资源简介

(共23张PPT)
Compulsory 3
Unit 2　Natural disasters
Ⅰ.阅读理解
(2025·山东日照)
While it's impossible to predict just where the next wildfire will start, new Department of Defense sponsored research from Brigham Young University's Fire Research Lab is getting into the microscopic details of how fires initiate to provide more insight into how wildfires burn through wildland fuels.
For their experiments, fire expert Thomas H. Fletcher and co authors loaded leaves of 14 plant species into the crucible (坩埚) of a thermo gravimetric analyzer (热重分析仪) and slowly turned the heat up to 800 degrees Celsius. As they watched the leaves burn, they categorized the speed at which the plant broke down and the chemicals produced by the heat. They also compared the impact of two heat sources: convective (think of wind driven fires) and radiative (from burning plant particles or flames).
The research found that the chemistry of plants makes a big difference in how fast they break down before they start to burn. That's important to know because the type of plants found on a mountain hillside may help predict how a fire will burn and how quickly it might jump to another plant species.
“Very detailed models that already exist take up to two weeks to run on very big computers and by that time, the fire has moved and it's not in the same place anymore,” Fletcher said. “We're aiming towards giving answers on how a fire might propagate in the next 20 minutes or half hour instead of the next two weeks.”
The studies are aimed at improving predictive models for both prescribed (规定的) burns and for unplanned wildfires. With wildfires costing the Forest Service and state agencies billions of dollars to control annually, any research that can help make fire management more efficient is a high priority.
“With all we've done to research them, fires are still out of control,” Fletcher said. “Our model can't prevent a fire, but it can help with decisions on how to manage fires so that when a fire starts, it doesn't blow up into a huge, uncontrollable fire.”
1. What is paragraph 2 mainly about
A. The research subjects.
B. The research findings.
C. The research procedures.
D. The research objectives.
2. What does the research find about the chemistry of plants
A. It affects the speed of a fire.
B. It is one of the causes of a fire.
C. It breaks down quickly in a fire.
D. It helps plants survive in a fire.
3. What does the underlined word “propagate” in paragraph 4 mean
A. Explode. B. Spread.
C. Die down. D. Break out.
4. Why do the researchers develop the new model
A. To make the most out of wildfires.
B. To control wildfires more efficiently.
C. To predict the outbreak of wildfires.
D. To prevent wildfires from happening.
答案及解析：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了杨百翰大学火灾研究实验室的一项新研究正在深入研究火灾如何引发的微观细节，以提供更多关于野火如何通过荒地燃料燃烧的信息。
1. C　段落大意题。根据第二段“For their experiments, fire expert Thomas H. Fletcher and co authors…and radiative (from burning plant particles or flames). [在他们的实验中，火灾专家Thomas H. Fletcher和合著者将14种植物的叶子放入热重分析仪的坩埚中，慢慢地将温度提高到800摄氏度。当他们观察树叶燃烧时，他们对植物分解的速度和热量产生的化学物质进行了分类。他们还比较了两种热源的影响：对流热源(想想风力驱动的火灾)和辐射热源(来自燃烧的植物颗粒或火焰)。]”可知，第二段主要介绍了Thomas H. Fletcher和合著者开展研究的具体步骤。故选C。
2. A　细节理解题。根据第三段“The research found that the chemistry of plants…it might jump to another plant species. (研究发现，植物的化学成分对它们开始燃烧前的分解速度有很大的影响。知道这一点很重要，因为在山坡上发现的植物类型可能有助于预测火灾如何燃烧，以及它可能以多快的速度转移到另一种植物身上。)”可知，研究发现植物的化学成分影响其燃烧前的分解速度，进而影响火灾发生的速度。故选A。
3. B　词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句的上文“Very detailed models that already exist take up to two weeks to run on very big computers and by that time, the fire has moved and it's not in the same place anymore (现有的非常详细的模型需要在非常大的计算机上运行长达两周的时间，而到那时，火灾已经蔓延，不在原来的位置了)”可知，现有的非常详细的模型的弊端在于其耗时过久，导致无法对已经蔓延的火灾进行管理，再结合画线词的上文“We're aiming towards giving answers (我们的目标是给出答案)”和下文“in the next 20 minutes or half hour instead of the next two weeks (在接下来的20分钟或半小时内，而不是在接下来的两周内)”可推知，Fletcher的研究目的是在很短的时间内给出火灾如何扩散、蔓延的答案，确保模型的时效性，画线词意思应该是“传播，扩散”，与spread意思相近。故选B。
4. B　细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Our model can't prevent a fire, but it can help with decisions on how to manage fires so that when a fire starts, it doesn't blow up into a huge, uncontrollable fire. (我们的模型不能防止火灾，但它可以帮助我们决定如何管理火灾，这样当火灾发生时，它就不会蔓延成无法控制的巨大火灾)”可知，研究者开发该新模型是为了更有效地控制野火。故选B。
Ⅱ.七选五
(2024·河北衡水)
Unlike other natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes are very hard to see coming, even for scientists. __1__ Thus, specific practices for earthquake preparedness are necessary. Here are four steps you can take to prepare yourself in advance.
