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高考语法专题复习二
时态和语态（二）
四、完成体
(一)现在完成时
1.现在完成时的构成
现在完成时由“have/has+过去分词”构成。
2.现在完成时的用法
(1)表示说话时已经完成的动作,但这个动作对现在仍有影响,常与already,just,yet等时间状语连用。
The manager has just left.If only you had come a moment earlier.
经理刚走,你要是能早来一会儿就好了。
(2)表示动作发生在过去,但一直延续至今(可能还要延续下去),常与“since+时间点”“for+时间段”等时间状语连用。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了好评。
(3)在条件、时间等状语从句中,可用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。
I’ll give my opinion when I have read the book through.
我读完这本书就会告诉你我的意见。
(二)过去完成时
1.过去完成时的构成
过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成。
2.过去完成时的用法
(1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作,即“过去的过去”。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句),但在语法填空题中很多时候需要通过上下文来判断。
When walking down the street,I came across David,whom I hadn’t seen for years.
我沿街散步的时候遇见了多年未见的戴维。
(2)表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态,常用的时间状语有before,by that time,by the end of,by the time等。
By the end of June they had treated over 10,000 patients.
到六月底他们已治疗了一万多名病人。
(3)表示“希望、打算、认为”的动词(如hope,want,expect,think,mean,wish, plan,intend等)用过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的愿望或计划。
I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage,but I couldn’t manage it.
我本希望送给彼得一份礼物以祝贺他结婚,但我没能做到。
(三) 现在完成进行时
1.现在完成进行时的构成
现在完成进行时由“have/has+been+现在分词”构成。
2.现在完成进行时的用法
(1)常用来表示动作开始于过去某个时间,一直持续到现在并且可能会继续进行下去。
—You are a great swimmer.
——你游泳很棒。
—Thanks.It’s because I have been practising a lot these days.
——谢谢。这是因为这些天我一直在多加练习。
I’m very tired.I have been correcting the students’ papers all the morning.
我很累。我整个上午都在批改学生的试卷。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里在反复进行的动作。
I have been calling him many times this morning,but there’s no answer.
今天早上我给他打了很多次电话,但都没有回应。
(四)常使用完成时的句型
(1)This/It/That is the+序数词+time+that sb has/have done sth
This/It/That was the+序数词+time+that sb had done sth
这/那是某人第几次做某事。
(2)It/This is/was the+最高级+名词+(that)定语从句,从句中的谓语动词用现在/过去完成时。
(3)It is/has been+一段时间+since sb did sth
It was/had been+一段时间+since sb had done sth
自从某人做某事以来多久了。
(4)在句型Hardly/Scarcely...when.../No sooner...than...中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。
Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down.
我刚到家,雨就倾盆而下。
小题快练　单句语法填空/单句写作
①From writing poetry to making music,ChatGPT
　　　　　　　　　(amaze) the world since its launch in late 2022 by the US-based company OpenAI.
②In 2001,his passion for China’s traditional and modern art brought him to Beijing,and he 　　　　　　　　 　　　　(work) there ever since.
③自任教以来,她一直在努力工作。
She 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　since she became a teacher.
④我到达电影院时,电影票已经卖完了。
When I got to the cinema,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
has amazed
has been working/has worked
has been working hard
the tickets had been sold out
考点2　动词的语态
1.各种时态中被动语态的构成
时态 一般式 进行式 完成式
现在时 am/is/are+过去分词 am/is/are+being+过去分词 have/has+been+过去分词
过去时 was/were+过去分词 was/were+being+过去分词 had+been+过去分词
将来时 shall/will be+过去分词 shall/will+have been+过去分词
2.被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者。
Attention,please!A meeting will be held in the office at 8:00 am tomorrow.Everyone is expected to attend on time.
请注意!明天上午八点在办公室召开会议。望大家准时参加。
(2)强调或突出动作的承受者
The woman was taken to hospital.
那位女士被送进了医院。
(3)动作执行者被较长的修饰语修饰。
The idea was supported by those who wished to make much money.
想挣许多钱的人们支持那个主意。
【点津】
1.动词短语在含被动语态的句子中作谓语时,切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
①The plan will be given up.
这项计划就要被放弃了。
②Bad habits have been done away with.
坏习惯已经改掉了。
2.有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态,如:have,cost,lack,own,belong to, date from/back to,take part in。
It is an old custom that dates back to 4,000 years ago.
这是一个追溯到4 000年前的古老习俗。
3.不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态,如happen/take place/occur,remain, last,break out,come out,come up,run out等。
NASA said in a statement it hopes the small orbiting instrument could help predict a volcanic eruption before an explosion happens.
美国国家航空航天局在一份声明中表示,它希望这个小型轨道仪器可以在火山爆发前帮助预测火山爆发。
3.动词的语态——重难突破
主动形式表示被动意义的4种情况:
1.系动词,如smell,taste,feel,look,sound,prove等后接形容词作表语,用主动形式表示被动意义。 This kind of wool shirt feels soft.
这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。
2.表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词,如read,write,sell,wash,clean等,常与well,badly,easily,smoothly等副词连用,用主动形式表示被动意义。 Have you bought the book that sells well these days
你买了最近卖得很好的那本书吗
3.某些与can’t,won’t等连用的不及物动词,如open,shut,move等,用主动形式表示被动意义。 The door won’t shut.
这扇门关不上。
4.少数不及物动词用于进行时,其主动形式表示被动意义,如print,cook,sell等。 The meat is cooking.
肉正在炖着。
小题快练　单句语法填空
①Intermittent fasting,also referred to as time-restricted feeding,is a dietary strategy where all meals 　　　　　　　　　(consume) during a short window of time each day.
② In 2016,Zhang 　　　　　　　　　　(give) the Romer-Simpson Lifetime Achievement Award.
③The cash will go to an organization called One Billion Meals Endowment,which 　　　　　　　　　(set) up by Dubai’s ruler Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid in 2022.
are consumed
was given
was set
④Since 1977,this day 　　　　　　　　　(celebrate) by the International Council of Museums annually to raise awareness of the role that museums play in the development of society.
⑤It is not yet known how the Olympic contest
　　　　　　　　 (arrange).
has been celebrated
will be arranged
thank you ！

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