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定语从句
定语从句
定语&定语从句
01
定语从句的结构
02
定语从句的关系代词
03
定语从句的关系副词
04
习题训练
06
目录
限定性vs非限定性定语从句
05
定语&定语从句
PART 01
什么是定语？
this perfect place
new things
luxury apartments
the messy life
the biggest elephant
……
什么是定语？
定语：用来修饰名词或代词的的词语，相当于给名词“化妆”或“贴标签”，让名词变得更具体、更生动！
动物城 是一个 完美的 地方
Zootopia is a perfect place
将原本宽泛的名词（地方）变得更具体和生动（完美的地方）。
“……的”
哪些词可以用作定语？
定语通常分为两种：放在名词前面的叫前置定语，放在名词后面的叫后置定语
定语通常分为两种：放在名词前面的叫前置定语，放在名词后面的叫后置定语
前置定语
A beautiful girl
A coffee cup
My book
Two cars
形容词
名词
代词
数词
后置定语
The girl in the park is dancing.
I have something to tell you.
The boy singing is Peter.
I like people who smiles a lot.
介词短语
不定式
分词短语
定语从句
什么是定语从句？
“当定语变成一个句子时”，就是定语从句，用来修饰名词或代词
Zootopia is a perfect place that everyone likes.
动物城是个所有人都喜欢的完美之地。
定语从句的结构
PART 02
定语从句由哪些词组成？
Zootopia is a perfect place where everyone gets along.
定语从句相当于一个“形容词”；
它修饰着名词或代词的句子部分；
定语从句紧跟在它的修饰词（先行词）后面；
定语从句
名词/代词
修饰
定语从句的结构：
先行词
关系词
句子
定语从句
先行词/关系词
定语从句的结构：
先行词
关系词
句子
先行词
被修饰的名词或代词
Judy is an optimistic rabbit who wants to be a police officer.
关系词
引导定语从句的词，有关系代词和关系副词
Judy is an optimistic rabbit who wants to be a police officer.
Practice：找出定语从句和先行词
1. A teacher is a person who passes knowledge to students.
2. This is the room which he lived in last year.
3. The house where we live needs cleaning.
4. I like the record which my sister gave me.
定语从句的关系代词
PART 03
关系代词引导的定语从句：who、whom、whose、that、which、as
关系副词引导的定语从句：when、where、why
关系代词与关系副词引导的定语从句
关系代词在句中的作用
Judy is the bunny who became Zootopia’s first rabbit cop.
在定语从句中代替先行词
①代替作用
作主语、宾语、表语和定语
②可作成分
将两个句子连成带有定语从句的主从复合句
③连接作用
that的先行词可以是人或物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
关系代词的用法
that
Judy is the bunny that never gave up her dream.
This is the best book that I have ever read.
作主语
作宾语
He is not the man that he used to be.
作表语
这里的that指代先行词the best book,是及物动词read的承受者
这里的that=the man，与that引导的从句构成主系表结构
Which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
关系代词的用法
Which
This is a cup which I bought last week.
I like the book which has nice pictures.
作宾语
作主语
关系代词的用法
Who
Judy is the friend who changed Nick’s attitude.
This is the boy who you are waiting for.
Who指人，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时，可省略。
作主语
作宾语
Judy is not the naive rabbit who she was when she first arrived
in Zootopia.
作表语
Whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。
关系代词的用法
Whom
The boy (whom) I wrote is my borther.
She is the girl (whom) I saw yesterday.
作宾语
作宾语
Whose的先行词可以是人或物，在定语从句中作定语，表所属关系。
关系代词的用法
Whose
She is the girl whose mom is a teacher.
He has a cousin whose father is a lawyer.
作定语
作定语
(girl’s)
(cousin’s)
一、as引导非限制性定语从句（指代整个主句内容，常译为 “正如、正像”）。
关系代词的用法
as
As everyone expected, Nick finally became a cop in Zootopia.
Judy wants to be the same kind of cop as her idol.
二、as 引导限制性定语从句（先行词被 the same, such, as, so 修饰）。
as引导的定语从句可做主语、宾语或表语。
作宾语
Nick is very clever, as everyone in Zootopia knows.
