born and raised in Dunhuang”以及下文中的“to Dunhuang”可知，此处指的是她毕业后“回到”敦煌。故选D。
2. B　考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A.architect建筑师；B.designer设计师；C.author作者；D.engineer工程师。根据下文中的“Thanks to the efforts of designers like Yao”可知，姚彦贝是一名有前途的“设计师”。故选B。
3. D　考查动词词义辨析。句意：2016年，受敦煌壁画图案的启发，姚彦贝创作了一只玩具骆驼。A.drew画；B.bought买；C.imagined想象；D.created创作。根据空后的“a toy camel”及语境可知，玩具骆驼是文创产品，应该是“创作”出一只玩具骆驼。故选D。
4. C　考查动词词义辨析。句意：姚彦贝说：“我想通过这只玩具骆驼来传达当地人坚强、勤奋的精神。”A.obtain获得；B.test测试；C.convey传达，传递；D.comment评论。根据上文中的“Through the toy camel”和下文中的“the spirit of the locals who are usually tough minded and hard working”可推断，姚彦贝想要通过这只玩具骆驼传达当地人坚强、勤奋的精神。故选C。
5. A　考查副词词义辨析。句意：她说：“从早到晚待在石窟里，我觉得自己与绘制壁画的古代艺术家在精神上是相通的。这是一次奇妙的经历。”A.spiritually在精神上；B.emotionally情感上；C.physically身体上；D.materially实质地。根据下文中的“the ancient artists”可知，与绘制壁画的古代艺术家的联系应该是精神上的。故选A。
6. B　考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A.wrote写；B.painted画，绘制；C.displayed展览；D.watched观看。分析句子结构可知，此处是who引导的定语从句，先行词为artists，空后为“壁画”，由此可知，艺术家是“绘制”壁画。故选B。
7. A　考查名词词义辨析。句意见第5题解析。A.experience经历，体验；B.memory记忆；C.discovery发现；D.attempt尝试，努力。根据上文中的“Staying in the grottoes from dawn to dusk”可知，从早到晚都待在石窟里，与古代画家精神相通是一种奇妙的经历。故选A。
8. C　考查形容词词义辨析。句意：多亏了姚彦贝等设计师的努力，文化创意产业开始在敦煌扎根。A.traditional传统的；B.modern现代的；C.cultural文化的；D.ancient古代的。根据文章首句中的“the cultural heritage of the city”可知，敦煌有很多文化遗址，因此有关敦煌的创意产业是文化产业。故选C。
9. C　考查动词词义辨析。句意：从2018年开始，这座城市每年都会举办国际设计周，以促进该行业的发展。A.pooled集中资源；B.showed展示；C.held举行；D.taken拿，取。根据下文中的“an international design week”可知，此处指举办国际设计周。故选C。
10. A　考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A.promote促进，推动；B.strengthen加强，增强；C.change改变；D.enlarge扩大。根据下文中的“we want to make Dunhuang's creative __11__ more fashionable”可知，举办设计周是为了“促进”敦煌的产业发展。故选A。
11. B　考查名词词义辨析。句意：“通过汇集国内外设计师的智慧，我们希望让敦煌的创意产品更加时尚，”当地一家公司的副总经理刘梦惺说。A.industry工业；B.products产品；C.environment环境；D.pictures图片。根据上文中的“Inspired by the sculptures and murals, Yao later designed some innovative products(受到雕塑和壁画的启发，姚彦贝后来设计了一些创新产品)”以及空前“By pooling the wisdom of designers from home and abroad”可知，设计师是设计与敦煌文化相关的文化创意产品，故汇集众多设计师的智慧是为了让文创产品更时尚。故选B。
12. D　考查名词词义辨析。句意：展望未来的设计生涯，姚彦贝计划进一步探索敦煌的古代艺术，并将古代艺术家的智慧运用到现代生活的产品中。A.preparations准备；B.job工作；C.future未来；D.career事业。根据下文中的“I want to design more creative products that __14__ more international customers”可知，姚彦贝展望自己的设计事业。故选D。
13. B　考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A.apply运用；B.explore探索；C.conduct实施，组织；D.touch触摸。根据下文中的“apply the wisdom of ancient artists to products of modern life”可知，只有进一步“探索”才会把古人的智慧应用到现代生活中。故选B。
14. D　考查动词短语辨析。句意：“我想设计出更有创意的产品，吸引更多的国际客户，”姚彦贝说。A.test out对……进行彻底检验；B.result in导致；C.rely on依靠；D.appeal to吸引。根据下文中的“I hope my design can bring people __15__ to Dunhuang.”可知，姚彦贝想要设计更多创意产品“吸引”更多国际客户来敦煌。故选D。
15. A　考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我希望我的设计能拉近人们与敦煌的距离。A.closer更近；B.deeper更深；C.stronger更强壮；D.better更好。根据上文中的“Through the toy camel, I intended to __4__ the spirit of the locals who are usually tough minded and hard working”以及上一句“I want to design more creative products that __14__ more international customers”可知，姚彦贝想通过玩具骆驼传达当地人的精神，并想设计出更有创意的产品，吸引更多的国际客户，由此可推断，此处指的是姚彦贝想让更多的人了解敦煌，“拉近”人们与敦煌的距离。故选A。
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2025·湖北武汉)
This year marks the 94th anniversary of the September 18 Incident.
