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中考英语专题复习讲义——动词的被动语态
【真题精选】
(2025·北京) Many old buildings in this city ______ (protect) by the government now.
(2025·上海) The famous novel "Journey to the West" ______ (write) by Wu Cheng'en in the Ming Dynasty.
(2025·广东) A new sports center ______ (build) in our town next year.
(2025·湖北武汉) The lost dog ______ (find) by a kind lady yesterday.
(2025·浙江杭州) These flowers ______ (must water) every day, or they will die.
(2025·天津) The problem ______ (discuss) at the meeting when I walked in.
【解题指导】 上述六道考题涵盖了中考中被动语态的核心考点，包括：
不同时态的被动语态：一般现在时(对应第1题)、一般过去时(对应第2题和第4题)、一般将来时(对应第3题)、现在进行时(对应第6题)。
情态动词的被动语态(对应第5题)。 掌握被动语态的构成和用法对于准确理解句意和提升书面表达多样性至关重要。接下来，我们将深入剖析其核心用法和解题要点。
【被动语态核心解析】
一、被动语态的意义
当我们不知道动作的执行者是谁，或者认为动作的承受者更重要时，会使用被动语态。
被动语态强调动作的承受者，而主动语态强调动作的执行者。
例如：
主动语态：The workers built the bridge. (强调工人建造)
被动语态：The bridge was built (by the workers). (强调桥被建造，执行者“工人”可省略)
二、被动语态的结构
核心结构：be + 动词的过去分词 (V-ed/V3)
关键在于 be 动词的变化，它决定了被动语态的时态：
一般现在时：am/is/are + 过去分词
English is spoken in many countries. (许多国家讲英语。)
The windows are cleaned every week. (窗户每周都被清洁。)
一般过去时：was/were + 过去分词
This book was written in 2020. (这本书写于2020年。)
Those houses were destroyed by the fire. (那些房子被大火烧毁了。)
一般将来时：will be + 过去分词
The meeting will be held tomorrow. (会议将于明天举行。)
The work won't be finished on time. (工作将无法按时完成。)
现在进行时：am/is/are being + 过去分词
The road is being repaired now. (这条路正在被修理。)
The patient is being examined by the doctor. (病人正在被医生检查。)
过去进行时：was/were being + 过去分词
The cake was being made when I arrived. (我到达时，蛋糕正在被制作。)
现在完成时：have/has been + 过去分词
The report has been finished. (报告已经完成了。)
The letters have been sent. (信件已经寄出了。)
情态动词的被动语态：情态动词 (can, could, may, might, must, should, ought to, need等) + be + 过去分词
The mistake can be corrected. (这个错误可以被纠正。)
The rules must be obeyed. (规则必须被遵守。)
The room should be cleaned. (房间应该被打扫。)
三、主动语态变被动语态的基本步骤
找宾语：找到主动语态句子中的宾语，将其变为被动语态句子的主语。
变谓语：将主动语态的谓语动词改为相应的 be + 过去分词 形式（注意时态一致）。
加 by：将主动语态句子的主语放在介词 by 之后，构成 by + 执行者 短语。如果执行者不重要或不明确，可以省略 by 短语。
主动：Tom painted the wall. (Tom刷了墙。)
被动：The wall was painted by Tom. (墙被Tom刷了。) 或 The wall was painted. (墙被刷了。 - 省略by Tom)
【解题策略】
策略一：识别动作对象，判断主被动关系
仔细阅读句子，明确动作的执行者 (谁做的) 和 承受者 (作用对象)。
如果句子强调承受者，或者没有明确提及执行者，则很可能需要用被动语态。
真题解析：
(2025·江苏南京) The new library ______ (open) to the public next Monday. (句子强调“新图书馆”将被开放给公众，执行者未提及或次要 -> will be opened)
(2025·山东济南) The letter ______ (deliver) to him an hour ago. (强调“信”在过去的某个时间点被送达 -> was delivered)
策略二：锁定时间标志词，确定 be 动词的时态
与主动语态一样，被动语态也需根据时间状语或语境判断时态，从而确定 be 动词的形式 (am/is/are/was/were/will be/have been/has been等)。
真题解析：
(2025·辽宁沈阳) The project ______ (complete) by the end of this month. (标志词: by the end of this month -> 将来完成时 will have been completed)
(2025·黑龙江) The windows ______ (clean) every Friday afternoon. (标志词: every Friday afternoon -> 一般现在时 are cleaned)
(2025·福建厦门) — Where is my phone — It ______ (repair) in the shop now. (标志词: now -> 现在进行时 is being repaired)
策略三：注意特殊结构
双宾动词的被动语态：像 give, send, show, teach, tell, offer 等动词可以带两个宾语（间接宾语和直接宾语）。变被动语态时，通常将间接宾语变为主语更自然；也可将直接宾语变为主语，但需保留间接宾语并加 to 或 for。
主动：He gave me a book. (他给了我一本书。)
被动(1)：I was given a book (by him). (我被给了一本书。)
被动(2)：A book was given to me (by him). (一本书被给了我。)
短语动词的被动语态：如 look after, take care of, carry out, put off 等，变被动语态时，动词后的介词或副词不能省略。
主动：They take good care of the children. (他们很好地照顾孩子们。)
被动：The children are taken good care of (by them). (孩子们被很好地照顾。)
【实战演练】 请用动词的被动语态的适当形式填空：
English ______ (speak) in many countries around the world.
The beautiful song ______ (compose) by a famous musician last year.
All the tickets for the concert ______ (sell) out by tomorrow.
The patient ______ (examine) by the doctor at this moment.
The old bridge ______ (destroy) during the war.
This problem ______ (can solve) in different ways.
The room ______ (must clean) before the guests arrive.
The news ______ (broadcast) on the radio when I turned it on.
The children ______ (teach) English by Miss Smith for three years.
The prize ______ (present) to the winner next week.
【参考答案】
is spoken
was composed
will be sold / will have been sold
is being examined
was destroyed
can be solved
must be cleaned
was being broadcast
have been taught
will be presented

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