作主语
作表语
关系代词基本用法总结
关系代词 指代对象 在从句中作成分
who 人 主语、宾语或表语
whom 人 宾语
whose 人/物 定语
that 人/物 主语、宾语或表语
which 物 主语、宾语或表语
as 人/物 主语、宾语或表语
关系代词的特定用法
只能用that，不能用which的情况
①先行词既有人又有物时
We talked about the animals and cities that we saw in Zootopia
我们聊了聊在动物城看到的动物和城市。
关系代词的特定用法
②先行词有形容词最高级修饰时
Nick is one of the smartest animals that I have ever met.
尼克是我见过最聪明的动物之一。
③先行词有序数词修饰时
This is the first case that Judy solved in Zootopia.
这是朱迪在动物城解决的第一个案子。
关系代词的特定用法
④先行词有the only,the very,the same,the last,any,few等词修饰时
Judy is the only rabbit that has become a police officer in Zootopia.
朱迪是动物城里唯一成为警察的兔子。
⑤先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much等不定代词时
ick told Judy everything that he knew about the case.
尼克把他知道的关于案子的一切都告诉了朱迪。
关系代词的特定用法
只能用that，不能用which的情况
记忆要点：which（哪一个）本身具有选择性，当先行词已经限定为最高级时，也就不能选择了，只能用that；
当主句的定语中有疑问词时，为避免重复，只能用that；
先行词既有人又有物时，容易产生歧义，只能用that。
关系代词的特定用法
只能用which/who/whom，不能用that的情况
①先行词为that,指物时用which
I have that which you give me.
我有你给我的那个。
②先行词为those/one,指人时用who
Those who do not wish to go need not go.
不愿意去的人不需要去。
关系代词的特定用法
④非限定定语从句中只能用who/whom/which
Judy loves Zootopia, which is a city of dreams.
朱迪热爱动物城，它是一座梦想之城。
指人用whom；指物用which
③由“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时
1、Judy is the rabbit with whom Nick solved the case.
朱迪是和尼克一起破案的那只兔子。
2、This is the book from which Judy learned a lot.
这是朱迪从中学到很多的书。
从句用逗号隔开，多Zootopia作补充说明，指物用which
定语从句的关系副词
PART 04
This is the city where I met Judy.
关系副词在句中的作用
在定语从句中代替先行词
①代替作用
作状语
②可作成分
将两个句子连成带有定语从句的主从复合句
③连接作用
关系副词的用法
关系副词 意义 先行词类型
when 表时间，在从句中作时间状语 time,day,year,moment,occasion等表时间的名词
where 表地点，在从句中作地点状语 place, city, town, country, room, scene 等表地点的名词
why 表原因，在从句中作原因状语 reason（仅修饰 “reason” 一词）
关系副词的用法
when
When 引导定语从句时，在从句中作时间状语，先行词表示时间点/时间段
When的替代形式有：at/in/on which
Judy remembers the day when she first arrived in Zootopia.朱迪记得她第一次到动物城的那一天。
可替换成：Judy remembers the day on which she first arrived in Zootopia.
关系副词的用法
where
Where 引导定语从句时，作地点状语，先行词表地点、场景、环境类名词
Where的替代形式有：at/in/on which
Zootopia is the city where animals live in peace.
动物城是动物们和平共处的城市。
可替换成：Zootopia is the city in which animals live in peace.
关系副词的用法
why
Why 引导定语从句时，作原因状语，只修饰先行词reason
Why的替代形式有：for which
Nick didn’t tell Judy the reason why he hated Zootopia.
尼克没告诉朱迪他讨厌动物城的原因。
可替换成：Nick didn’t tell Judy the reason for which he hated Zootopia.
限定性vs非限定性定语从句
PART 05
限定性vs非限定性定语从句
二者最核心的区别是：限制性定语从句是先行词不可或缺的部分，去掉后主句意思不完整；非限制性定语从句仅对先行词进行附加说明，去掉后主句意思仍完整。
1、限定性定语从句是“必需”：用来明确先行词的范围、特征，若去掉，主句会因指代不明而意思模糊。
具体对比
“必需”vs“附加”
Judy is the rabbit who became a police officer.
（朱迪是成为警察的那只兔子。）若去掉从句，“Judy is the rabbit” 无法明确 “哪只兔子”，句子失去核心信息。
例：
2、非限定性定语从句是“附加”：相当于插入语，描述先行词的额外信息，去掉后主句意思依然完整。
例：
Judy, who is from Bunnyburrow, became a police officer.
