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(共14张PPT)
聚焦语法
第14讲　倒装与省略
思维导图
考点精讲
倒装
Ⅰ.倒装的概念：按“主语＋谓语”这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。如果将句中某个成分移至句首而引起主语和谓语顺序的颠倒，使句子的排列顺序变成“谓语（或谓语的一部分）＋主语”，就是倒装句。
倒装有两种情况：部分倒装和完全倒装。英语句子的倒装，一是语法结构的需要，二是表示强调。
Ⅱ.部分倒装：部分倒装是把be动词、情态动词、助动词放到主语之前。如果句子中没有这些词，要在主语之前加助动词do/does/did等，而把原来的谓语动词变成原形放在主语之后。
情况 例句
little、few、never、not、no、seldom、neither、nor、rarely、hardly、scarcely、nowhere、no sooner、not only、in no way、at no time、by no means、under no circumstances、in no case、on no condition等表示否定或半否定的单词或短语位于句首时 Little does he care about what I said.
Never have I found him so happy.
Not a word did I say to him.
I can't swim. Neither can he.
No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep.
“only＋状语（从句）”放在句首时 Only by this means is it possible to explain it.
Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work.
★如果only后面不是状语，则不用倒装
Only Wang Ling knows this.
情况 例句
so/such…that 从句中，当“so＋adj./ adv.”或“such＋n.”位于句首时 So exhausted was she that she wanted to have a rest.
表示前者出现的肯定情况也适用于后者时，用“so＋be/助动词/情态动词＋主语” Mary likes singing. So does Lily.
“not only＋分句，but (also)＋分句”句型中的前一分句要部分倒装 Not only does John love Chinese, but he is also good at speaking it.
not until放在句首，从句不倒装，主句倒装 Not until last week did they find the lost bike.
Not until my son had entered the university did he realize the importance of time.
情况 例句
as/though引导的让步状语从句 Tired though he was(＝Though he was tired), he kept on running.
Child as he is, he knows a lot.（child前没有冠词a）
在以often、well、many a time、now and again等方式或频度副词（短语）开头的句子中，要用部分倒装结构 Often have we met on the way to work.
Many a time has John given me good advice.
在非真实条件句中，省去if，将谓语中were、had、should移至主语之前 Were I you (＝ If I were you), I would go to see the movie.
Had I time (＝ If I had time), I would go and help you.
Should he come (＝If he should come), tell him to ring me up.
Ⅲ.完全倒装：整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装。
情况 例句
there be存在句中的be动词可以用exist、seem、happen、appear、live、rise、stand、lie、fly、remain等动词代替 There exist different opinions on this question.
There stood a big tree in front the house.
here、there、now、then、up、down、in、away、out等表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词位于句首，主语是名词而不是代词时，用完全倒装。（此时，句子多用一般现在时态或一般过去时态） Here goes the story.
Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.
Up jumped the cat.
★Here you are.
such作表语置于句首时 Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man but the 20th century greatest scientist.
情况 例句
on the wall、under the tree、in front of the house、in the middle of the room等表示地点的介词短语位于句首，主语是名词而不是代词时，用完全倒装 On the top of the hill stands a pine tree.
They arrived at a house, in front of which sat an old man.
用于某些表示祝愿的句子 Long live the People's Republic of China！
作表语的形容词（短语）、表方位的副词（短语）、分词（短语）、不定式（短语）置于句首时 Present at the meeting was Mr. Green, a headmaster.
East of the city lies a new railway.
Thanks to Yuan Longping, gone are the days when people suffered from hunger.
Lying on the floor was a boy aged 15.
First to be completed was the seven storey teaching building.
省略
Ⅰ.省略的概念：为了避免重复、突出新的信息或使上下文连接紧密，英语中的许多句子经常省略一个或几个部分，这种语法现象称为省略。
Ⅱ.常见的几种省略
类别 具体内容 例句
不定式的省略 在动词不定式中，为避免重复，常常省略不定式结构中的动词原形，只保留to，否定式的省略用not to —Would you like to go with us？
—I'm glad to, but I'm too busy.
The husband wanted to smoke but was told by his wife not to.
感官动词和使役动词后作宾补的不定式要省to；但被动语态中的to不可省 I saw her enter the room just now.
→She was seen to enter the room just now.
介词but、except前有实义动词do的具体形式时，后面的不定式不带to All he could do was nothing but wait and see.
类别 具体内容 例句
并列句中的省略 ①如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的部分 ②主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者都可以省略 ③主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语 ④在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等成分与第一个并列句相同，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分 ①John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework.
②His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions made) Mary angry.
③Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.
④Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't (sing at the party).
类别 具体内容 例句
复合句中的省略 名词性从句中的省略：作宾语的wh 从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同，则wh 从句可以省略谓语，甚至主语 Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who (has used it).
He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone).
类别 具体内容 例句
复合句中的省略 状语从句中的省略：当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致，或状语从句中的主语是it，并且又含有be动词时，常可以省略从句中的主语和be动词 ①在as、before、till、once、when、while等引导的时间状语从句中 ②在though、although等引导的让步状语从句中 ③在if、unless(＝if…not)等引导的条件状语从句中 ④在as、as if/though引导的方式状语从句中 ⑤在as/so…as…、than引导的比较状语从句中 ①While (I was) waiting, I was reading some magazines.
②Though (they were) tired, they went on working.
③You shouldn't come to his party unless (you were) invited.
④He did as (he had been) told.
⑤This car doesn't run as fast as that one (does).
I know you can do better than he (can do).

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