Drop, cover and hold
If you feel the ground start to shake, drop, take cover under a stable piece of furniture, and hold on. You can hide under something like a desk or table, with one arm holding on to a leg of the table and your other arm protecting your neck and head. __2__ In modern homes, it is no stronger than any other part of the house and will not protect you from injury.
Make a family plan
__3__ Create a meeting point—somewhere easy for everyone to remember, or you could also meet at home. Whatever plan you decide on, don't rely on your phone as your main form of communication. Technology fails all the time in disasters. A major earthquake in California, for example, damaged cell towers and knocked out communication services for days.
Secure your furniture
Those hanging shelves above your bed could be a danger during an earthquake. People often get injured from “flying or falling objects” like furniture or glass during earthquakes. So examine your home and ask yourself, “What could be a potential danger to my safety ” __4__
Make digital copies of important documents
Important documents may get destroyed during earthquakes. Therefore, scan or take photos of your important documents, such as your license, financial records and insurance policy information. __5__ This step can help ensure your documents will be available even if your computer is lost in a quake.
A. Then send them to your e mail.
B. These are all important personal documents.
C. Make sure your household has a plan of action.
D. Whatever you do, do not stand in a door frame.
E. If you find the answer, you need to run away immediately.
F. Nowadays early detection systems can only give seconds of warning ahead.
G. If possible, remove those heavy and big objects above your bed immediately.
答案及解析：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了地震防范的四个重要的方法。
1. F　前文“Unlike other natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes are very hard to see coming, even for scientists. (与飓风等其他自然灾害不同，地震很难预测，即使对科学家来说也是如此。)”提到地震很难预测。后文“Thus, specific practices for earthquake preparedness are necessary. (因此，具体的防震措施是必要的。)”说提前做防范措施很有必要。结合选项，F项“Nowadays early detection systems can only give seconds of warning ahead. (如今，早期探测系统只能提前几秒发出预警。)”承上启下，衔接前句，同时解释“防范措施有必要”的原因，符合语境。故选F。
2. D　后文“In modern homes, it is no stronger than any other part of the house and will not protect you from injury. (在现代家庭中，它并不比房子的其他部分更坚固，也不能保护你免受伤害。)”中的“it”可知，空处应为“it”的指代对象。结合选项，D项“Whatever you do, do not stand in a door frame. (无论你做什么，都不要站在门框上。)”中的“door frame”符合语境。故选D。
3. C　小标题“Make a family plan (制定家庭计划)”为中心句。后文“Create a meeting point—somewhere easy for everyone to remember, or you could also meet at home. (创建一个见面地点——在每个人都容易记住的地方，或者你们也可以在家里见面。)”可知，本段主要探讨应该做一个家庭的计划与预案。结合选项，C项“Make sure your household has a plan of action. (确保你的家庭有一个行动计划。)”照应标题，符合本段的中心主旨。故选C。
4. G　结合小标题“Secure your furniture (保护好家具)”以及前文“People often get injured from ‘flying or falling objects’ like furniture or glass during earthquakes. (人们经常在地震中被家具或玻璃等‘飞行或坠落的物体’伤害。)”可知，本段主要讲的是房间中的易掉落物品可能会在地震中伤到人。结合选项，G项“If possible, remove those heavy and big objects above your bed immediately. (如果可能的话，立即移走床上方那些又重又大的东西。)”符合文意，逻辑一致。故选G。
5. A　后文“This step can help ensure your documents will be available even if your computer is lost in a quake. (这一步可以帮助确保：即使你的电脑在地震中丢失了，你的文件也可以使用。)”可知，空处应该有“This step”的具体所指，故A项“Then send them to your e mail. (然后把它们发到你的邮箱。)”符合语境。故选A。
Ⅲ.读后续写
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
(2024·浙江宁波)
As Hurricane Ian bore down on Florida, many residents who stayed put found themselves unable to leave even if they tried. For hours they were forced to fight heavy winds and attempt to escape flooding inside long loved homes that had become frightening, deadly traps. Within days, around 100 deaths in the state would be attributed to the hurricane, many of whom were older residents who drowned.