（朱迪，来自兔子镇的，成为了一名警察。）去掉从句后，“Judy became a police officer” 仍为完整句子，从句仅补充朱迪的出身信息。
具体对比
形式区别
“有无逗号”
1、限定性定语从句：从句与主句之间无逗号连接，从句紧密依附于先行词。
Nick helped the animals that were in trouble.
（尼克帮助了遇到困难的动物们。）
2、非限定性定语从句：从句与主句之间有逗号分隔，逗号起到 “隔离补充信息” 的作用。
例：
Nick, who is a fox, helped the animals.（尼克，一只狐狸，帮助了动物们。）
例：
1、限定性定语从句：可使用关系代词 that（指人 / 物）、who（指人）、whom（指人）、which（指物）；当关系词在从句中作宾语时，可省略。
具体对比
关系词使用区别
This is the case (that/which) Judy solved.
（这是朱迪解决的案子。）（关系词作宾语，可省略）
例：
2、非限定性定语从句：不能使用 that，指人用 who/whom，指物用 which；当关系词在从句中作宾语时，不可省略。
例：
The case, which Judy solved, made her famous.
（这个案子，朱迪解决的，让她出了名。）（不可用 that，不可省略 which）
具体对比
先行词区别
1、限定性定语从句：先行词通常是普通名词（如 rabbit, case, animal），从句通过 “限定范围” 让先行词更具体。
2、非限定性定语从句：先行词可以是专有名词（如 Judy, Nick, Zootopia）、整个主句，或“名词 + 介词短语”等结构，从句对其进行补充描述。
例：
（先行词为整个主句）：
Judy solved the case, which surprised everyone.
（朱迪解决了案子，这让所有人都很惊讶。）（which 指代整个主句内容）
对比总结
对比维度 限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句
核心功能 限定先行词，不可或缺 补充说明先行词，可有可无
标点符号 无逗号连接 有逗号分隔主句与从句
关系词使用 可 that，宾语可省略 不可 that，关系词不可省略
先行词范围 多为普通名词 可专有名词、整个主句等
去掉后的影响 主句意思不完整 主句意思仍完整
习题训练
PART 06
习题训练
单项选择
This is the book ______ I borrowed from the
library yesterday.
who B. which C. whose D. where
2.The girl ______ is standing at the door is my
classmate.
A. whom B. which C. who D. whose
B
C
习题训练
单项选择
3.I still remember the day ______ we first met
at school.
A. when B. that C. which D. where
4. This is the city ______ my parents have lived
for 20 years.
A. that B. which C. where D. why
A
C
习题训练
单项选择
5. He told me everything ______ he knew about
the accident.
A. which B. who C. that D. whom
6. The reason ______ she was late for class is
that she missed the bus.
A. which B. why C. that D. where
C
B
习题训练
单项选择
7.The man ______ we met at the party last night
is a famous doctor.
A. who B. which C. whose D. when
8.This is the same pen ______ I lost last week.
A. as B. which C. who D. what
A
A
习题训练
填空题
The student ______ won the first prize is very
hard-working.
2.This is the park ______ we had a picnic last
weekend.
3.Do you know the woman ______ son is studying
abroad
4.The film ______ we watched last night was very
moving.
who/that
where
whose
that/which
习题训练
填空题
5.He is the only person ______ can help you with
this problem.
6.I don’t like the way ______ he speaks to others.
7.The company ______ my father works is a big
international firm.
8.These are the letters ______ I received yesterday.
that
That/in which
where
that/which
习题训练
句型转换
1.She bought a new dress. The dress is made of silk.
→ The new dress ________________________ is
made of silk.
2.We visited a village. The village has a long history.
→ The village ________________________ has a
long history.
that/which she bought
that/which we visited
习题训练
句型转换
3. The boy is my cousin. He is playing basketball on the playground.
→ The boy ________________________ is my cousin.
4. I have a friend. Her father is a scientist.
→ I have a friend ________________________.
who/that is playing basketball on the playground
whose father is a scientist
Thanks for listening
Anyone could be anything!
每个人都有无限可能
——Zootopia

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