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(共17张PPT)
聚焦语法
第12讲　定语从句
思维导图
考点精讲
关系词 先行词 从句中充当的成分 例句
关系代词 who 人 主语或 宾语 ①God helps those who help themselves.天助自助者。（主语）
②Students who the teachers catch cheating in exams may have to take the classes again.被老师抓到考试作弊的学生有可能重修这门课。（宾语）
whom 人 宾语 The professor about whom you talked just now has come.你们刚才谈论的那位教授已经来了。
whose 人或物 定语 ①They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那个人的车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
②Please pass me the book whose(＝of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
Ⅰ.关系代词和关系副词的基本用法
关系词 先行词 从句中充当的成分 例句
关系代词 that 人或物 主语或 宾语 ①My mother keeps telling me not to take the pills because they contain a harmful chemical that causes my liver to fail. 我妈妈一直告诉我别吃这些药，因为它们含有一种造成我肝脏衰竭的化学物质。（主语）
②The man that/who/whom you met at the airport is a famous actor.你在机场碰上的那个人是一个著名演员。（宾语）
which 物 主语或 宾语 ①I think we have to abandon the party which is intended for her.我想，我们不得不取消给她准备的派对。（主语）
②The package which you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的那个包裹快要散开了。（宾语）
★whom、which和that在从句中作宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that 关系词 先行词 从句中充当的成分 例句
关系代词 as 人或物 主语、宾语或表语 Don't make friends with such people as always cheat. 不要和那些总是欺骗别人的人交朋友。（主语）
This is the same book as I am looking for.这本书和我要找的那本一样。（宾语）（指同类异物）
★This is the same watch that I lost. Please return it to me.这就是我丢的那只表。请还给我。（指同物）
The city is not the same place as it was.这个城市和过去不同了。（表语）
关系词 先行词 从句中充当的成分 例句
关系副词 when 时间 时间 状语 There are occasions when(＝on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
★when可用“相应的介词＋which”代替。它的先行词通常为time、day、morning、night、week、year等表示时间的名词
where 地点 地点 状语 Last year my parents went to the farm where(＝on which) they worked 30 years ago again.去年我父母又去了那个他们30年前工作过的农场。
★where可用“相应的介词＋which”代替。它的先行词通常为place、spot、street、house、room、city等表示地点的名词。where引导的定语从句还可以修饰case、situation、position、stage、point、atmosphere等表示抽象空间概念的名词
why 原因 原因状语 Is this the reason why(＝for which) he refused our offer？ 这就是他拒绝我们的帮助的理由吗？
★why可用for which代替。 why本身不用来引导非限制性定语从句
返回目录
Ⅱ.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
名称 例句 备注
限制性定语从句 The teacher talked with the students whose homework hadn't been handed in. Generation gap is a topic (which/that) people are interested in. 对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，不用逗号分开
非限制性定语从句 They want to set up a country of their own, where they can be their own masters. Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light. 对先行词作附加说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，如果省去，主句的意思仍然清楚。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，先行词若是前面的一整句话，关系代词用which，从句中的谓语动词用单数形式
Ⅲ.that与which、who、whom的用法区别
情况 用法 例句
只用that的情况 ①先行词为all、everything、anything、nothing、little、much等不定代词时 ②先行词被all、any、every、each、much、little、no、some、few等词修饰时 ③先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 ④先行词是并列结构既有人又指物时 ⑤先行词被the only、the very、the same修饰时 ⑥句中已经有who或which，为了避免重复时 ①I have nothing that is worth reading.
②This is all that I want to say at the meeting.
③This is the best film that I have ever seen.
④The professor and his achievement that I heard about are admired by them.
⑤This is the very pen that I am looking for.
⑥He is the student who I have ever seen that can jump highest.
情况 用法 例句
只用which、 who、whom的情况 ①在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指物，用who/whom指人 ②在由“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人 ③先行词本身是that时，关系词用which；先行词为those、one、he时多用who ①He has a son, who has made great medical advances in recent years.
②I like the person to whom I can express myself freely.
③Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
Ⅳ.as和which的区别
从句 区别 例句
限制性定语从句 名词前有such或the same修饰时，关系代词用as，不能用which It is such a difficult problem as no one can work out.
非限制性定语从句 as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，像”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思 As was expected beforehand,the concert was very successful.
They missed the opportunity, which we hadn't expected.
Ⅴ.“介词＋关系代词”结构(prep.＋which/whom)
当关系代词在定语从句中充当介词的宾语时，我们用“介词＋关系代词（which或whom）”引导定语从句。如果指人，用“介词＋whom”；如果指物，用“介词＋which”。
介词的选择依据 例句
根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯 The professor for whom you are waiting won't come.
根据与先行词的关系或语境需要来选择 We walked to a river, along which are trees.
代替关系副词 We'd better fix a date on which(＝when) we will practise speaking English next week.
Can you tell me the reason for which(＝why) you were late for school？
I visited the village in which(＝where) many children couldn't go to school because of poverty.
介词的选择依据 例句
在非限制性定语从句中of which/whom 可用来修饰all、each、one、many、much、more、most、any、some、a few、a little、none、both等不定代词， 表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分” We are all familiar with flashlights, portable radios and car lighting systems, all of which use batteries as their source power.
There are 103 elements found in nature, most of which are metals.
★the way作先行词时，定语从句可由that、in which 引导或不用引导词 返回目录
Ⅵ.定语从句与其他从句（句型）的区别
定语从句与并列句 并列句有and、but、so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词 Mr. Li has three sons, none of whom live in the hometown.（定语从句）
Mr. Li has three sons, but none of them lives in the hometown.（并列句）
定语从句与状语从句 定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词 This is the place where we planned to travel last year.（定语从句，先行词为the place）
Lily went where she could find a better job. （地点状语从句）
定语从句修饰、限制名词，只能放在先行词的后面；状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面 Please tell me the exact time when the class is over.（定语从句）
It was already five o'clock when the class was over.＝When the class was over, it was already five o'clock.（时间状语从句）
类别 区别 例句
定语从句与状语从句 when、where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词＋which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行 This is the factory in which(＝where) his father once worked. （定语从句）
Put back the book where it was.（状语从句）
定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句成分仍然完整 It is such a difficult problem as no one can work out. （as作work out的宾语，它引导的是定语从句）
It is such a difficult problem that no one can work it out. （that不充当句子成分，故引导的是结果状语从句）
类别 区别 例句
定语从句与同位语从句 定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系；同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容，与先行词之间是同位关系 The news that he told us interested all of us.（定语从句）
★句中that he told us 是定语从句，此句不能改写
The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy.（同位语从句）
★The news that she had passed the exam＝The news is that he has passed the exam.（表语从句）
类别 区别 例句
定语从句与强调句 强调句的结构为“it is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋从句”。在这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when/where代替 that It is the factory where Mr. Wang works.（定语从句）
It is in the factory that Mr. Wang works.（强调句）

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