When the water slipped in under the door of their home, it was just a glimmer on the floor, a sign that it was time to go. It was Wednesday, Sept. 28, around noon, and Bishop woke up her two brothers, who had been resting after lunch. She pulled the wheelchair up to the oldest, Russell, 67. Her other brother, Todd, 63, could manage with a walker.
Both men had been born with cerebral palsy (脑瘫), and their mental development was like that of a young child. About 10 years ago, they started showing signs of Parkinson's disease. But they found joy in their surroundings. Todd liked collecting cans at the beach. Russell loved riding the bus and going to parks. Bishop, 61, was their lifeline—their little sister who had long felt an obligation to keep them safe.
“We've got to get going!” she shouted to them. She went to open the front door. It would not move. The weight of the water on the other side had made it shut. She rushed to try the door to the garage. It, too, was stuck. That's when the house began to flood. It went from ankle deep to knee deep in less than five minutes. Bishop knew that there was no way out.
Now Bishop and her brothers were trapped. At 12:34 p. m., she called 911 but couldn't get through. There was no one she could get in touch with. To try her fortune, she texted a neighbor, Walters, who was always there when neighbors were in need. “Water's coming in.” Around her, she could hear the dining room hutch (餐具柜) tipping and crashing, the china breaking, the refrigerator toppling over.
注意：续写词数应为150个左右。
The only way to go was up, so Bishop guided her two brothers to the stairs. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bishop sank into despair, but she noticed it seemed water stopped coming in. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
One possible version:
The only way to go was up, so Bishop guided her two brothers to the stairs. First she helped Todd pull himself slowly up to the second floor, where he waited in a chair. But stairs were impossible for Russell, who could not walk nor bend his stiff legs. Bishop tried hard to pull him up the stairs, but Russell was too heavy for her. She tried every possible position, switching from pushing to pulling, but Russel was yelling “I can't, I can't” all the time and he was slipping and sliding.
Bishop sank into despair, but she noticed it seemed water stopped coming in. Looking outside, everywhere she saw it was water, and she could even see cars floating by. “Thank God, the wind and the rain stopped.” At around 6:30 p. m., Bishop heard a familiar voice calling outside, “Hello Hello Anyone in ” It was Walters. Standing in waist deep water, Walters instructed two of his friends to paddle the canoes near. Bishop held her brothers tightly in her arms, crying “Thank God, Walters is coming to save us!”
【详解】本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了飓风Ian袭击了佛罗里达州，几天之内，该州约有100人死于飓风，其中许多是溺水身亡的老年居民，Bishop叫醒了两个哥哥，她的两个哥哥出生时都患有脑瘫，智力发育就像一个小孩子，大约10年前，他们开始表现出帕金森病的迹象，由于水太多，Bishop打不开门，Bishop和哥哥们被困住了，她给热心邻居Walters发了一条短信说屋里进水了。在她周围，她能听到餐厅的厨具被掀翻了，瓷器碎了，冰箱倒了。
1. 段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“唯一的出路就是上楼，所以Bishop带着她的两个哥哥上了楼梯。”可知，第一段可描写Bishop如何尝试带哥哥上楼梯。
②由第二段首句内容“Bishop陷入了绝望，但她注意到水不再进来了。”可知，第二段可描写Bishop和哥哥们如何获救。
2. 续写线索：帮助Todd上楼——拉Russell上楼——Russell上不了楼——风雨停了——Walters赶到——Walters指示朋友救人——Bishop和哥哥们得救

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