On September 18, 1931, Japanese troops 1.__________ (blow) up a section of the railway in Shenyang and accused the Chinese military of doing 2.__________. Using the explosion as a pretext (借口), Japanese forces attacked the Beidaying garrison (卫戍部队) and bombarded (轰炸) Shenyang on the same night, 3.___________ (launch) a full scale invasion (侵略) of northeast China. During the incident, Chinese troops at the Beidaying garrison were given a no resistance order and withdrew 4.__________ fighting.
The incident marked 5.________ beginning of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and was a prelude to the world's anti fascist war. Since 1995, every September 18th, a bell tolling ceremony has been held at the “September 18” Historical Museum in Shenyang to pay tribute to the people 6.__________ lost their life in the 14 year war.
blew
it
launching
without
the
who/that
The 14 year Japanese invasion resulted in over 35 million victims among Chinese troops and civilians. By commemorating the September 18 Incident, the Chinese people reaffirm (重申) their 7.____________ (commit) to never forget this dark chapter in history and prevent it being repeated.
The commemorations serve as a reminder for the Chinese people 8.__________ (keep) dark days in mind. History has 9._________ (repeat) shown that invasions and wars are rarely 10.________ (success), and although evidence might be covered up, justice eventually prevails (胜利).
commitment　
to keep　
repeatedly
successful　
答案及解析：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了九一八事变的经过，以及人们纪念该事变的意义。
1. blew　考查时态。句意：1931年9月18日，日军炸毁了沈阳的一段铁路，并指责中国军队破坏铁路。blow up“炸毁”，该动作发生在1931年，故句子用一般过去时，因此用blow的过去式blew。故填blew。
2. it　考查代词。句意同上。结合句意可知，it充当doing的宾语，指代炸毁铁路这件事情。故填it。
3. launching　考查非谓语动词。句意：日军以炸毁为借口，袭击了北大营驻军，并于当晚轰炸了沈阳，对中国东北发动了全面入侵。分析句子结构可知，此句谓语动词是attacked，与后面的动作launch之间没有连词连接，主语Japanese forces与launch“发起，发动”是主动关系，因此用现在分词launching，作状语。故填launching。
4. without　考查介词。句意：事件中，北大营驻军的中国军队被下达了不抵抗的命令，不战而退。结合句意可知，本空填介词without, withdrew without fighting意为“不战而退”，为固定短语。故填without。
5. the　考查冠词。句意：这一事件标志着中国人民抗日战争的开始，拉开了世界反法西斯战争的序幕。结合句意可知，本空表特指，故填冠词the。the beginning of意为“……的开始”。故填the。
6. who/that　考查定语从句。句意：自1995年，每年9月18日，沈阳“九·一八”历史博物馆都会举行敲钟仪式，向在14年战争中丧生的人们致敬。分析句子结构可知，本空引导定语从句，修饰先行词people，且从句中缺少主语，故填who或that，引导定语从句。故填who或that。
7. commitment　考查名词。句意：通过纪念“九·一八事变”，中国人民重申了不忘历史黑暗篇章、防止历史重演的决心。分析句子结构可知，their后接名词，故填不可数名词commitment“决心”，作reaffirm的宾语。故填commitment。
8. to keep　考查非谓语动词。句意：这些纪念活动提醒中国人民不要忘记黑暗的日子。a reminder for sb. to do sth.“提醒某人做某事”，故本空填to keep。keep sth. in mind意为“记住某事”。故填to keep。
9. repeatedly　考查副词。句意：历史一再表明，侵略和战争很少成功，尽管证据可能被掩盖，但正义最终会获胜。分析句子结构可知，本空填副词repeatedly“反复地，再三地”，作状语，修饰谓语动词has shown。故填repeatedly。
10. successful　考查形容词。句意同上。分析句子结构可知，本空填形容词successful“成功的”，作表语。故填successful。

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